
Subject: Yellow Jackets

 Hi Larry,

 Quite some time ago I posted the following docs into Home/Garden Fido
 echo. Adam Finklestein has been requesting that I send you copies.
 Ergo, these are for you. Feel free to edit this note to you out.
 Jim Dixon
 Sysop  ERECS

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              Oregon State University Extension Entomology
                     Home & Garden EMAIL Newsletter
                                    
Contact:  Jack 

Disclaimers: Use this newsletter ANY way you wish. But, if you
change it, please take my name off. Also, PLEASE DO NOT PUBLISH
OUR PHONE NUMBER(S) IN YOUR LOCAL NEWSPAPER. Information is
presented here for users in Oregon, it may or may not apply to
other regions.

Volume 1, Number 2, Last Updated : July 21, 1994
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TOPIC: Yellowjacket control around homes (*) See Part 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------
     It's getting to be the time of year when YELLOWJACKETS
become a problem again. Especially these days when its hot and
dry. 

     First of all what's the difference between a yellowjacket
and a honey bee? If you wish to drive an entomologist absolutely
CRAZY call a honey bee a yellowjacket, or vice versa! Here are
some simple differences--bees gather pollen and flower nectar
while yellowjackets are mostly meat eaters but will take plant
and fruit juices also. Yellowjackets are particularly fond of
rotting fruit. Yellowjackets are MORE likely then bees to sting
without provocation, their sting is more painful (at least to
me), normally no stinger remains in the skin, and a single
yellowjacket may sting more than once. Honey bees, on the other
hand, are much less likely to sting, the sting is not so painful,
the stinger usually stays is left behind, and a single bee can
sting only once.

     By the way, if you are stung by a bee remove the stinger
immediately - don't squeeze it, just scrape it away with your
finger nail. Both honey bees and yellowjackets inject venom along
with the stinger. The venoms are different so you may react
differently to them. It is possible to be severely allergic to
one and not even sensitive to the other.

     Yellowjackets are heavy-bodied wasps, black with yellow or
white markings. They live in grey, papery, nests located either
below ground, or suspended above ground. Hunting "workers" search
for other insects, carrion or rotting fruit. Workers are
attracted to any meat-based or sugary item. Food is carried back
to the nest where it is fed to nestmates. Stings usually occur
through accidental contact with the nest or nest entrance.
Workers vigorously defend the nest and queen against intruders.

     The yellowjacket nest is controlled by a queen whose sole
responsibility it is to lay eggs. The queen begins a nest in the
spring by laying a few eggs and raising these workers to adults.
At this point the queen may no longer leave the nest to hunt.
Workers provision, expand and defend the nest. As spring and
summer pass, the nest grows as new workers are reared and assume
their role. By the end of summer, nests may contain hundreds or
even thousands of workers. It is at this time of the year (August
- September) that they are most troublesome and dangerous.

     By fall the nest has also produced a crop of new queens and
male yellowjackets. By the time of first frost, most workers and
male wasps have died and only new, fertilized queens remain. New
queens leave the nest to find a protected spot to spend the
winter. They reemerge in spring to begin the cycle all over
again.

     Two points to remember - *only new queens survive the
winter, and these queens almost never reuse the old (previous
year's) nest the following spring.*

     CONTROL OF NUISANCE NESTS. It might occasionally be
necessary to destroy a yellowjacket nest because it's near human
activity. Here are some suggestions for safe and effective nest
removal--Treat nests at night with an approved aerosol
insecticide. Treating at night helps because workers are inside
and relatively calm. Use one of the aerosols that propel a stream
of insecticide "up to 20 feet" so that you can stand off a safe
distance and treat directly into the nest opening. DON'T pour
gasoline into ground nests. This is dangerous, environmentally
harmful, and illegal. And, use products specifically made for
yellowjacket control. Some pest control companies will locate and
treat nests for you. Expect to spend about $75 each.

