add openbsd.org pages - webdump_tests - Testfiles for webdump
(HTM) git clone git://git.codemadness.org/webdump_tests
(DIR) Log
(DIR) Files
(DIR) Refs
(DIR) README
---
(DIR) commit 83f4e357e0b86b62a204c062aafabf7bd06a85e5
(DIR) parent 728774379b7e6d2ceafbdc9ae1d08303feb948bf
(HTM) Author: Hiltjo Posthuma <hiltjo@codemadness.org>
Date: Tue, 22 Aug 2023 23:56:21 +0200
add openbsd.org pages
Diffstat:
A realworld/openbsd_73.html | 1719 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
A realworld/openbsd_errata73.html | 272 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
A realworld/openbsd_faq4.html | 668 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3 files changed, 2659 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
---
(DIR) diff --git a/realworld/openbsd_73.html b/realworld/openbsd_73.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1719 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang=en id=release>
+<head>
+<meta charset=utf-8>
+
+<title>OpenBSD 7.3</title>
+<meta name="description" content="OpenBSD 7.3">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="openbsd.css">
+<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.openbsd.org/73.html">
+</head><body>
+<h2 id=OpenBSD>
+<a href="index.html">
+<i>Open</i><b>BSD</b></a>
+7.3
+</h2>
+
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td>
+<a href="images/DryGarden.png">
+<img width="227" height="303" src="images/DryGarden-s.gif" alt="Dry Garden"></a>
+<td>
+Released Apr 10, 2023. (54th OpenBSD release)<br>
+Copyright 1997-2023, Theo de Raadt.<br>
+<br>
+7.3 Song: "<a href="lyrics.html#73">The Wizard and the Fish</a>"<br>
+Artwork by George Mager.
+<br>
+<ul>
+<li>See the information on <a href="ftp.html">the FTP page</a> for
+ a list of mirror machines.
+<li>Go to the <code class=reldir>pub/OpenBSD/7.3/</code> directory on
+ one of the mirror sites.
+<li>Have a look at <a href="errata73.html">the 7.3 errata page</a> for a list
+ of bugs and workarounds.
+<li>See a <a href="plus73.html">detailed log of changes</a> between the
+ 7.2 and 7.3 releases.
+<p>
+<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/signify.1">signify(1)</a>
+ pubkeys for this release:<p>
+
+<table class=signify>
+<tr><td>
+openbsd-73-base.pub:
+<td>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/openbsd-73-base.pub">
+RWQS90bYzZ4XFms5z9OodrFABHMQnW6htU+4Tmp88NuQiTEezMm2cQ3K</a>
+<tr><td>
+openbsd-73-fw.pub:
+<td>
+RWRSJW95RokBEZUxBFvPCEdtQPg2WMExzMIcjnXzVpIwUpyZZmfXun5a
+<tr><td>
+openbsd-73-pkg.pub:
+<td>
+RWTJxSCZzSPKGp8unIp/yxG2lvCXJg5lFVvbOBQUvKEnGHFAO8RPg3mr
+<tr><td>
+openbsd-73-syspatch.pub:
+<td>
+RWShXqVD7hfbBpWb1B5EGr1DUX8kkjkTueCsa243lLNocuuVU+2eWMn5
+</table>
+</ul>
+<p>
+All applicable copyrights and credits are in the src.tar.gz,
+sys.tar.gz, xenocara.tar.gz, ports.tar.gz files, or in the
+files fetched via <code>ports.tar.gz</code>.
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+
+<section id=new>
+<h3>What's New</h3>
+<p>
+This is a partial list of new features and systems included in OpenBSD 7.3.
+For a comprehensive list, see the <a href="plus73.html">changelog</a> leading
+to 7.3.
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>Various kernel improvements:
+ <ul>
+
+
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/waitid.2">waitid(2)</a>,
+ wait for process state change.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pinsyscall.2">pinsyscall(2)</a>,
+ specify the call stub for a specific system call.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/getthrname.2">getthrname(2)</a> and
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/setthrname.2">setthrname(2)</a>,
+ get or set thread name.
+ <li>Added WTRAPPED option for <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/waitid.2">waitid(2)</a> to control
+ whether CLD_TRAPPED state changes, i.e., ptrace(2) on a process, are reported.
+
+<!-- kernel internals -->
+ <li>Introduced <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/clockintr.9">clockintr(9)</a>, a
+ machine-independent clock interrupt scheduler. Switched all
+ architectures to use the new subsystem.
+ <li>Introduced a new kern.autoconf_serial <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/sysctl.8">sysctl(8)</a> that can be used
+ by userland to monitor state changes of the kernel device tree.
+ <li>Fixed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pmap.9">pmap(9)</a> bugs
+ involving entering an executable mapping for a page before
+ synchronizing the data and instruction cache on arm64 and riscv64.
+ <li>Removed copystr(9) from the public API.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/getnsecruntime.9">getnsecruntime(9)</a>.
+ Offers fast access to the system runtime clock at the cost of precision.
+
+ <li>Prevent detaching ("bioctl -d detach") of a boot volume on a RAID managed by <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/bioctl.8">bioctl(8)</a>.
+
+ <li>On arm64, avoid using 1GB mappings for the identity map in the
+ early kernel bootstrap phase and when booting the secondary CPUs. This
+ avoids accidentally mapping memory regions that should not be mapped
+ (i.e. secure memory) as all mapped memory can be accessed
+ speculatively.
+ <li>On arm64, add a machdep.lidaction <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/sysctl.8">sysctl(8)</a> for <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplsmc.4">aplsmc(4)</a> Apple Silicon
+ laptops.<br>
+ The arm64 default for the machdep.lidaction is 1, making the
+ system suspend when the lid is closed. <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplsmc.4">aplsmc(4)</a> provides support
+ for the lid position sensor.
+ <li>Changed arm64 suspend idle loop from WFE to WFI, avoiding spurious
+ wakeups while other CPUs are still active.
+ <li>Added new <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dt.4">dt(4)</a> tracing ioctl
+ DTIOCARGS to get the type of probe arguments.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>SMP Improvements
+ <ul>
+ <li>Unlocked <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mmap.2">mmap(2)</a>, <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/munmap.2">munmap(2)</a>, and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/mprotect.2">mprotect(2)</a>.
+ <li>Unlocked <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sched_yield.2">sched_yield(2)</a>.
+ <li>Added support for per-CPU counters to
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/evcount.9">evcount(9)</a>.
+ Useful for counting events that are prone to occur simultaneously
+ across multiple CPUs, like clock interrupts and IPIs.
+ <li>Moved <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pf.4">pf(4)</a> purge
+ tasks out from under the kernel lock.
+ <li>Unlocked <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ioctl.2">ioctl(2)</a>
+ SIOCGIFCONF, SIOCGIFGMEMB, SIOCGIFGATTR, and SIOCGIFGLIST.
+ <li>Protected interface tables in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pf.4">pf(4)</a> with PF_LOCK(), allowing
+ removal of NET_LOCK() protection from the <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ioctl.2">ioctl(2)</a> code path in pf.
+ <li>Unlocked <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/getsockopt.2">getsockopt(2)</a> and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/setsockopt.2">setsockopt(2)</a>.
+ <li>Completed removing kernel lock from IPv6 read ioctls.
+ <li>Unlocked <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/minherit.2">minherit(2)</a>.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tun.4">tun(4)</a> and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/tap.4">tap(4)</a> event filters MP-safe.
+ <li>Unlocked <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/utrace.2">utrace(2)</a>.
+ <li>Stopped holding the vm_map lock while flushing pages in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/msync.2">msync(2)</a> and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/madvise.2">madvise(2)</a>. Prevents a
+ 3-thread deadlock between <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/msync.2">msync(2)</a>, page-fault and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/mmap.2">mmap(2)</a>.
+ <li>Unlocked <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/select.2">select(2)</a>, <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pselect.2">pselect(2)</a>, <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/poll.2">poll(2)</a>, and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ppoll.2">ppoll(2)</a>.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>Direct Rendering Manager and graphics drivers
+ <ul>
+ <li>Updated <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/drm.4">drm(4)</a>
+ to Linux 6.1.15
+ <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/drm.4">amdgpu(4)</a>: Added
+ support for Ryzen 7000 "Raphael", Ryzen 7020 series "Mendocino",
+ Ryzen 7045 series "Dragon Range",
+ Radeon RX 7900 XT/XTX "Navi 31",
+ Radeon RX 7600M (XT), 7700S, and 7600S "Navi 33."
+ <li>Fixed frame buffer corruption and additional bugs after wakeup
+ on Apple Silicon laptops and the Lenovo x13s.
+ <li>Added support for the backlight connector property to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/amdgpu.4">amdgpu(4)</a> as in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/inteldrm.4">inteldrm(4)</a>, making <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/xbacklight.1">xbacklight(1)</a> work
+ when using the Xorg modesetting driver.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>VMM/VMD improvements
+ <ul>
+ <li>Updated <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmm.4">vmm(4)</a> to
+ permit SVM guests read access to MSR_HWCR and MSR_PSTATEDEF.
+ Guests can use these registers on AMD 17h and 19h hosts to
+ determine the TSC frequency without calibrating against a
+ second clock.
+ <li>Allocated reference for vm and vcpu SLISTs in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmm.4">vmm(4)</a>, keeping vmm from
+ triggering excessive wakeup calls while iterating through the list of
+ vms while servicing an <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ioctl.2">ioctl(2)</a>.
+ <li>Set <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmm.4">vmm(4)</a> RAX guest
+ register state based on VMCB.
+ <li>Removed locking in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmm.4">vmm(4)</a> vmm_intr_pending,
+ reducing slowdowns due to requests for a lock held while the VM is
+ running.
+ <li>Increased speed of delivery of interrupts to a running vcpu in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmm.4">vmm(4)</a>.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmm.4">vmm(4)</a> treat vcpu
+ lists as immutable, removing the need to reference count individual
+ vcpu objects and use a rwlock.
+ <li>Implemented zero-copy operations on virtqueues in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmd.8">vmd(8)</a>.
+ <li>Provided a detailed e820 memory map when booting <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmd.8">vmd(8)</a> guests with SeaBIOS.
+ When a vm initializes memory ranges, we now track what each range
+ represents. This information can be used to supply the e820 memory map
+ to SeaBIOS via the fw_cfg interface allowing it to properly
+ communicate memory ranges to a guest operating system. With this
+ special cases in ports can be removed.
+ <li>Added thread names to vm processes in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmd.8">vmd(8)</a>, visible in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ps.1">ps(1)</a>.
+ <li>Hid the WAITPKG cpu feature from <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmm.4">vmm(4)</a> guests, preventing
+ invalid instruction exceptions. Also added WAITPKG feature
+ identification to i386 and amd64.
+ <li>Changed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmd.8">vmd(8)</a> to
+ only open /dev/vmm once, having the parent process send the fd to the
+ vmm child process.
+ <li>Restricted <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmm.4">vmm(4)</a>
+ exposed cpuid extended feature flags.
+ <li>Adjusted <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmd.8">vmd(8)</a> error
+ paths to avoid removal of configuration-defined (known) VMs on error.
+ <li>Stopped being paranoid about hypervisor correct PKU handling.<br>
+ Added saving and restoring guest PKRU to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmm.4">vmm(4)</a>. Expose the PKU cpuid
+ bit to the guest if in use on the host.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmd.8">vmd(8)</a> scan the
+ PCI bus to determine bootorder strings.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>Various new userland features:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/kdump.1">kdump(1)</a>
+ argument support for msyscall, pledge, unveil, __realpath, ypconnect
+ and __tmpfd.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/mimmutable.2">mimmutable(2)</a> and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/munmap.2">munmap(2)</a> reporting to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/kdump.1">kdump(1)</a>.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/lastcomm.1">lastcomm(1)</a> reporting
+ for process kills due to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/execve.2">execve(2)</a> from non-pinned
+ syscall address.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>Various bugfixes and tweaks in userland:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Allow TZ to contain absolute paths starting with /usr/share/zoneinfo.
+ All absolute paths were ignored in 7.2 to avoid
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/unveil.2">unveil(2)</a> violations.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldomctl.8">ldomctl(8)</a>
+ accept more descriptive name-based paths in addition to number-based
+ paths in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldom.conf.5">ldom.conf(5)</a>.
+ <li>Dropped support for $rc_exec in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rc.subr.8">rc.subr(8)</a>. The rc_exec
+ function should be used instead.
+ <li>Excluded /tmp/*.shm files from /tmp cleaning in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/daily.8">daily(8)</a>. Removing them
+ interferes with programs that use shared memory via <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/shm_open.3">shm_open(3)</a>.
+ <li>Added zap-to-char and zap-up-to-char to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/mg.1">mg(1)</a>. Bound zap-to-char to
+ M-z.
+ <li>Fixed handling of escaped backslashes in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vi.1">vi(1)</a> ex_range.
+ <li>Added support to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/gunzip.1">gunzip(1)</a> for zip files
+ that contain a single member.
+ <li>Fixed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ed.1">ed(1)</a> to print
+ bytes read/written and the ? prompt to stdout, not stderr.
+ <li>Changed the vmstat view in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/systat.1">systat(1)</a> to measure
+ elapsed time with <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/clock_gettime.2">clock_gettime(2)</a>
+ instead of statclock ticks.
+ <li>Improved the periodic display in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/iostat.8">iostat(8)</a>.
+ <li>Fixed an edge case in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/top.1">top(1)</a>
+ where summary statistics for offline CPUs were displayed.
+ <li>Added support for a personal <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/units.1">units(1)</a> library by passing
+ -f multiple times.
+ <li>Changed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/df.1">df(1)</a> to
+ round up fractional percentages.
