TREE BARK FOR WINTER IDENTIFICATION
by Donald W. Jackson

  Many features are present during spring, summer and fall to help amateur
botanists differentiate among forest tree species; leaf morphology, autumn
color, and floral characteristics (size, shape, color, duration) are most
frequently used. Much confusion arises, however, in identification of woody
plants by those who visit wooded areas in winter. 
  A few species have persistent fruit, but many do not, and due to
competition, the growth habit or form of trees is rarely helpful unless
they are located in open areas. Even when its development is unrestricted,
a tree's shape is not always a reliable clue to identification, since some
species do not possess truly characteristic form, and it is common for the
outline of many to change with maturity. Buds are often used as a
distinguishing trait and represent a tremendous aid in winter botany, but
they are frequently out of reach as competition forces the development of
long, narrow crowns with few branches near ground level. 
  One of the best and, unfortunately, most overlooked characteristics for
tree identification during the leaf-less season is the use of bark. The
trained eye can quickly and easily recognize a surprisingly large number of
species by the color and pattern (exfoliating, ridge and furrow, scaly
etc.) of their bark. Although such examples as the paper or yellow birch
(Betula papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis, respectively) are exceedingly
easy to identify by their bark, most species require a little more
practice. 
  The shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) is a large tree attaining heights of
one hundred feet or slightly more. Often found growing in a wide variety of
soil types, this species can be readily identified by the long, narrow,
grayish colored plates of bark which exfoliate in large numbers from the
main stem. Hickory wood is often used for tool handles, such as axes, where
its combination of strength and shock resistance are desirable qualities. 
  A number of oak species can also be identified by their bark features.
The chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) is a medium-to-large tree which normally
reaches heights to 75 feet, although the trunk diameter of mature
individual specimens can reach massive proportions. This species is most
often found inhabiting dry, rugged sites on the slopes or tops of ridges.
Possessing a dark colored, deeply cut, ridge and furrow design, the bark of
this tree is very characteristic and cannot be easily confused with other
species. 
  The bark of the chestnut oak has a fairly high content of tannin, a
natural product which can be used in the processing of leather as well as
in other industries. The wood of this species, a member of the white oak
group, is a valuable resource, and its acorns represent an important food
source for wildlife. 
  Although the bark patterns of the white oak (Q. alba) are not as
distinctive as those of the two previously mentioned species, it is not
hard to learn its features. Most white oaks are light gray in color and
acquire characteristics which appear slightly scaly, despite the tendency
of some individual trees to produce more blocky textures. Found growing in
a wide variety of soil types, the white oak is a large tree which can
attain ninety to one hundred feet in height. When grown in open,
unrestricted areas, the form of this species is very broad and rounded at
maturity. An important timber species, the white oak is cut for many
product uses including cooperage and furniture, to name just a few.
Several states have also claimed the white oak as their state tree. 
  Another common oak closely related to the chestnut and white oaks is the
northern red oak (Q. rubra). A large tree which normally reaches heights to
one hundred feet, the northern red oak grows well in the drained soils of
upland areas. The grayish bark of young trees is quite smooth but darkens
considerably with age and assumes a roughened texture, especially on the
lower trunk. Like the white oak, the acorns of this species are a valuable
food source for wildlife, and the wood has many important commercial uses. 
  A small, shade-tolerant tree often found growing near creeks in the moist 
areas of the forest understory, the American hornbeam (Carpinus
caroliniana) possesses a very distinctive bark. The smooth, bluish-gray
bark is easily recognized and is characterized by long, broad ridges which
run perpendicularly to the trunk. Even though the wood of this species is
not commercially important because of its slow growth and small stature, it
is cut, where locally abundant, for firewood. 
  Another small tree quite common in wooded areas with a distinctive bark
pattern is the eastern hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana). Brownish-gray in
color, this species has numerous small strips of bark which exfoliate from
the main trunk and provide a very noticeable and pleasing pattern. Better
able to tolerate a greater diversity of soil types than its relative, the
American hornbeam (both species are members of the birch family), the
eastern hop hornbeam is shade-tolerant. 
  One of the most distinctive and economically valuable woodland tree
species is the black cherry (Prunus serotina). The bark of the young trees
is smooth, reddish-brown in color, and has numerous laterally arranged,
lenticled areas (tissues used by the plant for gas exchange with the
atmosphere). As the tree matures, the bark assumes a coarse, patchy
appearance and darkens considerably. Black cherries can be located on a
variety of soil types, although their best growth occurs on moist, fertile
sites. The fruit of this species is, of course, a valuable wildlife food
and is sought after by numerous species of birds and mammals. The black
cherry boasts beautifully colored wood, highly sought after for a number of
uses, especially fine furniture and veneer. 
  Basswood (Tilia americana), often called American linden, is a large
species often maturing to ninety feet or more in height. The bark of the
basswood varies in color through the grays and brown, but it often has a
reddish tinge when young. As the basswood matures, its vertically
arranged, flattened ridges become more pronounced and combine with the
previously mentioned colors to make the bark of this species easy to
identify with a little practice. Frequently found inhabiting moist, well
drained sites, the basswood has a medium-to-fast growth rate and is browsed
by deer. The wood is light in color and weight and is harvested for veneer
as well as a number of other uses. 
  The black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) is a fairly common, fast growing
tree which attains up to seventy-five feet of height. The combination of
its dark brown color and deeply cut, ridge and furrow, interlocking pattern
allows the bark of this woodland native to be easily recognized. At home in
a variety of sites, the black locust grows best in moist areas and matures
well in soils of limestone origin. The wood of this species is very durable
and is frequently used for fence posts. 
  The sassafras (Sassafras albidum) is a small native species and a member
of the laurel family, known for its scented foliage, brilliant orange--
yellow-scarlet autumn color, and famous tea which can be made from its
roots. Its brown-colored bark is often tinged with red and is complimented
by the characteristic and somewhat flat-topped, ridge and furrow pattern.
The sassafras is not overly particular with respect to soil types, but it
does prefer a moist site with good drainage. The September-maturing fruit
is eaten by many bird species. 
  The tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipfera), also called yellow or tulip
poplar, is one our largest native hardwood species. Although it often
reaches one hundred feet, it can mature to much loftier proportions. A
number of its features are eye-catching, including its flowers, leaf shape,
and bark characteristics. Although somewhat light colored on young
specimens, the bark matures to a dark, brownish-gray and has an
interlocking ridge and furrow pattern. With age the furrows become quite
deeply cut, and the overall appearance is very coarse. The best growth of
this species occurs in moist soils, but good drainage is required. The wood
of the tuliptree is used for furniture and many other products. 
  The identification of trees is only the first step in understanding how
they function and enjoying them fully. Winter botany is a fascinating
subject requiring time and patience but yielding many rewards. Even though
bark characteristics represent only one phase of this study, it is an
important and interesting one indeed, which can be pursued casually as
family recreation or with great intensity as a lifelong hobby, since the
list of available subjects is almost endless.
----Reprinted with permission from The Conservationist, 36: 4, Jan/Feb
1982.
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*******************************************************
- C L I N T O N I A -
Magazine of the Niagara Frontier Botanical Society
An Affiliate of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences
Vol. 5, Issue 1, January 4, 1990
Electronic Edition: February 25, 1990
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Niagara Frontier Botanical Society, Inc. 
Buffalo Museum of Science
1020 Humboldt Parkway
Buffalo, NY 14211

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