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          HACKING ARPANET
                 BY
             THE SOURCE
     -=>*THE LISTENING POST*<=-
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INTRODUCTION
------------

    ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was funded by
the Department of Defense (DOD) in 1969 as an experiment in sharing
the resources of many different types of computers.  Earlier DOD
systems (AUTODIN, for example), relied on linking computers that were
the same make, using the same operating systems.  Work on ARPANET was
performed under contract by many organizations, including educational
institutions, and today it is universities who are the primary
network users.

    Once logged onto ARPANET a user may conference with, or use the
program resources and available data files of any other computer that
is on the system. Hundreds of computers are available over ARPANET
including computers at non-university research centers like RAND
Corporation, SRI and other military-industrial think tanks.

    Until late 1983 and early 1984, military computers were also a
major ARPANET resource.  With the threat from young computer
'hackers', however, the military computers have moved to their own
ARPANET-like network called MILNET. The two networks are now part of
what is known as the 'DDN' or Defense Data Network.  ARPANET nodes
may be used to dial-up MILNET nodes as long as the caller can enter
the proper authorization code and password once connected to the
MILNET node.  MILNET users can, likewise, use ARPANET resources.

    ARPANET is also used as a resource for students as well as
computer scientists and engineering specialists.  Because of the
variety of users, the system tends to be very talkative about itself
and very helpful. Periodically, however, certain ARPANET nodes
decrease the amount of help that they provide online.

    Despite the fact that dozens of different types of computers are
interfaced in ARPANET, it is a simple system to use because all nodes
(called TIP's), use fundamentally the same operating systems on
either DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) models 20 or 10
mainframes.  The operating system is called the 'EXEC' and is called
the TOPS-20 monitor (on the DEC 20).

    Access numbers for local ARPANET nodes can be found from users of
certain bulletin boards, by calling the system manager, or by asking
someone who attends a major university.

GETTING ON
----------

    Once connected to the node, hit <cr> once for 300 baud or twice
if you are using 1200 baud.  The EXEC then recognizes you and
displays a welcome message as below:

    WELCOME TO ARPANET
    **FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY**
    CALL THE NIC AT 1-800-235-3155 FOR TAC USER PROBLEMS.
    TYPE @N FOR NEWS.
    SU TAC 110 #:13

    At this point there are only two commands that the EXEC will
recognize:

    @N for news, and @O for onto the host system.  Start by checking
out the news.  The node you have reached may be willing to be very
helpful and informative.

NEWS FROM THE EXECUTIVE
-----------------------

    A sample executive session follows below:

    @N  <user entry>
    TCP TRYING...OPEN
    SRI-NIC, TOPS-20 MONITOR 5.3(5731)-1
    *  FOR TACNEWS, ENTER:  TACNEWS<return>
    *  TO FIND THE HOST ADMINISTRATOR FOR HOST XY-Z, ENTER:
                         WHOIS XY-Z<return>
    *  REPORT SYSTEM PROBLEMS TO ACTION@SRI-NIC OR
                         CALL (415) 859-5921
    THERE ARE 7+12 JOBS WITH LOAD AVERAGE 1.13

    @TACNEWS  <EXEC provides @ prompt, user replies 'TACNEWS'>

    SRI-NIC TACNEWS 1.3(15)-2 ON SUNDAY, 23-SEP-84 11:13pm-PDT
    SEND BUGS OR COMMENTS TO TACNEWS@SRI-NIC.ARPA
    1. ANNOUNCEMENTS (UPDATED 14-SEP-84)
  * 2. DIAL-UPS (MILNET TAC TELEPHONE NUMBERS, UPDATED 17-SEP-84)
  * 3. LOGIN (HELP WITH TAC LOGIN, UPDATED 24-AUG-84)
    4. NEWSLETTERS (DDN NEWS, UPDATED 24-JAN-84)
    5. BULLETINS (DDN MANAGEMENT BULLETINS, UPDATED 17-SEP-84)
   TYPE A MENU NUMBER ('HELP<cr>' FOR MORE INFO): HELP

   The NETNEWS program lets you access sets of news files at the DDN
Network Information Center (NIC).  So far, you have entered the
program and seen a menu of available sets and documents.  Documents
are marked in the menu with a '*' in the first column.  To view a
document, or browse through a set, type its menu number followed by
carriage return, <cr>.  If you choose a set, you will then be shown a
summary of the most recent issues, and by typing its menu number may
read the item.  Type 'TOP<cr> ' at any time to get back to the first
menu.

Useful commands are:
     ?               To see a list of commands
     ^O (control-o)  To stop the typeout of an issue
     HELP            To get more information
     TOP             To return to the beginning menu
     QUIT            To exit

   Terminate all commands, except '?', with a carriage return, <cr>.

   <Monitor then returns to the menu and we type quit so we can learn
what else is available to someone who has not logged in.>

    KILLED JOB 34, USER TACNEWS, ACCOUNT QUERY, TTY 110,
                      AT 23-SEP-84 23:15:47
    USED 0:00:01 IN 0:01:53
    HOST CLOSING CONNECTION
    CLOSED

GETTING HELP
------------

   <Each function is treated as an unique job.  The help command is
part of the query program.  A log report is made when the user quits.
The user must then begin all over again with the @N prompt, read the
herald again, and then proceed to other options when the system
responds with its own @ prompt.  We skip these redundancies in this
example.>

@help  <User enters HELP>

   To see a list of your options for commands or arguments, try
typing question mark.  Typing '?' to the '@' prompt gives you a list
of the commands the exec understands.  Typing '?' after one of these
commands tells you what you can type next.  For example, @HELP ? will
show you a list of some of the more important topics for which help
is available.  The question mark invokes a help message without
affecting what you've typed so far; you can go on typing the command
just as if you hadn't typed '?'.  Also, the question mark is read
immediately; you don't have to type return.

   If you make a mistake while typing a command, use backspace to
delete the last character you typed.  CTRL/W will delete your last
word, and CTRL/U will delete your entire command line, allowing you
to start again.  If you feel hopelessly lost, typing CTRL/C twice
will return you to the EXEC '@'.

     @HELP ? RETURN FOR GENERAL HELP
        OR * TO SEE ALL TOPICS
        OR THE NAME OF AN EXEC COMMAND
        OR ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:
     ATTACH     BLANK     BREAK     DAYTIME     ECHO
     FINGER     HELP     INFORMATION     KK     LOGIN
     LOGOUT     NIC     SET     SYSTAT     TACNEWS
     TERMINAL     UNATTACH     WHOIS

   <Above is a list of the help files available at this particular
session.  At other times either more or fewer files are available.>