+ <li>Fixed unbounded variable expansion in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pkg-config.1">pkg-config(1)</a>.
+ <li>Switched to use <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/llvm-strip.1">llvm-strip(1)</a> on
+ architectures that use <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ld.lld.1">ld.lld(1)</a>.
+<!-- rc scripts -->
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rc.8">rc(8)</a> reorder
+ libraries in parallel to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/netstart.8">netstart(8)</a>, as this
+ does not depend on network access.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rc.8">rc(8)</a> print the
+ name of each library before relinking as a signal to the operator that
+ boot has not stalled.
+<!-- audio -->
+ <li>Added a -w flag to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/audioctl.8">audioctl(8)</a> for
+ displaying variables periodically.
+ <li>Added short options for <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/timeout.1">timeout(1)</a> --foreground
+ and --preserve-status.
+ <li>Added signal as a full argument name for <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/timeout.1">timeout(1)</a> -s.
+ <li>Fixed .wav files generated by <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aucat.1">aucat(1)</a> by using extended
+ header format.
+<!-- disks ... -->
+ <li>In <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>, use the
+ size of the largest chunk of free space, not the total of all such
+ chunks, when checking for sufficient space to add a partition.
+ <li>Extended <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a> template
+ parsing to allow "[mount point] *" as the specification for putting
+ the maximum available free space into a partition. Extended
+ command line parsing to allow "T-" as the specification to read the
+ template from stdin.
+ <li>Repaired <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>
+ to check for D_VENDOR flag in d_flags, not d_secpercyl.
+ <li>Removed remnants of DEC standard 144 bad sector code from
+ <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>
+ and
+ <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disktab.5">disktab(5)</a>.
+ <li>Removed last references to d_drivedata field from <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>
+ <li>Enhanced <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>
+ auto allocation to use all possible free space.
+ <li>Enhanced <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>
+ to ensure valid partition offsets and sizes after rounding.
+ <li>Enhanced <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>
+ simple editor to allow '*' when the action is 'delete'.
+ <li>Removed <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>
+ code related to defunct disk types 'hd' and 'svnd'.
+ <li>Repaired <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fdisk.8">fdisk(8)</a>
+ to set the correct 'bootable' bit in GPT partitions.
+ <li>Repaired <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fdisk.8">fdisk(8)</a>
+ to use GPT_UUID_NBSD_UFS for NetBSD GPT partition entries.
+ <li>Added UEFI defined GPT partition type GPT_UUID_LEGACY_MBR to
+ the partition types
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fdisk.8">fdisk(8)</a>
+ recognizes.
+ <li>Enhanced <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fdisk.8">fdisk(8)</a>
+ to avoid spurious warnings when editing unused GPT partition.
+ <li>Fixed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/cdio.1">cdio(1)</a>
+ error displays and plugged a leak in the error path.
+ <li>Removed pointless :ob#0:pb#0:[tb=swap:] and
+ :pb#N:ob#0: lines from various <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/disktab.5">disktab(5)</a>
+ entries.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>Improved hardware support and driver bugfixes, including:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Suspend/Resume improvements
+ <ul>
+ <li>Extended arm64 suspend/resume to include support for parking
+ CPUs in a WFE/WFI loop.
+ <li>Put CPUs in the lowest P-state before the final suspend step,
+ needed for systems where we park CPUs in a low-power idle state
+ ourselves.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>system-on-chip devices
+ <ul>
+<!-- SoC -->
+ <li>Added support for the Rockchip RK3566/RK3568 SoCs.
+ <li>Added support for the Rockchip RK3568 processor.
+
+ <li>Added support for the RK3568 PCIe controller to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/dwpcie.4">dwpcie(4)</a>.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/qcdwusb.4">qcdwusb(4)</a>, a driver
+ controlling the interface logic for the Synopsys DesignWare USB 3.0
+ controller found on various Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs.
+ <li>Added support for the PCIe controller on the Qualcomm SC8280XP
+ to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dwpcie.4">dwpcie(4)</a>.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/qcpmicgpio.4">qcpmicgpio(4)</a>, a
+ driver for the GPIO block inside the Qualcomm PMICs.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/qcpmic.4">qcpmic(4)</a>,
+ a driver for the SPMI-connected PMICs found on Qualcomm SoCs.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/qcspmi.4">qcspmi(4)</a>,
+ a driver for the SPMI PMIC Arbiter found on Qualcomm SoCs.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/qcpdc.4">qcpdc(4)</a>, a
+ driver for the Qualcomm Power Domain controller found on Qualcomm
+ SoCs.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/qcpwm.4">qcpwm(4)</a>, a
+ driver for the PWM found on Qualcomm SoCs.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/qcpon.4">qcpon(4)</a>, a
+ driver for the Qualcomm PMIC block that hosts the powerkey and reset
+ input.
+ <li>In <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rkgpio.4">rkgpio(4)</a>,
+ handled different register layouts in modern Rockchip SoCs as seen in
+ the RK356x and RK3588.
+ <li>Added support for RK356x TSADC clocks to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rkclock.4">rkclock(4)</a>.
+ <li>Added GMAC-related RK356x clocks to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rkclock.4">rkclock(4)</a>.
+ <li>Added RK3588 support to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rkclock.4">rkclock(4)</a> and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rkpinctrl.4">rkpinctrl(4)</a>.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mvortc.4">mvortc(4)</a>,
+ a driver for the RTC on the ARMADA 38x series.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mvodog.4">mvodog(4)</a>,
+ a driver for the watchdog on the ARMADA 38x series.
+ <li>Implemented <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rkpinctrl.4">rkpinctrl(4)</a> support
+ for explicit routing to use alternative pin muxings.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ytphy.4">ytphy(4)</a>, a
+ driver for the MotorComm YT8511 PHY.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rktemp.4">rktemp(4)</a>
+ work on RK356x with U-Boot.
+ <li>Added initialization code for RK356x in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/dwpcie.4">dwpcie(4)</a> to prevent
+ kernel hangs.
+ <li>Implemented setting the parent clock for RK356x in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rkclock.4">rkclock(4)</a>.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dwpcie.4">dwpcie(4)</a>
+ code to bring up the PCIe controller on the RK356x.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rkpciephy.4">rkpciephy(4)</a>, a driver
+ for the PCIe 3.0 PHY found on the RK356x.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rkcomphy.4">rkcomphy(4)</a>, a driver
+ for the "naneng" combo PHY found on the RK356x (and RK3588). Only
+ PCIe, SATA and USB3 support are implemented.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>Improved support for Apple arm64 hardware
+ <ul>
+<!-- Apple -->
+ <li>Made <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplhidev.4">aplhidev(4)</a> recognize M1
+ laptops with touchbars and translated Fn+(1-10,-,=) keys to F1-F12 on
+ these systems.
+ <li>Added suspend/resume support to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplns.4">aplns(4)</a>.
+ <li>Implemented wakeup interrupt support in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplintc.4">aplintc(4)</a>.
+ <li>Added suspend/resume support to control the power domain to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplsart.4">aplsart(4)</a>.
+ <li>Made the power button function as a wakeup button during suspend
+ in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplsmc.4">aplsmc(4)</a>.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplpwm.4">aplpwm(4)</a>,
+ a driver for the PWM controller found on Apple Silicon.
+ <li>Improve Apple support by increasing the <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/apliic.4">apliic(4)</a> transfer
+ completion timeout to 100ms to accommodate USB Type-C PD chips.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tipd.4">tipd(4)</a>, a
+ driver fixing USB hotplug of type-C connectors on Apple Silicon
+ hardware.
+ <li>Improved <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplpmu.4">aplpmu(4)</a> range check to
+ protect against overflow.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplefuse.4">aplefuse(4)</a>, a driver
+ for the eFuses on Apple Silicon SoCs.
+ <li>Enabled <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplpcie.4">aplpcie(4)</a> power
+ management for PCI devices.
+ <li>Disable the screen backlight with <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplsmc.4">aplsmc(4)</a> on Apple Silicon
+ laptops when the lid is closed.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>X13s support
+ <ul>
+<!-- x13s -->
+ <li>Worked around incomplete ACPI tables on the Lenovo x13s by
+ loading the alternate device tree binaries from disk.
+ <li>Set console output to the framebuffer on Lenovo x13s machines.
+ <li>Made the USB ports work after a suspend/resume cycle on the x13s.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>Improved audio devices
+ <ul>
+<!-- audio -->
+ <li>Made <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/aplaudio.4">aplaudio(4)</a> calculate
+ the bit clock based on numbers of channels, bytes/sample and sample
+ rate.
+ <li>Set <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sncodec.4">sncodec(4)</a>
+ and <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tascodec.4">tascodec(4)</a>
+ default volume to -30dB instead of the hardware default of 0dB
+ (maximum).
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/sncodec.4">sncodec(4)</a>, a driver for
+ the TI SNO12776/TAS2764 digital amplifier.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>Other changes
+ <ul>
+<!-- various USB -->
+ <li>Added support for the Wacom One M CTL-672 tablet to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/uwacom.4">uwacom(4)</a>.
+ <li>Hooked up the same USB device drivers on riscv64 as done in the
+ arm64 architecture kernel.<br>Enabled access to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/usb.4">usb(4)</a>, <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ugen.4">ugen(4)</a>, <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ulpt.4">ulpt(4)</a>, <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ucom.4">ucom(4)</a> and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ujoy.4">ujoy(4)</a>.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/uftdi.4">uftdi(4)</a>
+ support for FTDI FT232R.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/uhidpp.4">uhidpp(4)</a>
+ support for Bolt receivers and the Unified Battery feature often found
+ on newer Logitech HID++ hardware.
+
+<!-- RTC -->
+ <li>Converted more RTC drivers to use todr_attach(). Quality of the
+ RTC is set such that "discrete" RTC chips are preferred over RTCs
+ integrated on a SoC.
+ <li>Added support for the DS1339 RTC as found on the PiJuice.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/qcrtc.4">qcrtc(4)</a>, a
+ driver for the RTC found on Qualcomm PMICs.
+ <li>Improved <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/qcrtc.4">qcrtc(4)</a>
+ RTC reliability.
+
+<!-- wscons -->
+ <li>Added cursor back tab support to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/wscons.4">wscons(4)</a> VT100
+ emulation.<br>Added aixterm bright color sequences (SGR 90-97 and
+ 100-107).
+ <li>Added missing <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/wscons.4">wscons(4)</a> bounds checks
+ when processing terminal escape sequences.
+ <li>Replaced broken UTF-8 logic in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/wscons.4">wscons(4)</a> with a better
+ one borrowed from Citrus.
+
+<!-- other -->
+ <li>Introduced <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pijuice.4">pijuice(4)</a>, an apm/sensor
+ driver for the PiJuice HAT UPS.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pwmleds.4">pwmleds(4)</a>, a driver for
+ PWM controlled LEDs.
+ <li>Implemented <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/dwpcie.4">dwpcie(4)</a> support for the
+ (optional) MSI controller of the Synopsys DesignWare PCIe host bridge.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/icc.4">icc(4)</a> driver for
+ I2C Consumer Control devices.
+ <li>Prevented a possible crash when a <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ugen.4">ugen(4)</a> device is detached.
+ <li>Implemented wakeup interrupt handling in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/agintc.4">agintc(4)</a>.
+ <li>Enabled <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pcagpio.4">pcagpio(4)</a> and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pcamux.4">pcamux(4)</a>, making the SFP
+ port on the ClearFog Base (CN9130) work.
+ <li>Adopted a workaround for a bug in the ARM generic timer on the
+ A64, disabling userland timecounter support on affected hardware
+ pending a similar libc workaround.
+ <li>Made amd64 cpuid recognize protection keys for Protection Key Supervisor (PKS).
+ <li>Implemented access to EFI variables ESRT through an <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ioctl.2">ioctl(2)</a> interface
+ compatible with what FreeBSD and NetBSD have.<br>
+ Created /dev/efi on amd64 and arm64.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dwge.4">dwge(4)</a> support
+ for "enhanced descriptor" mode found on some variants of the Synopsys
+ DesignWare GMAC.
+ <li>Removed the <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-7.2/elansc.4">elansc(4)</a>
+ driver for AMD Elan SC520 System Controller.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ppb.4">ppb(4)</a> bus
+ range available after detaching, fixing unplugging and replugging
+ thunderbolt devices that were plugged in when the machine was booted.
+ <li>Reworked the arm64 architecture cpu_init_secondary() function to
+ allow use for both initial powerup and wakeup from deeper sleep
+ states.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ufshci.4">ufshci(4)</a>,
+ a driver for Universal Flash Storage (UFS) Host Controllers.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/scmi.4">scmi(4)</a>, a
+ driver for the ARM System Control and Management Interface.
+ <li>Added support for the Shenzhen Tangcheng Technology TCS4525
+ voltage regulator to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/fanpwr.4">fanpwr(4)</a>.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/psci.4">psci(4)</a> (ARM
+ Power State Coordination Interface) support for available deep idle
+ states as advertised in device trees.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/eephy.4">eephy(4)</a>,
+ found on the Turris Omnia WAN port, to armv7.
+ <li>Added polling to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/tipmic.4">tipmic(4)</a> driver when
+ starting from a cold boot, fixing a hang on boot.
+ <li>Added a workaround for Intel Braswell/Cherry Trail mwait hang.
+ <li>Added the Armada 380 temperature sensor to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/mvtemp.4">mvtemp(4)</a> and enabled the
+ driver on armv7.
+ </ul>
+ </ul>
+
+<li>New or improved network hardware support:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Enabled <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/em.4">em(4)</a> IPv4,
+ TCP and UDP checksum offloading and hardware VLAN tagging on devices
+ with 82575, 82576, i350 and i210 chipsets.
