03700
 \\Pilate wrote a title also\\ (\\egrapsen kai titlon ho Peilatos\\). Only
 John tells us that Pilate himself wrote it and John alone uses
 the technical Latin word _titlon_ (several times in
 inscriptions), for the board with the name of the criminal and
 the crime in which he is condemned; Mark
 # Mr 15:26
 and Luke
 # Lu 23:28
 use \\epigraph\\ (superscription). Matthew
 # Mt 27:37
 has simply \\aitian\\ (accusation). The inscription in John is the
 fullest of the four and has all in any of them save the words
 "this is" (\\houtos estin\\) in
 # Mt 27:37

03701
 \\Read\\ (\\anegnsan\\). Second aorist active indicative of \\anaginsk\\.
 It was meant to be read. Latin was the legal and official
 language; Aramaic (Hebrew) was for the benefit of the people of
 Jerusalem; Greek was for everybody who passed by who did not know
 Aramaic. Many of the Jews mocked as they read the accusation.
 This item alone in John.

03702
 \\But that he said\\ (\\all' hoti ekeinos eipen\\). The chief priests
 were uneasy for fear that the joke in the mock title was on them
 instead of on Jesus. They were right in their fear.

03703
 \\What I have written I have written\\ (\\ho gegrapha gegrapha\\). With
 emphasis on the permanence of the accusation on the board. Pilate
 has a sudden spirit of stubbornness in this detail to the
 surprise of the chief priests. Technically he was correct, for he
 had condemned Jesus on this charge made by the chief priests.

03704
 \\Four parts\\ (\\tessera mer\\). There were four soldiers, the usual
 quaternion (\\tetradion\\,
 # Ac 12:9
 besides the centurion
 # Mr 15:39; Mt 27:54; Lu 23:47
 The clothes (\\himatia\\, outer clothes) of the criminal were removed
 before the crucifixion and belonged to the soldiers. Luke
 # Lu 23:34
 mentions the division of the garments, but not the number four.
 The four pieces would be the head gear, the sandals, the girdle,
 the \\tallith\\ (outer garment with fringes). \\The coat was without\\
 \\seam\\ (\\ho chitn araphos\\). For \\chitn\\ (the inner garment) see
 # Mt 5:40
 \\Araphos\\ is compound of \\a\\ privative and \\rapt\\, to sew together,
 and so seamless (unsewed together), only here in N.T. It occurs
 elsewhere in Josephus, _Ant_. III. 6, 4. \\Woven\\ (\\huphantos\\).
 Verbal (old word) from \\huphain\\ (some MSS. in
 # Lu 12:27
 only here in N.T.

03705
 \\Let us not rend it\\ (\\m schismen auton\\). \\M\\ with first aorist
 active volitive subjunctive of \\schiz\\, to split. It was too
 valuable to ruin. \\Cast lots\\ (\\lachmen\\). Second aorist active
 volitive subjunctive of \\lagchan\\. The usual meaning is to obtain
 by lot
 # Lu 1:9; Ac 1:17
 Field (_Ot. Norv_. 72) holds that no example has been found where
 it means "cast lots" as here, but Thayer cites _Isocrates_, p.
 144b and _Diod_. 4, 63. John here quotes with the usual formula
 # Ps 22:18
 (LXX verbatim) and finds a fulfilment here. The enemies of the
 Lord's Anointed treated him as already dead (Westcott) and so
 cast lots (\\elabon klron\\, the common phrase as in
 # Mt 27:35

03706
 \\Were standing by the cross of Jesus\\ (\\histkeisan para ti stauri\\
 \\tou Isou\\). Perfect of \\histmi\\, to place, used as imperfect
 (intransitive) with \\para\\ (beside) and the locative case. Vivid
 contrast this to the rude gambling of the soldiers. This group of
 four (or three) women interests us more. Matt.
 # Mt 27:55
 spoke of women beholding from afar and names three (Mary
 Magdalene, Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, and
 the mother of the sons of Zebedee). Mark also
 # Mr 15:40
 names three (Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James the less
 and of Joses, and Salome). They have clearly drawn near the Cross
 by now. John alone mentions the mother of Jesus in the group. It
 is not clear whether the sister of the mother of Jesus is Salome
 the mother of the sons of Zebedee or the wife of Clopas. If so,
 two sisters have the name Mary and James and John are cousins of
 Jesus. The point cannot be settled with our present knowledge.

