

WHITE MANGROVE: (AVICENNIA MARINA)

Slender growing to 6m (18ft) in Mangrove swamps and estuaries
from tropical Africa East to Indonesia & Australia. It has pale
bark many pencils like roots spear shaped to oblong leaves yellow
flowers and small round white berries..

CAUTION:  The SAP blisters the skin & will BLIND YOU IF IT
GETS IN YOUR EYES!

NETTLE TREES: (LAPORTEA)

Widespread in the Tropics, often by water are smallish with
crinkly spear shaped sharply toothed leaves and drooping
spikes of flowers like an ordinary nettle. There are many
kinds including temperate ones. The burning sting is like a
nettle's, but much worse. The Seeds are VERY POISONOUS.

COWHAGE: (MUCUNA PRURIENS)

Of scrub and light woodland is trailing vine with oval
leaflets in group of 3 spikes of hairy dull purplish flowers
& brown hairy seed pods. Contact with pods & flowers causes
irritation & BLINDNESS if in the eyes.

PANGI: (PANGIUM EDULE)

A tree reaching 20m (60ft) (can't miss the s.o.b) in jungle
in South East Asia, mainly Malaysia, with heart shaped
leaves in spirals spikes of green flowers and clusters of
large brownish pear shaped fruits. All parts are POISONOUS
especially the fruits. The seeds contain Prussic acid.

PHYSIC NUT: (JATROPHA CURCAS)

A shrub or small tree of wooded country throughout the
tropics  has large lobed ivy like leaves small greenish
yellow flowers and yellow apple sized fruits containing 3
large seeds.

The seed taste sweet but their oil is violently purgative,
hence its name and the remains of the pressed Seeds VERY
POISONOUS. Has also dangerous relatives.

STRYCHNINE:  (STRYCHOS NUXVOMICA)

A small tree with oval leaves in opposite pairs and white to
yellowish red orange like fruits whose seeds containing
strychnine are deadly. It is found mainly in India but other
strychnine species occur throughout the Tropics.

CASTOR OIL PLANT OR CASTOR BEAN: (RICINUS COMMUNIS) (SOVIET?)

Found throughout the Tropics in scrubby and waste place is
shrub like its leaves arranged like the fingers of a hand
with spikes of yellow flowers and prickly 3 seeded pods.
Seeds are violently purgative sometimes fatally.

DUCHESNIA:      (DUSCHESNIA INDICA)

Resemble an ordinary  EDIBLE strawberry, trailing with 3
parts leaves red strawberry like fruits and Yellow NOT white
flowers on waste ground in the warmer parts of Asia.

THE FRUITS ARE HIGHLY POISONOUS SOMETIMES FATAL.

RENGHAS TREES: (GLUTA)

Of parts of India East to South East Asia that have severely
irritant sap the Beachapple or Manzanillo (Hippomane
Mamcinella)  of the new world tropics a small tree with
smooth pale bark and small apple like POISONOUS FRUITS that
also has irritant sap.

And the Sandbox tree (Hua Crepitans) also of the new world a
large spiny tree whose sap can irritate or temporarily blind
its segmented fruits that look rather like miniature
pumpkins ARE POISONOUS.

SEASHORE PLANTS:  

These plants thrive in salty conditions but at the right
time of year, many other EDIBLE plants occur near the Coast.

ORACHES: (A TRIPLEX)

Average 90cm (3ft) pale stalked with pale green spear shaped
or triangular leaves and spikes of small greenish white
flowers on salty grounds, some kinds well inland. Cook the
young leaves.

SEA BEET:  (BETA VULAGARIS)

Is sprawling red tinged with leathery long stalked dark
green leaves and clusters of small green flowers on European
coasts. The leaves ARE EDIBLE raw or boiled.

SEA ROCKETS: (CAKILE)

Average 30cm (1ft) with fleshy blue green lobed leaves lilac
or purplish flowers and egg shaped seed pods. THE PEPPERY
LEAVES AND YOUNG PODS CAN BE EATEN RAW OR AS POTHERB.

GLASSWORTS OR MARSH SAMPHIRE: (SALICORNIA)

Often widespread in Saline Areas have plump greenish yellow
jointed stems up to 30cm (1ft) Some grow in great density on
mud flats as single shoots 15cm (6in) high. Minute flowers
are scarcely visible at the junction of the stems.

ROCK SAMPHIRE: (CRITHMUM MARITIMUM)

Squat and bushy with umbrellas of yellow flowers is not
relation but grows on shingles as well as cliff.

Its thick hairless stems and fleshy grey green leaves cut
into narrow leaflets ARE BOTH EDIBLE. Cook and suck away the
fleshy parts.

SCURVY GRASSES:   (COCHLEARIA)

Average 25cm(10in) with dark green fleshy heart of kidney
shaped leaves and small white or pink flowers; often
abundant on coasts.  Very bitter, best Bleached in water but
So rich in vitamin C that the survivor should eat if encountered.

SEA KALE: (CRAMBE MARITIMA)

Is Cabbage like with thick grey green leaves fury petal
white flowers and globular seed pods. On European Coasts.
The very toughs leaf are better cooked, the underground
stems can be sliced and thoroughly boiled.

SEA HOLLY: (ERYNGIUM MARITIMUM)

Is thistle like average 60cm (2ft) with spiky white veined
ice blue leaves and a blue thistle head; on North European
coasts. Dig out the long roots slice and boil.

OYSTER PLANT: (MERTENSIA MARITIMUM)

Is sprawling mat forming blue green and fleshy with oval
leaves and clusters of pink to blue purple flowers, on North
European Coast. The leaves ARE EDIBLE RAW OR COOKED.

SCOTS LOVAGE: (LIGUISTICUM SCOTICUM)

Is stocky celery scented to 90cm (3ft) often purple stemmed
with bright green leaves and heads of tiny white flowers on
North European coasts. Raw leaves are rich in Vitamin C or
add these and chopped stems to other foods. Several similar
lovage occur elsewhere.

NOTES:  TROPICAL SHORES:

This vegetation is likely to consist principally of Palm
Trees though in the Old World Tropics it may be possible to
find Screw Pines (Pamdanus) so called because of their thin
spirally grouped leaves. 

They can often distinguish by the many aerial roots at the base
of the trunk. Knobbly globular many segmented fruits are
available all year and in some kinds make good eating.

WILD PLUMS: (SPONDIAS):

May also be found near the coast while there is also the
Sour Plum (Ximenia Caffra) a small usually thorny tree whose
plum like yellow fruits have EDIBLE PULP. There are several
different kinds throughout the Tropics.

Other plants include  Passion Fruit: often found near the
shore in the Tropical Americas and the fleshy stemmed
Seaside Purslane (Seuvium)  which grows near beaches & salt
water of which the WHOLE PLANT CAN BE EATEN.

SEAWEED AND ALGAE:

Most varieties of Seaweed are found in shallow waters
anchored to the bottom or a rock but there are some that
float on the surface in the open oceans. Coastal weeds are
usually found stratified with green forms growing in surface
waters, red in shallow water and brown a little deeper.