+ <li>Improved <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mcx.4">mcx(4)</a>
+ performance by using interrupt-based command completion.
+ <li>Fixed a panic seen with <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rge.4">rge(4)</a> RTL8125 with MCLGETL.
+ <li>Add <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dwqe.4">dwqe(4)</a>, a
+ driver for the Synopsys DesignWare Ethernet QoS controller used on the
+ NXP i.MX8MP, the Rockchip RK35xx series and Intel Elkhart Lake.
+ <li>Worked around an issue on the StarFive JH7100 SoC to make <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/dwge.4">dwge(4)</a> Ethernet work
+ reliably on the StarFive VisionFive 1 board.
+ <li>In <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mvneta.4">mvneta(4)</a>,
+ passed MII flags depending on the phy mode specified in the device
+ tree, making the WAN port work on the Turris Omnia.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>Added or improved wireless network drivers:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Increased the timeout for <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/bwfm.4">bwfm(4)</a> PCI devices to
+ avoid spurious firmware load failures, particularly on Apple M2 laptops.
+ <li>Implemented alternative mailbox handling mechanism required by
+ newer <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bwfm.4">bwfm(4)</a> firmware.
+ <li>Fixed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bwfm.4">bwfm(4)</a>
+ issues with suspend/resume and possible firmware crashes on the M2
+ MacBook Air.
+ <li>Prevented an <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwx.4">iwx(4)</a>
+ firmware error when authentication to the AP times out.
+ <li>Fixed a crash in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwx.4">iwx(4)</a> when connecting to WEP
+ networks via <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ifconfig.8">ifconfig(8)</a> join.
+ <li>Fixed an alignment issue in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwx.4">iwx(4)</a> Rx descriptors.
+ <li>Avoided trying to remove keys while doing crypto in hardware if
+ the station is not active in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwx.4">iwx(4)</a> firmware, fixing a
+ firmware panic.
+ <li>Prevented potential panics by disallowing the <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwx.4">iwx(4)</a> init task from running
+ in parallel to wakeup code during resume.
+ <li>Switched all <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwx.4">iwx(4)</a>
+ devices to -77 firmware images.
+ <li>Upgraded firmware images for <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwm.4">iwm(4)</a> 9260 and 9560 devices.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwx.4">iwx(4)</a> get the
+ primary channel number from AP beacon info, preventing problems on
+ 40/80Mhz channels if there is a mismatch.
+ <li>Fixed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwx.4">iwx(4)</a> session
+ protection event duration.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>IEEE 802.11 wireless stack improvements and bugfixes:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Made net80211 drop beacons received on secondary HT/VHT
+ channels, preventing <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwm.4">iwm(4)</a> firmware panics and
+ making association work with 11ac APs which transmit beacons on
+ channels other than their primary.
+ <li>Made WEP encryption work on <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/bwfm.4">bwfm(4)</a>.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>Installer, upgrade and bootloader improvements:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Made installer answers <code>!</code> and <code>(S)hell</code> drop into a <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ksh.1">ksh(1)</a> environment rather
+ than the more limited <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sh.1">sh(1)</a>.
+ <li>Added support for configuring interfaces by lladdr (MAC).
+ <li>Made the installer skip interface configuration questions when no interfaces are available.
+ <li>Fixed resizing partitions on an auto-allocated disk that had a boot partition.
+ <li>Stopped the installer from asking to initialize disks that have
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/softraid.4">softraid(4)</a> chunks.
+ <li>Made efiboot fdt support device trees with NOPs in them (like the kernel version).
+ <li>Improved the default choice for the installer's install media
+ disk question to show the first disk that (a) is not the root disk and (b)
+ is not a disk with softraid chunks (hosting the root disk, for example).
+ <li>Stopped offering WEP in the installer if not supported.
+ <li>Fixed lock file error on installer exit/abort.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/installboot.8">installboot(8)</a> <code>-p</code>
+ support <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/softraid.4">softraid(4)</a>.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/installboot.8">installboot(8)</a> silently skip
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/softraid.4">softraid(4)</a> keydisks.
+ <li>Fixed passing explicit stages files to
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/installboot.8">installboot(8)</a>.
+<!-- architecture specific -->
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/mount_nfs.8">mount_nfs(8)</a> to the
+ sparc64 installer, to fetch sets over NFS.
+ <li>Copy the apple-boot firmware to EFI system partition, enabling
+ automatic bootloader updates on Apple Silicon computers.
+ <li>Made the installer stop printing MD post installation instructions on upgrades.
+ <li>Made it possible to set keyboard layout(s) in arm64's installer.
+ <li>Added initial support in the installer for guided disk
+ encryption for amd64, i386, riscv64 and sparc64.
+ <li>Added passing of boot device information from the bootloader to
+ the kernel on luna88k.
+ <li>Switched luna88k boot loader to MI boot code.
+ <li>Made the luna88k bootloader display a puffy boot logo.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ls.1">ls(1)</a> work
+ correctly in the luna88k bootloader.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/time.1">time(1)</a> work
+ correctly in the luna88k bootloader.
+ <li>Removed dangerous user-settable "addr" variable from MI
+ bootloader, only compiling tty-related code on platforms where it
+ makes sense for the bootloader to control it.
+ <li>Added "machine poweroff" command on luna88k bootloader.
+ <li>Switched alpha to machine-independent boot blocks.
+ <li>Switched all architectures' ramdisks (except alpha's and luna88k's) to use
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/installboot.8">installboot(8)</a> <code>-p</code>.
+ <li>Fixed ofwboot OpenFirmware <code>map</code> call to unbreak boot on some machines.
+ <li>Reduced ofwboot.net size after libz update to unbreak netboot on some machines.
+ <li>Made riscv64 bootloader support boot from RAID 1C softraid volumes.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/installboot.8">installboot(8)</a> support
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/softraid.4">softraid(4)</a> on riscv64.
+ <li>Stopped creating defunct vax (ra, rx), hp300 (hd) and sparc (xy, xd)
+ devices in /dev.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>Security improvements:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Permissions (RWX, MAP_STACK, etc.) on address space regions can
+ be made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mimmutable.2">immutable</a>,
+ so that <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mmap.2">mmap(2)</a>, <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/mprotect.2">mprotect(2)</a> or <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/munmap.2">munmap(2)</a> fail with EPERM.
+ Most of the program static address space is now automatically
+ immutable (main program, ld.so, main stack, load-time shared
+ libraries, and dlopen()'d libraries mapped without RTLD_NODELETE).
+ Programmers can request non-immutable static data using the
+ "openbsd.mutable" section, or manually bring immutability to (page
+ aligned heap objects) using <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/mimmutable.2">mimmutable(2)</a>.
+ The main internal data of <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/malloc.3">malloc(3)</a>
+ is marked immutable.
+ <li>Some architectures now have non-readable code ("xonly"), both from
+ the perspective of userland reading its own memory, or the kernel
+ trying to read memory in a system call. Many sloppy practices in
+ userland code had to be repaired to allow this. The linker
+ (<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ld.lld.1">ld.lld(1)</a> or
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ld.bfd.1">ld.bfd(1)</a>) option
+ --execute-only is enabled by default. In order of development: arm64,
+ riscv64, hppa, amd64, powerpc64, powerpc (G5 only), octeon, and sparc64
+ (sun4u only; unfinished).
+ <li>These can still benefit from switching to --execute-only binaries if the
+ cpu generates different traps for instruction-fetch versus data-fetch.
+ The VM system will not allow memory to be read before it was executed
+ which is valuable together with library relinking. Architectures
+ switched over include loongson.
+ <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ld.so.1">ld.so(1)</a> and crt0
+ register the location of the <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/execve.2">execve(2)</a> stub with the
+ kernel using pinsyscall(2), after which the kernel only accepts an
+ execve call from that specific location.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/execve.2">execve(2)</a>
+ violations of <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pinsyscall.2">pinsyscall(2)</a> policy
+ to the daily mail, available by setting rc.conf.local(5)
+ accounting=YES.
+ <li>Added retguard (consistency-check the return address on the
+ stack) to amd64 syscalls.
+ <li>sshd random relinking at boot: Randomly relink and install <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>, resulting
+ in a sshd binary with unknown address layout after every reboot.
+ <li>Add another mitigation against classic BROP on systems without
+ execute-only mmu hardware-enforcement. A range-checking wrapper in
+ front of <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/copyin.9">copyin(9)</a> and
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/copyinstr.9">copyinstr(9)</a> ensures
+ the userland source address doesn't overlap the main program text and
+ other text segments, thereby making these address ranges unreadable to
+ the kernel. No programs have been discovered which require reading
+ their own text segments with a system call.
+ <li>On arm64, introduce mitigation of the Spectre-BHB (Branch
+ History Injection) CPU vulnerability by using core-specific trampoline
+ vectors.
+ <li>Enabled the arm64 Data Independent Timing (DIT) feature in both the kernel and
+ userland on CPUs that support it to mitigate timing side-channel
+ attacks.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>Changes in the network stack:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Made /dev/pf a clonable device to better track kernel resources
+ used by processes.
+ <li>Modified TCP receive buffer size auto-scaling to use the smoothed
+ RTT (SRTT) instead of the timestamp option, which improves performance
+ on high latency networks if the timestamp option isn't available.
+ <li>Relaxed the requirement for multicast support of interfaces for
+ configuring IPv6. This allows non-multicast interfaces such as
+ point-to-point interfaces and the NBMA / point-to-multipoint
+ interfaces like mpe(4), mgre(4) and wg(4) to work with IPv6.
+ <li>Measure the TCP_KEEPALIVE timeout with <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/getnsecruntime.9">getnsecruntime(9)</a>
+ instead of the system uptime.
+ Prevents TCP connections from needlessly failing en masse after
+ waking a system from suspend.
+ <li>Used stoeplitz (symmetric Toeplitz hash algorithm) to generate a
+ hash/flowid for <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pf.4">pf(4)</a> state
+ keys. With this change, pf will hash traffic the same way that
+ hardware using a stoeplitz key will hash incoming traffic on rings.
+ stoeplitz is also used by the TCP stack to generate a flow id, which
+ is used to pick which transmit ring is used on nics with multiple
+ queues, too. Using the same algorithm throughout the stack encourages
+ affinity of packets to rings and softnet threads the whole way
+ through.
+ <li>Prevented possible kernel crashes by dropping TCP packets with
+ destination port 0 in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pf.4">pf(4)</a>
+ and the stack.
+ <li>Fixed an endian swap bug causing problems with <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vlan.4">vlan(4)</a> on <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/em.4">em(4)</a> sparc64 systems.
+ <li>Denied "pipex no" tunnel setting for <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pppx.4">pppx(4)</a> interfaces.
+ <li>Fixed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pfsync.4">pfsync(4)</a>
+ crashing on pf_state_key removal.
+ <li>Fixed a panic in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pfsync.4">pfsync(4)</a> when there is
+ no data ready for bulk transfer.
+ <li>Turned off TCP Segmentation Offload (TSO) if interface is added
+ to layer 2 devices.
+ <li>Improved <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vnet.4">vnet(4)</a>
+ to work better in busy conditions.
+ <li>Added a <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bpf.4">bpf(4)</a> timeout
+ (BIOCSWTIMEOUT) between capturing a packet and making the buffer
+ readable, preventing, for example, <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pflogd.8">pflogd(8)</a> waking every
+ half second even if there is nothing to read. By default this buffer
+ is infinite and must be filled to become readable.
+ <li>Avoided enabling TSO on interfaces which are already attached to a bridge.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>Routing daemons and other userland network improvements:
+ <ul>
+ <li>IPsec support was improved:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iked.8">iked(8)</a>
+ support for configuring multiple name servers.
+ <li>Synced proc.c from <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmd.8">vmd(8)</a> to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/iked.8">iked(8)</a> to enable fork +
+ exec for all processes. This gives each process a fresh and unique
+ address space to further improve randomization of ASLR and stack
+ protector.
+ </ul>
+ <li>In <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpd.8">bgpd(8)</a>, <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpctl.8">bgpctl(8)</a> and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgplgd.8">bgplgd(8)</a>:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Improved performance by optimising the output filters.
+ <li>Add Autonomous System Provider Authorization (ASPA) validation
+ based on draft-ietf-sidrops-aspa-verification-12
+ <li>Introduce avs (ASPA validation state) filter and bgpctl
+ filter argument.
+ <li>Add ASPA support for the RTR protocol based on
+ draft-ietf-sidrops-8210bis-10.
+ <li>Improve open policy (RFC 9234) support and enable the capability
+ automatically if a role is specified for the peer.
+ <li>Introduce a per-neighbor 'role' configuration option to specify
+ the session role used by ASPA verification and the open policy
+ capability. The 'announce policy' statement was simplified at
+ the same time.
+ <li>Improve startup behaviour by introducing a small delay before
+ opening the connection to a new peer.
+ <li>Support for aspa-set table config which can be provided by
+ <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/rpki-client.8">rpki-client(8)</a>.
+ <li>Make it possible to filter the RIB by invalid and leaked prefixes
+ in bgpctl and bgplgd.
+ <li>Add OpenMetrics output to bgpctl for various BGP statistics and
+ add /metrics endpoint to bgplgd.
+ <li>Fix of incorrect length checks that allowed an out-of-bounds
+ read in bgpd.
+ </ul>
+ <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rpki-client.8">rpki-client(8)</a> saw some changes:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Add a new '-H' command line option to create a shortlist of
+ repositories to synchronize to. For example, when invoking
+ "rpki-client -H rpki.ripe.net -H chloe.sobornost.net", the utility
+ will not connect to any other hosts other than the two specified
+ through the -H option.