03707
 \\His mother\\ (\\tn mtera\\). Common Greek idiom, the article as
 possessive. \\Standing by\\ (\\parestta\\). Perfect active
 (intransitive) participle of \\paristmi\\, vivid and picturesque
 scene. The dying Saviour thinks of the comfort of his mother.
 \\Whom he loved\\ (\\hon gapa\\). Imperfect active. Surely John is
 justified in inserting this phrase here. If John were his cousin,
 that helps explain why Jesus turns the care of his mother over to
 him. But the brothers of Jesus are not present and disbelieved
 his claims. John is the only one of the apostles with courage
 enough to take his stand with the women by the Cross. There is no
 disrespect in the use of "Woman" (\\Gunai\\) here as there was not in
 # 2:4
 This trust is to John, though Salome, John's own mother, was
 standing there.

03708
 \\Unto his own home\\ (\\eis ta idia\\). See this same idiom and sense in
 # 1:11; 16:32; Ac 21:6
 John had a lodging in Jerusalem, whether a house or not, and the
 mother of Jesus lived with him there.

03709
 \\Are now finished\\ (\\d tetelestai\\). Perfect passive indicative of
 \\tele\\. See same form in verse
 # 30
 As in
 # 13:1
 where Jesus is fully conscious (knowing, \\eids\\) of the meaning of
 his atoning death. \\Might be accomplished\\ (\\teleithi\\). First
 aorist passive subjunctive of \\teleio\\ rather than the usual
 \\plrthi\\ (verse
 # 24
 with \\hina\\. John sees the thirst of Jesus in
 # Ps 69:21
 Jesus, of course, did not make the outcry in any mechanical way.
 Thirst is one of the severest agonies of crucifixion. For the
 "perfecting" of the Messiah by physical suffering see
 # Heb 2:10; 5:7

03710
 \\Was set\\ (\\ekeito\\). Imperfect middle. John, as eyewitness, had
 noticed it there. \\Of vinegar\\ (\\oxous\\). Not vinegar drugged with
 myrrh
 # Mr 15:23
 and gall
 # Mt 27:34
 which Jesus had refused just before the crucifixion. \\Sponge\\
 (\\spoggon\\). Old word, in N.T. only here,
 # Mr 15:36; Mt 27:48
 our "sponge." \\They put\\ (\\perithentes\\). Second aorist active
 participle of \\peritithmi\\, to place around. \\Upon hyssop\\
 (\\husspi\\). \\A reed\\ (\\kalami\\) as Mark and Matthew have it. The
 reed of the hyssop bush was only three or four feet long.

03711
 \\Had received\\ (\\elaben\\). Second aorist active indicative of
 \\lamban\\. Jesus took the vinegar (a stimulant), though he had
 refused the drugged vinegar. It is finished (\\tetelestai\\). Same
 for as in verse
 # 28
 A cry of victory in the hour of defeat like \\nenikka\\ in
 # 16:33
 Jesus knew the relation of his death to redemption for us
 # Mr 10:45; Mt 20:28; 26:28
 \\Bowed his head\\ (\\klinas tn kephaln\\). First aorist active
 participle of \\klin\\. This vivid detail only in John. \\Gave up his\\
 \\spirit\\ (\\paredken to pneuma\\). With the quotation of
 # Ps 31:5
 according to
 # Lu 23:46
 "Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit" (the last of the
 seven sayings of Jesus on the Cross that are preserved for us).
 Jesus died with the words of this Psalm upon his lips. The
 apostle John had come back to the Cross.

