# General Information (E)

E Layer
The E Layer (Kennelly-Heaviside Layer) is a region of ionised gas in the ionos here, which reflects practically all incident medium frequency radiation, absorbing very little.

Earnest
An earnest is a small sum of money or token given to bind a bargain between two parties.

Earth
The earth is the third planet from the sun.

Earth Metal
The Earth Metals are the metals which in combination with oxygen form alkaline earths. They are calcium, strontium and barium and are never found in an uncombined condition, but oxidise rapidly into lime, strontia and baryta, the alkaline earths.

Easel
An easel is a stand or support for an artist's canvas.

Easement
Easement is a privilege without profit, i.e. a right attached to one piece of land which allows the owner of the land to use the land of another in a particular manner.

East India Company
The East India Company was an incorporated company trading with India and the East Indies. East India Companies were founded in the 17th and 18th centuries by many European countries, the most important being the English East India Company with a close rival in the Dutch East India Company. The English company obtained from Queen Elizabeth I a charter in 1600 conferring the monopoly of trade with the East Indies.

Eastenders
Eastenders is a successful BBC soap-opera about the everday lives of a community in the East End of London in the 1980s and 1990s.

Easy hire
see "Tally System"

Eaves
Eaves are the edges of a roof projecting beyond the walls.

Ebonite
Ebonite is a hard product obtained by fully vulcanising rubber with more than 20 percent of its weight of sulphur. Ebonite is very resistant to corrosion and as an excellent insulator was employed in the electrical industry.

Ebony
Ebony is the heart-wood of various species of Diospyros, trees of the order Ebenacea. It is a heavy, deep black wood used in piano keys and inlaying.

Ecarte
Ecarte is a card game for two players, first played in Paris in the 19th century. A deck of 32 cards is used, all the cards below 7 being removed. The ace ranks between the 10 and the jack. Spectators are allowed to bet on the game.

Echinus
An echinus is the rounded moulding in the capital of a Doric column.

Echo Sounding
Echo Sounding is measurement of the depth of the ocean by directing a sonic or ultrasonic pressure wave vertically downward and determining the time taken before the echo is received.

Eclipse
An eclipse is the passage of a celestial body through the shadow of another.

Ecology
Ecology is the study of the relationship between plants and the places in which they grow. The term is becoming used to describe the opposition to man-made pollution and destruction of nature, hence an ecologist today is thought of more as an environmental campaigner than a botanist.

Ectoderm
see "Germ layer"

EDAAS
EDAAS is an expert system that uses its knowledge of both the Toxic Substances Control Act (USA) and criteria for classifying information as confidential to help information specialists decide which information about the manufacturing and distribution of toxic chemicals must be released to the public and which information may be withheld for proprietary purposes. EDAAS was developed for the Environmental Protection Agency in the USA using FORTRAN.

Eddy Current
Eddy currents (Foucault currents) are electric currents induced in a conductor by a varying magnetic field, for instance, in the core of an inductor or transformer.

Effervescence
Effervescence is the rapid escape of gas from a liquid, usually due to chemical action.

Efflorescence
In chemistry, efflorescence is the spontaneous loss of water by a substance when exposed to air.

Effort
Effort is strenuous exertion.

Egg
An egg is a body specially developed in the females of animals which when impregnated by a male sperm develops into the young of the animal.

Egyptian Ratscrew
Egyptian Ratscrew is a card game, also known as Egyptian War, or Bloodystump is currently popular in the USA. It is related to the English children's game known as "Beggar My Neighbour" or "Beat Your Neighbour Out Of Doors".

Eisteddfod
Eisteddfod is a Bardic Congress held periodically in Wales for the encouragement and development of Welsh music and literature. Its origins date back to pre-Christian times, though the first recorded Eisteddfod was held in the 6th century.

Ejectment
Ejectment was a common law action, abolished in 1852, to recover possession of land and damages for the wrongful withholding of it.

Electric current
Electric current is the movement of electric charge. In a conductor the current consists of a drift of electrons towards the positive pole of the applied electric field. In an electrolyte or in a gas it consists of the migration of positive ions towards the negative electrode and of negative ions and/or electrons towards the positive electrode.

Electrode
An electrode is a conductor by which an electric current enters or leaves an electrolyte or an electron tube. The positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode is called the cathode.

Electrolysis
In chemistry, electrolysis is the decomposition of a chemical compound by an electrical current.

Electrolyte
In chemistry, electrolyte is a substance which will conduct an electrical current when in solution or melted

Electron
In chemistry, an electron is an atomic particle carrying a unit charge of negative electricity, having a mass of 1/1837 of that of a proton.

Electrophoresis
In chemistry, electrophoresis is the migration of colloidal particles dispersed in a fluid, under the influence of an electric field.

Electrostatic
Electrostatic refers to the phenomena produced solely by electric charges or fields, and not combined with magnetic effects.

Electrostriction
Electrostriction is small changes in the dimensions of a dielectric when placed in an electric field.