+ <li>Add support for validating Geofeed (RFC 9092) authenticators. To
+ see an example download https://sobornost.net/geofeed.csv and run
+ "rpki-client -f geofeed.csv"
+ <li>Add support for validating Trust Anchor Key (TAK) objects. TAK
+ objects can be used to produce new Trust Anchor Locators (TALs) signed
+ by and verified against the previous Trust Anchor. See
+ draft-ietf-sidrops-signed-tal for the full specification.
+ <li>Log lines related to RRDP/HTTPS connection problems now include the
+ IP address of the problematic endpoint (in brackets).
+ <li>Improve the error message when an invalid filename is encountered
+ in the rpkiManifest field in the Subject Access Information (SIA)
+ extension.
+ <li>Emit a warning when unexpected X.509 extensions are encountered.
+ <li>Restrict the ROA ipAddrBlocks field to only allow two
+ ROAIPAddressFamily structures (one per address family). See
+ draft-ietf-sidrops-rfc6482bis.
+ <li>Check the absence of the Path Length constraint in the Basic
+ Constraints extension.
+ <li>Restrict the SIA extension to only allow the signedObject and
+ rpkiNotify accessMethods.
+ <li>Check that the Signed Object access method is present in ROA, MFT,
+ ASPA, TAK, and GBR End-Entity certificates.
+ <li>In addition to the 'rsync://' scheme, also permit other schemes
+ (such as 'https://') in the SIA signedObject access method.
+ <li>Check that the KeyUsage extension is set to nothing but
+ digitalSignature on End-Entity certificates.
+ <li>Check that the KeyUsage extension is set to nothing but keyCertSign
+ and CRLSign on CA certificates.
+ <li>Check that the ExtendedKeyUsage extension is absent on CA
+ certificates.
+ <li>Fix a bug in the handling of the port of http_proxy.
+ <li>The '-r' command line option has been deprecated.
+ <li>Filemode (-f) output is now presented as a text based table.
+ <li>The 'expires' key in the JSON/CSV/OpenBGPD output formats is now
+ calculated with more accuracy. The calculation takes into account the
+ nextUpdate value of all intermediate CRLs in the signature path
+ towards the trust anchor, in addition to the expiry moment of the
+ leaf-CRL and CAs.
+ <li>Handling of CRLs and Manifests in the face of inconsistent RRDP delta
+ publications has been improved. A copy of an alternative version of
+ the applicable CRL is kept in the staging area of the cache directory,
+ in order to increase the potential for establishing a complete
+ publication point, in cases where a single publication point update
+ was smeared across multiple RRDP delta files.
+ <li>The OpenBGPD configuration output now includes validated Autonomous
+ System Provider Authorization (ASPA) payloads as an 'aspa-set {}'
+ configuration block.
+ <li>When rpki-client is invoked with increased verbosity ('-v'), the
+ current RRDP Serial and Session ID are shown to aid debugging.
+ <li>Self-signed X.509 certificates (such as Trust Anchor certificates)
+ now are considered invalid if they contain an X.509
+ AuthorityInfoAccess extension.
+ <li>Signed Objects where the CMS signing-time attribute contains a
+ timestamp later then the X.509 certificate's notAfter timestamp are
+ considered invalid.
+ <li>Manifests where the CMS signing-time attribute contains a timestamp
+ later then the Manifest eContent nextUpdate timestamp are considered
+ invalid.
+ <li>Any objects whose CRL Distribution Points extension contains a
+ CRLIssuer, CRL Reasons, or nameRelativeToCRLIssuer field are
+ considered invalid in accordance with RFC 6487 section 4.8.6.
+ <li>For every X.509 certificate the SHA-1 of the Subject Public Key is
+ calculated and compared to the Subject Key Identifier (SKI). If a
+ mismatch is found the certificate is not trusted.
+ <li>Require the outside-TBS signature OID for every X.509 intermediate
+ CA certificate and CRL to be sha256WithRSAEncryption.
+ <li>Require the RSA key pair modulus and public exponent parameters to
+ strictly conform to the RFC 7935 profile.
+ <li>Ensure there is no trailing garbage present in Signed Objects beyond
+ the self-embedded length field.
+ <li>Require RRDP Session IDs to strictly be version 4 UUIDs.
+ <li>When decoding and validating an individual RPKI file using filemode
+ (rpki-client -f file), display the signature path towards the trust
+ anchor and the timestamp when the signature path will expire.
+ <li>When decoding and validating an individual RPKI file using filemode
+ (rpki-client -f file), display the optional CMS signing-time,
+ non-optional X.509 notBefore timestamp and non-optional X.509
+ notAfter timestamp.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>Updated zlib to 1.2.13.
+
+ <li>Fixed a long-standing bug in a libreadline header that broke the
+ interactive Python command line interface.
+
+ <li>Switched <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tftpd.8">tftpd(8)</a> to
+ default to read-only unless -w is specified for write access (the
+ previous default).
+ <li>Stopped printing the prompt for non-interactive usage of <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/tftp.1">tftp(1)</a>.
+ <li>Changed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rarpd.8">rarpd(8)</a> to
+ only unveil /tftpboot if -t is specified.
+ <li>Added client certificate authentication and an optional SASL
+ EXTERNAL bind to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ypldap.8">ypldap(8)</a>.
+ <li>Adjusted ipv6 address width to align the display columns better
+ in the output of <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ndp.8">ndp(8)</a>,
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/route.8">route(8)</a> and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/netstat.1">netstat(1)</a> as already
+ available in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/systat.1">systat(1)</a>'s netstat.
+ <li>Used <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/stravis.3">stravis(3)</a> to
+ sanitize redirect URIs from <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ftp.1">ftp(1)</a> fetch before printing.
+
+ <li>Prevent an <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/unwind.8">unwind(8)</a> crash when a TCP
+ query is larger than the length field indicated.
+ <li>Preserve the original order of nameservers as configured via <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/resolv.conf.5">resolv.conf(5)</a> in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/resolvd.8">resolvd(8)</a>.
+ <li>Restrict the characters allowed in the hostname argument of <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/getaddrinfo.3">getaddrinfo(3)</a> to the
+ set [A-z0-9-_.]. Additionally, two consecutive dots ('.') are not
+ allowed nor can the string start with - or '.'. This removes
+ characters like '$', '`', '\n' or '*' that can traverse the DNS
+ without problems but have special meaning as in a shell.
+ <li>Fixed a number of out of bounds reads in DNS response parsing of
+ the async DNS resolver in libc.
+ <li>Added <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ifconfig.8">ifconfig(8)</a> -M (mac) to
+ find the mac address on an interface and print it.
+ <li>Added support for configuring interfaces by lladdr to support
+ interface configurations bound to a specific hardware device. The "if"
+ part of the <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/hostname.if.5">hostname.if(5)</a>
+ configuration file can now be a MAC address.
+ <li>Limited display of wireguard peers by <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/ifconfig.8">ifconfig(8)</a> to when
+ either a wireguard interface is specified or the flag "-A" is used.
+ <li>Implemented the RFC 8781 PREF64 router advertisement option in
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rad.8">rad(8)</a> which is used to
+ communicate NAT64 prefixes to hosts.
+ <li>Moved the documentation of flag mappings displayed by "route show" from the <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/netstat.1">netstat(1)</a> manpage to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/route.8">route(8)</a>.
+ <li>Improvements in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/nc.1">nc(1)</a>:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Stop claiming connection success in UDP mode unless true.
+ <li>Do not test the connection in non-interactive mode. The test
+ writes characters to the socket which can corrupt data that is
+ possibly piped into nc.
+ <li>Some refactoring and code cleanup.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>Improvements in
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/acme-client.1">acme-client(1)</a>:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Added support for newlines inside the alternative names block in
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/acme-client.conf.5">acme-client.conf(5)</a>.
+ <li>Use proper data structures for retrieving subject alternative names in
+ certificates rather than printing them to a buffer and tokenizing and
+ parsing the undocumented string.
+ <li>Simplified, corrected and modernized the use of libcrypto interfaces.
+ <li>Plugged various memory leaks.
+ <li>Use <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ASN1_TIME_to_tm.3">ASN1_TIME_to_tm(3)</a>
+ instead of a poor man's hand-rolled version of it.
+ <li>Use <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/acme-client.1">timegm(3)</a>
+ instead of <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/acme-client.1">mktime(3)</a>
+ to eliminate time-zone variation.
+ <li>Encode Subject Alternative Name (SAN) entries before printing.
+ <li>Prevent <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/acme-client.1">acme-client(1)</a>
+ from leaking an http get request when receiving a redirect without a
+ location header.
+ </ul>
+
+ <!-- smtpd -->
+ <li>Prevented <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/smtpd.8">smtpd(8)</a>
+ abort due to a connection from a local, scoped ipv6 address.
+ <li>Fixed a potential NULL dereference in the unpriv child expanding
+ %{mda} in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/smtpd.8">smtpd(8)</a>.
+ <li>Corrected the order of arguments for calls to <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/shutdown.2">shutdown(2)</a> on the route
+ socket of <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/slaacd.8">slaacd(8)</a>, <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhcpleased.8">dhcpleased(8)</a> and <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/unwind.8">unwind(8)</a>.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/route.8">route(8)</a>
+ sourceaddr print the used addresses for inet and inet6, or "default"
+ if no sourceaddr is set and the default algorithm is used.
+ <li>Added -mpls option to the route(8) monitor command. It can be
+ used to restrict displayed route messages to the mpls address family.
+ <li>Fixed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/openrsync.1">rsync(1)</a>
+ handling of port numbers in rsync://host[:port]/module URLs.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tcpdrop.8">tcpdrop(8)</a>
+ accept netstat-style address.port syntax.
+ <li>Ensured <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pfctl.8">pfctl(8)</a>
+ correctly adds addresses to the undefined/inactive table.
+ <li>Switched <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tftpd.8">tftpd(8)</a> to default
+ to read-only unless <code>-w</code> is specified for write access
+ (the previous default).
+ <li>Changed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rarpd.8">rarpd(8)</a> to only unveil /tftpboot if -t is specified.
+ <li>Fixed the DIOCIGETIFACES ioctl so all network interfaces and
+ interface groups are reported in <a
+ href="https://man.openbsd.org/pfctl.8">pfctl(8)</a>.
+ </ul>
+
+<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> improvements and bug fixes:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Added scroll-top and scroll-bottom <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> commands to scroll so cursor is at the top or bottom respectively.
+ <li>Added a -T flag to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> capture-pane to capture up to the last used cell and not the full width of the pane.
+ <li>Preserved the marked pane when renumbering windows in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a>.
+ <li>Added modified tab key sequences to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a>.
+ <li>Changed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> to only set the extended flag when searching, which allows send-keys to work.
+ <li>Added a -l flag to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> display-message to disable format expansion.
+ <li>Fixed a <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> crash when there are no window buffers.
+ <li>Fixed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> C-S-Tab without extended keys.
+ <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> send-keys -K to handle keys directly as if typed.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> tty-keys accept \007 as terminator to OSC 10 or 11.
+ <li>Made <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> recognize pasted texts wrapped in bracket paste sequences, rather than only forwarding to the program inside.
+ <li>Supported -1 without -N for list-keys in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a>.
+ <li>Added a flag to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> display-menu to select the menu item chosen first.
+ <li>Added Backtab key support to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a>
+ <li>Disallowed multiple consecutive line separators in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> menu.
+ <li>Extended display-message to work for control clients in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a>.
+ <li>Added -f to list-clients in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a>.
+ <li>Added a <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a> L modifier like P, W, S to loop over clients.
+ </ul>
+
+<li>LibreSSL version 3.7.2
+ <ul>
+ <li>New features
+ <ul>
+ <li>Added Ed25519 support both as a primitive and via OpenSSL's EVP interfaces.
+ <li>X25519 is now also supported via EVP.
+ <li>The OpenSSL 1.1 raw public and private key API is available with support for
+ EVP_PKEY_ED25519, EVP_PKEY_HMAC and EVP_PKEY_X25519. Poly1305 is not
+ currently supported via this interface.
+ <li>Added EVP_CIPHER_meth_*() setter API.
+ <li>Added various X.509 accessor functions.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>Compatibility changes
+ <ul>
+ <li>BIO_read() and BIO_write() now behave more closely to OpenSSL 3 in
+ various corner cases.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>Bug fixes
+ <ul>
+ <li>Added EVP_chacha20_poly1305() to the list of all ciphers.
+ <li>Fixed potential leaks of EVP_PKEY in various printing functions
+ <li>Fixed potential leak in OBJ_NAME_add().
+ <li>Avoid signed overflow in i2c_ASN1_BIT_STRING().
+ <li>Cleaned up EVP_PKEY_ASN1_METHOD related tables and code.
+ <li>Fixed long standing bugs BN_GF2m_poly2arr() and BN_GF2m_mod().
+ <li>Fixed segfaults in BN_{dec,hex}2bn().
+ <li>Fixed NULL dereference in x509_constraints_uri_host() reachable only
+ in the process of generating certificates.
+ <li>Fixed a variety of memory corruption issues in BIO chains coming
+ from poor old and new API: BIO_push(), BIO_pop(), BIO_set_next().
+ <li>Avoid potential divide by zero in BIO_dump_indent_cb()
+ <li>Fixed a memory leak, a double free and various other issues in
+ BIO_new_NDEF().
+ <li>Fixed various crashes in the openssl(1) testing utility.
+ <li>Do not check policies by default in the new X.509 verifier.
+ <li>Avoid crash with ASN.1 BOOLEANS in openssl(1) asn1parse.
+ <li>Added missing error checking in PKCS7.
+ <li>Call CRYPTO_cleanup_all_ex_data() from OPENSSL_cleanup().