SEA LETTUCE: (ULVA LACTUCA)

Is light green resembling garden lettuce and is found on
rock and stones in the Atlantic and Pacific especially where
water runs into the sea. Wash and boil.

ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS:

Is pale green with pod like unbranched fronds up to 50cm
(2ft) long usually less.

Often abundant on rocks in rock pools & also on salted
marshes in cooler waters AROUND THE WORLD.

The Whole plant is EDIBLE either fresh or dried and
pulverised. It's best picked up in early spring.

KELPS: (ALARIA & LAMINARIA)

Have a short cylindrical stem and thin wavy olive green to
brown fronds often very long on rocky shores of the Atlantic
& Pacific. EDIBLE Raw but better boiled.

IRISH MOSS: (CHONDRUS CRISPUS)

Consist of forking, lobed purplish to olive green fronds
often in dense bed on Atlantic shores. Wash and boil. Cooled
the residue will set like gelatine. Fronds may be dried for
storage, leave them in the sun until they have bleached
white. Especially good for sex drive!

SUGARWRACK: (LAMINARIA SACARINA)

Has long flat wavy margined yellow brown fronds attached to
stones and rocks common in the Atlantic & off China & Japan.
Young fronds ARE EDIBLE Raw but better cooked. Sweet
tasting.

DULSE: (RHODYMENIA PALMATA)

Has purple red short stemmed loved fan shaped fronds and
occurs in the Atlantic & Mediterranean. Leathery but sweet;
boil it. Dulse can be dried and rolled for chewing tobacco.

LAVERS: (PORPHYRIA)

Have thin irregularly shaped satiny red purplish or brown
fronds and are found in both the Atlantic & Pacific. Boil
until tender then mash. Use as a relish or combine with
grains to make cakes. Very tasty!

NOTE: Rich in vitamins & minerals, SEAWEEDS is an IDEAL
SURVIVAL FOOD.

THOSE SHOWN HERE ARE COMMON AND SAFE TO EAT.

THERE ARE NO POISONOUS SEAWEED.

But some contain acids that irritate the digestive tract and
some are violent purgatives. If not identified as a known
EDIBLE species try only small amount. 

Even with the more EDIBLE varieties eat only a little until you
have becomes  used to them DO NOT Eat seaweed if short of water.
If possible wash them in freshwater before eating to remove
some of the salt.

Collect growing weed firm and smooth to the touch NOT the
pieces washed up on the beach. REJECT ANY THAT SMELL BAD.

Some which contain irritating acids can be detected by
crushing between the fingers & leaving for 5 minutes by
which time they give off an unpleasant smell. All seaweed
decay rapidly out of the water. Use soon after collection or
dry for later use.

FRESHWATER ALGAE: NOSTOC

Is a freshwater algae of N. America & Eurasia, forming green
round jelly like marble sized globules in pools from spring
on. Dry and use as a thickener Eat only bright green fresh
looking.

AVOID ALL BLUE GREEN ALGAE IS POISONOUS:

It is found in freshwater not in the seas and oceans,
floating on the surface of stagnant pools. Identify by its
blue green colour and by its gassy smell. (Smell like shit!).

NUTS AND CEREALS:

These keep reasonably well provided they are not allowed to
get damp but will keep better if dried. Place them on hot
rocks from the fire, turning them frequently until
thoroughly dried. They should then be kept in damp proof
containers.

FRUIT, FUNGI AND LICHENS:

Fruits and Berries can be dried whole or cut into slices and
dried by sun, smoke or heat. Fungi also dry very readily.
The Boletus species especially.

Fruit can usually be eaten dry. Fungi can be added to soup
and stews or soaked in water for several hours to regain
some of their texture if being used in other ways.

To store Lichens soak them overnight, boil well and allow to
dry. Grind to a powder then boil again to form a thick syrup
that can be kept in a sealed container and used to give body
to other foods.

GREEN VEGETABLES:

Wash in clean water and boil for just long enough to make
then tender; they are often and easily overcooked. Tender
plants can be gently steamed if you are sure that they are
safe to eat. Add to stew after the meat are cooked and
already tender. Eat fresh greens RAW as salad.

ROOTS:

SOME ARE TOXIC BUT THE TOXINS ARE DESTROYED BY HEAT. ALWAYS
cook roots, boiling will make the toughest ones tender.
Roast roots are tasty- but boil them first. Try boiling for
5 minutes then place them in a hole dug beneath the fire
cover with ash and embers and leave until tender.

LICHENS AND MOSSES:

Soak overnight in clean water. Add to stews.

SAGO:

Proper Sago comes from the Sago Palm but Buri, Sugar,
Fishtail and in the American Tropics Cabbage Palm can be
used in the same way. The average Sago Palm yields about
275kg (600lb) of Sago, enough  to feed one person for a year.

Cut down the palm at the base of the trunk, trim off the tip
just below the last flowering line. Divide a large trunk
into sections. Cut lengthwise -- hard work for the outer
bark is 5cm (2in) thick and hard as bamboo.

Using each section as a trough, pound #pith# into a mash, 
then knead in a container of water (the bowl of the trunk will
do) and strain through a cloth. A starchy paste will precipitate
in the water. Roll this into sticky balls & cook

SAP:

Palm Sap is extracted from flowering parts, not the trunk.
Choose a fat stalk carrying a flowering head (at the base of
the crown of the trunk).

Bruise with a club to stimulate flow of sap, then cut off
head. Sweet juice will flow from the end of the stalk. 1.5
litre (3pts) per day.

Bruise and cut daily to stimulate the flow. Drink RAW or
boil then cool it to produce toffee like lumps of almost
pure sugar. Sugar, Nipa, Coconut and Buri Palms can all be
used the same way. Extracting resinous sap is dealt above. .

GRAINS AND SEEDS:

Grains are enclosed in a husk. Dry them thoroughly to allow
the grain to crack out. Thresh (or trash) it with a flail,
stick or rock, or if the grain is very malleable, rub it
between your hands. Shake out on to a flat container and
occasionally toss into the air in a breeze (winnowing). The
husks (chaff) will blow away leaving the heavier seed behind.

PINHOLE:

Parch husked seeds on hot stones by the fire. The heat will
cook and dry seeds without roasting them. This pinhole will
keep well. Eat cold or reheat. Add to stews or place a
handful in a mug of hot water. Tasty and nutritious. Dry
they will not be properly digested, but they will fill the
belly. It is better to grind them into flour.

FLOUR:

Grinding flour without a proper mill is hard work but can be
done by pounding with a smooth stone on hard surface. Look
for a large stone with a depression in the middle to place
the grain in. Use a circling action as with a mortar and
pestle.

Another way to grind flour is to hollow a tube of hard wood
and to pound a stick up and down inside it on the grain. Mix
flour with a little water and knead into a dough. Bake in an
oven or make into thin strips wrap around a shaven green
stick and cook over hot embers. (Use hard wood NEVER Evergreen.)

