# Medicine (N-Z)

Narcotic
A narcotic is a sleep inducing and analgesic drug.

Nasal
Nasal is a classification of human skull shape found in primarily in Negroes.

Neck
The neck is the part of the body which connects the head with the shoulders.

Nerve
The nerves are a part of the body which generate and transmit electrical impulses.

Neuralgia
Neuralgia is a pain originating from the nerves.

Neurosis
Neurosis is a mild mental condition of emotional disorders.

Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery is surgery upon the brain or spinal cord.

Neutrophils
see "Leukocytes"

Nifedipine
Nifedipine is a calcium-channel blocker, anti-arrhythmic and anti-anginal drug used to prevent angina attacks, treat Reynaud's disease, treat high blood pressure and treat spasm of the oesophagus.

Nitrazepam
Nitrazepam is a hypnotic drug given by mouth to treat insomnia.

Nitrogen mustard
Nitrogen mustard, in its pure form, occurs as a dark liquid with a faint fishy odour. It is fairly volatile and decomposes slowly on standing, forming the polymeric quaternary ammonium salt. It is very slightly soluble in water. Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride, which is the form produced commercially for sale, is composed of large white, hygroscopic crystals that are soluble in water and methanol. When heated to decomposition, nitrogen mustard emits very toxic fumes of hydrochloric acid and other chlorinated compounds as well as nitrogen oxides (NOx). As formulated for injection, nitrogen mustard hydrochloride contains 100% +/- 10% active ingredient. Currently, the only known commercial use of nitrogen mustard is as a chemical intermediate in the production of its hydrochloride. Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride is used as an anti-neoplastic agent, either alone or in combination with other chemo-therapeutic agents, to treat neoplastic diseases, including Hodgkin's disease, leukaemia, generalised lymphosarcoma, mycosis fungoides, and bronchogenic carcinoma. Also, it is used to control pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial effusions caused by metastatic tumours. Clinical investigations have been performed in the past to evaluate its usefulness in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and a variety of other non-malignant diseases. Research has also been conducted to investigate its use as a chemosterilant and as a cross-linking agent for the manufacture of ion-exchange fibres. Formerly, the pure form of nitrogen mustard was produced for use as a vesicant in chemical warfare.

Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is an analgesic gas. It causes analgesia, delirium and loss of motor control (which makes its use in pregnancy labour rather questionable), elation and excitement.

Nocardiosis
Nocardiosis is a disease affecting the skin, lungs and brain resulting in abscesses.

Nose
The nose is an animal's organ of smell.

Novabritine
Novabritine is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Novamoxin
Novamoxin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Novenzymin
Novenzymin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Novocaine
Novocaine is a synthetic drug widely used as a local anaesthetic. It has replaced cocaine, being equally strong when injected-but only one-third as toxic and not habit-forming. It is, however, not nearly so effective when used as a surface anaesthetic. It is always used with adrenaline.

Novosalmol
Novosalmol is a brand name for albuterol.

Occipital bone
The occipital bone is the plate forming the back of the human skull.

Occipitofrontalis
The occipitofrontalis is the broad muscle of the human scalp.

Oesophageal
Oesophageal is a secretion from the membrane of the oesophagus. It is a mucus lubricant to assist peristalsis.

Oestrogen
Oestrogen is a hormone produced in the ovary of a vertebrate.

Olopatadine hydrochloride
Olopatadine hydrochloride is a drug used for the temporary prevention of itching of the eye due to allergic conjunctivitis.

Omentum
The omentum is a long fold of the peritoneum. It is loaded with fat and lies in front of the bowels in the abdominal cavity. It protects the bowels and keeps them warm.

Omeprazole
Omeprazole is a drug containing substituted benzimidazole, 5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3, 5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl) methyl] sulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole, a compound that inhibits gastric acid secretion. It is used to treat stomach ulcers.

Oncology
Oncology is the branch of medicine dealing with tumours and cancer including the origin, development, diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms.

Ophthalmia
Ophthalmia is an inflammation of the eye. Ophthalmia neonatorum is an acute inflammation of a baby's eyes at birth caused by gonorrhoea caught from the mother.

Ophthalmoscope
An ophthalmoscope is an instrument specially constructed to aid in minute examination of the eye, and in particular its interior.

Opium
Opium is a drug extracted from the seeds of the opium poppy.

Optium
Optium is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Orbicularis oculi
The orbicularis oculi is the broad, flat, elliptical muscle which occupies the human eyelids and spreads down towards the cheek.

Orbit
In human anatomy, the orbits are a pair of roomy cavities in the skull which contain the eyes.

Orbital
Orbital is a classification of human skull shape and refers to the skulls of Tasmanians.

Orbital opening
The orbital openings are the eye-sockets in the human skull.

Oroxine
Oroxine is a brand name for Levothyroxine sodium.

Os calcis
The Os calcis is the heel bone of the human foot.

Ospamox
Ospamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Ossein
Ossein is one of the albuminoids. It is the chief organic constituent of bone. Chemically it is similar to collagen.