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>Documentation improvements
+ <ul>
+ <li>Numerous improvements and additions for ASN.1, BIO, BN, and X.509.
+ <li>The BN documentation is now considered to be complete.
+ <li>Marked BIO_s_log(3) BIO_nread0(3), BIO_nread(3), BIO_nwrite0(3), BIO_nwrite(3),
+ BIO_dump_cb(3) and BIO_dump_indent_cb(3) as intentionally undocumented.
+ <li>Documented various BIO_* interfaces.
+ <li>Documented ED25519_keypair(3), ED25519_sign(3), and ED25519_verify(3).
+ <li>Documented EVP_PKEY raw private/public key interfaces.
+ <li>Documented ASN1_buf_print(3).
+ <li>Documented DH_get0_*, DSA_get0_*, ECDSA_SIG_get0_* and RSA_get0_*.
+ <li>Merged documentation of UI_null() from OpenSSL 1.1
+ <li>Various spelling and other documentation improvements.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>Internal improvements
+ <ul>
+ <li>Remove dependency on system timegm() and gmtime() by replacing
+ traditional Julian date conversion with POSIX epoch-seconds date
+ conversion from BoringSSL.
+ <li>Removed old and unused BN code dealing with primes.
+ <li>Started rewriting name constraints code using CBS.
+ <li>Removed support for the HMAC PRIVATE KEY.
+ <li>Reworked DSA signing and verifying internals.
+ <li>Rewrote the TLSv1.2 key exporter.
+ <li>Cleaned up and refactored various aspects of the legacy TLS stack.
+ <li>Initial overhaul of the BIGNUM code:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Added a new framework that allows architecture-dependent
+ replacement implementations for bignum primitives.
+ <li>Imported various s2n-bignum's constant time assembly primitives
+ and switched amd64 to them.
+ <li>Lots of cleanup, simplification and bug fixes.
+ </ul>
+ <li>Changed Perl assembly generators to move constants into .rodata,
+ allowing code to run with execute-only permissions.
+ <li>Capped the number of iterations in DSA and ECDSA signing (avoiding
+ infinite loops), added additional sanity checks to DSA.
+ <li>ASN.1 parsing improvements.
+ <li>Cleanup and improvements in EC code, including always clearing EC
+ groups and points on free.
+ <li>Various openssl(1) improvements.
+ <li>Various nc(1) improvements.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>Security fixes
+ <ul>
+ <li>A malicious certificate revocation list or timestamp response token
+ would allow an attacker to read arbitrary memory.
+ </ul>
+ </ul>
+
+<li>OpenSSH 9.3 and OpenSSH 9.2<br>
+This release of OpenBSD includes the changes made to OpenSSH since release 9.1:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Security
+ <ul>
+ <li>ssh-add(1): when adding smartcard keys to ssh-agent(1) with the
+ per-hop destination constraints (ssh-add -h ...) added in OpenSSH
+ 8.9, a logic error prevented the constraints from being
+ communicated to the agent. This resulted in the keys being added
+ without constraints. The common cases of non-smartcard keys and
+ keys without destination constraints are unaffected. This problem
+ was reported by Luci Stanescu.
+ <li>ssh(1): Portable OpenSSH provides an implementation of the
+ getrrsetbyname(3) function if the standard library does not
+ provide it, for use by the VerifyHostKeyDNS feature. A
+ specifically crafted DNS response could cause this function to
+ perform an out-of-bounds read of adjacent stack data, but this
+ condition does not appear to be exploitable beyond denial-of-service
+ to the ssh(1) client.<br>
+ The getrrsetbyname(3) replacement is only included if the system's
+ standard library lacks this function and portable OpenSSH was not
+ compiled with the ldns library (--with-ldns). getrrsetbyname(3) is
+ only invoked if using VerifyHostKeyDNS to fetch SSHFP records. This
+ problem was found by the Coverity static analyzer.
+ <li>sshd(8): fix a pre-authentication double-free memory fault
+ introduced in OpenSSH 9.1. This is not believed to be exploitable,
+ and it occurs in the unprivileged pre-auth process that is
+ subject to chroot(2) and is further sandboxed on most major
+ platforms.
+ <li>ssh(8): in OpenSSH releases after 8.7, the PermitRemoteOpen option
+ would ignore its first argument unless it was one of the special
+ keywords "any" or "none", causing the permission list to fail open
+ if only one permission was specified. bz3515
+ <li>ssh(1): if the CanonicalizeHostname and CanonicalizePermittedCNAMEs
+ options were enabled, and the system/libc resolver did not check
+ that names in DNS responses were valid, then use of these options
+ could allow an attacker with control of DNS to include invalid
+ characters (possibly including wildcards) in names added to
+ known_hosts files when they were updated. These names would still
+ have to match the CanonicalizePermittedCNAMEs allow-list, so
+ practical exploitation appears unlikely.
+ </ul>
+ <li>Potentially-incompatible changes
+ <ul>
+ <li>ssh(1): add a new EnableEscapeCommandline ssh_config(5) option that
+ controls whether the client-side ~C escape sequence that provides a
+ command-line is available. Among other things, the ~C command-line
+ could be used to add additional port-forwards at runtime.<br>
+ This option defaults to "no", disabling the ~C command-line that
+ was previously enabled by default. Turning off the command-line
+ allows platforms that support sandboxing of the ssh(1) client
+ (currently only OpenBSD) to use a stricter default sandbox policy.
+ </ul>
+ <li>New features
+ <ul>
+ <li>ssh-keygen(1), ssh-keyscan(1): accept -Ohashalg=sha1|sha256 when
+ outputting SSHFP fingerprints to allow algorithm selection. bz3493
+ <li>sshd(8): add a `sshd -G` option that parses and prints the
+ effective configuration without attempting to load private keys
+ and perform other checks. This allows usage of the option before
+ keys have been generated and for configuration evaluation and
+ verification by unprivileged users.
+ <li>sshd(8): add support for channel inactivity timeouts via a new
+ sshd_config(5) ChannelTimeout directive. This allows channels that
+ have not seen traffic in a configurable interval to be
+ automatically closed. Different timeouts may be applied to session,
+ X11, agent and TCP forwarding channels.
+ <li>sshd(8): add a sshd_config UnusedConnectionTimeout option to
+ terminate client connections that have no open channels for a
+ length of time. This complements the ChannelTimeout option above.
+ <li>sshd(8): add a -V (version) option to sshd like the ssh client has.
+ <li>ssh(1): add a "Host" line to the output of ssh -G showing the
+ original hostname argument. bz3343
+ <li>scp(1), sftp(1): add a -X option to both scp(1) and sftp(1) to
+ allow control over some SFTP protocol parameters: the copy buffer
+ length and the number of in-flight requests, both of which are used
+ during upload/download. Previously these could be controlled in
+ sftp(1) only. This makes them available in both SFTP protocol
+ clients using the same option character sequence.
+ <li>ssh-keyscan(1): allow scanning of complete CIDR address ranges,
+ e.g. "ssh-keyscan 192.168.0.0/24". If a CIDR range is passed, then
+ it will be expanded to all possible addresses in the range
+ including the all-0s and all-1s addresses. bz#976
+ <li>ssh(1): support dynamic remote port forwarding in escape
+ command-line's -R processing. bz#3499
+ </ul>
+ <li>Bugfixes
+ <ul>
+ <li>scp(1), sftp(1): fix progressmeter corruption on wide displays;
+ bz3534
+ <li>ssh-add(1), ssh-keygen(1): use RSA/SHA256 when testing usability
+ of private keys as some systems are starting to disable RSA/SHA1
+ in libcrypto.
+ <li>sftp-server(8): fix a memory leak. GHPR363
+ <li>ssh(1), sshd(8), ssh-keyscan(1): remove vestigial protocol
+ compatibility code and simplify what's left.
+ <li>Fix a number of low-impact Coverity static analysis findings.
+ These include several reported via bz2687
+ <li>ssh_config(5), sshd_config(5): mention that some options are not
+ first-match-wins.
+ <li>Rework logging for the regression tests. Regression tests will now
+ capture separate logs for each ssh and sshd invocation in a test.
+ <li>ssh(1): make `ssh -Q CASignatureAlgorithms` work as the manpage
+ says it should; bz3532.
+ <li>ssh(1): ensure that there is a terminating newline when adding a
+ new entry to known_hosts; bz3529
+ <li>ssh(1): when restoring non-blocking mode to stdio fds, restore
+ exactly the flags that ssh started with and don't just clobber them
+ with zero, as this could also remove the append flag from the set.
+ bz3523
+ <li>ssh(1): avoid printf("%s", NULL) if using UserKnownHostsFile=none
+ and a hostkey in one of the system known hosts file changes.
+ <li>scp(1): switch scp from using pipes to a socket-pair for
+ communication with its ssh sub-processes, matching how sftp(1)
+ operates.
+ <li>sshd(8): clear signal mask early in main(); sshd may have been
+ started with one or more signals masked (sigprocmask(2) is not
+ cleared on fork/exec) and this could interfere with various things,
+ e.g. the login grace timer. Execution environments that fail to
+ clear the signal mask before running sshd are clearly broken, but
+ apparently they do exist.
+ <li>ssh(1): warn if no host keys for hostbased auth can be loaded.
+ <li>sshd(8): Add server debugging for hostbased auth that is queued and
+ sent to the client after successful authentication, but also logged
+ to assist in diagnosis of HostbasedAuthentication problems. bz3507
+ <li>ssh(1): document use of the IdentityFile option as being usable to
+ list public keys as well as private keys. GHPR352
+ <li>sshd(8): check for and disallow MaxStartups values less than or
+ equal to zero during config parsing, rather than failing later at
+ runtime. bz3489
+ <li>ssh-keygen(1): fix parsing of hex cert expiry times specified on
+ the command-line when acting as a CA.
+ <li>scp(1): when scp(1) is using the SFTP protocol for transport (the
+ default), better match scp/rcp's handling of globs that don't match
+ the globbed characters but do match literally (e.g. trying to
+ transfer a file named "foo.[1]"). Previously scp(1) in SFTP mode
+ would not match these pathnames but legacy scp/rcp mode would.
+ bz3488
+ <li>ssh-agent(1): document the "-O no-restrict-websafe" command-line
+ option.
+ <li>ssh(1): honour user's umask(2) if it is more restrictive then the
+ ssh default (022).
+ </ul>
+ </ul>
+
+<li>Ports and packages:
+ <p>Many pre-built packages for each architecture:
+ <!-- number of FTP packages minus SHA256, SHA256.sig, index.txt -->
+ <ul style="column-count: 3">
+ <li>aarch64: 11561
+ <li>amd64: 11764
+ <li>arm: 8653
+ <li>i386: 10572
+ <li>mips64: 8936
+ <li>powerpc: 9893
+ <li>powerpc64: 8474
+ <li>riscv64: 10191
+ <li>sparc64: 9325
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>Some highlights:
+ <ul style="column-count: 3">
+ <li>Asterisk 16.30.0, 18.17.0 and 20.2.0
+ <li>Audacity 3.2.5
+ <li>CMake 3.25.2
+ <li>Chromium 111.0.5563.110
+ <li>Emacs 28.2
+ <li>FFmpeg 4.4.3
+ <li>GCC 8.4.0 and 11.2.0
+ <li>GHC 9.2.7
+ <li>GNOME 43.3
+ <li>Go 1.20.1
+ <li>JDK 8u362, 11.0.18 and 17.0.6
+ <li>KDE Applications 22.12.3
+ <li>KDE Frameworks 5.103.0
+ <li>Krita 5.1.5
+ <li>LLVM/Clang 13.0.0
+ <li>LibreOffice 7.5.1.2
+ <li>Lua 5.1.5, 5.2.4, 5.3.6 and 5.4.4
+ <li>MariaDB 10.9.4
+ <li>Mono 6.12.0.182
+ <li>Mozilla Firefox 111.0 and ESR 102.9.0
+ <li>Mozilla Thunderbird 102.9.0
+ <li>Mutt 2.2.9 and NeoMutt 20220429
+ <li>Node.js 18.15.0
+ <li>OCaml 4.12.1
+ <li>OpenLDAP 2.6.4
+ <li>PHP 7.4.33, 8.0.28, 8.1.16 and 8.2.3
+ <li>Postfix 3.5.17 and 3.7.3
+ <li>PostgreSQL 15.2
+ <li>Python 2.7.18, 3.9.16, 3.10.10 and 3.11.2
+ <li>Qt 5.15.8 and 6.4.2
+ <li>R 4.2.1
+ <li>Ruby 3.0.5, 3.1.3 and 3.2.1
+ <li>Rust 1.68.0
+ <li>SQLite 2.8.17 and 3.41.0
+ <li>Shotcut 22.12.21
+ <li>Sudo 1.9.13.3
+ <li>Suricata 6.0.10
+ <li>Tcl/Tk 8.5.19 and 8.6.13
+ <li>TeX Live 2022
+ <li>Vim 9.0.1388 and Neovim 0.8.3
+ <li>Xfce 4.18
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+
+<li>As usual, steady improvements in manual pages and other documentation.