Electrovalence
In chemistry, electrovalence is the valence as determined by the electrons lost or gained by the elements reacting to form a compound.

Electrum
Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver. The gold content varies but is usually around 65 - 80 percent. Other metals, such as copper, bismuth or palladium are also sometimes present. In Ancient Greece the term electrum was given to an alloy of gold and silver containing 80 percent gold.

Elegit
Elegit is a legal writ ordering the seizure of a debtor's land in order to satisfy a judgment debt.

Elegy
Elegy is a form of poetry of a mournful and reflective character, particularly a mourning song for a departed friend.

Element
An element is a substance that cannot be split chemically into simpler substances.

Elements
see "element"

Eleusinian Mysteries
The Eleusinian Mysteries were Greek initiation ceremonies connected with the worship of Demeter, believed to have been first performed at Eleusis.

Eleusis
Eleusis technically belongs to the eights group, in that players try to get rid of their cards by playing them to a discard pile. However, the unique feature of this game is that the rule governing which cards can legally be played is initially unknown to the players. The dealer (sometimes known as God) secretly invents and writes down the rule governing play. The other players try to guess the rule by observing which plays are legal. The original version of Eleusis was invented by Robert Abbott in 1956, and was published in Martin Gardner's column in the Scientific American in June 1959. It subsequently appeared in Gardner's 2nd Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions and in Robert Abbott's book Abbott's New Card Games (Stein & Day 1963). In the 1970's Robbert Abbott made some major improvements to Eleusis, including the option for a player to become a prophet and try to predict whether each play would be called legal or illegal. This current version The New Eleusis was published in the Scientific American in October 1977.

Elgin marbles
The Elgin marbles are a collection of ancient Greek sculptures assembled by the 7th earl of Elgin and brought to England in 1812

Ell
The ell was an English unit of measurement for cloth fixed at 45 inches by Henry I in 1101. The French ell (or aune) was 46.79 inches in length. The Swiss aune is 47.25 inches.

EMACS
EMACS is a programmable computer text editor with an entire LISP system inside it. It was originally written by Richard Stallman in TECO under ITS at the MIT AI lab; AI Memo 554 described it as "an advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor". It has since been reimplemented any number of times, by various hackers, and versions exist which run under most major operating systems. Perhaps the most widely used version, also written by Stallman and now called "GNU EMACS" or GNUMACS, runs principally under UNIX. It includes facilities to run compilation subprocesses and send and receive mail. Other variants include GOSMACS, CCA EMACS, UniPress EMACS, Montgomery EMACS, jove, epsilon, and MicroEMACS.

Emanation
Emanation is a theological doctrine which regards individuals as outpourings of the divine essence. It denies the personality of both God and man.

Emancipation Act
The Emancipation Act abolished slavery throughout the British colonies on August 28th 1833. 20 million pounds was paid as compensation to slave-owners.

Embalming
Embalming is the preparation of dead bodies so that they will not decay. The ancient Egyptians were especially expert and manny mummies are still preserved.

Embassy
An embassy is an ambassador's residence.

Ember Days
Ember Days are the Wednsday, Friday and Saturday following September 14th, December 13th, the first Sunday of Lent and Whitsunday, set apart in the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England for prayer, especially for those about to be ordained.

Embezzlement
In law, embezzlement is the theft by a clerk or servant of money or goods received by him on behalf of his employer. It differs from larceny in that the original receiving of the property was lawful.

Emblements
Emblements is the right of an agricultural tenant, whose lease lapses before harvest, to enter the land and gather crops.

Embolic gangrene
see "Gangrene"

Embossing
Embossing is the art of producing a design on paper, cardboard, metal, leather &c., by forcing or stamping out appropriate portions of the under-side to give a raised effect.

Embracery
In law, embracery is the misdemeanour of attempting to influence a juryman to favour one side< otherwise than by evidence and argument given in open court. A juryman allowing himself to be corrupted is equally guilty of embracery.

Embrasure
Embrasures are the spaces or openings between two merlons (solid portions) of a battlement.

Embroidery
Embroidery is the art of ornamenting woven fabric into designs in needle-work. Embroidery differs from tapestry in that the design is stitched on the top of a woven material, whereas in tapestry the design is woven into it.

Emigration
Emigration is the departure from one's native country in order to take up permanent residence in another.

Eminent Domain
Eminent Domain is the right of the State to use private property for public purposes, particularly in war-time.

Empire
An Empire is a large state or federation of states extending over a wide geographical area, and usually developed by the absorption of other peoples and countries. Empires are nearly always built up by the virile conquering and colonising expansion of a single State, but subsequently the individual provinces gradually attain independence.

Empire Day
Empire Day (originally Victoria Day) was an annual festival inaugurated in 1902 to celebrate on May 24th the achievement of the British Empire and Queen Victoria's Birthday.

Empire Pool
The Empire Pool at Wembley, London, was opened in 1934 for the Empire Games swimming and diving events. The pool was closed after the 1948 Olympic Games and converted into a sports arena for various events including ice pantomimes.