Osseous tissue
see "bone"

Pagodone
Pagodone is a drug which mimics the action of GABA, a neurotransmitter, which reduces excessive neuronal activity thought to be responsible for the symptoms of anxiety and panic attacks.

Palatine bones
The palatine bones are part of the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the mouth in the human skull.

Pamocil
Pamocil is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Pamoxicillin
Pamoxicillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Pamoxin
Pamoxin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Pancreas
The pancreas is an elongated secreting gland which secretes pancreatic juice and insulin.

Parabolin
Parabolin is an anabolic steroid. It causes increased protein synthesis and amino acid consumption, androgensisis, catabolism, and gluticocototitosis. It is used for sports performance enhancement, relief and recovery from common injuries, rehabilitation, weight control, anti-insomnia, and regulation of sexuality, aggression, and cognition.

Paracetamol
Paracetamol is an analgesic. Over doses of Paracetamol can cause liver damage. Paracetamol was first used in medicine in 1893. However, it gained widespread use only after 1949, when scientists discovered that another popular drug, phenacetin, is converted to Paracetamol in the body. Paracetamol proved to be as effective as phenacetin but less toxic.

Parathyroid Glands
The parathyroid glands are two small glands in the neck concerned with the use of calcium in the body.

Parietal bone
The parietal bone is the plate on the top of the human skull, comprising most of the dome of the skull.

Parietal bones
The parietal bones form the sides and the roof of the human cranium.

Pasetocin
Pasetocin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Patella
The patella is the largest of the sesamoid bones. It is situated in front of the knee-joint. It is a flattened, triangular bone.

Pectineus
The Pectineus is a muscle in the human thigh.

Pelvis
The pelvis is a bony girdle in vertebrates that connects the body with the lower extremities.

Penamox
Penamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Penbiosyn
Penbiosyn is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Penmox
Penmox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Pensyn
Pensyn is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate is an anti-anginal drug used to reduce the frequency and severity of angina attacks.

Pericardium
The Pericardium is a conical, fibroserous sac containing the human heart and the roots of the major veins and arteries.

Phalange
The phalanges are the bones of the human digits (fingers).

Phenobarbital
Phenobarbital (Acro-lase, Barbidonna Elixir, Belladenal, Bellergal-S, Bronkotabs, Donnapine, Donnatal, Hyosophen, Kinesed, Levsin-PB, Lufyllin-EPG, Mudrane GG, Nembutal, Quadrinal, Rexatal, Solfoton Tedral) is an orally ingested or injected drug that depresses the sensory cortex, decreases motor activity, alters cerebellar function, and produces drowsiness, sedation and hypnosis. It is a respiratory depressant and ultimately, barbiturates interfere with the cortexs impulse transmission. It is used in medicine to reduce anxiety, nervous tension, and insomnia. Prevent seizures and convulsions. And as a pre-operative medication

Physotigmine
Physotigmine is an alkaloid derived from the Calabar Bean. It has little effect on the cerebrum, but acts strongly on the vital centres in the medulla, and on the spinal cord where it produces feebleness of muscular movement, and slightly affects sensation. It was used in medicine where it was given to relieve tetanus and to antagonise the action of atropine and to relieve ocular tension.

Piramox
Piramox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Piriformis
The Piriformis is a muscle in the human hip.

Pisiform bone
The pisiform bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is a gland within the brain concerned with regulating growth and regulating other ductless glands.

Placenta
The placenta connects a foetus to the uterine wall. It is the organ by means of which the nutritive, respiratory and excretory functions of the foetus are carried on.

Plantais
The Plantais is a muscle in the leg.

Plasma
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood.

Platysma
The platysma is a neck muscle in the human body.

Polydactylism
Polydactylism is the medical condition of a person having more than five fingers on each hand.

Polymox
Polymox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Posmox
Posmox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Pott's Disease
Pott's Disease is curvature of the spine, generally resulting from tuberculosis. It is named after the surgeon Percival Pott who first described the condition. The tuberculosis produces decay of the vertebrae, one or more of which softens and breaks up, so that the vertebrae sag forward producing a sharp angular deformity of the spine and causing the spinous processes of the vertebrae to stand out prominently behind.

Poultice
In medicine, a poultice is a soft moist application applied externally to some part of the body either hot or cold, but generally hot. The simple poultice is made with linseed meal and boiling water, spread out with a uniform thickness on a cloth or rag, and is used where it is desired to hasten the progress of inflammation. Its moisture causes relaxation of the skin, and thereby lessens the discomfort or pain. It also acts as a counter-irritant, producing a redness and congestion of the skin.

Prazosin Hydrochloride
Prazosin hydrochloride is a drug used to treat mild to moderate high blood pressure. It has the possible side effects of: dizziness, headache, drowsiness, weakness, depression, palpitations, blurred vision, dry mouth, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, constipation and nausea.

Primobolin
Primobolin is an anabolic steroid. It causes increased protein synthesis and amino acid consumption, androgensisis, catabolism, and gluticocototitosis. It is used for sports performance enhancement, relief and recovery from common injuries, rehabilitation, weight control, anti-insomnia, and regulation of sexuality, aggression, and cognition.