Another method is to make the dough into fist size balls,
flatten them and then drop hot pebble size stones into the
centre and wrap the dough around them.

Lick your fingers before picking up the pebbles- if you are
quick the moisture stops the pebbles from burning you or use
sticks or tongs to lift them. Flour does not have to be made
from cereal grains.

Use the flowering heads of Cat's Tail or boil and mash up
peeled roots of Wild Calla for instance, or EDIBLE bark.
Those that are not harmful raw can be steeped in water and
crushed with a stick or stone to free the starch. Remove
fibres, leave starch to settle, then pour off the water and
you will have your flour.

NATURAL MEDICINE:  Notes from the Herbalists Joseph E Meyer
Book;

PLANT PREPARATIONS:

Leaving all POISONOUS plant alone and MAKING SURE that you
have properly identified the plant.

REMEMBER that as a general rule plants will be most potent
when in flower. Different parts of the plant may have
different uses.

INFUSIONS are usually made  from leaves or flowers and
DECOCTION from roots as seen below. Divide the amount made
into three doses to take in one day.

ALWAYS prepare infusions, decoctions and poultices freshly
just before using it. NEVER keep for more than 12 Hours.
Plants vary in potency depending on season when picked.

Do not think that you will do more good by taking or
administrating larger doses you will not and you may do
harm. Don't expect miracles over night. Give a treatment a
fair chance to work.

TO MAKE AN INFUSION:

Cut and crush the herb so that the juices and oils are more
readily available. You need a slack handful of herbs to a
1/2 litre (1pt) of water (30gr to 50cc/1oz to 20fl.oz). Pour
boiling water over it. Stir. Leave to cool.

There is no need to strain, the herb will sink to the
bottom. If you cannot boil the water use half the amount of
cold water and stand the vessel in the sun. If there is no
sun or no waters try sucking or chewing the leaves,
extracting as much of the juices as possible then spit out
the pulp.

TO MAKE A DECOCTION:

Usually a preparation from roots. Cut, scrape and mash root.
Soak in water (handful to 85cc/ 1-1/2pt) for at least half
an hour. Bring to boil, simmer until liquid reduces by 1/3.

TO MAKE A POULTICE:

Mash up root, leaves or all of the herb and make into a flat
pad. If too dry add water. Apply to affected part and cover
with a large leaf or clean cloth and bind in position.
Poultice can be applied to stiff joints, sprains and pus
filled sores.

EXPRESSED JUICE:

Reduce stem and leaves of the plant to a juicy mush by
crushing with hands, rocks or sticks. Squeeze juice only
into a wound and spread pulp around the affected area. Keep
in place with a large leaf and bind.

The food value of botanical is so far in advance of
chemicals that there should be no comparison & the
therapeutic value of botanical in comparison to man made
chemical is open to argument. 

The one big factor in favour of botanical is that they are a
natural agent and harmless in the ordinary dose, which is far
more that can be said of most chemicals. Indeed many chemicals
are positively harmful.

Not all the parts of the plant are used in medicine;
sometimes the seed only, in others the flower, the leaves,
root etc. in other the whole plant etc. Lets start the plant
anatomy & time.

GATHERING BOTANICAL DRUGS:

All roots, barks, herbs, leaves, flowers and bulbs that have
a medicinal value are commonly called botanical drugs. To
get the best results from the work of collecting them, it is
important to handle them properly as well as to collect at
the right time of the year. It is also well to see that the
articles you collect are not mixed with some of similar
appearance. The demand is for pure clean, properly handled
goods.

DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING LEAVES:

Leaves should ALWAYS be collected in clear dry weather in
the morning after the dew is off. They are at their best
when the plant is in bloom and should be collected at this
time. Leaves of biennials are most valuable during the
second year of their growth.

In drying; spread out thinly on a clean floor and stir
occasionally until they are thoroughly dry. Remove all stems
from leaves & REMEMBER that the leaves that are worth most
are those which retain their natural green colours. Dampness
will turn them black so be careful not to let them leaves
get damp.

DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING HERBS:

In collecting herbs, strip off the flowers, smaller leaves
and very small stems and reject the large stem. Dry same as
leaves. The large woody stems are of NO value.

DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING FLOWERS:

Flowers are worth most from the standpoint of their
medicinal value immediately upon opening. The directions for
collecting leaves also apply for flowers at their best when
their natural colour is preserved in drying.

DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING BULBS:

Bulbs should be gathered at the time of the leaves of the
plant die, which is of course in Autumn. The outer heavy
coat should be removed & the bulb sliced, after which it
should be dried by artificial heat not to exceed 100 degrees
Fahrenheit.

DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING BARKS:

Barks may be gathered either in the fall or spring. Wild
cherry & other rough barks should be roasted before peeling,
that is the rough outer bark MUST be scraped or shaved off
and the inner bark then peeled. Barks may be dried in
sunlight except green Wild Cherry.

DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING SEEDS:

Seeds should be gathered as soon as they ripen. Only heavy
full developed seeds are of value. Others should be removed
by winnowing.

ANNUAL PLANT:

Springs from the seed make their full growth and die in one
year.

BIENNIAL PLANT:

It does not flower the first year but produces leaves only.
The second year of its growth it flowers after which it
dies. The carrot and parsnip are some examples.

PERENNIAL PLANT:

Lives for more than 2 years. If the plant retains its leaves
during the winter it is known as an evergreen if the leaves
fall upon the approach of cold weather it is said to be
deciduous.

AN HERB IS:

A plant having a soft stem that dies down to the ground
after the plant has reached, its full growth.

A SHRUB IS:

A plant that has a woody stem, grows to a height of 25 to 30
feet or less and branches near the ground.

A TREE IS:

Has a woody stem, is higher than a shrub  and does not
branch near the ground.

THE ROOT ANATOMY:

The root of a plant is that portion that is usually found in
the earth, the stems and leaves being in the air. The point
of union is called the collar or neck of the plant.

FIBROUS ROOT: is one composed of many spreading branches as
that of barley.

CONICAL ROOT: is one where it tapers regularly from the
crown to the apex as that of the carrot.

FUSIFORM ROOT: is one when it tapers up as well as down as
that of the radish.

NAPIFORM ROOT: When much swollen at the base, so as to
become broader than long as the  turnip.

FASCICULATE ROOT: is one when some of the fibres or branches
are thickened.

TUBERIFEROUS: is one when some of the branches assume the
form of rounded knobs as that of the potato.

PALMATE ROOT: is one when these knobs are branched.

AERIAL ROOT: are those emitted from the stem into the open
air as that of the Indian Corn.

RHIZOME OR ROOT STOCK: Is a prostrate stem either
subterranean or resting on the surface as that of the
calamus or blood root.

TUBER: Is an enlargement of the apex of a subterranean
branch of the root, as that of the common potato or
artichoke.

CORMUS: Is a fleshy subterranean stem of a round or oval
figure as in the Indian Turnip.

BULB: Is an extremely abbreviated stem clothed with scales
as that of the lily.