**** Editor's Note  Depending on your target audience and
article length, you may wish to delete the following section. It
is intended mostly for commercial pesticide applicators.
=================================================================
     POISONED BAITS. The following procedure can be extremely
hazardous but is effective for severe yellowjacket infestations.
Locating below-ground nests is difficult so pest control
professionals may resort to use of poisoned baits to achieve
area-wide control. The idea is to get the worker yellowjackets to
carry a bit of poisoned food back to the nest thereby affecting
control. The method uses an encapsulated insecticide to prepare a
poison bait. The instructions accompanying the insecticide
describe how to use it, and must be followed exactly. Bait
stations must be protected so that other animals cannot get to
the poisoned bait. Poisoned baits should only be used after about
July 15 when nests have begun to expand rapidly. Prior to this
date you risk disrupting beneficial species.
=================================================================

     TRAPPING. Non-toxic yellowjacket traps are available in yard
and garden stores. The most effective traps use a synthetic
attractant called n-heptyl butyrate to lure worker yellowjackets
into a trap from which they cannot escape. Fruit juice or various
meats can be used as attractants as well. Traps can provide some
temporary relief for picnics, etc. by drawing workers away from
people, but are not effective for area-wide nest control.

     A NOTE ON SAFETY. Some people are allergic to the venom of
yellowjackets and others are allergic to bee stings. Both
reactions can be life-threatening. If you are particularly
sensitive to yellowjacket venom be cautious in late summer and
early fall when the insects are most numerous. Also, enlist the
help of someone not as sensitive if you need to spray a nest! Bee
stings can occur anytime bees are out of their hives, but are far
less common. Never attempt to remove or destroy honey bee hives.
Call a local beekeeper or your county Extension office.

     Other wasps you may have noticed are the MUD DAUBERS and
PAPER WASPS. You'll see mud daubers around wet soil collecting
bits to take back to their nests, usually a mud tube. Paper wasps
build small, open nests suspended vertically. Paper wasps are
distinguished by their long legs and thin "waists". Both mud
daubers and paper wasps are less aggressive and normally will not
sting or swarm when away from their nest.

     AFRICANIZED HONEY BEES. This might be a good spot to mention
africanized honey bees. A little history - many years ago a
strain of honey bees from Africa was imported into Brazil in an
attempt to improve honey production of the European honey bee
(the honey bee used throughout North and South America).
Unfortunately, while the African strain is an excellent honey
producer, it is also extremely aggressive and protective of its
nest (unlike the European bee). Intruders may be swarmed and
sometimes stung to death by the African strain. About 30 years
ago this African strain escaped from its original source in
Brazil and has been extending its range ever since.

     Swarms have been detected in California, Arizona and Texas.
They do not yet occur in Oregon. Even if they range into Oregon
only commercial bee keepers will be significantly impacted. As
their European hives are "africanized" they will have to take
more care in handling the bees to avoid the swarming behavior.

BE SURE TO READ AND FOLLOW THE PESTICIDE PRODUCT LABEL. THE LABEL
IS THE FINAL WORD ON WHAT DOES OR DOES NOT CONSTITUTE A LEGAL AND
SAFE APPLICATION.
 ================================================================
 Controlling Wasps: Part 2 of 2
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Obviously, the best way to control wasps is to use non-chemical means.
 Ground wasps are easily disposed of. In the late evening, place a
 screen over the hole. Secure screen to the ground using a few rocks
 keeping the hole clear. Using your garden hose, place the nozzle
 directly over the hole. Turn the water on to a slow trickle. Allow the
 water to run for at least 1 hour to ensure that the hole and nest is
 completely saturated and has drowned the nest. Remove the screen once
 you are certain the wasps are destroyed.

 Another method is to mix Borax soap crystals with table sugar 40/60.
 Make a paste using water and place the paste about 1 inch from the
 hole. The wasp will take the sugared poison into the nest and feed the
 queen. The Borax will do the rest.

 A reminder that these wasps are usually feeding on ripened fruit and
 are surely intoxicated by the days end. Wasps are less aggressive in
 the cool evening. These wasp population grow in intensity but usually
 die off by the end of September or middle of October depending on your
 local climate.