Procerus
The procerus is a muscle in the human nose.

Progesterone
Progesterone is a hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle in vertebrates.

Prophase
Prophase is the 1st stage in mitosis cell reproduction. The nucleolus disappears and a number of chromosomes become apparent.

Propranolol
Propranolol is a beta-adrenergic blocker drug used for many purposes including: reducing angina attacks, stabilising irregular heartbeat, lowering blood pressure and reducing the frequency of migraine headaches.

Protexillin
Protexillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Prothrombin
Prothrombin is a substance in the plasma from which thrombin is derived during blood clotting.

Prozac
Prozac (fluxetine hydrochloride) is an anti-depression drug which causes central nervous system stimulation by the inhibition of seritonin uptake.

Pulmonary Artery
The pulmonary artery opens out of the right ventricle in the human heart and conveys venous blood to the lungs for collecting oxygen.

Quadrate Bone
The Quadrate Bone is a bone developed in reptiles and birds by means of which the lower jaw is articulated to the skull.

Quinine
Quinine is an anti-malaria drug derived from the bark of the cinchona tree (Jesuit's Bark). It was first discovered in 1820 by Pelletier and Caventou and the first artificial quinine was prepared in 1865 by Scott. Contrary to popular opinion, the use of quinine has not entirely superseded the use of quinine containing barks in medicine, bark is still used in the Caribbean and South America for the treatment of fever and other ills.

Quinolone
Quinolone is an anabolic steroid. It causes increased protein synthesis and amino acid consumption, androgensisis, catabolism, and gluticocototitosis. It is used for sports performance enhancement, relief and recovery from common injuries, rehabilitation, weight control, anti-insomnia, and regulation of sexuality, aggression, and cognition.

Radiology
Radiology is the branch of medical science covering the examination of the body by X-rays, the interpretation of X-ray photographs and the treatment of disease with X-rays.

Radius
The radius is one of the two long bones which form the human lower arm.

Rancil
Rancil is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Ranitidine Hydrochloride
Ranitidine HCl is a drug that inhibits both daytime and nocturnal basal gastric acid secretions as well as gastric acid secretion stimulated by food, betazole, and pentagastrin. It is the active ingredient in many drugs including Zantac. Patients taking the drug should be aware that Ranitidine HCl is secreted in mother's milk, and as it is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys could damage a young baby's kidneys.

Ranmoxy
Ranmoxy is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Ranoxyl
Ranoxyl is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Rectum
The rectum is the lowest portion of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

Red Blood Cells
see "Erythrocytes"

Reloxyl
Reloxyl is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Respimox
Respimox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Rhamoxilina
Rhamoxilina is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Rib
In anatomy, the ribs are elastic arches of bone which are connected behind with the vertebral column and form a large part of the skeleton of the thorax.

Rickets
Rickets is a defective growth of bone disease caused by a lack of vitamin D.

Rinderpest
Rinderpest (also called cattle plague) is an infectious disease affecting cattle, sheep, goats, camels, deer and similar animals. It was endemic in central and south Asia during the 1920s and occurred in Western Europe only rarely through the importation of infected cattle, a notable instance occurring in 1872 as a result of the importation of infected cattle from Germany.

Ringworm
Ringworm is a fungus infection of the skin, usually affecting the scalp and characterised by the development of a bald spot which is scaly and has broken hairs on it.

Ringworm Powder
see "Goa Powder"

Robamox
Robamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Rocillin
Rocillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Sacrum
In human anatomy, the sacrum is the large triangular bone inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. It is formed by the fusion of the five sacral vertebrae.

Sagittal suture
The sagittal suture is the fissure running along the length of the top of the human skull dividing the parietal bone into two hemispheres.

Salbutamol
see "Albuterol"

Salbutan
Salbutan is a brand name for albuterol.

Salbutol
Salbutol is a brand name for albuterol.

Salbuven
Salbuven is a brand name for albuterol.

Salbuvent
Salbuvent is a brand name for albuterol.

Saliva
Saliva is a secretion from the salivary glands in the oral cavity. It contains mucus to lubricate food and enzymes.

Salmaplon
Salmaplon is a brand name for albuterol.

Salol
Salol (phenyl salicylate) is a colourless crystalline substance obtained by the action of phenol on salicylic acid and employed in medicine externally as an antiseptic and internally as a mouth wash and as an intestinal and urinary disinfectant.

Salomol
Salomol is a brand name for albuterol.

Saltermox
Saltermox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Samosillin
Samosillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Samthongcillin
Samthongcillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Sarsaparilla
Sarsaparilla is a drug prepared from the dried roots of several plants of the genus Smilax, which grows in Mexico, Central and South America. Today the term is also a slang expression for Jamaican Cannabis.

Sawacillin
Sawacillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Sawamezin
Sawamezin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Scabies
Scabies is a skin disease due to an animal parasite, the Sarcoptes scabei, which burrows beneath the skin, most commonly at the clefts of the fingers.