03712
 \\The Preparation\\ (\\paraskeu\\). Friday. See verse
 # 14
 \\Might not remain\\ (\\m meini\\). Negative final clause with \\hina m\\
 and first aorist active (constative) subjunctive of \\men\\. \\A high\\
 \\day\\ (\\megal\\). A "great" day, since "the sabbath day following
 synchronized with the first day of unleavened bread which was a
 'great' day" (Bernard). A double reason therefore for wanting the
 bodies removed before sunset when the Sabbath began. \\That their\\
 \\legs might be broken\\ (\\hina kateagsin auton ta skel\\). Purpose
 clause with \\hina\\ and the second aorist passive subjunctive of
 \\katagnumi\\ with the augment retained in the subjunctive, a "false
 augment" common in later Greek as in the future in
 # Mt 12:20
 with this verb (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 365). This
 _crurifragium_ was done with a heavy mallet and ended the
 sufferings of the victim. \\Legs\\ (\\skel\\). Old word, here only in
 N.T. \\Might be taken away\\ (\\arthsin\\). First aorist passive
 subjunctive of \\air\\ with \\hina\\ also.

03713
 \\Which was crucified with him\\ (\\tou sunstaurthentos auti\\). First
 aorist passive articular participle of \\sunstauro\\ with
 associative instrumental case. Cf. Paul's \\Christi sunestaurmai\\
 # Ga 2:19

03714
 \\Already dead\\ (\\d tethnkota\\). Perfect active participle of
 \\thnsk\\. So then Jesus died before the robbers, died of a broken
 heart. \\They brake not\\ (\\ou kateaxan\\). The augment is proper here
 (see
 # 32

03715
 \\With a spear\\ (\\logchi\\). Instrumental case of this old word, here
 only in the N.T. \\Pierced his side\\ (\\autou tn pleuran enuxen\\).
 First aorist active indicative of \\nuss\\, old word to pierce, here
 only in N.T., and \\pleuran\\ (side), another old word, occurs in
 N.T. only here and
 # Joh 20:20,25,27
 \\Blood and water\\ (\\haima kai hudr\\). Dr. W. Stroud (_Physical Cause
 of the Death of Christ_) argues that this fact proves that the
 spear pierced the left side of Jesus near the heart and that
 Jesus had died literally of a broken heart since blood was mixed
 with water.

03716
 \\He that hath seen\\ (\\ho heraks\\). Perfect active articular
 participle of \\hora\\. John the Apostle was there and saw this fact
 (still sees it, in fact). This personal witness disproves the
 theory of the Docetic Gnostics that Jesus did not have a real
 human body. \\He knoweth\\ (\\ekeinos oiden\\). That is John does like
 # 9:37
 It is possible that \\ekeinos\\ may be a solemn appeal to God as in
 # 1:33
 or Christ as in
 # 1Jo 3:5
 Bernard argues that the final editor is distinguishing the
 Beloved Disciple from himself and is endorsing him. But the
 example of Josephus (_War_. III. 7, 16) is against this use of
 \\ekeinos\\. John is rather referring to himself as still alive.

03717
 \\Be broken\\ (\\suntribsetai\\). Second future passive of \\suntrib\\, to
 crush together. A free quotation of
 # Ex 12:46
 about the paschal lamb.

03718
 \\They pierced\\ (\\exekentsan\\). First aorist active of \\ekkente\\, late
 verb, correct translation of the Hebrew of
 # Zec 12:10
 but not like the LXX, in N.T. only here and
 # Re 1:7

03719
 \\But secretly for fear of the Jews\\ (\\kekrummenos de dia ton phobon\\
 \\tn Ioudain\\). Perfect passive participle of \\krupt\\. An example
 of the rulers described in
 # 12:41-43
 who through cowardice feared to own their faith in Jesus as the
 Messiah. But it must be put down to the credit of Joseph that he
 showed courage in this darkest hour when the majority had lost
 heart. \\That he might take away\\ (\\hina ari\\). Final clause with
 \\hina\\ and the first aorist active subjunctive of \\air\\. Else the
 body of Jesus might have gone to the potter's field. Pilate
 gladly consented.