+
+<li>The system includes the following major components from outside suppliers:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Xenocara (based on X.Org 7.7 with xserver 21.1.6 + patches,
+ freetype 2.12.1, fontconfig 2.14, Mesa 22.3.4, xterm 378,
+ xkeyboard-config 2.20, fonttosfnt 1.2.2 and more)
+ <li>LLVM/Clang 13.0.0 (+ patches)
+ <li>GCC 4.2.1 (+ patches) and 3.3.6 (+ patches)
+ <li>Perl 5.36.0 (+ patches)
+ <li>NSD 4.6.1
+ <li>Unbound 1.17.0
+ <li>Ncurses 5.7
+ <li>Binutils 2.17 (+ patches)
+ <li>Gdb 6.3 (+ patches)
+ <li>Awk September 12, 2022
+ <li>Expat 2.5.0
+ </ul>
+
+</ul>
+</section>
+
+<hr>
+
+<section id=install>
+<h3>How to install</h3>
+<p>
+Please refer to the following files on the mirror site for
+extensive details on how to install OpenBSD 7.3 on your machine:
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/alpha/INSTALL.alpha">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/alpha/INSTALL.alpha</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/amd64/INSTALL.amd64">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/amd64/INSTALL.amd64</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/arm64/INSTALL.arm64">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/arm64/INSTALL.arm64</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/armv7/INSTALL.armv7">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/armv7/INSTALL.armv7</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/hppa/INSTALL.hppa">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/hppa/INSTALL.hppa</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/i386/INSTALL.i386">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/i386/INSTALL.i386</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/landisk/INSTALL.landisk">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/landisk/INSTALL.landisk</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/loongson/INSTALL.loongson">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/loongson/INSTALL.loongson</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/luna88k/INSTALL.luna88k">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/luna88k/INSTALL.luna88k</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/macppc/INSTALL.macppc">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/macppc/INSTALL.macppc</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/octeon/INSTALL.octeon">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/octeon/INSTALL.octeon</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/powerpc64/INSTALL.powerpc64">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/powerpc64/INSTALL.powerpc64</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/riscv64/INSTALL.riscv64">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/riscv64/INSTALL.riscv64</a>
+<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/sparc64/INSTALL.sparc64">
+ .../OpenBSD/7.3/sparc64/INSTALL.sparc64</a>
+</ul>
+</section>
+
+<hr>
+
+<section id=quickinstall>
+<p>
+Quick installer information for people familiar with OpenBSD, and the use of
+the "<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel</a> -E" command.
+If you are at all confused when installing OpenBSD, read the relevant
+INSTALL.* file as listed above!
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/alpha:</h3>
+
+<p>
+If your machine can boot from CD, you can write <i>install73.iso</i> or
+<i>cd73.iso</i> to a CD and boot from it.
+Refer to INSTALL.alpha for more details.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/amd64:</h3>
+
+<p>
+If your machine can boot from CD, you can write <i>install73.iso</i> or
+<i>cd73.iso</i> to a CD and boot from it.
+You may need to adjust your BIOS options first.
+
+<p>
+If your machine can boot from USB, you can write <i>install73.img</i> or
+<i>miniroot73.img</i> to a USB stick and boot from it.
+
+<p>
+If you can't boot from a CD, floppy disk, or USB,
+you can install across the network using PXE as described in the included
+INSTALL.amd64 document.
+
+<p>
+If you are planning to dual boot OpenBSD with another OS, you will need to
+read INSTALL.amd64.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/arm64:</h3>
+
+<p>
+Write <i>install73.img</i> or <i>miniroot73.img</i> to a disk and boot from it
+after connecting to the serial console. Refer to INSTALL.arm64 for more
+details.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/armv7:</h3>
+
+<p>
+Write a system specific miniroot to an SD card and boot from it after connecting
+to the serial console. Refer to INSTALL.armv7 for more details.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/hppa:</h3>
+
+<p>
+Boot over the network by following the instructions in INSTALL.hppa or the
+<a href="hppa.html#install">hppa platform page</a>.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/i386:</h3>
+
+<p>
+If your machine can boot from CD, you can write <i>install73.iso</i> or
+<i>cd73.iso</i> to a CD and boot from it.
+You may need to adjust your BIOS options first.
+
+<p>
+If your machine can boot from USB, you can write <i>install73.img</i> or
+<i>miniroot73.img</i> to a USB stick and boot from it.
+
+<p>
+If you can't boot from a CD, floppy disk, or USB,
+you can install across the network using PXE as described in
+the included INSTALL.i386 document.
+
+<p>
+If you are planning on dual booting OpenBSD with another OS, you will need to
+read INSTALL.i386.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/landisk:</h3>
+
+<p>
+Write <i>miniroot73.img</i> to the start of the CF
+or disk, and boot normally.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/loongson:</h3>
+
+<p>
+Write <i>miniroot73.img</i> to a USB stick and boot bsd.rd from it
+or boot bsd.rd via tftp.
+Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.loongson for more details.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/luna88k:</h3>
+
+<p>
+Copy 'boot' and 'bsd.rd' to a Mach or UniOS partition, and boot the bootloader
+from the PROM, and then bsd.rd from the bootloader.
+Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.luna88k for more details.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/macppc:</h3>
+
+<p>
+Burn the image from a mirror site to a CDROM, and power on your machine
+while holding down the <i>C</i> key until the display turns on and
+shows <i>OpenBSD/macppc boot</i>.
+
+<p>
+Alternatively, at the Open Firmware prompt, enter <i>boot cd:,ofwboot
+/7.3/macppc/bsd.rd</i>
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/octeon:</h3>
+
+<p>
+After connecting a serial port, boot bsd.rd over the network via DHCP/tftp.
+Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.octeon for more details.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/powerpc64:</h3>
+
+<p>
+To install, write <i>install73.img</i> or <i>miniroot73.img</i> to a
+USB stick, plug it into the machine and choose the <i>OpenBSD
+install</i> menu item in Petitboot.
+Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.powerpc64 for more details.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/riscv64:</h3>
+
+<p>
+To install, write <i>install73.img</i> or <i>miniroot73.img</i> to a
+USB stick, and boot with that drive plugged in.
+Make sure you also have the microSD card plugged in that shipped with the
+HiFive Unmatched board.
+Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.riscv64 for more details.
+
+<h3>OpenBSD/sparc64:</h3>
+
+<p>
+Burn the image from a mirror site to a CDROM, boot from it, and type
+<i>boot cdrom</i>.
+
+<p>
+If this doesn't work, or if you don't have a CDROM drive, you can write
+<i>floppy73.img</i> or <i>floppyB73.img</i>
+(depending on your machine) to a floppy and boot it with <i>boot
+floppy</i>. Refer to INSTALL.sparc64 for details.
+
+<p>
+Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install
+will most likely fail.
+
+<p>
+You can also write <i>miniroot73.img</i> to the swap partition on
+the disk and boot with <i>boot disk:b</i>.
+
+<p>
+If nothing works, you can boot over the network as described in INSTALL.sparc64.
+</section>
+
+<hr>
+
+<section id=upgrade>
+<h3>How to upgrade</h3>
+<p>
+If you already have an OpenBSD 7.2 system, and do not want to reinstall,
+upgrade instructions and advice can be found in the
+<a href="faq/upgrade73.html">Upgrade Guide</a>.
+</section>
+
+<hr>
+
+<section id=sourcecode>
+<h3>Notes about the source code</h3>
+<p>
+<code>src.tar.gz</code> contains a source archive starting at <code>/usr/src</code>.
+This file contains everything you need except for the kernel sources,
+which are in a separate archive.
+To extract:
+<blockquote><pre>
+# <kbd>mkdir -p /usr/src</kbd>
+# <kbd>cd /usr/src</kbd>
+# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/src.tar.gz</kbd>
+</pre></blockquote>
+<p>
+<code>sys.tar.gz</code> contains a source archive starting at <code>/usr/src/sys</code>.
+This file contains all the kernel sources you need to rebuild kernels.
+To extract:
+<blockquote><pre>
+# <kbd>mkdir -p /usr/src/sys</kbd>
+# <kbd>cd /usr/src</kbd>
+# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/sys.tar.gz</kbd>
+</pre></blockquote>
+<p>
+Both of these trees are a regular CVS checkout. Using these trees it
+is possible to get a head-start on using the anoncvs servers as
+described <a href="anoncvs.html">here</a>.
+Using these files
+results in a much faster initial CVS update than you could expect from
+a fresh checkout of the full OpenBSD source tree.
+</section>
+
+<hr>
+
+<section id=ports>
+<h3>Ports Tree</h3>
+<p>
+A ports tree archive is also provided. To extract:
+<blockquote><pre>
+# <kbd>cd /usr</kbd>
+# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/ports.tar.gz</kbd>
+</pre></blockquote>
+<p>
+Go read the <a href="faq/ports/index.html">ports</a> page
+if you know nothing about ports
+at this point. This text is not a manual of how to use ports.
+Rather, it is a set of notes meant to kickstart the user on the
+OpenBSD ports system.
+<p>
+The <i>ports/</i> directory represents a CVS checkout of our ports.
+As with our complete source tree, our ports tree is available via
+<a href="anoncvs.html">AnonCVS</a>.
+So, in order to keep up to date with the -stable branch, you must make
+the <i>ports/</i> tree available on a read-write medium and update the tree
+with a command like:
+<blockquote><pre>
+# <kbd>cd /usr/ports</kbd>
+# <kbd>cvs -d anoncvs@server.openbsd.org:/cvs update -Pd -rOPENBSD_7_3</kbd>
+</pre></blockquote>
+<p>
+[Of course, you must replace the server name here with a nearby anoncvs
+server.]
+<p>
+Note that most ports are available as packages on our mirrors. Updated
+ports for the 7.3 release will be made available if problems arise.
+<p>
+If you're interested in seeing a port added, would like to help out, or just
+would like to know more, the mailing list
+<a href="mail.html">ports@openbsd.org</a> is a good place to know.
+</section>
+</body>
+</html>
(DIR) diff --git a/realworld/openbsd_errata73.html b/realworld/openbsd_errata73.html
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang=en id=errata>
+<meta charset=utf-8>
+
+<title>OpenBSD 7.3 Errata</title>
+<meta name="description" content="the OpenBSD errata page">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="openbsd.css">
+<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.openbsd.org/errata73.html">
+
+<!--
+ IMPORTANT REMINDER
+ IF YOU ADD A NEW ERRATUM, MAIL THE PATCH TO TECH AND ANNOUNCE
+-->
+
+<h2 id=OpenBSD>
+<a href="index.html">
+<i>Open</i><b>BSD</b></a>
+7.3 Errata
+</h2>
+<hr>
+
+For errata on a certain release, click below:<br>
+<a href="errata20.html">2.0</a>,
+<a href="errata21.html">2.1</a>,
+<a href="errata22.html">2.2</a>,
+<a href="errata23.html">2.3</a>,
+<a href="errata24.html">2.4</a>,
+<a href="errata25.html">2.5</a>,
+<a href="errata26.html">2.6</a>,
+<a href="errata27.html">2.7</a>,
+<a href="errata28.html">2.8</a>,
+<a href="errata29.html">2.9</a>,
+<a href="errata30.html">3.0</a>,
+<a href="errata31.html">3.1</a>,
+<a href="errata32.html">3.2</a>,
+<a href="errata33.html">3.3</a>,
+<a href="errata34.html">3.4</a>,
+<a href="errata35.html">3.5</a>,
+<br>
+<a href="errata36.html">3.6</a>,
+<a href="errata37.html">3.7</a>,
+<a href="errata38.html">3.8</a>,
+<a href="errata39.html">3.9</a>,
+<a href="errata40.html">4.0</a>,
+<a href="errata41.html">4.1</a>,
+<a href="errata42.html">4.2</a>,
+<a href="errata43.html">4.3</a>,
+<a href="errata44.html">4.4</a>,
+<a href="errata45.html">4.5</a>,
+<a href="errata46.html">4.6</a>,
+<a href="errata47.html">4.7</a>,
+<a href="errata48.html">4.8</a>,
+<a href="errata49.html">4.9</a>,
+<a href="errata50.html">5.0</a>,
+<a href="errata51.html">5.1</a>,
+<br>
+<a href="errata52.html">5.2</a>,
+<a href="errata53.html">5.3</a>,
+<a href="errata54.html">5.4</a>,
+<a href="errata55.html">5.5</a>,
+<a href="errata56.html">5.6</a>,
+<a href="errata57.html">5.7</a>,
+<a href="errata58.html">5.8</a>,
+<a href="errata59.html">5.9</a>,
+<a href="errata60.html">6.0</a>,
+<a href="errata61.html">6.1</a>,
+<a href="errata62.html">6.2</a>,
+<a href="errata63.html">6.3</a>,
+<a href="errata64.html">6.4</a>,
+<a href="errata65.html">6.5</a>,
+<a href="errata66.html">6.6</a>,
+<a href="errata67.html">6.7</a>,
+<br>
+<a href="errata68.html">6.8</a>,
+<a href="errata69.html">6.9</a>,
+<a href="errata70.html">7.0</a>,
+<a href="errata71.html">7.1</a>,
+<a href="errata72.html">7.2</a>.
+<hr>
+
+<p>
+Patches for the OpenBSD base system are distributed as unified diffs.
+Each patch is cryptographically signed with the
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/OpenBSD-7.3/signify.1">signify(1)</a> tool and contains
+usage instructions.
+All the following patches are also available in one
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3.tar.gz">tar.gz file</a>
+for convenience.
+
+<p>
+Alternatively, the <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/syspatch">syspatch(8)</a>
+utility can be used to apply binary updates on the following architectures:
+amd64, i386, arm64.
+
+<p>
+Patches for supported releases are also incorporated into the
+<a href="stable.html">-stable branch</a>, which is maintained for one year
+after release.
+
+<hr>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li id="p001_bgpd">
+<strong>001: RELIABILITY FIX: May 3, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+A new ASPA object appeared in the RPKI ecosystem and exposed bugs in
+bgpd(8) and rpki-client(8).
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/001_bgpd.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p002_bgpd">
+<strong>002: RELIABILITY FIX: May 16, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+Avoid fatal errors in bgpd(8) due to incorrect refcounting and mishandling
+of ASPA objects. Fix bgpctl(8) 'show rib in' by renaming 'invalid' into
+'disqualified'.
