Zinc 

The Zinganisation
"More than 100 years of Zinc Cathodic Protection!"
http://www.zinga.be/main.htm

pipes
http://www.angelfire.com/pop/myfile/EXTDIPhtml.htm

Notes from:
http://www.seaguard.co.nz/corrosion.html

About this article 

         This article talks about marine corrosion, mainly in regard to small commercial and
         recreational craft; what causes this corrosion to take place and what reasonable steps can
         be instigated to prevent or minimize this corrosion.  Much of what is discussed here can be
         applied to other structures operating in sea water.

         As the title implies, this is only a quite basic introduction to what is a complex and varied
         subject. This article is intended only for those people who do not have a technical background
         in corrosion but may have to deal with its consequences.  We  have provided a set of
         references at the end of this article, which provide more in depth material. 

         So...what is corrosion?

         Corrosion is an electrochemical process involving metals. That is... electricity and chemical
         reactions are involved and metal material is lost. A common experience for all of us are steel
         items rusting. For the "iron post in the ground" diagram below, area A and C are wet (it has
         just rained) and electrons are traveling through the metal from A to C. Area A is losing iron
         ions into the water. At area C, due to the presence of oxygen in the water, and a surplus of
         electrons in the metal, water molecules are combining with oxygen atoms and electrons to
         produce hydroxyl ions.  Ions are positively or negatively charged atoms or molecules.
         Positively charged ions are attracted to negatively charged ions. 



         If they can travel towards one another, such as through the water (in this case termed the
         electrolyte), they will. In the case of the steel and hydroxyl ions, they combine to form rust.
         The "iron post in the ground" has corrosion occurring even though it is one metal.  

         Corrosion can occur quite rapidly when dissimilar metals are electrically connected together.
         The next picture shows an aluminum hull and stainless steel propeller immersed in an
         electrolyte (seawater). If the propeller and hull are electrically connected, you have a battery
         with electrical current flowing. The corrosion associated with the connection of two dissimilar
         metals is called galvanic corrosion. The aluminum is losing material in the form of aluminum
         ions. Electrons are flowing from the aluminum through the electrical connection to the
         stainless steel. The metal supplying the electrons is called the anode and the metal receiving
         them is called the cathode.



         For galvanic corrosion to occur, there must be an electrical circuit. This means there must be
         a path for the electrons to travel between the two dissimilar metals and there must be a path
         through the electrolyte for the ions to travel. Additionally, the chemical reaction at the cathode
         usually requires the presence of oxygen in the electrolyte.

         The photo below shows a stainless steel bolt passing through an aluminum casting (part of an
         out drive). Pitting corrosion is evident on the aluminum with the stainless steel bolt in the
         virtually 'as new' condition.

                                             

         Galvanic series

         Graphite          ----------------------------- +200 to +300 mV 

         Stainless steel (passive) ---------------   0 to -100 mV 

         Bronze ---------------------------------------- -240 to -310 mV 

         Copper ---------------------------------------- -300 to -570 mV 

         Brass ------------------------------------------ -300 to -400 mV 

         Mild steel ------------------------------------- -600 to -710 mV 

         Aluminum ------------------------------------- -740 to -980 mV 

         Zinc ---------------------------------------------- -980 to -1030 mV 

         Magnesium ----------------------------------- -1500 to -1700 mV 

         Your boat will almost certainly have a mix of metals such as steel, aluminum, copper alloys
         and so on. Typical metals are listed in order of their activity in the Table above. For example,
         electrically connecting bronze to aluminum in a common electrolyte such as seawater will
         result in the aluminum being the anode and thus corroding. How do you protect an aluminum
         hull? Looking at the Table: zinc is more active than aluminum. Hence it is usual to fit zinc
         anodes on a hull to protect the aluminum. The zinc corrodes in preference to aluminum.

         An example of a good zinc anode and a 'bad' zinc anode is shown adjacent in the photo.
         Both zincs are trying to protect the aluminum pump housing. Which zinc is working correctly?
         Answer: the one on the left which is corroding. It is a common fallacy that if one zinc lasts
         longer than another (given the same component to protect and the same size anodes) then it
         is a better zinc. The reverse is true. The zinc on the right in the photo either has a poor
         electrical contact between the zinc and the aluminum, or it has been contaminated with iron
         (50 parts per million is enough) during the manufacturing process.

                                                

         How do you check if an anode is working? If the boat is in the water, then looking to see if the
         anode is corroding is one way. This is not completely fool proof as the anode may still be
         functioning correctly but the protection level may be insufficient to prevent corrosion.

         A good way to check if the protection level adequate is to use a reference electrode and a
         good quality multimeter set to DC volts. The reference electrode terminal is plugged into the
         COM plug on the multimeter.  See the diagram below where an aluminum hull is fitted with
         zinc anodes. The out drive is also electrically connected to the hull.



         Place the reference electrode (silver silver chloride) in the sea water, and connect the
         multimeter red lead to the hull. If the reading on the multimeter is between -850 mV and -1100
         mV, then the zincs are working and your boat hull is protected. You should then repeat the test
         with the out drive.

         Hot docks

         Some marinas have a reputation as a 'hot dock'. The term arises from boats seemingly
         experiencing more severe corrosion when visiting a  particular dock. Often the cause is small
         DC voltages present in the green neutral wire on the shore power point. The diagram below
         illustrates the problem. Three boats are connected to the shore power. One boat has a DC
         electrical appliance which is faulting to battery positive. This results in a positive bias on the
         boat neutral which attracts electrons from the other boats. Boat A experiences severe
         corrosion. Boat B has a galvanic isolator fitted. If the DC voltages are low (say under 1 volt)
         the galvanic isolator will prevent DC current from flowing and will protect Boat B.



         Galvanic isolator

         The galvanic isolator  is a relatively simple device which generally contains a pair of diodes
         and a capacitor. A galvanic isolator should prevent small DC currents that may be present on
         the shore power neutral wire from causing corrosion on your boat. An alternative to a galvanic
         isolator is an isolation transformer. ABYC standards (USA) set guidelines. Not using a
         galvanic isolator (or isolation transformer) and connecting to shore power is a bit like playing
         Russian roulette. You are taking a chance and you may get away with it for now...........

         Corrosion Sentry

         For peace of mind and protection of your investment, we have developed an intelligent
         corrosion monitor. This monitor comes in three variants:

         Sentry  

         Sentrymultizone

         Sentrylog

         Fitting one of these monitors to your boat is straightforward. When installed, simply press the
         test button. If your boat is protected, green LED's will light. The procedure is somewhat akin
         to checking the oil level in your car engine. Everyone does that. Why wait and find out the hard
         way that you have a corrosion problem?

         Corrosion zones

         When you are using your car radio and driving into a tunnel. The radio works only at the
         entrance to the tunnel. When you are around 10 tunnel diameters in distance into the tunnel
         the radio no longer works. An anode throws its protective current is a similar manner to the
         way radio waves travel. If you have an external anode on a hull and the hull contains a duct
         (bow thruster tunnel, waterjet intake etc.), the anode is unlikely to protect these internal
         surfaces. The internal surfaces form a different zone to the hull external surfaces. Another
         example might be ballast tanks. Each ballast tank on a vessel would be a separate corrosion
         zone, in this case because the electrolytes are completely separate.  The Sentry multizone and
         the Sentry log both have the capability to simultaneously monitor three such zones.

          