Scaphoid bone
The scaphoid bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Sciatic
The sciatic is a nerve in the leg.

Sclerous tissue
Sclerous tissue provides the stiffening which is essential for the formation of the general framework of the body. There are two varieties of sclerous tissue: cartilage and bone.

Scotophobia
Scotophobia is the fear of the dark, it is also called nyctophobia.

Scotophobin
Scotophobin is a substance alleged to be the biochemical basis of scotophobia.

Scrofula
Scrofula was a former term for tuberculosis, especially of the lymphatic glands and bones.

Scurvy
Scurvy (scorbutus) is a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. It is characterised by anaemia, great weakness, spongy and swollen gums, and haemorrhages. In recent times scurvy was thought to be caused by a lack of fresh animal and vegetable food.

Sebaceous glands
The sebaceous glands are ducts in the skin which secrete oil to lubricate the skin and hair.

Seborrhoea
Seborrhoea is a condition of the skin in which there is excessive secretion by the sebaceous glands, forming crusts with scales from the skin and dirt.

Secobarbital
Secobarbital is a drug very similar to phenobarbital used to relieve anxiety, insomnia and as a pre-anaesthetic agent.

Seconal
Seconal is a tradename for secobarbital.

Secretin
Secretin is a hormone produced by the small intestine in vertebrates that stimulates the production of digestive secretions.

Semitendinosus
The Semitendinosus is a muscle in the human thigh.

Senox
Senox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Sepsis
Sepsis is blood or tissue poisoning caused by bacteria.

Septic
Septic is a term describing tissue in a state of sepsis. Usually the term is applied to cuts and wounds in an animal which have become infected.

Septicaemia
Septicaemia is a pathological term describing blood poisoning by bacteria.

Septum
A septum is a muscular partition separating the two sides of the human heart.

Serotonin
Serotonin is a compound widely distributed in human tissue, particularly in the blood, wall of the intestine and the central nervous system. It acts as a neurotransmitter concerned especially with the process of sleep.

Sertaline
Sertraline is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor drug. It is used to treat depression.

Servamox
Servamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Short bone
In human anatomy, short bones occur where the skeleton is intended for strength. Short bones consist of a spongy substance surrounded by a thin crust of compact bone.

Short bones
In human anatomy, short bones are part of the skeleton designed for strength and compactness. They are comprised of a spongy substance surrounded by a thin crust of compact bone.

Sia-mox
Sia-mox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Siamese Twins
Siamese Twins are human twins born attached together. The attachment may be anything from a finger to a single body with two heads.

Sigmopen
Sigmopen is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Sil-A-mox
Sil-A-mox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Simoxil
Simoxil is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Simplamox
Simplamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Sinus
A sinus is an air-filled space in the diploe of a skull bone.

Sixth Cranial Nerve
see "Abducens"

Skeleton
The skeleton is the hard internal or external framework of bones, cartilage or shell which provides protection for an animals organs, provides fixing points for the muscles and a general frame for the body.

Skin
In the human body, skin, or Dermoid Tissue, is composed of two layers, the cuticle, epidermis or epithelium and the corium or dermis.

Smallpox
Smallpox (Variola) is an acute contagious disease characterised by fever and the appearance on the body of an eruption, which passes through the stages of papule, vesicle, pustule and scab.

Sodium proponate
Sodium propionate is a transparent crystalline soluble substance used as a medical fungicide and to prevent the growth of moulds, especially to retard spoilage in packaged foods.

Somnambulism
Somnambulism is walking while asleep. The habit is most common amongst children.

Specillin
Specillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Sphenoid bone
The sphenoid bone is situated at the base of the human skull, in front of the temporal bones and the basilar part of the occipital bone.

Sphygmograph
A sphygmograph or pulsometer was an old medical instrument for recording the movements of the arterial wall during and between the pulse beats. One of the earliest forms was invented by Marey, and consists of a lever with an elastic spring. One end of the spring is placed on the radial artery, and has above it a rack and pinion attached to a lever. The other end of the lever carries a style, which records on a moving smoked plate the movements of the vessel wall. The smoked plate is moved at a known rate by clockwork, and the pressure of the spring upon the artery can be regulated by a screw.

Spinales
The spinales are human muscles which extend the vertebral column.

Spine
Spine is a popular term for the vertebral column (spinal column).

Spleen
The spleen is an organ of vertebrates that regulates the number of red blood cells.

Splenii
The splenii are two muscles in the human body, the splenius capitis and the spelnius cervicis. They are used to move the head backwards, to one side and to rotate it.

Splenius capitis
see "Splenii"

Splenius cervicis
see "Splenii"

Stenson's Duct
Stenson's duct is the duct leading from the parotid gland to the inside of the cheek, where it discharges saliva.

Sternocostalis
The sternocostalis is a muscle in the human body.

Sternohyoid
The sternohyoid is a muscle in the human body which depresses the hyoid bone.

Sternomastoid
The sternomastoid is a muscle in the human neck.

Sternum
In anatomy, the sternum is a long flat bone which forms the median portion of the anterior wall of the thorax. The top of the sternum supports the clavicles.