 Around the home, wasps will be attracted to meat and sweet products.
 When drinking pop or other sweetened products, it is best not to drink
 from cans or bottles. Wasps will enter these containers. many people
 report wasp stings when drinking from cans or bottles. For safety sake,
 it is best to pour the drink into a cup.  Jim Dixon
 ======================================================================
Reference Detail
Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks
Integrated Pest Management Information System
Year Published: 1992 
Reference Type:PAMP     61
Author:Gilkeson, Linda A
Title:Yellowjackets / Safe and Sensible Pest Control Series
Publication:Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks
Copyright Information:Public Domain
Reference Number:
AbstractReference Locations:
Name:Pesticide Management Branch Library
Note:Open to the public; reference only. 8:30-4:30, Mon.-Fri

Reference Authors:

  
Name:Gilkeson, Linda A
Title:Integrated Pest Management Coordinator
Company: Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks
Reference Text:YELLOWJACKETS

Most people know and fear the yellow-and-black striped yellowjacket wasps
that are common, uninvited guests to late summer picnics. Their stings are
painful and for those people allergic to insect venom, they are dangerous.
Many people confuse bees, which are fuzzy and only feed on flower nectar,
with wasps, which have shiny bodies and are predators. What most people
don't realize is that yellowjackets capture enormous numbers of flies,
caterpillars and other insects to feed their young. They have been seen
bringing in more than 225 flies an hour to a single nest; one study found
that over a three day period, just two wasps collected 20 grams of imported
cabbageworms. It is usually only in late summer, when their populations are
at their peak and wasps are attracted to plants with ripening fruit or
aphid honeydew deposits on the leaves that most conflicts arise between
humans and yellowjackets.  Although they are touchy defenders of their
nests, most stings are a result of accidentally trapping or pinching a
wasp.

> You can avoid being stung by following a few rules:

1. Remove all outdoor food sources attractive to wasps. Feed pets indoors
and keep garbage cans tightly covered and wash cans regularly to remove
spilled food. Bury fallen fruit and table scraps deep in compost piles and
don't compost meat scraps or bones.

2. Watch where you sit or step (don't go barefoot!). Be especially careful
to  look before reaching into berry bushes or picking fruit. Thirsty wasps
are attracted to moisture so be cautious when sitting on or handling wet
beach towels.

3. Never swat at a yellowjacket hovering around you--it is a good way to
get stung. Instead, quietly move away or let the wasp leave of her own
accord. The only exception to this is if you have accidentally disturbed a
nest and hear wild buzzing. In this case protect your face with your hands
and RUN!

4. Pick fruit in the early morning or evening while it is cool and most
wasps are still in their nests.

>To reduce yellowjacket problems at picnics and barbeques:

1. Minimize the length of time food is available by keeping it tightly
covered until just before it is to be eaten. Clear away scraps and dirty
plates as soon as the meal is over.

2. Serve sweet or alcoholic drinks in covered cups with drinking straws
through the lids so wasps can't get inside and then sting you in the mouth
as you drink. When drinking out of a can, keep the opening covered with
your thumb between sips. 

3. Set up baited yellowjacket traps around the edge of the picnic area or
on the end of the table to attract wasps away from the food to capture
them.
Small disposable cardboard traps or reusable ones made of wood and metal
screen are sold at garden centers. They work by attracting wasps to bait
placed under an inverted funnel. When the wasps have had their fill and
instinctively fly upwards toward the light at the end of the funnel, they
are trapped in an enclosed chamber above. In early and mid-summer, 1-2
traps should be enough for most picnics. In August and early September,
however, six or more traps might be necessary. For much of the season,
the best baits are Spam, ham, fish, cat food or meat scraps. Later in
the summer, when wasps need less protein because they aren't rearing
their young, sweet baits such as jam, honey or rotting fruit are often more
attractive.  When the picnic is over, sink the traps in a bucket of soapy
water to kill the wasps. Make very sure they are dead before cleaning out
reusable traps.