THE STEM:

It is that portion of the plant that grows in an opposite
direction from the root, seeking the light and exposing
itself to the air.

All flowering plants possess stems. In those which are said
to be stemless it is either very short or concealed beneath
the ground.

AN HERB is: one which the stem does not become woody but
dies down to the ground at least after flowering.

A SHRUB is: a woody plant branched near the ground & 1 to 6
feet high.

A TREE: Attain a greater height with a stem unbranched near
ground. The stem of a tree is usually called the trunk, in
grasses it has been termed the CULM.

The stems that are too weak to stand erect are said to be
decumbent, procumbent and prostrate.

A STOLON is: a form of a branch which curves or falls down
to the ground where they often strike root.

A SUCKER is: a branch of subterraneous origin, which after
running horizontally and emitting roots in its course at
length rises out of the ground and forms an erect stem that
soon becomes an independent plant, as that of the Rose,
Raspberry etc.

A RUNNER is: a prostrate slender branch sent off the base of
the parent stem.

AN OFFSET is: a similar but shorter branch with a tuft of
leaves at the end as in the houseleek.

A SPINE is: a short and imperfectly developed branch of a
woody plant as that of the honey-locust.

A TENDRIL is: commonly a slender leafless branch capable
of coiling spirally as in the grape vine.

THE LEAF:

Is commonly raised on an unexpended part or stalk which
is called the PETIOLE while the expanded portion is
termed the LAMINA, LIMB or BLADE.

When the vessels or fibres of the leaves expand
immediately on leaving the stems the leaf is said to be
SESSILE. (not senile)

In such case the PETIOLE is absent. When the blade
consists of a single piece the leaf is simple, when
composed of 2 or 3 more with a branched petiole, the leaf
is compound.

The distribution of the veins or framework of the leaf in
the blade called: VENATION

A LANCEOLATE LEAF: has the form of a lance.
     AN OVATE LEAF: Has the shape of
                ellipsis.
                    
A CUNEIFORM LEAF: Has the shape of a
wedge. A CORDATE LEAF: has the shape of
a heart.

A RENIFORM LEAF: Has the shape of a
kidney. A SAGITTATE LEAF:
............... An arrow.

A HASTATE LEAF: ...An ancient halberd.

A PELTATE LEAF: .... A shield.
A SERRATE LEAF: In which the margin is beset with sharp

teeth, which point forward towards the apex.

A DENTATE LEAF: Is one when these teeth are not directed

towards the apex.

A CRENATE LEAF: Has rounded teeth.

A SINUATE LEAF: Has alternate concavities and

convexities. A PINNATE LEAF: has the shape of a feather.

A PECTINATE LEAF: Is one having very close and narrow
divisions, like the teeth of a comb.

A LYRATE LEAF: Has the shape of a lyre.

A RUNCINATE LEAF: Is a LYRATE leaf with sharp lobes
pointing towards the base as in the dandelion.

A PALMATE LEAF: Is one bearing considerable resemblance
to  hand.

A PEDATE LEAF: Is one bearing resemblance to a bird's foot.

AN OBOVATE LEAF: Is one having the veins more developed
beyond the middle of the blade.

When a leaf at its outer edge has no dentation it is
said to be entire. When the leaf terminates in an acute
angle, it is acute, when in an obtuse angle it is
obtuse. An obtuse leaf with the apex slightly depressed
is retuse or if more strongly notched emarginate.

An OBOVATE leaf with a wider or more conspicuous notch
at the apex becomes obcordate, being a cordate leaf
inverted. When the apex is cut off by a straight
transverse line the leaf is truncate.

When abruptly terminated by a small projecting point it
is MUCRONATE, and when an acute leaf has a narrowed apex
it is ACUMINATE. In ferns the leaves are called FRONDS.

THE FLOWERS:

The flower assumes an endless variety of forms and we
shall assume in the dissection merely the typical form
of it. The organs of a flower are of two sorts. 1st; Its
leaves or envelopes and 2nd those peculiar organs having
no resemblance to the envelopes. The envelopes are of
two kinds, or occupy two rows, one above or within the
other.

The lower or outer row is termed the Calyx and commonly
exhibits the green colour of the leaves. The inner row
that is usually of more delicate texture and forms the
most showy part of the flower, is termed Corolla.

The several parts of the leaves of the Corolla are
called Petals and the leaves of the Calyx have received
the analogous name of Sepals.. The floral envelopes are
collectively called the Perianth.

The ESSENTIAL organs enclosed within a floral envelope are also
of two kinds and occupy two rows one within the other. The firsts 
of these, those next within the petals are the Stamens.

A stamen consists of a stalk called the Filament that
bears on its summit a rounded body termed the Anther,
filled with a substance called the Pollen. The seeds
bearing organs occupy the centre or summit of a flower &
are called Pistils.

A pistil is distinguished into three parts  1st; the Ovary
containing the Ovales 2nd; the Style or columnar prolongation of
the ovary; and 3rd; the Stigma or termination of the style.

All the organs of the flower are situated on or grown
out of the apex of the flower-stalk, into which they are
inserted and which is called the Torus or Receptacle. A
plant is said to be monoecious where the stamens and
pistils are in separate flowers on the same individual.

Dioecious where they occupy separate flowers on
different individuals and polygamous where the stamens
and pistils are separate in some flowers and united in
others either on the same or 2 or 3 different plants.

THE FRUIT: The principal kinds may be briefly stated as
follows:

A FOLLICLE: Is the name given to such a fruit as borne
by the Larkspur or Milkweed.

A LEGUME or POD: is the name extended to such fruit as
the Pea or Bean.

A DRUPE: Is a stone fruit as the Plum, Apricot

An ACHENIUM: Is the name of the fruit as borne by the
Buttercup.

A CREMOCARP: Is the fruit of the Poison Hemlock and
similar plant.

A CARYOPSIS: Is such fruit as born by the Wheat tribe.

A NUT: Is the fruit of the Oak, Chestnut etc.

A SAMARA: Is the name of the fruit of the Maple, Birch
and Elm.

A BERRY: is fruit fleshy & pulpy throughout as: Grape,
Gooseberry

A POMME: Is the fruit such as the Apple, Pear.

A PEPO: Is to the fruit of the Pumpkin, Cucumber

A CAPSULE: Is general term for all dry fruit such as
Lovelia etc.

A SILIQUE: Is fruit as of Shepherd's Purse etc.

A CONE or STOBILE: is a collective fruit of: Firtribe,
Magnolia etc.

THE SEED:

The seed like the ovule of which it is fertilised and
matured state, consists of a nucleus usually enclosed
within two integuments. The outer integument or proper
seed coat is variously termed the episperm, spermoderm
or testa.

DEFINITION OF MEDICAL TERM:

ABSORBENT / ANTACIDS: such medicines that counteract
acidity of the stomach and bowels.

ALTERNATIVES are: medicines which in certain doses work
a gradual change by promoting the usual functions of
different organs.

ANODYNES: Medicines that relieve pain.