Stethoscope
A stethoscope is an instrument employed in medicine (and safe cracking) for the purpose of listening to the sounds produced in the body. Stethoscopes are generally two rubber tubes forming a Y arrangement. One tube goes in each ear and at the end of the single leg is a cup or microphone which is placed against the patient's body.

Stimulant
A stimulant is a drug that acts upon the brain to increase alertness.

Storax
Storax is a balsam obtained by boiling the inner bark of the tree Liquidambar orientalis. It forms a brownish-yellow syrup with an aromatic taste and smell. It was used in medicine for destroying parasites and internally as an expectorant and mucous disinfectant.

Stramonium
Stramonium is a drug obtained from the seeds and leaves of the thorn-apple. The chief constituent is an alkaline daturine. Stramonium was once used at treat bronchial spasms in asthma.

Streptomycin
Streptomycin is an antibiotic.

Subclavius
The Subclavius is a muscle in the human body between the clavicle and the first rib. It steadies the clavicle during movements of the shoulder.

Sublingual Glands
The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the floor of the mouth, close under the mucous membrane, one on either side of the fraenum of the tongue. they secret saliva through numerous ducts of Rivini, some of which unite to form the duct of Bartolin.

Sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine is a sulfonamide drug used to treat ulceration and bleeding during the active phase of ulcerative colitis. Its anti-inflammatory action reduces tissue destruction in the colon.

Supercillin
Supercillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Superpeni
Superpeni is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Supinator
The Supinator is a muscle surrounding the upper one-third of the radius in the human arm. It is used to rotate the radius, thereby turning the palm of the hand forwards.

Supramox
Supramox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Suprapen
Suprapen is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Suprasma
Suprasma is a brand name for albuterol.

Suture
A suture is an anatomical term for an articulation found only in the skull, where the margins of the bones articulate with one another, but are separated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue (sutural ligament) and is continuous externally with the periosteum on the outside of the skull and internally with the fibrous layer of the dura mater.

Sweating Sickness
Sweating sickness (Miliary fever) is a disease characterised by pyrexia, profuse sweats and an eruption of miliary vesicles or sudamina. At one time it was epidemic over a large part of Europe, and was often fatal in Britain in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Swine Fever
Swine fever is an infectious viral disease of pigs, characterised by fever, refusal to eat, weight loss, and diarrhoea. In the USA it is called hog cholera.

Swinepox
swinepox (variola porcina) is an acute infectious viral disease of pigs characterised by skin eruptions.

Synovial joint
In anatomy, a synovial joint is one where the bones are covered with articular cartilage but are not attached to each other. These joints allow extensive movement.

Synovial Membrane
In anatomy, a synovial membrane is a thin, delicate membrane, secreting a thick viscid and glairy fluid like egg-white. Synovial membranes are arranged in the form of short, wide tubes around joints as the lining of synovial bursae, and as sheaths for tendons.

Synthroid
Synthroid is a brand name for Levothyroxine sodium.

Synthrox
Synthrox is a brand name for Levothyroxine sodium.

Syntonin
Syntonin or acid albumin is an intermediate product of the gastric digestion of albuminates, or proteids, which are eventually transformed into peptones. Syntonin may be produced outside the body by the prolonged action of dilute hydrochloric acid upon minced muscle. It is precipitated by sodium chloride and many other salts, as well as by neutralisation with alkalis, but not by heat.

Syphilis
Syphilis is a venereal disease (VD, STD) due to the micro-organism Treponema Pallidum. It is usually transmitted by sexual contact with an infected person.

Tabashir
Tabashir is a white, siliceous secretion found in the joints of certain bamboos and grasses. It is a herbal medicine used as a tonic and astringent. It can be fused into a transparent glass.

Talus
In human anatomy, the talus is the principle connecting link between the foot and the bones of the leg and has an important part in the formation of the ankle.

Tapetum
The tapetum is the irregular sector in certain animal's eyes which shines owing to an absence of black pigment. Tapetum is found in the eyes of cats.

Tarantism
Tarantism was an obscure illness which was epidemic in southern Italy between the 15th and 17th centuries. It manifested itself in melancholy and an overwhelming desire to dance. It was popularly believed to be caused by the bite of the tarantula.

Taraxacin
Taraxacin is a bitter substance found in the milky juice of the dandelion. It was formerly used as a tonic and diuretic.

Tarsal
see "tarsus"

Tarsus
In human anatomy, the tarsus comprises 7 short bones which make up the skeleton of the posterior half of the foot.

Teat
The teat is the small protuberance at the tip of the breast of female mammals upon which the ducts of the mammary gland open to supply milk to the suckling young.

Telophase
Telophase is the 4th stage of mitosis cell reproduction. The nuclear membrane and the nucleolus reappear and the cytoplasm undergoes constriction around the equator of the achromatic spindle. The constriction deepens and the original cell is gradually divided.

Temple
In anatomy, the temple is the flat part either side of the head between the forehead and the ear.

Temporal bones
The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the human skull. They assist in the protection of the cerebrum and the transmission of sound waves to the ear.