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/002_bgpd.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p003_rpki">
+<strong>003: RELIABILITY FIX: May 26, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+IP address inheritance was handled incorrectly in rpki-client(8).
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/003_rpki.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p004_ssl">
+<strong>004: SECURITY FIX: May 26, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+A double free or use after free could occur after SSL_clear(3).
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/004_ssl.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p005_libx11">
+<strong>005: SECURITY FIX: June 15, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+libX11 CVE-2023-3138 Missing checks in XQueryExtension() return values.
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/005_libx11.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p006_bgpd">
+<strong>006: RELIABILITY FIX: July 12, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+Incorrect length handling of path attributes in bgpd(8) can lead to a
+session reset.
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/006_bgpd.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p007_httpd">
+<strong>007: RELIABILITY FIX: July 12, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+A malformed HTTP request can crash httpd(8), if fastcgi is in use.
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/007_httpd.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p008_elf">
+<strong>008: RELIABILITY FIX: July 12, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+Incomplete validation of ELF headers in execve(2).
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/008_elf.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p009_bgpd">
+<strong>009: RELIABILITY FIX: July 12, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+When tracking nexthops over IPv6 multipath routes, or when receiving
+a NOTIFICATION while reaching an internal limit, bgpd(8) could crash.
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/009_bgpd.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p010_ssh_agent">
+<strong>010: SECURITY FIX: July 19, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+In ssh-agent(1)'s PKCS#11 provider support, remote execution was
+possible due to controllable access in low-quality libraries. In
+addition to fixing this, the ability to remotely load PKCS#11
+libraries is now disabled by default (re-enable with
+'-Oallow-remote-pkcs11').
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/010_ssh_agent.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p011_amdcpu">
+<strong>011: SECURITY FIX: July 24, 2023</strong>
+ <i>amd64 i386</i>
+<br>
+Workaround for Zenbleed AMD cpu problem. For i386 and amd64 platforms.
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/011_amdcpu.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p012_amdfirmware">
+<strong>012: SECURITY FIX: July 24, 2023</strong>
+ <i>amd64 i386</i>
+<br>
+Add firmware for AMD cpus, to repair past or potential future bugs.
+For i386 and amd64 platforms.
+<p>
+After this step, "fw_update" and "installboot" must be run.
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/012_amdfirmware.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p013_amdcpufirmware">
+<strong>013: SECURITY FIX: July 24, 2023</strong>
+ <i>amd64 i386</i>
+<br>
+Install firmware updates for AMD cpus, to repair past or potential future bugs.
+For i386 and amd64 platforms.
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/013_amdcpufirmware.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p014_wscons">
+<strong>014: RELIABILITY FIX: July 24, 2023</strong>
+ <i>All architectures</i>
+<br>
+Missing bounds check in console terminal emulation could cause a kernel
+crash after receiving specially crafted escape sequences.
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/014_wscons.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+<li id="p015_hvamdcpu">
+<strong>015: RELIABILITY FIX: July 25, 2023</strong>
+ <i>amd64 i386</i>
+<br>
+Some hypervisors remain unpatched for writes to Zenbleed DE_CFG bit,
+so skip it.
+<br>
+<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/7.3/common/015_hvamdcpu.patch.sig">
+A source code patch exists which remedies this problem.</a>
+<p>
+
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
(DIR) diff --git a/realworld/openbsd_faq4.html b/realworld/openbsd_faq4.html
@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang=en id=faq>
+
+<!-- If you make edits to any FAQ documents, please start each sentence
+ on a new line, and try to keep the general formatting consistent
+ with the rest of the pages -->
+
+<title>OpenBSD FAQ: Installation Guide</title>
+<meta charset=utf-8>
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../openbsd.css">
+<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html">
+
+<h2 id=OpenBSD>
+<a href="../index.html">
+<i>Open</i><b>BSD</b></a>
+FAQ - Installation Guide
+<small>
+<a href="index.html">[FAQ Index]</a>
+</small>
+</h2>
+<hr>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="#bsd.rd" >Overview of the Installation Procedure</a>
+ <li><a href="#Checklist" >Pre-Installation Checklist</a>
+ <li><a href="#Download" >Downloading OpenBSD</a>
+ <li><a href="#MkInsMedia" >Creating Install Media</a>
+ <li><a href="#Install" >Performing a Simple Install</a>
+ <li><a href="#FilesNeeded" >File Sets</a>
+ <li><a href="#Partitioning">Disk Partitioning</a>
+ <li><a href="#WifiOnly" >Bootstrapping Wireless Firmware</a>
+ <li><a href="#SendDmesg" >Sending Your dmesg After the Install</a>
+ <li><a href="#site" >Customizing the Install Process</a>
+ <li><a href="#Multibooting">Multibooting</a>
+</ul>
+<hr>
+
+<h2 id="bsd.rd">Overview of the Installation Procedure</h2>
+
+The OpenBSD installer uses a special ramdisk kernel (<code>bsd.rd</code>)
+that spawns a live environment running entirely in memory.
+It contains the install script and a small number of utilities needed
+to perform a complete installation.
+These utilities can also be useful for disaster recovery.
+
+<p>
+The ramdisk kernel can be booted from a number of different sources:
+
+<ul>
+ <li>CD/DVD
+ <li>USB drive
+ <li>An existing partition
+ <li>Over the network
+ (<a href="faq6.html#PXE">PXE</a> or other
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/diskless">network boot options</a>)
+ <li>Floppy disk
+</ul>
+
+Not every <a href="../plat.html">platform</a> supports all of these options.
+
+<p>
+If you have a running OpenBSD system, <code>bsd.rd</code> is all you need to
+reinstall or upgrade to a newer version.
+To do so,
+<a href="#Download">download and verify</a> the new <code>bsd.rd</code>,
+place it on an existing filesystem, and boot from it.
+The general method of booting <code>bsd.rd</code> is to change your boot kernel
+from <code>/bsd</code> to <code>/bsd.rd</code> through whatever means used on
+your platform.
+
+<p>
+Booting from <code>bsd.rd</code> on an amd64 system can be done like so:
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+Using drive 0, partition 3.
+Loading......
+probing: pc0 com0 com1 mem[638K 1918M a20=on]
+disk: hd0+ hd1+
+>> OpenBSD/amd64 BOOT 3.33
+boot> <b>bsd.rd</b>
+</pre>
+
+This will boot the kernel named <code>bsd.rd</code> from the first partition
+of the first recognized hard disk.
+
+<p>
+If you need to specify a different drive or partition, just prefix the
+kernel name with its location.
+The following example would boot from the fourth partition of the second
+hard drive:
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+Using drive 0, partition 3.
+Loading......
+probing: pc0 com0 com1 mem[638K 1918M a20=on]
+disk: hd0+ hd1+
+>> OpenBSD/amd64 BOOT 3.33
+boot> <b>boot hd1d:/bsd.rd</b>
+</pre>
+
+OpenBSD boot loaders are documented in the architecture-specific
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/boot.8">boot(8)</a> man pages.
+
+<h2 id="Checklist">Pre-Installation Checklist</h2>
+
+Before you start, you should have some idea what you want to end up with.
+A few things worth considering beforehand:
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Machine name
+ <li>Hardware installed and available:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Verify compatibility with your hardware.
+ You may want to consult the platform-specific installation notes,
+ especially if you're using one of the non-x86 CPU architectures.
+ They contain detailed instructions and any possible caveats:
+ <p>
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/alpha/INSTALL.alpha">alpha</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/amd64/INSTALL.amd64">amd64</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/arm64/INSTALL.arm64">arm64</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/armv7/INSTALL.armv7">armv7</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/hppa/INSTALL.hppa">hppa</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/i386/INSTALL.i386">i386</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/landisk/INSTALL.landisk">landisk</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/loongson/INSTALL.loongson">loongson</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/luna88k/INSTALL.luna88k">luna88k</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/macppc/INSTALL.macppc">macppc</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/octeon/INSTALL.octeon">octeon</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/powerpc64/INSTALL.powerpc64">powerpc64</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/riscv64/INSTALL.riscv64">riscv64</a>]
+[<a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/sparc64/INSTALL.sparc64">sparc64</a>]
+ <li>If wireless internet is your only networking option, does the card
+ require additional firmware?
+ If so, read the section on
+ <a href="#WifiOnly">bootstrapping wireless firmware</a>.
+ </ul>
+ <li>Install method to be used
+ <li>Desired disk layout:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Does existing data need to be saved elsewhere?
+ <li>Will OpenBSD coexist on this system with another OS?
+ If so, how will each system be booted?
+ Will you need to install a boot manager?
+ <li>Will the entire disk be used for OpenBSD, or do you want to
+ keep an existing partition/OS? (or space for a future one)
+ <li>How do you wish to sub-partition the OpenBSD part of your disk?
+ <li>Do you want disk encryption?
+ </ul>
+ <li>Network settings, if not using DHCP:
+ <ul>
+ <li>Domain name and DNS address
+ <li>IP address and subnet masks for each NIC
+ <li>Gateway address
+ </ul>
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="Download">Downloading OpenBSD</h2>
+
+The following installation images are available:
+
+<p>
+<table class="zebra">
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b>install73.img</b>
+<td>
+A disk image that can be written to a USB flash drive or similar device.
+Includes the <a href="#FilesNeeded">file sets</a>.
+<hr>
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/amd64/install73.img">amd64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/arm64/install73.img">arm64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/i386/install73.img">i386</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/octeon/install73.img">octeon</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/powerpc64/install73.img">powerpc64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/riscv64/install73.img">riscv64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/sparc64/install73.img">sparc64</a>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b>miniroot73.img</b>
+<td>
+The same as above, but file sets are not included.
+They can be pulled down from the internet or from a local disk.
+<hr>
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/alpha/miniroot73.img">alpha</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/amd64/miniroot73.img">amd64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/arm64/miniroot73.img">arm64</a> |
+<!-- armv7 has multiple miniroot files for different boards -->
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/armv7/">armv7</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/i386/miniroot73.img">i386</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/landisk/miniroot73.img">landisk</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/loongson/miniroot73.img">loongson</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/luna88k/miniroot73.img">luna88k</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/octeon/miniroot73.img">octeon</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/powerpc64/miniroot73.img">powerpc64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/riscv64/miniroot73.img">riscv64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/sparc64/miniroot73.img">sparc64</a>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b>install73.iso</b>
+<td>
+An ISO 9660 image that can be used to create an install CD/DVD.
+Includes the file sets.
+<hr>
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/alpha/install73.iso">alpha</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/amd64/install73.iso">amd64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/hppa/install73.iso">hppa</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/i386/install73.iso">i386</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/macppc/install73.iso">macppc</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/powerpc64/install73.iso">powerpc64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/sparc64/install73.iso">sparc64</a>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b>cd73.iso</b>
+<td>
+The same as above, but file sets are not included.
+<hr>
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/alpha/cd73.iso">alpha</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/amd64/cd73.iso">amd64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/hppa/cd73.iso">hppa</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/i386/cd73.iso">i386</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/loongson/cd73.iso">loongson</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/macppc/cd73.iso">macppc</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/sparc64/cd73.iso">sparc64</a>
+
+<tr>
+<td>
+<b>floppy73.img</b>
+<td>
+Supports some older machines that lack other booting options.
+<hr>
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/amd64/floppy73.img">amd64</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/i386/floppy73.img">i386</a> |
+<a href="https://cdn.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/sparc64/floppy73.img">sparc64</a>
+
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Images can also be downloaded from a number of alternate
+<a href="../ftp.html">mirror sites</a>.
+
+<p>
+An <code>SHA256</code> file containing checksums can be found in the same
+directory as the installation files.
+You can confirm that none of the downloaded files were mangled in transit
+using the <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sha256">sha256(1)</a> command.
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+$ <b>sha256 -C SHA256 miniroot*.img</b>
+(SHA256) miniroot73.img: OK
+</pre>
+
+Or, if you're using the GNU coreutils:
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+$ <b>sha256sum -c --ignore-missing SHA256</b>
+miniroot73.img: OK
+</pre>
+
+However, this only checks for <i>accidental</i> corruption.
+You can use <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/signify">signify(1)</a> and the
+<code>SHA256.sig</code> file to cryptographically verify the downloaded image.
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+$ <b>signify -Cp /etc/signify/openbsd-73-base.pub -x SHA256.sig miniroot*.img</b>
+Signature Verified
+miniroot73.img: OK
+</pre>
+
+Note that the signify package on other operating systems may not include the
+required <a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/7.3/openbsd-73-base.pub">
+public key</a>, or it may be installed in another location.
+
+<p>
+The <code>install73.iso</code> and <code>install73.img</code> images do not
+contain an <code>SHA256.sig</code> file, so the installer will complain that
+it can't check the signature of the included sets:
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+Directory does not contain SHA256.sig. Continue without verification? [no]
+</pre>
+
+This is because it would make no sense for the installer to verify them.
+If someone were to make a rogue installation image, they could certainly
+change the installer to say the files were legitimate.
+If the image's signature has been verified beforehand, it is safe to answer
+"yes" at that prompt.
+
+<h2 id="MkInsMedia">Creating Install Media</h2>
+
+<h3 id="MkFlash">Flash Drives</h3>
+
+A bootable USB flash drive can be created by attaching the target device and
+copying over the image with <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dd">dd(1)</a>.
+
+<p>
+Using OpenBSD, assuming the device was recognized as <code>sd6</code>:
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+# <b>dd if=install*.img of=/dev/rsd6c bs=1M</b>
+</pre>
+
+Note that the <b>raw I/O device</b> is used: <code>rsd6c</code> rather than
+<code>sd6c</code>.