03720
 \\Nicodemus also\\ (\\kai Nikodmos\\). The Synoptics tell about Joseph
 of Arimathea, but only John adds the help that Nicodemus gave him
 in the burial of Jesus, these two timid disciples, Nicodemus now
 at last taking an open stand. \\At the first\\ (\\to prton\\). Adverbial
 accusative and reference to
 # 3:1
 \\Mixture\\ (\\migma\\). Late word from \\mignumi\\, to mix, only here in the
 N.T. Many old MSS. have here \\heligma\\ (roll), from \\heliss\\
 # Heb 1:12
 another late word here only in N.T. It was common to use
 sweet-smelling spices in the burial
 # 2Ch 16:14
 \\Pound\\ (\\litras\\). Late word for twelve ounces, in N.T. only here
 and
 # 12:3
 Nicodemus was a rich man and probably covered the entire body
 with the spices.

03721
 \\In linen cloths\\ (\\othoniois\\). Late diminutive for the old \\othon\\,
 used for ships' sails, in N.T. here and
 # Lu 24:12
 Case here either locative or instrumental. \\With the spices\\ (\\meta\\
 \\tn armatn\\). Late word \\arma\\ for spices, from fumes. \\To bury\\
 (\\entaphiazein\\). Late verb, from \\entaphia\\ (\\en, taphos\\) the
 burial preparations of all sorts (flowers, perfumes, etc.), in
 N.T. only here and
 # Mt 26:12

03722
 \\A garden\\ (\\kpos\\). See
 # 18:1,26
 \\New\\ (\\kainon\\). Fresh, unused. \\Was never yet laid\\ (\\oudep n\\
 \\tetheimenos\\). Periphrastic past perfect passive of \\tithmi\\. It
 was Joseph's mausoleum, a rock tomb hewn out of the mountain side
 # Mr 15:56; Mt 27:60; Lu 23:53
 a custom common with the rich then and now. For royal tombs in
 gardens see
 # 2Ki 21:18,26; Ne 3:16

03723
 \\Was nigh at hand\\ (\\eggus n\\). This tomb was outside of the city,
 near a road as the Cross was, and in a garden. The hill looked
 like a skull and was probably Gordon's Calvary seen from the
 Mount of Olives today.

03724
 \\Now on the first day of the week\\ (\\ti de mii tn sabbatn\\).
 Locative case of time when. Both Mark
 # Mr 16:2
 and Luke
 # Lu 24:1
 have this very idiom of the cardinal \\ti mii\\, instead of the
 usual ordinal \\ti prti\\ (first), an idiom common in the papyri
 and in the modern Greek (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 671). In all
 three instances also we have the genitive plural \\tn sabbatn\\ for
 "the week" as in
 # Ac 20:7
 The singular \\sabbaton\\ also occurs for "the week" as in
 # Lu 18:12; Mr 16:9
 \\Cometh Mary Magdalene\\ (\\Maria h Magdaln erchetai\\). Vivid
 historical present. Mary Magdalene is not to be confounded with
 Mary of Bethany. \\While it was yet dark\\ (\\skotias eti ouss\\).
 Genitive absolute. For \\skotia\\ see
 # Joh 6:17; Mt 10:27
 Mark
 # Mr 16:2
 says the sun was risen on their actual arrival. She started from
 the house while still dark. \\Taken away\\ (\\rmenon\\). Perfect passive
 participle of \\air\\, predicate accusative in apposition with \\ton\\
 \\lithon\\.

03725
 \\Runneth\\ (\\trechei\\). Vivid dramatic present indicative of \\trech\\.
 John deals only with Mary Magdalene. She left the tomb at once
 before the rest and without seeing the angels as told in the
 Synoptics
 # Mr 16:2-8; Mt 28:5-8; Lu 24:1-8
 Luke
 # Lu 24:9-12
 does not distinguish between the separate report of Mary
 Magdalene and that of the other women. \\To Simon Peter\\ (\\pros\\
 \\Simna Petron\\). Full name as usual in John and back with John and
 the other disciples. The association of Peter and the other
 disciple in
 # Joh 18-21
 is like that between Peter and John in
 # Ac 1-5
 \\Loved\\ (\\ephilei\\). Imperfect of \\phile\\ for which see
 # 5:20; 11:3
 and for distinction from \\agapa\\ see
 # 11:5; 13:23; 21:7,15,17
 \\They have taken away\\ (\\ran\\). First aorist active indicative of
 \\air\\, indefinite plural. \\We know not\\ (\\ouk oidamen\\). Mary
 associates the other women with her in her ignorance. For
 \\ethkan\\ (have laid) see
 # 19:42
 Mary fears a grave robbery. She has no idea of the resurrection
 of Jesus.