Temporalis
The temporalis is the human facial muscle which raises the mandible, closing the mouth.

Tendon
A tendon is a connective tissue that joins muscles to bone in vertebrates.

Tensor
A tensor is a type of muscle which tightens or stretches a part of the body.

Teramoxyl
Teramoxyl is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Testes
Testes is the plural of testis.

Testicle
Testicle is another name for testis.

Testis
The testis is the male organ in which sperm are produced. Most mammals have two testis enclosed in the scrotum.

Testosterone
Testosterone is the male sex hormone secreted by the testes.

Tetanus
Tetanus (lockjaw) is a disease affecting the nervous system caused by a bacteria found mainly in soil.

Thalamus
The thalamus is the interior region of the brain where certain important sensory nerves, especially the optic nerve, originate.

Thalidomide
Thalidomide was a sedative drug prescribed to pregnant women during the 1960s. It caused deformity of the foetus resulting in children born with severely stunted or non-existent limbs.

Theca
In anatomy, a theca is a case or sheath which encloses some organ or part.

Thenar
The thenar is the ball of muscle at the base of the thumb.

Therabolin
Therabolin is an anabolic steroid. It causes increased protein synthesis and amino acid consumption, androgensisis, catabolism, and gluticocototitosis. It is used for sports performance enhancement, relief and recovery from common injuries, rehabilitation, weight control, anti-insomnia, and regulation of sexuality, aggression, and cognition.

Theriaca
Theriaca are medicinal preparations of drugs, whose taste is masked by mixing with treacle or theriacum.

Thevier
Thevier is a brand name for Levothyroxine sodium.

Thigh
The thigh is the upper part of the human leg between the knee and the hip.

Thigh bone
Thigh bone is a popular name for the femur.

Thoracic Duct
The thoracic duct begins in the abdomen, close in front of the spinal column at the level of the second lumbar vertebra, as the receptaculum chyli, and running upwards to the root of the neck curves a little to the left, and arches over to empty itself into the venous blood-stream at the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins.

Thoracic vertebrae
In anatomy, the thoracic vertebrae are the twelve vertebrae following from the cervical vertebrae. They provide articulation for the ribs.

Thorax
The thorax in vertebrates is the part of the body containing the heart and lungs and protected by the rib cage.

Throxinique
Throxinique is a brand name for Levothyroxine sodium.

Thrush
Thrush is a mouth and vaginal ulcer caused by the parasitic fungus Oidium albicans. It is characterised by numerous white flakes of exudation from points of acutely inflamed mucous membrane below. It has long been associated with wasting diseases, and is common among people with immune deficiency.

Thymus
The thymus is a ductless glandular body situated near the base of the neck in vertebrates. Its function is uncertain, and in man it disappears or diminishes soon after childhood.

Thyradin
Thyradin is a brand name for Levothyroxine sodium.

Thyrax
Thyrax is a brand name for Levothyroxine sodium.

Thyroid
The thyroid is an endocrine gland near the larynx in vertebrates. It influences growth and development.

Thyroid gland
see "Thyroid"

Tibia
The tibia is the medial and stronger of the two bones of the leg. It is prismoid in form, and possesses a shaft and two ends. Its purpose is to support the weight of the body.

Tibiotarsus
In birds, the tibiotarsus is the equivalent of the tibia, but it is fused at the lower end with some of the bones of the tarsus.

Tic
A tic is an habitual, local spasmodic contraction of muscles or twitch, often in the face.

Tincture
In chemistry, a tincture is a solution of a medicinal substance in alcohol.

Tinnitus
Tinnitus is the medical condition of noises in the ear which are not due to external sounds. It is a condition common amongst the deaf and hard of hearing.

Tolodina
Tolodina is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Tomography
Tomography is the technique of using X-rays or ultrasound waves to procure images of structures deep within the human body for diagnostic purposes. In modern medical imaging there are several techniques, such as the CAT scan (computerized axial tomography).

Tongue
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a tetrapod.

Tonsillitis
Tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils.

Tonsils
The tonsils are a pair of small organs on either side of the root of the tongue composed of lymphatic tissue and instrumental in protecting the throat from infection.

Tooth
A tooth is a hard structure in the mouth of vertebrates.

Torticollis
Torticollis is a rheumatic or other affection of the muscles causing twisting and stiffness of the neck.

Tourniquet
A tourniquet is a bandage for stopping the flow of blood through an artery.

Toxaemia
Toxaemia is blood poisoning.

Toxic
Something is said to be toxic (poisonous) if when introduced into a living organism it destroys it or damages its health.

Toxicology
Toxicology is the study of nature and effects of poisons and their detection and treatment.

Toxin
Toxin refers to a toxic substance of animal or vegetable origin.

Trachea
The trachea (windpipe) is a nearly cylindrical tube, composed of cartilagious and membraneous tissues, and extending downwards from the lower part of the larynx to the level of the third dorsal vertebra, where it bifurcates into the two bronchi. It lies upon the oesophagus posteriorly, and is in relation with the cartoid arteries, the thyroid gland and its vessels, and the recurrent laryngeal and pneumogastric nerves. It carries air from the larynx to the bronchi.