>  Removing wasp nests:

Although the number of yellowjackets in late summer invariably prompts many
concerned inquiries on how to control them, usually there is little that
can be done. The wasps will all die in a matter of weeks as fall approaches.
Even if a nearby nest is discovered late in the summer, eliminating it
may not have the desired effect because wasps can fly in from up to a mile
away. It is never advisable to put out poison baits because children and
pets may get into them and because other, beneficial, insects may take the
bait and be killed. It is also a terrible idea to pour gas or kerosene into
an underground wasp nest where it poisons the soil.
If yellowjackets do build a nest in a location likely to cause problems
with people or livestock, the best time to remove it is early in the
season, while it is still small. This is a job for a very careful person or
a professional pest control service. Chemical wasp sprays are available,
but if you use them, consider very carefully where the stream of pesticide
that misses the nest will land. Always use such products according to
direction on the label. Remove an exposed nest that has been sprayed as
soon as the wasps are dead. Wear rubber gloves and dispose of the nest to
prevent birds from eating the poisoned larvae left inside.

To remove a hanging wasp nest without using chemicals:
First, it is a good idea to get a helper. To be safe, both of you should we
ar protective clothing from head to foot.  Although a beekeeper's suit with
hat and veil is ideal, you can assemble a similar suit for the occasion
from heavy coveralls, a hat with a wide brim and a length of fine
screening. Wear boots with your pants cuffs pulled outside the boot tops
and seal the cuffs around the boot top with rubber bands so that wasps can't
get up your legs. Wear gloves and pull your sleeve cuffs over the tops of
the gloves and seal them the same way. Drape the screening over the hat
(the brim should keep it away from your face) and tie it around the neck,
over the collar of the coveralls. Make sure there are no openings around the
collar or base of the veil. You should wear another layer of clothing
underneath the overalls because wasp stingers are long enough to reach
through one layer of cloth.
To remove the nest, approach in the evening or at night when the wasps are
all home and less active because it is cool. Have your helper hold open a
large, heavy bag or a box with a tight lid under the nest while you cut the
attaching stem of the nest as quickly as possible using a long handled
pruning hook, or other tool. When the nest is in the bag or box, close it
immediately and seal shut.  Kill the wasps inside by putting the whole
package in a deep freeze for 24 hr. or by directing a wasp spray into the
package through a small hole for several minutes. Don't neglect this last
step because wasps can eventually chew their way out of almost anything.

>  Wasp nests in walls:
Wearing suitable protection as above, spray pyrethrins (fast-acting,
short-lived compounds extracted from pyrethrum daisies) into the opening of
the nest at night. Repeat applications nightly until no more wasps are seen
leaving the hole. Never block up the opening as wasps can chew through wood
or follow wiring to the interior of the house.	In the fall, when the nest
is definitely vacant, caulk or repair the crack to prevent recolonization
next year.

>  Underground Wasp nests:
This is a job better left to a	pest control operator, who can dig and
vacuum out the nest, however, you can apply pyrethrins sprays as above or
pour several gallons of boiling water into the nest. Wear protective
clothing as described and be extremely careful not scald yourself with the
boiling water.

>  Lifecycle:
In spring, the mated queen wasp crawls out of her overwintering shelter,
fills herself on flower nectar and insects and then builds a nest in a hole
in the ground, inside a wall cavity, or hanging from a branch or the eaves
of a building.	She chews up plant fibers and weathered wood to make a grey
papery pulp for the first egg cells. The queen rears this first brood
herself, foraging for food and feeding the larvae. In about a month these
larvae become adult worker-daughters and take over cleaning, building and
feeding chores for the next generation.  The wasp population grows and the
nest expands all season as the workers add new layers of cells. In late
summer the queen stops laying eggs and the last of the brood matures. Among
the last generation in late summer are both queens and males that develop
in special cells. When they emerge, they mate and the queen crawls away into
a hiding place under bark, in an old stump or under litter to spend the
winter. The workers and males all die before winter, the nest falls apart
and is not reused next year.

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 ERECS DISCLAIMER:
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Except  as  expressly  provided by law,  The Canadian EarthCare
 Foundation, ERECS,  Canadian EarthCare Society, and/or EarthNet
 it's employees, volunteers, contributors,  ISPs or associations
 make no warranties,  either express or implied, with respect to
 the information contained within this file, its accuracy or its
 fitness for any particular purpose. The information is provided
 solely on an "AS IS" basis . The entire risk as to its accuracy
 and use is with you. Jim Dixon, Sysop, ERECS.
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