03726
 \\They went\\ (\\rchonto\\). Imperfect middle picturing the scene, "they
 were going." The two started instantly (\\exlthen\\, aorist active
 indicative).

03727
 \\They both\\ (\\hoi duo\\). "The two" (Peter and the other disciple whom
 Jesus loved). \\Ran together\\ (\\etrechon homou\\). Imperfect active of
 \\trech\\. It was a race in eagerness to reach the tomb of Jesus.
 \\Outran Peter\\ (\\proedramen tacheion tou Petrou\\). Second aorist
 active indicative of \\protrech\\, old verb, in N.T. only here and
 # Lu 19:4
 to run on before (ahead). "He ran ahead more swiftly (see
 # Joh 13:27
 than Peter" (ablative case after comparative adverb \\tacheion\\,
 _Koin_ for older \\thsson\\). \\First\\ (\\prtos\\). Predicative
 nominative (not adverb \\proton\\) and superlative used where only
 two involved. John won the race.

03728
 \\Stooping and looking in\\ (\\parakupsas\\). Originally to stoop and
 look, but in the LXX
 # Ge 26:8; Jud 5:28; 1Ki 6:4
 etc.) and the papyri rather just to peep in and so Field (_Ot.
 Norv_.) urges here. See also verse
 # 11; Lu 24:12
 (the verse bracketed by Westcott and Hort). For \\othonia\\ (linen
 cloth) see
 # Joh 19:40
 \\Lying\\ (\\keimena\\). Present middle participle of \\keimai\\, predicative
 accusative. John notices this fact at once. If the body had been
 removed, these clothes would have gone also. John's timid nature
 made him pause (yet, \\mentoi\\, however).

03729
 \\Entered and beholdeth\\ (\\eislthen kai therei\\). Aorist active and
 present active indicative. Peter impulsively went on in and
 beholds (\\therei\\, vivid term again, but of careful notice,
 \\there\\, not a mere glance \\blep\\ such as John gave in verse
 # 5

03730
 \\The napkin\\ (\\to soudarion\\). Already in
 # 11:44
 which see. This napkin for the head was in a separate place.
 \\Rolled up\\ (\\entetuligmenon\\). Perfect passive participle, predicate
 accusative like \\keimenon\\, from \\entuliss\\, late verb, to wrap in,
 to roll up, already in
 # Mt 27:59; Lu 23:53
 It was arranged in an orderly fashion. There was no haste. \\By\\
 \\itself\\ (\\chris\\). Old adverb, "apart," "separately."

03731
 \\Then therefore\\ (\\tote oun\\). After Peter in time and influenced by
 the boldness of Peter. \\And he saw and believed\\ (\\kai eiden kai\\
 \\episteusen\\). Both aorist active indicative (second and first).
 Peter saw more after he entered than John did in his first
 glance, but John saw into the meaning of it all better than
 Peter. Peter had more sight, John more insight. John was the
 first to believe that Jesus was risen from the tomb even before
 he saw him. According to
 # Lu 24:12
 Peter went away "wondering" still. The Sinaitic Syriac and 69 and
 124 wrongly read here "they believed." John was evidently proud
 to be able to record this great moment when he believed without
 seeing in contrast to Thomas
 # 20:29
 Peter and John did not see the angels.

03732
 \\For\\ (\\gar\\). Explanatory use of \\gar\\. \\The Scripture\\ (\\tn\\
 \\graphn\\). Probably
 # Ps 16:10
 Jesus had repeatedly foretold his resurrection, but that was all
 forgotten in the great sorrow on their hearts. Only the chief
 priests and Pharisees recalled the words of Jesus
 # Mt 27:62
 \\Must\\ (\\dei\\). For this use of \\dei\\ concerning Christ's death and
 resurrection see
 # Mr 8:31; Mt 26:54; Lu 9:22; 17:25; 22:37; 24:7,26,44
 # Joh 3:14; 12:34; Ac 1:16
 Jesus had put emphasis on both the fact and the necessity of his
 resurrection which the disciples slowly perceived.