Tracheotomy
Tracheotomy is the cutting and insertion of a pipe into the trachea. It is used in such cases as the trachea is blocked so that the patient may breath.

Trachoma
Trachoma is a contagious form of conjunctivitis with inflammation of the inner surface of the eyelids. It frequently leads to blindness.

Trapezium
The trapezium is a small bone in the human hand below the little finger.

Trapezium bone
The trapezium bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Trapezius
The trapezius is a human muscle. It is a flat, triangular muscle, covering the back of the neck and shoulder.

Trapezoid bone
The trapezoid bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Traumatic gangrene
see "Gangrene"

Trepan
A trepan was a surgeon's cylindrical saw.

Trephine
A trephine is a surgeon's cylindrical saw with a guiding centre pin used for removing part of the bone of the skull. The trephine has taken over from the trepan.

Trephining
Trephining is the surgical operation of cutting out a small, circular piece of the skull with a trephine. Trephining is used in the treatment of certain head injuries. It relieves pressure on the brain caused by bleeding between the skull and the brain. Trephining is also used to remove blood clots and to gain entry to the brain for certain surgical procedures. Trephining is the earliest-known surgical treatment. Evidence of trephining has been found in human skulls that date from prehistoric times. Anthropologists have found trephined skulls throughout much of the world.

Triafamox
Triafamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Triamoxil
Triamoxil is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Triamterene
Triamterene is an antihypertensive and diuretic drug used to reduce fluid retention (edema) and reduce potassium loss. It works by increasing urine production to eliminate sodium and water from the body while conserving potassium.

Triceps
The Triceps are muscles situated on the back of the upper arms in the human body.

Trichiniasis
Trichiniasis is a fatal disease caught from eating under cooked pork containing a minute worm named Trichina spiralis. The worms were discovered by Professor Owen in cysts in human muscle in 1832.

Trichinosis
see "Trichiniasis"

Trichology
Trichology is the study of the structure, functions and diseases of hair.

Trifluoperazine hydrochloride
Trifluoperazine hydrochloride (Stelazine) is a drug used to treat manifestations of psychotic disorders and for the short-term treatment of non-psychotic anxiety.

Triglyceride
Triglyceride is one of the major fatty substances in the blood. Each triglyceride molecule consists of one molecule of glycerol combined with three molecules of fatty acids. Triglycerides are consumed in food.and during digestion break down into separate molecules of fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules may be used by cells for energy, or they may be recombined into triglycerides and stored as fat for later use.

Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (Artane) is a parasympathetic nervous system inhibitor. It is used as an anti-Parkinsonian drug. It also controls drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders.

Trilaxin
Trilaxin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Trimox
Trimox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Triquetral bone
The triquetral bone is one of the bones in the human wrist.

Trochanter
The trochanter is a protuberance in the upper part of the femur to which the muscles attach.

Trochoides
In anatomy, a trochoides is a pivot joint.

Tropacocaine
Tropacocaine is a local anaesthetic obtained from coca leaves grown in Java.

Trophobolene
Trophobolene is an anabolic steroid. It causes increased protein synthesis and amino acid consumption, androgensisis, catabolism, and gluticocototitosis. It is used for sports performance enhancement, relief and recovery from common injuries, rehabilitation, weight control, anti-insomnia, and regulation of sexuality, aggression, and cognition.

Tropism
Tropism is a biological term for the behaviour of animals and plants with respect to light or other stimuli.

Trypsin
Trypsin is an enzyme present in pancreatic juice. It converts proteins into peptones.

Trypsin
Trypsin is a pancreatic secretion which transforms albuminates into true peptones (tryptones).

Tryptophan
Tryptophan is a crystalline amino-acid formed in triptych digestion. Its presence in food is essential for an animal's proper growth.

Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease in humans and animals caused by the bacteria tubercule bacillus and characterised by the formation of tubercles in bodily tissues, especially the lungs.

Twicyl
Twicyl is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Tympanum
The tympanum (middle ear) is a cavity in the temporal bone filled with air, closed externally by the tympanic membrane and containing a chain of small bones which convey sound vibrations to the inner ear.

Ulna
The ulnar is one of the two long bones which form the human lower arm. It connects with the humerus at the elbow.

Unciform
The unciform is a small bone in the human hand below the first finger.

Undulant Fever
Undulant fever is an infectious disease due to the bacterium Brucella abortus. It is contracted either from handling infected cattle or from milk. It is rarely caught from pasteurized milk though.

Unicillin
Unicillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Uraemia
Uraemia is a condition of blood poisoning which occurs when the kidneys fail to function properly, as in Bright's disease and fail to excrete urea which is retained in the blood and upsets the nervous system, causing drowsiness, headaches, giddiness and in extreme cases coma.

Ureter
The Ureters are two membranous tubes which carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder in vertebrates.

Urethra
The urethra is a membranous canal which leads from the bladder to the outside world. It channels urine from the bladder out of the body.