ANTHELMINTIC: Medicines that have the power of
destroying or expelling worms from the intestinal canal.

ANTISCORBUTIC: Those used in the treatment of scurvy.

ANTISPASMODICS: Those to relieve spasm or irregular &
painful action for muscles or muscular fibres.

AROMATIC: Those with a grateful smell & agreeable
pungent taste.

ASTRINGENTS: Those which when applied to the body render
the solids dense and firmer.

CARMINATIVES: Those which dispel flatulency of the
stomach.

CATHARTICS: Those which accelerate the action of the
bowels or increase the discharge by stool.

DEMULCENT: Those suited to modify the action or acrid
and stimulating matters upon the mucous membranes as in
the throat.

DIAPHORETICS: Those that promote or cause perspirable
discharge by the skin.

DIURETICS: Those which increase the flow of urine by
their action upon the kidneys.

EMETICS: Those which produce vomiting.

EMOLLIENTS: those which when applied to the solids of
the body render them soft and flexible

ERRHINES: Those which when applied to the lining
membrane of the nostrils, occasion a discharge of mucus.

EPISPASTIC: Those which cause blisters when applied to
the surface of the body forming sloughs.

EXPECTORANTS: Those capable of facilitating excretion of
mucus.

NARCOTICS: Those having the property of diminishing the
action of the nervous and vascular systems and of
inducing sleep.

RUBEFACIENTS: Those which excite the vessels of the skin
& increase its heat & redness.

SEDATIVES: Those which have the power of allaying the
action or of lessening the exercise of some particular
function.

SIALAGOGUE: Those which increase the flow of the saliva
(salt).

STIMULANTS: Those capable of exciting the vital energy,
whether as exerted in sensation or motion.

TONICS: Those which sharpen appetite & promote strength
& tone. (Gin tonic?).

SHIPPING INSTRUCTIONS:

The more valuable and perishable articles should be
shipped in boxes or barrels others by bags. See that all
goods are dry before shipping otherwise they will mould
on the way and be worthless when arriving at destination.
Indiana Botanical Garden Box 5 Hammond Indiana USA?.

NATURAL MEDICINE:

CRUEL TO BE KIND:

Sick survivors need your care and attention but they
MUST also be kept interested and optimistic.

If a man with pneumonia is left to curl up in a corner
of the shelter, he will probably die. Get him on his
feet and keep him occupied with minor tasks. Give him
plenty of fluids & coach him to eat. Do not let him lie
down. The hepatitis case MUST be forced to eat. You can
not allow strength or moral to be depleted.

URINE AS ANTISEPTIC:  YES!

It can be used as such to wash out wounds. If patient is
fussy let him use his own. If sick enough they won't
care whose.

SALT WATER:

Is often used to wash wounds and keep it clean. Sea
water is even better for that purpose providing it is fresh.

MAGGOTS:

They have been used for centuries to clean wounds. In
Tropical Countries an open wound is soon infested with
them, but they do keep it open and clean until better treatment
can be given. Keep watch that they don't devour good tissues.

FIRE: ANTISEPTIC!:

For centuries fire as been used to clean wounds.
Cauterising with heat requires fortitude in the patient,
but if they can stand it and you have ammunition,
placing powder around a wound and lighting. It can
prevent gangrene.

SPLINTING AGENTS:

The roots of Comfrey and to a certain extent Solomon's
Seal are so rich in starch that they will set hard when
they have been well boiled and reduced. Allow to cool
slightly and pack around an injured limb or joint. Good
for holding poultices.

REMEDIES:

STOP BLEEDING:

DOVE'S-FOOT CRANE'S BILL: Expressed juice.

GIANT PUFFBALL: Packed as poultice.

PERIWINKLE:  Expressed juice of leaves.

PLANTAINS:

Pounded leaves as poultice

SELF-HEAL:     Expressed juice
STORK'S-BILL:  Expressed juice of leaves.

WOUNDWORT: Expressed juice.

CLEANSING RASHES / SORES / WOUNDS:

NOTE:     Use these plants EXTERNALLY to bathe the skin
or where indicated as a poultice. Apply 2 or 3 times a day.

BURDOCK: Decoction of root, crushed raw root and  salt
for animal bites / CAMOMILE: infusion of flowers as
poultice / CHICKWEED: expressed juice of leaves /
CLEAVERS: infusion of whole plant except roots /
COMFREY: Decoction of root as poultice

DEAD-NETTLE: Infusion of flowers and shoots./ DOCKS:
crushed leaves.

ELDER: Expressed juice of leaves / ELM: infusion of bark
/ HOREHOUND: Infusion of whole plant except root.

MALLOW: Decoction of leaves and flowers as poultice
MARSH MALLOW: Decoction of root, infusion of leaves  &
flowers as poultice / OAK: Decoction of bark /

SANICLE: Infusion of whole plant except root / SCURVY
GRASS: crushed leaves./ SHEPHERD'S PURSE: Infusion of
whole plant but root as poultice

SILVERWEED: Infusion of whole plant except root
SOLOMON'S SEAL: decoction of root as poultice.
ST. JOHN WORT: Infusion of flowers & shoots. SORREL:
Crushed leaves / TANSY: crushed leaves.

WATERCRESS: Expressed juice.

WOUNDWORT: Infusion whole plant except roots.  
YARROW: Infusion of whole plant but roots.

ANTISEPTIC:

NOTE:     These plants can be used Externally or
Internally. THEY ARE PARTICULARLY USEFUL FOR WOUNDS THAT
BECOME INFECTED!

GARLIC: Expressed juice. / MALLOW:  infusion of leaves
and flowers / MARSH MALLOW: decoction of root, infusion
of flowers and leaves.

HORSERADISH: Decoction of root. THYME: Infusion of
leaves and flowers.

ACHE / PAINS / BRUISES / STIFFNESS:
NOTE: Where indicated use Externally.

BALM: Infusion of leaves. / BIRCH: infusion of leaves /
BORAGE: infusion of whole plant, but roots / BURDOCK:
decoction of root.

CAMOMILE: Expressed juice of flowers applied to swelling
/ CHICKENWEED: infusion of whole plant except root /
COMFREY: decoction of root applied to swelling /
COWBERRY: infusion of leaves and fruits.

DOCK: Crushed leaves applied to bruises / DOVE'S FOOT &
CRANE'S-BILL: infusion of whole plant but roots applied
to swellings / ELM: Infusion of bark.

FIGWORT: Decoction of whole plant except root; use
externally to draw bruises and blood clots. /

GARLIC: Expressed juice applied to swelling.  #1
ANTISEPTIC too!

HOREHOUND: Expressed juice or leaves to = EARACHE /
POPLAR: infusion of leaf buds/  SOLOMON'S SEAL:
decoction of root; use externally.

SORREL: Crushed leaves applied to bruises. / ST. JOHN'S
WORT: Infusion of flowers & shoots applied to bruises /
TANSY: crushed leaves applied to bruises / WILLOW:
Decoction of bark.

FEVERS:

These plants will induce perspiration to break a fever.