+
+<p>
+Details of this will vary on other platforms.
+If you're using a different OS, be sure to select the appropriate device
+name: <code>/dev/sdX</code> on Linux or <code>/dev/rdiskX</code> on macOS
+for example.
+
+<h3 id="MkCD-ROM">CD-ROMs</h3>
+
+You can create a bootable CD-ROM on OpenBSD by using
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/cdio">cdio(1)</a>.
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+# <b>cdio tao cd*.iso</b>
+</pre>
+
+<h2 id="Install">Performing a Simple Install</h2>
+
+If you need instructions on booting from your preferred media, check the
+relevant <a href="../plat.html">platform page</a> of your machine.
+
+<p>
+The installer is designed to install OpenBSD in a very usable default
+configuration with a minimum of user intervention.
+In fact, you can often just hit <code><Enter></code> to get a good OpenBSD
+install, moving your hands to the rest of the keyboard only to enter the
+root password.
+
+<p>
+After the <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dmesg">dmesg(8)</a> is shown,
+you will see the first installer question:
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+...
+root on rd0a swap on rd0b dump on rd0b
+erase ^?, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C, status ^T
+
+Welcome to the OpenBSD/amd64 7.3 installation program.
+(I)nstall, (U)pgrade, (A)utoinstall or (S)hell?
+</pre>
+
+Choose <code>(I)nstall</code> and follow the instructions.
+
+<h2 id="FilesNeeded">File Sets</h2>
+
+The complete OpenBSD installation is broken up into a number of file sets:
+
+<p>
+<table style="margin-left: 3em">
+<tr>
+ <td><code>bsd</code>
+ <td>The kernel <strong>(required)</strong>
+<tr>
+ <td><code>bsd.mp</code>
+ <td>The multi-processor kernel (only on some platforms)
+<tr>
+ <td><code>bsd.rd</code>
+ <td>The <a href="#bsd.rd">ramdisk kernel</a>
+<tr>
+ <td><code>base73.tgz</code>
+ <td>The base system <strong>(required)</strong>
+<tr>
+ <td><code>comp73.tgz</code>
+ <td>The compiler collection, headers and libraries
+<tr>
+ <td><code>man73.tgz</code>
+ <td>Manual pages
+<tr>
+ <td><code>game73.tgz</code>
+ <td>Text-based games
+<tr>
+ <td><code>xbase73.tgz</code>
+ <td>Base libraries and utilities for X11
+ (requires <code>xshare73.tgz</code>)
+<tr>
+ <td><code>xfont73.tgz</code>
+ <td>Fonts used by X11
+<tr>
+ <td><code>xserv73.tgz</code>
+ <td>X11's X servers
+<tr>
+ <td><code>xshare73.tgz</code>
+ <td>X11's man pages, locale settings and includes
+</table>
+
+<p>
+New users are recommended to install all of them.
+
+<p>
+Some libraries from <code>xbase73.tgz</code>, like freetype or fontconfig, can
+be used outside of X by programs that manipulate text or graphics.
+Such programs will usually need fonts, either from <code>xfont73.tgz</code> or
+font packages.
+For the sake of simplicity, the developers decided against maintaining a minimal
+<code>xbase73.tgz</code> set that would allow most non-X ports to run.
+
+<h3>Adding a File Set After Install</h3>
+
+If you chose to skip some file sets at install time, you might realize later
+that you really do need them after all.
+Simply boot <a href="#bsd.rd">bsd.rd</a> from your root file system and choose
+<code>(U)pgrade</code>.
+When you get to the list of file sets, select the ones you need.
+
+<h2 id="Partitioning">Disk Partitioning</h2>
+
+OpenBSD can be installed in as little as 512MB, but using a device that small
+is something for advanced users.
+Until you have some experience, 8GB or more disk space is recommended.
+
+<p>
+Unlike some other operating systems, OpenBSD encourages users to split their
+disk into a number of partitions, rather than just one or two large ones.
+Some of the reasons for doing so are:
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Security:
+ Some of OpenBSD's default security features rely on filesystem
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mount#o">mount options</a> such as
+ <code>nosuid</code>, <code>nodev</code>, <code>noexec</code> or
+ <code>wxallowed</code>.
+ <li>Stability:
+ A user or a misbehaved program can fill a filesystem with garbage if they
+ have write permissions for it.
+ Your critical programs, which hopefully run on a different filesystem,
+ do not get interrupted.
+ <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fsck">fsck(8)</a>:
+ You can mount partitions that you never or rarely need to write to as
+ <code>readonly</code> most of the time, which will eliminate the need for
+ a filesystem check after a crash or power interruption.
+</ul>
+
+The installer will create a partitioning plan based on the size of your
+hard disk.
+While this will not be a perfect layout for all people, it provides a
+good starting point for figuring out what you need.
+Read about disklabel's defaults for
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel#AUTOMATIC_DISK_ALLOCATION">
+automatic disk allocation</a> and the
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/hier">hier(7)</a> man page before making
+decisions about custom partitioning schemes.
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Since some <a href="faq15.html">packages</a> need to be started from a
+ <code>wxallowed</code> filesystem, it is recommended to have a separate
+ <code>/usr/local</code> partition.
+ <li>Very small partitions can become troublesome when you need to upgrade.
+ <li>A <code>/home</code> partition can be nice.
+ New version of the OS?
+ Leave your <code>/home</code> partition untouched, wipe and reload
+ everything else.
+ <li>You may also want to create an
+ <a href="faq14.html#altroot">altroot partition</a> for backing up your
+ root filesystem.
+ <li>A system exposed to the internet should have a separate <code>/var</code>
+ and maybe even a separate <code>/var/log</code>.
+ <li>
+ Compiling some <a href="ports/index.html">ports</a> from source can take
+ huge amounts of space on your <code>/usr</code> and <code>/tmp</code>
+ partitions.
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="WifiOnly">Bootstrapping Wireless Firmware</h2>
+
+For licensing reasons, some firmware cannot be directly distributed with
+OpenBSD.
+The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fw_update">fw_update(8)</a> tool
+will automatically download and install any missing firmware, but this
+requires a working internet connection.
+
+<p>
+In the case of certain hardware configurations, such as a laptop with
+no ethernet port, the user will have to manually download and install
+the firmware in order to get online for the first time.
+This can be done pre-installation, by adding the firmware files to the
+install media, or after the OS has been installed from a CD or disk.
+
+<p>
+Start by finding the wireless adapter's
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/?query=wireless&apropos=1">interface name</a>
+with <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dmesg">dmesg(8)</a>.
+
+<p>
+From an existing OpenBSD installation, mount the install image as a vnode
+disk with <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vnconfig">vnconfig(8)</a> and
+use <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fw_update">fw_update(8)</a> to download
+the required files to it.
+This example uses firmware for an
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwm">iwm(4)</a> card:
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+# <b>vnconfig install73.img</b>
+vnd0
+# <b>mount /dev/vnd0a /mnt</b>
+# <b>fw_update -Fv -p /mnt iwm</b>
+# <b>umount /mnt</b>
+# <b>vnconfig -u vnd0</b>
+</pre>
+
+The resulting file can then be used to <a href="#MkInsMedia">create</a>
+a bootable install image with the necessary firmware.
+
+<p>
+If you don't have an existing OpenBSD system with internet access, use
+another computer to download the appropriate file from
+<!-- XXX needs https -->
+<a href="http://firmware.openbsd.org">firmware.openbsd.org</a> and put
+it on a USB drive that's readable by OpenBSD.
+Then, on the OpenBSD machine,
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mount">mount(8)</a> the drive and use
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fw_update">fw_update(8)</a> to install it
+from there.
+
+<h2 id= "SendDmesg">Sending Your dmesg After the Install</h2>
+
+After a successful install, look at the output of the
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dmesg">dmesg(8)</a> command and see if
+anything stands out.
+If a device shows up as <code>not configured</code>,
+this means that it is not currently supported by the kernel.
+This may be improved in the future by sending the dmesg.
+
+A quote from <code>/usr/src/etc/root/root.mail</code>:
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+If you wish to ensure that OpenBSD runs better on your machines, please do us
+a favor (after you have your mail system configured!) and type something like:
+
+# <b>(dmesg; sysctl hw.sensors) | \
+ mail -s "Sony VAIO 505R laptop, apm works OK" dmesg@openbsd.org</b>
+
+so that we can see what kinds of configurations people are running. As shown,
+including a bit of information about your machine in the subject or the body
+can help us even further. We will use this information to improve device driver
+support in future releases. (Please do this using the supplied GENERIC kernel,
+not for a custom compiled kernel, unless you're unable to boot the GENERIC
+kernel. If you have a multi-processor machine, dmesg results of both GENERIC.MP
+and GENERIC kernels are appreciated.) The device driver information we get from
+this helps us fix existing drivers. Thank you!
+</pre>
+
+Alternatively, save your dmesg output to a text file and send us its contents:
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+$ <b>(dmesg; sysctl hw.sensors) > ~/dmesg.txt</b>
+</pre>
+
+Please configure your email client to use plain text.
+In particular, do not use HTML formatting or forced line breaks.
+Put the dmesg into the body of the mail, not as an attachment.
+
+<h2 id="site">Customizing the Install Process</h2>
+
+<h3>The <code>site73.tgz</code> File Set</h3>
+
+The OpenBSD install and upgrade scripts allow the selection of a user-created
+set called <code>site73.tgz</code>.
+Like the official <a href="#FilesNeeded">file sets</a>, this is a
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tar">tar(1)</a> archive rooted in
+<code>/</code> and untarred with the <code>-xzphf</code> options.
+It is installed last, so it can be used to complement and modify the files from
+a default install.
+Furthermore, it is possible to use hostname-dependent sets named
+<code>site73-$(hostname -s).tgz</code>.
+
+<b>Note:</b>
+If you intend to provide the sets over HTTP(s), place <code>site73.tgz</code>
+in your source directory and include it in your <code>index.txt</code>.
+It will then be an option at install time.
+
+<h3>The <code>install.site</code> and <code>upgrade.site</code> Scripts</h3>
+
+If the <code>site73.tgz</code> file set contains an executable file
+<code>/install.site</code>, the installer runs it with
+<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/chroot">chroot(8)</a>
+based at the freshly installed system's root.
+Similarly, the upgrade script runs <code>/upgrade.site</code>.
+The latter can be placed in the system's root directory before rebooting
+for the upgrade.
+
+<p>
+Example usage:
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Set the system time.
+ <li>Do an immediate backup/archive of the new system before you expose it to
+ the rest of the world.
+ <li>Have a set of arbitrary commands be run after the first boot.
+ This will happen if install.site is used to append any such commands to an
+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rc.firsttime">rc.firsttime(8)</a>
+ file (appending to this file is necessary since the installer itself may
+ write to this file).
+ At boot time, <code>rc.firsttime</code> is executed once then deleted.
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="Multibooting">Multibooting</h2>
+
+Multibooting is having several operating systems on one computer, with some
+means of selecting which OS is to boot.
+You may want to familiarize yourself with the
+<a href="faq14.html#BootAmd64">OpenBSD boot process</a> before you start.
+A brief introduction to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fdisk">fdisk(8)</a>
+is in the section on <a href="faq14.html#fdisk">using OpenBSD's fdisk</a>.
+
+<p>
+If you are adding OpenBSD to an existing system, you will probably need to
+create some free space before installing OpenBSD.
+In addition to your existing system's native tools,
+<a href="https://gparted.org/">gparted</a>
+may be useful for deleting or resizing existing partitions.
+Preferably use one of the four primary MBR partitions for booting OpenBSD.
+Extended partitions may not work.
+
+<p>
+<a href="https://www.rodsbooks.com/refind/">rEFInd</a> is reported to usually
+work.
+<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/">GRUB</a> is reported to usually
+fail.
+In either case, you are completely on your own.
+
+<h3>Windows</h3>
+
+The Boot Configuration Data (BCD) store allows multiple versions of Windows
+to be booted through <code>bcdedit</code>.
+A good introduction can be found in
+<a href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc721886%28WS.10%29.aspx">
+this article</a>.
+If you want a GUI alternative, you may want to try
+<a href="https://neosmart.net/EasyBCD/">EasyBCD</a>.
+
+<p>
+You will need a copy of your OpenBSD install's
+<a href="faq14.html#BootAmd64">Partition Boot Record (PBR)</a>.
+You can copy it to a file using a process similar to:
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+# <b>dd if=/dev/rsd0a of=openbsd.pbr bs=512 count=1</b>
+</pre>
+where <code>sd0a</code> is your boot device, and you will need to get the
+file <code>openbsd.pbr</code> to your Windows system partition.
+
+<p>
+Once OpenBSD's PBR is copied to the Windows system partition, you need a shell
+with administrative privileges to run the following commands:
+
+<pre class="cmdbox">
+C:\Windows\system32> <b>bcdedit /create /d "OpenBSD/i386" /application bootsector</b>
+The entry {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd67-a7060316bbb1} was successfully created.
+C:\Windows\system32> <b>bcdedit /set {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd67-a7060316bbb1} device boot</b>
+The operation completed successfully.
+C:\Windows\system32> <b>bcdedit /set {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd67-a7060316bbb1} path \openbsd.pbr</b>
+The operation completed successfully.
+C:\Windows\system32> <b>bcdedit /set {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd67-a7060316bbb1} device partition=c:</b>
+The operation completed successfully.
+C:\Windows\system32> <b>bcdedit /displayorder {0154a872-3d41-11de-bd67-7060316bbb1} /addlast</b>
+The operation completed successfully.
+</pre>
+
+Note that OpenBSD expects the computer's real-time clock to be set to
+Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
+See <a href="faq10.html#TimeZone">this section</a> for more info.