Urine
Urine is a fluid produced by the kidneys.

Urotropine
Urotropine is a colourless, granular, crystalline substance prepared by the combination of ammonia with formaldehyde, and used medicinally as a urinary antiseptic.

Uterus
The uterus (womb) is the organ in which young are conceived, develop and are protected until birth.

Uvula
The uvula is a small conical prlongation from the middle of the soft palate.

Valeric acid
Valeric acid is a member of the series of fatty acids. It occurs in four isomeric varieties, two of which occur in plants such as valerian. It is an oily liquid with an odour like that of decayed cheese. Amyl and ethyl valerates are of importance in the preparation of fruit essences.

Valium
Valium is a highly addictive depressant drug used to treat nervous disorders, and convulsive disorders. It is also widely used as a tranquiliser to sedate mentally ill patients and the elderly in homes. Valium works by blocking the conciousness, thereby rendering the patient unable to think clearly. Unfortunately this does mean that patients forget to open doors, duck under obstructions etc. and risk injuring themselves. It is not a curative, but a highly convenient way of blocking symptoms.

Varicocele
see "Varicose Veins"

Varicose Veins
Varicose Veins is a condition of permanently dilated veins. It occurs mainly in the lower limbs, the lowest part of the bowel (piles or haemorrhoids) or the spermatic cord (varicocele). The condition is caused by a hindrance of the flow of blood from the lower parts of the body to the heart.

Variola
see "Smallpox"

Vein
A vein carries venous blood from the body to the heart.

Velamox
Velamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Ventricle
The ventricles are chambers within the heart which force blood along the arteries.

Veratrine
Veratrine is an alkoloid obtained from sabadilla seeds. It forms colourless crystals, that have a bitter taste and excite sneezing. It was formerly used in medicine as an external application to produce local anaesthesia, but is an active poison if taken internally.

Veronal
Veronal (diethyl-barbituric acid or barbitone) is a white crystalline powder formerly used medicinally as a hypnotic to induce sleep.

Vertebra
The vertebrae are the bones of the vertebral column. Vertebrae are irregular bones comprised of two distinct parts, an anterior termed the body, and a posterior part termed the vertebral arch.

Vertebral column
The vertebral column (spinal column, spine) is the central axis of all vertebrate animals. It is comprised of a number of independent irregular bones (vertebrae), which are firmly connected to one another, but are capable of a limited amount of independent movement.

Viagra
Viagra is the tradename of sildenafil citrate, sold as an anti-impotency drug. It was invented in 1998 by Peter Dunn and Albert Wood, working at the Pfizer company in Sandwich, Kent. They built upon work done in 1991 by other scientists as Pfizer who found that compounds of the pyrazolopyrimidinone class could be used for treating heart complaints.

Virgoxillin
Virgoxillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Vivisection
Vivisection is the dissection of living subjects. It was first practised on human subjects in 300 BC by Herophilus, and until 1570 criminals were vivisected at Pisa. The practise is still carried out on animals, and there is much controversy over its moral and scientific value in areas of research such as testing drugs, surgical practises and testing cosmetic products. The enforced chain smoking by Beagle dogs led to the belief of smoking causing cancer in humans.

VK B-Cillin K
VK B-cillin K is a drug used to treat mild to moderate systemic infections. It has the possible side effects of: stomach distress, vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea and hypersensitivity (rash, itching, chills, fever, swelling)

Vomer
The vomer is a thin flat bone which forms the hinder and lower part of the septum of the human nose.

Waist
The waist is the part of the body between the ribs and the hips.

Wharton's Duct
Wharton's duct is the duct leading from the submaxillary gland into the mouth, and opening under the tongue through a papilla at the side of the fold of membrane that joins the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

Widecillin
Widecillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Winmox
Winmox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Winstrol
Winstrol is an anabolic steroid. It causes increased protein synthesis and amino acid consumption, androgensisis, catabolism, and gluticocototitosis. It is used for sports performance enhancement, relief and recovery from common injuries, rehabilitation, weight control, anti-insomnia, and regulation of sexuality, aggression, and cognition.

Womb
see "Uterus"

Wymox
Wymox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Xanthoma
Xanthoma is a skin disease characterised by irregular yellowish patches on the eyelids and neck.

Yisulon
Yisulon is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Yolk
The yolk is part of an embryo which serves as nutrition for the rest of the embryo.

Zamocillin
Zamocillin is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Zamox
Zamox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Zamoxil
Zamoxil is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Zantac
Zantac is a tradename for Ranitidine HCl.

Zerrsox
Zerrsox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Zimox
Zimox is a brand name for Amoxicillin.

Zoloft
Zoloft (sertaline hydrochloride) is an anti-depression drug which causes central nervous system stimulation by the inhibition of seritonin uptake.

Zygomatic bone
In a human, the zygomatic bone is the bone in the skull responsible for the prominence of the upper and anterior part of the cheek. It forms the lateral part of the lower margin of the orbital opening.

Copyright 1997,1998 Servile Software Enquiries to Matthew Probert

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