CAMOMILE: Infusion of leaves and flowers / ELDER:
infusion of flowers and fruit / ELM: decoction of bark /
FEVERFEW: infusion of whole plant except roots / LIME:
infusion of flowers.

COLDS / SORE THROATS / RESPIRATORY:

AGRIMONY: Infusion of whole plant but roots / ANGELICA:
decoction of root / BILBERRY: infusion of leaves and
fruits / BISTORT: infusion of whole plant but roots /
BORAGE: infusion of whole plant except roots BURDOCK:
decoction of roots.

CAMOMILE: infusion of flower  use as gargle (garlic
too?): COLT'S FOOT: Infusion of leaves and flowers /

COMFREY: infusion of whole plant / GREAT MULLEIN:
infusion of whole plant but roots, decoction of root as
gargle.

HOREHOUND: Infusion of whole plant but roots /
HORSERADISH: raw root/ LIME: infusion of flowers /
LUNGWORT:  infusion of whole plant but roots.

MALLOW: Infusion of flowers and leaves /MARSHMALLOW:
decoction of root and infusion of leaves & flowers /
MINT: infusion of whole plant but roots / MOUNTAIN
AVENS: infusion of whole plant, use as gargle.

NETTLE: Infusion of leaves / OAK: decoction of bark; use
as gargle / PLANTAIN: infusion of leaves and stems
POPLARS: infusion of leaves buds.

ROSE: Decoction of hips / SANICLE: infusion of whole
plant but nut roots SELF-HEAL: infusion of whole plant
but roots, use as gargle.

ST. JOHN'S WORT: Infusion of flowers & shoots  / THYME:
infusion of leaves & flowers/ WILLOW: decoction of bark
/ YARROW: infusion of whole plant but roots use as
inhalant.

SETTLING STOMACH:

BALM: Infusion of leaves / BILBERRY: decoction of fruit
/ BRACKEN: infusion of leaves /
DANDELION: decoction of whole plant.

HORSERADISH: Infusion of root / MINT: infusion of whole
plant but roots with crushed charcoal / SOLOMON'S SEAL:
decoction of roots  / SANICLE: infusion of roots /
YARROW: infusion of leaves and flowers

DIARRHOEA:

NOTE: Take 2 or 3 times daily till symptoms subside.

BILBERRY: Decoction of fruit / BISTORT: Infusion of
whole plant but roots / BRAMBLE: infusion of leaves or
decoction of fruit. /

COWBERRY: Decoction of fruit / ELM: infusion of bark /
GREAT BURNET: infusion of leaves and shoots / HAZEL:
infusion of leaves. /

MARSHMALLOW: Infusion of leaves & flowers, decoction of
root. / MINT: infusion of whole plant but roots /
MOUNTAIN AVENS: infusion of whole plants but roots /

OAK: Decoction of bark / PLANTAIN: infusion of leaves
and stems / PERIWINKLE: infusion of leaves NOT TO USE
for long periods / SILVERWEED: infusion of whole plant
but roots.

CONSTIPATION:

AGRIMONY: Infusion of whole plant but roots. BARBERRY:
Expressed juice of fruit / COMMON CLEAVERS: infusion of
whole plant but roots. COUCH GRASS: (Elymus): decoction
of root. DANDELION: Decoction of whole plant.

ELDER: Expressed juice of fruit  / FEVERFEW: infusion of
leaves and flowers  / ROWAN: expressed juice of fruit /
ROSE:  decoction of hips / WALNUT: decoction of bark. /

HAEMORRHOIDS:

NOTE: Apply externally 2 or 3 times a day.

BILBERRY: Expressed juice of fruit / CAMOMILE: infusion
of leaves and flowers / ELM: decoction of bark LESSER
CELANDINE: expressed juice of leaves /

OAK: Decoction of bark / PLANTAIN: expressed juice /
POPLAR: decoction of leaf buds SILVERWEED: Infusion of
whole plant but root / SOLOMON'S SEAL: Decoction of
root.

EXPELLING WORMS:

BRACKEN: Infusion of root / FEVERFEW: decoction leaves
and flowers / FIGWORT: infusion of whole plant but roots
/ TANSY: infusion of leaves & flowers, use sparingly in
small amount.

REMEMBER ESPECIALLY FOR HEADACHE:

WILLOW leaves and barks make a decoction containing
Salicin a base for Aspirin.

FOR HEALING:  Expressed the juice from COMFREY leaves to
Aid tissue regrowth (Cuts / Burns).

TROPICAL MEDICINAL PLANTS:

Many thousands of Tropical plants are known to have
medicinal properties and are used by tribal people.
Relatively few have been studied by Western scientists
or are widely known. 

The following are a few of the many plants that may be of use but
lacking the accurate information on them you will do better to
take medicines with you whenever you can. NEVER experiment with
something that you can not positively identify unless you are
ready to study & take the risk to die or be very sick from it.

COPPERLEAF: (acalypha indica)

Is one of several similar shrubs in India & S-WEST Asia
reaching 2-3m (6 1/2 -10 feet):   with oval to heart
shaped leaves that are often variegated in shades of red
bright pink and green.

In Malaysia the leaves are dried and drunk like tea. A
decoction of roots & leaves is laxative & restorative.
ALSTONIA: Including Alsostonias scholaris; Are found
from India east to Philippines & South to Indonesia &
parts of Australia. Boil the bark in water to produce a
Tonic, reduce fever, relieve diabetes and kill internal
parasitic worms.

ANTELAEA AZADIRACHTA:

Occur from India to China & Indonesia, a decoction of
leaves & bark will Help to suppress Malaria and
Dysentery. Use oil from seeds to treat ulcers and skin
complaints.

BRUCEAS:

Occur in many fairly similar forms from India to China &
South to Australia. All parts are bitter tasting.
Take seeds of Brucea Sumatra for Diarrhoea & Dysentery.
Crushed leaves = Relieve external bleedings  soothe
boils & insect bites.

ELETTARIA CARDAMOMUM:

Is a relative of Ginger found in India & part East. Is a
tall herbaceous plant with thick fleshy rhizomes and a
long branched head of flowers. Use seeds or expressed
juice of fruit for settling the Digestion and relieving
nausea.

CINCHONAS:

China barks or red barks, large trees, typically with
red brown trunks, wild in tropical South America have
been taken all over the world. Take a decoction of the
QUININE containing bark to Suppress Malaria.

HORSERADISH TREE:?

MORINGA OLEIFERA:

IS A FAIRLY COMMON EDIBLE PLANT OF THE TROPICS. Used
expressed juice from the roots & leaves to treat Skin
eruption & inflammations.

KIBATALIA ARBOREA:

Is another Asian tree whose bark when cut yields a latex
like sap. Use this sap in small amounts to treat Worms.

SIDA CORDIFOLIA:

Is an erect downy annual up to 1m (3ft 4in): tall with
oblong toothed leaves and yellowish flowers. It occurs
from India east to Taiwan Use an infusion of the leaves
for Coughs & Fevers. The seeds are mildly Laxative.