03733
 \\Unto their own home\\ (\\pros hautous\\). "To themselves." Luke
 # Lu 24:12
 has \\pros hauton\\ about Peter ("to his home"). This use of the
 reflective pronoun for home (literally, "to themselves"), like
 the French _chez eux_, occurs in Josephus (_Ant_. VII. 4, 6).
 John had taken the mother of Jesus to his home
 # 19:27
 and so he now hurried home to tell her the glorious news as he
 believed.

03734
 \\Was standing\\ (\\histkei\\). Past perfect of \\histmi\\ as imperfect as
 in
 # 19:25
 \\At the tomb\\ (\\pros ti mnmeii\\). \\Pros\\ (in front of) with locative
 while \\para\\ (by the side of) with locative in
 # 19:25
 Pathetic and common picture of a woman weeping by the tomb. See
 # 11:31
 \\As she wept\\ (\\hs eklaien\\). Imperfect, "as she was weeping." \\She\\
 \\stooped and looked\\ (\\parekupsen\\). Aorist active indicative of
 \\parakupt\\ for which see verse
 # 5
 Mary "peeped into" the tomb, but did not enter.

03735
 \\Beholdeth\\ (\\therei\\). Vivid historical present again as in verses
 # 6,14
 Peter and John had not seen the two angels. Westcott suggests an
 "economy" in such manifestations as the explanations. Better our
 own ignorance as to the reason why only the women saw them.
 Angels were commonly believed to be clad in white. See
 # Mr 16:5
 (a young man in a white robe),
 # Mt 28:5
 (the angel),
 # Lu 24:4
 (two men in dazzling apparel). For other angels in John's Gospel
 see
 # 1:41; 12:29; 20:12
 \\Had lain\\ (\\ekeito\\). Imperfect in progressive sense, "had been
 lying," though not there now.

03736
 \\I do not know\\ (\\ouk oida\\). Singular here, not plural as in verse
 # 2
 because clearly Mary is alone here. But the problem is the same.
 She did not see Peter and John at the tomb.

03737
 \\She turned herself back\\ (\\estraph eis ta opis\\). Second aorist
 passive indicative of \\streph\\ in an intransitive and almost
 reflective sense. In the disappearance of the aorist middle
 before the aorist passive see Robertson, _Grammar_, p.817. See
 also \\strapheisa\\ (second aorist passive participle) in verse
 # 16
 On \\eis ta opis\\ see
 # 6:66; 18:6
 \\Standing\\ (\\hestta\\). Second perfect active (intransitive) of
 \\histmi\\. Instinctively Mary felt the presence of some one behind
 her. \\Was\\ (\\estin\\). Present active indicative retained in indirect
 discourse after \\idei\\ (knew).

03738
 \\Sir\\ (\\Kurie\\). Clearly not "Lord" here, for she thought him to be
 "the gardener" (\\ho kpouros\\), old word (\\kpos, ouros\\), keeper of
 the garden, only here in the N.T. \\If thou hast borne him hence\\
 (\\ei su ebastasos auton\\). Condition of the first class. Note
 emphasis on \\su\\ (thou). A new idea struck Mary as mistaken as the
 other one. Jesus had repeated the question of the angels, but she
 did not recognize him. \\And I\\ (\\kag\\). Emphasis and crasis.

03739
 \\Mary\\ (\\Mariam\\). Aramaic form in Aleph B W, though \\Maria\\ in
 # 19:25
 Clearly the old familiar tone of Jesus was in the pronunciation
 of her name. \\Rabboni\\ (\\Rabbounei\\). Aramaic again for \\Didaskale\\
 (Teacher), "my Teacher." In N.T. only here and
 # Mr 10:51
 though practically the same as \\Rabbi\\. See
 # 11:28
 for "the Teacher" (Rabbi). These two simple words tell the great
 fact that Christ is risen and Mary has seen him. One says little
 in really great moments.