PERGULARIA EXTENSA:

Have stems with stiff spreading hairs, broadly oval
leaves up to 15cm (5in): long and small greenish white
flowers. It grows in Tropical Africa. Use tender leaves
and shoots as a potherb or in a strong infusion to treat
Tapeworm & Diarrhoea. Use a poultice of leaves on Boils,
Abscesses & Wounds.

CRATAEVA RELIGIOSA:

Is found from India east to Papua, New Guinea & Polynesia. A
decoction of bark and leaves relieves Upset stomachs feverish
aches & pains.

BAOBABS (ADANSONIA):

Use leaves to promote Sweating to relieve colds fevers &
asthma & a decoction of the bark to suppress Malaria.

ACACIAS:  (DESERT FOOD)

Scrape gum off the bark use to treat Worms & Diarrhoea.

MEDICINAL PLANTS: PART 2

The following plants are found in Temperate climates.
Many are very common and all are quite safe.

Use them to Staunch bleeding & heal wounds for fevers
colds & digestive upsets & other treatments as
described. Some have several uses but they have been
grouped here under their most common application.

GENERAL & ANTISEPTICS:

EYEBRIGHT: (EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS)

Grow to about 30cm (1ft): with oval often downy leaves
and white flowers tinged violet or purple veined and
with a yellow spot, in grassy places, often in mountains
in Eurasia.

A strained infusion of the whole plant is excellent for
Eye infection. It is also said to Ease; Hay-Fever &
Catarrh & Nasal congestion.

GARLIC: (ALLIUM):

Occur in many varieties in most Temperate and now
Tropical PART the smell will lead you to them. Most have long
strap like leaves arising from the bulb and a tall stem
topped with a cluster of small pinkish or white flowers.

THE BULB IS POWERFULLY ANTISEPTIC use as expressed juice
externally diluted with water to treat Wounds &
swellings and eat garlic to treat and to Prevent Colds.
It also contains a natural antibiotic.

WILD THYME: (THYMUS SERPYLLUM)

Is a small aromatic mat forming with small oval leaves
and reddish purple flowers; in dry grassy places in
western Eurasia but other species occur elsewhere. Use
its Antiseptic qualities. In an infusion for Coughs &
Colds or as a potherb.

FIGWORT: SCROPHULARIA NODOSA

Grow to 90cm (3ft): with square stems pointed oval
leaves and red brown flowers; in woods clearing and
scrub in Eurasia. There are many different kinds. Apply
as a decoction to Reduce Swellings, Sprains, Boils &
Bruises, to dissipate blood clots & for treating Haemorrhoids.

BLEEDING:

SELF-HEAL: (PRUNELLA VULGARIS)

Is a downy creeping plant with pointed oval leaves and
heads of violet flowers in dry grassy and waste places
in Eurasia. Use as expressed juice to Staunch bleeding
or by infusion for internal haemorrhage.

DOVE-FOOT-CRANE'S-BILL: (GERANIUM MOLLE)

Grow to 30cm (1ft): with a hairy stem deeply loved
leaves and small pinkish five petals flowers in dry
grassy and waste places. Use as expressed juice to
STAUNCH BLEEDING OR AS A DECOCTION FOR INTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE.

MARSH WOUNDWORT:  (STACHYS PALUSTRIS)

Is strong smelling hairy up to 90cm (3ft): tall with
toothed heart shaped leaves and spikes of dark pink to
purple white blotted flowers usually found in damp
places, similar species by woodland edges and shady
waste place.

Use as expressed juice to STAUNCH BLEEDING OR BY
INFUSION FOR BATHING ACHES SPRAINS & WOUNDS.


SANICLE: (SANICULA EUROPAEA)

Grow to 50cm (20in): with a hand shaped deeply lobed
leaves and tiny white or pinkish flowers in a compact
head widespread in woodland in Eurasia.

USE AS EXPRESSED JUICE TO STAUNCH BLEEDING OR BY
INFUSION FOR INTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE.

GREATER PERIWINKLE: (VINCA MAJOR)

Grow to 50cm (20in): with a leathery evergreen broadly
spear shaped leaves and large blue violet flowers in
woody scrubby and rocky places in Eurasia There are many
kinds of Periwinkle in other parts of the world.

USE EXPRESSED JUICE EXTERNALLY TO = STAUNCH BLEEDING.

PLANTAINS: 

Provide juice for Treating wounds and for treating Chest
pains   & complaints.

INTESTINAL PROBLEMS:

MOUNTAIN AVENS: (DRYAS OCTOPETALA) In Mountainous rocky
& Northern Arctic areas.

Resemble a creeping wild Strawberry, with well lobed
leaves, paler below and large white yellow staminate
flowers. Use an infusion of stems leaves and flowers for
Diarrhoea or as a Gargle.

BALM: (MELISSA OFFICINALIS)

Is lemon scented and hairy, growing to about 60cm (2ft)
with toothed oval greenish yellow leaves and whorls or
small white flowers at the leaf bases. In grassy places
in the warmer part of Eurasia. Use an infusion of the
whole plant for Fevers and nausea. Can also be used to
Ease painful menstruation.

WATER MINT: (MENTHA AQUATICA)

Is aromatic hairy ALWAYS near fresh water with toothed
pointed oval leaves a purplish stem to 80cm (32in) and
cluster of pinkish flowers. Use as infusion of the
leaves for Diarrhoea as a digestive and heated to induce
perspiration in fevers. Similar mints are also effective. If made
too strong the infusion may become #EMETIC.#

ELMS: (ULMUS)

Are tall trees with large oval tooted leaves green disc
shaped fruits and often suckers at the base of the
trunk. Use a decoction of the bark for Diarrhoea & skin
eruptions.

CLEAVERS OR GOOSEGRASS: (GALLIUM APARINE)

Is straggling with long prickly stems whorls of narrow
prickly leaves and small white flowers, widespread on
moist woody and waste ground. Young plants can be boiled
and eaten like spinach. Use an infusion to ease
Constipation. Give frequent dose mixed with an equal
quantity of Marsh mallow for #cystitis# .

AGRIMONY: (AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA)

Grow to 90cm (3ft) with a downy stem toothed spear-
shaped leaflets, greyish below and a tall spike of
yellow flowers in dry grassy places. There are several
different kinds. Use as an infusion of the whole plant
to ease constipation & acid stomach, also use to treat
Cystitis giving small doses frequently.

LESSER CELANDINE:  (RANUNCULUS FICARIA)

Grow to 20cm (8in) with shiny dark green heart shaped
leaves and yellow flowers, in wet woodland and damp
ground in Eurasia. Apply the expressed juice externally
for Haemorrhoids. Do not confuse with its POISONOUS
relatives; BUTTERCUPS

SOLOMON'S SEALS: (POLYGONATUM)

Are small patch forming with arching stems bearing tube
shaped greenish white flowers in woody scrubby areas.
Use a decoction of the root externally for Haemorrhoids
& Bruises, or take an infusion for nausea.

The starchy root is EDIBLE like parsnip but when boiled
and dried it sets hard as makeshift plaster for a
splinting agent. Either as infusion or poultice made
from the woodered root will ease bruising. BEWARE:
Its BERRIES ARE POISONOUS.

SILVERWEED:  EDIBLE

Also provide an infusion for treating disgetive
disturbances & haemorrhoids.

FEVERS/ COUGHS/ COLDS:

FEVERFEW: (TANACETUM PARTHENIUM)

Is very aromatic, grows to 45cm (18in) with delicate
yellowish leaflets and many daisies like flowers. In
waste and grassy places in Eurasia. Eating the leaves
ease headchaes & migraines  / But to some people this
can cause blistering in the mouth.

It is SAFER to use an infusion of the whole plant for
fever, headaches and general pains or tincture for
insect bites. Frequent small doses of a hot infusion
help regulate contraction for childbirth.

CAMOMILE: (CHAMAEMELUM NOBILE)

Is aromatic creeping with finely dissected leaves and
daisy like flowers; in grassy places in Eurasia.
Use an infusion of the whole plant for fevers,
headaches, migraines, & colds or the expressed juice of
the flowers for aches and sprains. It has calming
influence especially on nervous excited children.

COLT'S FOOT: (TUSSILAGO FARFARA)

Is common from LATE WINTER ON BARE & WASTE GROUND.
Large, yellow Dandelion like flowers top asparagus like
stems. Heart shaped leaves follow the flowers. Use the
leaves by infusion for colds & coughs.

LUNGWORT: (PULMONARIA OFFICINALIS)

Is downy up to 30cm (1ft) with pale spotted spear shaped
leaves and bells shaped pink or purplish blue flowers,
in mixed woods and scrub in Eurasia. An infusion of the
whole plant is excellent for Chest complaints and useful
for diarrhoea, for coughs:  Use with equal parts of
Colt's Foot.

HOREHOUND: (MARRUBIUM VULGARE)

Is thyme scented downy with squarish stems up to 50cm
(20in) roundish crinkly greenish white leaves and whorls
of whitish flowers; in dry scrubby places in Eurasia.
Use an infusion of the whole plant for chills &
respiratory disorder.

Oil expressed from the leaves soothes earache. It is a
good cough treatment for children. In large doses it is
laxative.

YARROW: (ACHILLEA MILLEFOLLIUM)

Is downy aromatic up to 60cm (2ft) with dissected
feathery dark green leaves and heads of tiny white or
pink flowers. In grassy places. Use an infusion of the
whole plant but not the roots. For colds & fevers. Also
hasten, speeds clothing of blood in an injury & reduces
blood pressure & bleeding haemorrhoids.

MUSK MALLOW: (MALVA MOSCHATA)

Grow in grassy and scrubby places to about 60cm (2ft)
with a hairy stem deeply divided leaves and large pink
five petals flowers. Mallows are widespread and come in
many varieties. Use this like Marsh Mallows.

TREE MALLOW: (LAVATERA ARBOREA)

Grow to 3m (9ft) with a hairy stem woody at the base ivy
shaped leaves & pink purple flowers streaked darker in
rocky coastal areas from Europe to Asia Minor. Use this
like Marsh Mallow.

MARSH MALLOW: (ALTHAEA OFFICINALIS)

Grow to 90cm (3ft) downy grey with large lobed leaves
and pale pink flowers. THE COOKED ROOT IS EXCELLENT TO
EAT. Use an infusion of the whole plant for CHEST
COMPLAINTS or one just of the root to relieve giddiness
caused by loss of blood & to clean wounds and sores. 

A rubbing with bruised leaves soothes insect bites. Boiled
leaves are a good poultice for skin eruptions. An infusion of the
leaves will relax & sooth irritation & inflammations of the
alimentary system.

GREAT MULLEIN: (VERBASCUM THAPSUS)

Is covered in pale woody down, growing to 2m (6ft) with
large spear shaped leaves and a dense spike of 5 petals
yellow flowers in dry warm grassy places. 

Use an infusion of flowers and leaves for coughs & chest
complaints or a decoction of the root as a gargle. Powder the
flowers to make a sedative & pain reliving tea.

ST.JOHN'S WORT: (HYPERICUM PERFORATUM)

Grow to 60cm (2ft) with small oblong translucently spotted leaves
and a head of golden yellow flowers that exude a red juice when
crushed; in open woods, grassy and bushy places.

Use an infusion of the whole plant for colds and chest
complaints. 

20 Favourite scents of men and women 1966 study in
England MEN'S FAVOURITE:

1= Honeysuckle 2= Fresh strawberry 3= Red Rose 4 = New
dawn Rose 5 = Wild Rose 6 = Emily Gray rose 7 = Sweet
pea 8= Stock & Bonds? 9 = Mock orange blossoms 10 =
Meadowsweet (flower).

WOMEN'S FAVOURITE:

1= Sweet pea 2= Red Rose 3 = Honeysuckle 4 = New Dawn
rose 5= Fresh strawberry 6= Emily Gray rose 7= Stock &
bonds? 8= English Lavender oil 9 = Meadowsweet flower 10
= French Lavender oil.

Men seem to prefer mock orange, honeysuckle, wild rose,
musk ambrette, ilang-ilang and lemon grass much more
than women. Women prefer alpine violet perfume, bay leaf
and onions.

Women also prefer perfume and food associated odours.

(They love to eat and complain about their weight all
out of whack) Oh dear, dear!


               POISONOUS PLANTS DON'T EAT:

     WHERE FOUND/ POISONOUS PARTS / RESULT:

1)   Buttercup:     Fields / All / Indigestion
2)   CherryTrees:   Shrubs /Twigs, Foliage /DEATH
3)   Crocus:   Autumn/ Flower garden /Bulbs/Vomiting
4)   Daphnia:   Ornament /  plant / Berries /DEATH
5)   Elderberry:    Trees, shrubs / Shoots / Nausea

6)   Foxglove: Flower garden /Leaves / Irregular heart beat
7)   Hemlock:  Fields/ All / DEATH 
8)   Hyacinth: House plant / Bulbs / Nausea & DEATH
9)   Iris: Flower / garden / Underground stems / Indigestion
10)  Jimsonweed:    Fields / All  /DEATH / Indigestion

11)  Larkspur: Flower garden / Young plant seeds / DEATH/
indigestion

12)  Lily of Valley: Flower garden / Leaves, flowers / Irregular
heart beat.

13)  Nightshade: Fields / All / especially berries = / DEATH
14)  Oak Trees:     Shrubs Foliage,/ acorns / Kidney injury
15) Oleander: House plant /Leaves/ branches / Indigestion & DEATH

16)  Red Sage:      Ornament plant /Green Berries /DEATH
17)  Rhododendron:  Ornament plant /All / DEATH
18)  Rhubarb:  Vegetable garden  / Leaf - blade /DEATH
19)  Wisteria:      Ornament plan / seeds, pods / Indigestion
20)  Yew:       Ornament plant / Berries, foliage / DEATH

 