03740
 \\Touch me not\\ (\\m mou haptou\\). Present middle imperative in
 prohibition with genitive case, meaning "cease clinging to me"
 rather than "Do not touch me." Jesus allowed the women to take
 hold of his feet (\\ekratsan\\) and worship (\\prosekunsan\\) as we
 read in
 # Mt 28:9
 The prohibition here reminds Mary that the previous personal
 fellowship by sight, sound, and touch no longer exists and that
 the final state of glory was not yet begun. Jesus checks Mary's
 impulsive eagerness. \\For I am not yet ascended\\ (\\oup gar\\
 \\anabebka\\). Perfect active indicative. Jesus is here at all only
 because he has not yet gone home. He had said
 # 16:7
 that it was good for them that he should go to the Father when
 the Holy Spirit will come through whom they will have fellowship
 with the Father and Christ. \\My God\\ (\\theou mou\\). Jesus had said
 "My God" on the Cross
 # Mr 15:34
 Note it also in
 # Re 3:2
 So Paul in
 # Ro 15:6
 etc., has "the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ."

03741
 \\And telleth\\ (\\aggellousa\\). Present active participle,
 "announcing." \\I have seen the Lord\\ (\\Heraka ton kurion\\). Perfect
 active indicative of \\hora\\. She will always carry in her heart
 that vision (picture) of the Risen Christ. She tells this fact
 before she delivers Christ's message to the brethren of Christ.
 \\How that\\. No word in the Greek, but a conjunction like \\hs\\ is
 implied. \\Hoti\\ here is recitative. The disciples (brethren) did
 not believe Mary's story nor that of the other women
 # Lu 24:11; Mr 16:11
 Paul does not mention the vision to Mary or the women in
 # 1Co 15:5-7
 But Mary Magdalene was the first one to see the Risen Lord.

03742
 \\When therefore it was evening on that day\\ (\\ouss oun opsias ti\\
 \\hmeri ekeinei\\). Genitive absolute with \\opsia\\ (\\opsios\\, late),
 old word with \\hra\\ (hour) understood and here for the time from
 six to nine
 # 6:16
 and the locative case of time with \\hmeri\\ (day). John often uses
 this note of time
 # 1:39; 5:9; 11:53; 14:20; 16:23,26
 The addition of \\ti mii sabbatn\\ (see
 # 20:1
 for this use of \\mii\\ like \\prti\\) proves that John is using Roman
 time, not Jewish, for here evening follows day instead of
 preceding it. \\When the doors were shut\\ (\\tn thurn kekleismenn\\).
 Genitive absolute again with perfect passive participle of \\klei\\,
 shut to keep the Jews out. News of the empty tomb had already
 spread
 # Mt 28:11
 See
 # Joh 7:13
 for the phrase "for fear of the Jews"; cf.
 # 12:42
 \\Stood in the midst\\ (\\est eis to meson\\). Second aorist
 (ingressive) active (intransitive) of \\histmi\\, "stepped into the
 midst." \\Peace be unto you\\ (\\Eirn humin\\). The usual oriental
 salutation as in verses
 # 21,26; Lu 24:36
 here with probable reference to
 # Joh 14:27
 (Christ's legacy of peace).

03743
 \\Showed\\ (\\edeixen\\). First aorist active indicative of \\deiknumi\\.
 This body, not yet glorified, retained the marks of the nails and
 of the soldier's spear, ample proof of the bodily resurrection
 against the modern view that only Christ's "spirit" arose and
 against the Docetic notion that Jesus had no actual human body.
 Luke
 # Lu 24:39
 adds feet to hands and side. \\Were glad\\ (\\echarsan\\). Second aorist
 passive indicative of \\chair\\. Jesus had said
 # 16:22
 that it would be so. Luke adds
 # Lu 24:41
 that they "disbelieved for joy." It was too good to be true,
 though terror had first seized them when Jesus appeared
 # Lu 24:37
 because of the suddenness of Christ's appearance and their highly
 wrought state.

03744
 \\Even so send I you\\ (\\kag pemp humas\\). Jesus has often spoken of
 the Father's sending him using both \\apostell\\ and \\pemp\\. Here he
 employs both words in practically the same sense. Jesus still
 bears the Commission of the Father (perfect active indicative).
 For this balanced contention (as ... so) see
 # 6:57; 10:15
 This is the first of the three commissions given by the Risen
 Christ (another on the mountain in Galilee
 # Mt 28:16-20; 1Co 15:6
 another on the Mount of Olives
 # Lu 24:44-51; Ac 1:3-11

03745
 \\He breathed on them\\ (\\enephussen\\). First aorist active indicative
 of \\emphusa\\, late verb, here only in N.T. though eleven times in
 the LXX and in the papyri. It was a symbolic art with the same
 word used in the LXX when God breathed the breath of life upon
 Adam
 # Ge 2:7
 It occurs also in
 # Eze 37:9
 See Christ's promise in
 # Joh 16:23
 Jesus gives the disciples a foretaste of the great pentecost.
 \\Receive ye the Holy Ghost\\ (\\labete pneuma hagion\\). Second aorist
 (ingressive) active imperative of \\lamban\\. Note absence of
 article here (\\pneuma hagion\\) though \\to pneuma to hagion\\ in
 # 14:26
 No real distinction is to be observed, for Holy Spirit is treated
 as a proper name with or without the article.

03746
 \\Whosesoever sins ye forgive\\ (\\an tinn aphte tas hamartias\\). "If
 the sins of any ye forgive" (\\aphte\\, second aorist active
 subjunctive with \\an\\ in the sense of \\ean\\), a condition of the
 third class. Precisely so with "retain" (\\kratte\\, present active
 subjunctive of \\krate\\). \\They are forgiven\\ (\\aphentai\\). Perfect
 passive indicative of \\aphimi\\, Doric perfect for \\apheintai\\. \\Are\\
 \\retained\\ (\\kekratntai\\). Perfect passive indicative of \\krate\\. The
 power to forgive sin belongs only to God, but Jesus claimed to
 have this power and right
 # Mr 2:5-7
 What he commits to the disciples and to us is the power and
 privilege of giving assurance of the forgiveness of sins by God
 by correctly announcing the terms of forgiveness. There is no
 proof that he actually transferred to the apostles or their
 successors the power in and of themselves to forgive sins. In
 # Mt 16:19; 18:18
 we have a similar use of the rabbinical metaphor of binding and
 loosing by proclaiming and teaching. Jesus put into the hands of
 Peter and of all believers the keys of the Kingdom which we
 should use to open the door for those who wish to enter. This
 glorious promise applies to all believers who will tell the story
 of Christ's love for men.

03747
 \\Didymus\\ (\\Didumos\\). The same expression applied to Thomas in
 # 11:16; 21:2
 but nowhere else in N.T. Old word for twin (double), "the
 pessimist of the apostolic band" (Bernard). The term twelve is
 still applied to the group, though Judas, the traitor, is dead.

03748
 \\We have seen the Lord\\ (\\herakamen ton kurion\\). The very language
 in the plural that Mary Magdalene had used
 # 20:18
 when no one believed her. \\Except I shall see\\ (\\ean m id\\).
 Negative condition of third class with \\ean\\ and second aorist
 active subjunctive and so as to \\bal\\ (from \\ball\\) "and put." \\The\\
 \\print\\ (\\ton tupon\\). The mark or stamp made by the nails, here the
 original idea. Various terms as in
 # Ac 7:44; 1Ti 4:12
 Finally our "type" as in
 # Ro 5:14
 Clearly the disciples had told Thomas that they had seen the
 \\tupon\\ of the nails in his hands and the spear in his side. \\I will\\
 \\not believe\\ (\\ou m pisteus\\). Strong refusal with \\ou m\\ (doubtful
 negative) and first aorist active subjunctive (or future
 indicative).

03749
 \\After eight days\\ (\\meth' hmeras okt\\). That is the next Sunday
 evening, on the eighth day in reality just like "after three
 days" and "on the third day." \\Within\\ (\\es\\). Apparently in the
 same room as before. \\Cometh\\ (\\erchetai\\). Vivid dramatic present.
 The other items precisely as in verse
 # 19
 save Thomas was with them.