Empiricism
Empiricism is the theory that personal experience is the source of all knowledge and that the mind was originally an absolute blank. The theory originated with Heraclitus and was characteristic of Greek speculative thought.

Employment Exchange
The British government established an office called the Employment Exchange in 1909 for the purpose of introducing unemployed men to vacancies notified by employers. In 1912 the office took on the additional role of administering unemployment insurance. Today, the office is known as the Department of Employment and the Employment Exchanges are called Job Centres.

Empyema
Empyema is a pathological term describing a collection of pus in a cavity, especially applied to pus in the pleural cavity of the lung.

Emulsion
An emulsion is an extremely fine dispersion of a liquid throughout another liquid with which it is immiscible. Industrial emulsions include margarine, and paint. Within the natural world, the most common emulsion is blood.

Encaje
Encaje, also known as Mus Francus (French Mus), is a version of the Basque game Mus suitable for 3 or 5 players.

Encyclical
An encyclical is a circular letter on ecclesiastic affairs written in Latin and addressed by the Pope to all the clergy and faithful of the Roman Catholic Church. The first was issued by Benedict XIV in 1740, but encyclicals only became common in the 19th century.

Encyclopaedia
The word Encyclopaedia (Encyclopedia) was first defined in Sir Thomas Elyot's Latin Dictionary (1538) as "that lernynge whiche comprehendeth all lyberall science and studies." It was first used as the title of a book by Johann Heinrich Alsted in 1608, by which time it had acquired its modern meaning of a book covering every branch of human knowledge. The term is also, however, applied to a work confined to some particular branch of knowledge. The distinction between an encyclopaedia and a dictionary is that the former explains subjects and the latter explains words.

Encyclopaedia Britannica
The Encyclopaedia Britannica was first published as three volumes in 1771, and the second enlarged edition was published in 1778 and has been republished ever since to become one of the most famous encyclopaedias of all time.

Endoderm
see "Germ layer"

Endosperm
Endosperm is the nutritive tissue in plant seeds which feeds the growing embryo.

Endothermic reaction
In chemistry, an endothermic reaction is a chemical change in which heat is absorbed.

Endowment Insurance
Endowment Insurance is a form of insurance whereby, in return for regular contributions, a fixed sum is payable at death or at a certain age when the insured person ceases to pay premiums.

Energy
In physics, the term energy refers to an object's capacity to do work. This capacity is related to the strength of the flow of electrons in the object, or, in the case of potential energy, the amount of energy stored in the object. Thus, a powerful object such as the sun expels an enormous flow of electrons as solar energy, and a single atom of hydrogen contains the pathetic energy of a single electron orbiting its nucleus.

English
English is a term used to denote someone or something from England.

Engraving
Engraving is the art of cutting a design on a hard substance, such as wood or metal.

Enigmarelle
Enigmarelle was the first robot. It was an automaton constructed of 365 different parts, and actuated by electricity. The figure rode a bicycle, wrote its name on a blackboard and performed other tasks similar to a human being. Enigmarelle was exhibited at the London Hippodrome in June 1905.

Enjambement
Enjambement is the arranging of sentences and clauses in verse so that their ends do not coincide with the ends of the lines. It was introduced in order to give fluency and ease to verses.

Enneastyle
An Enneastyle is a Greek temple or other building having nine columns at the front.

Ensign
An ensign is a flag or banner used in the Army and Navy. The British naval ensign is red, white or blue, with a small Union Jack in the upper corner. The red ensign is flown by the Merchant fleet, the blue by the Royal Navy Reserve and the white, which includes a red St George's cross by the Royal Navy.

Entail
Entail is a system of land tenure which was introduced by the statute De Donis in 1285, and by which the holder has only a life interest in the land, which passes on his death to his heirs.

Entente Cordiale
The Entente Cordiale was the semi-formal alliance between England and France before the Great War. The alliance was first sought by France in 1903 seeking that in the event of a conflict with Germany, England would be at least neutral. In 1904 an agreement was signed whereby France had a free hand in Morocco and England a free hand in Egypt.

Entomology
Entomology is the branch of zoology dealing with insects. It was started as a science in 1705 by the publication of Ray's ''Methodus Insectorum''.

Entrepot Trade
Entrepot Trade is the trade in one centre in the goods of other countries.

Envelope
Envelopes for letters were first mentioned by Jonathan Swift in 1726, and came into general use with the introduction of the penny post in 1840.

Enzyme
An enzyme is a biological catalyst that is not itself destroyed in the conversion process. Enzymes convert organic compounds into simpler substances and are formed by micro-organisms and cells.

Eocene
The Eocene was the fourteenth geological period, 50,000,000 years ago.

Eocene System
The Eocene System is the oldest of the four geological systems into which the Tertiary era is divided.

Eosin
Eosin is the potassium or sodium salt of tetrabromo-flourescein. It is a red substance which possesses brilliant flourescence in alkaline solution. It is used in acid solution as a red dye for wool and silk and is also used in red ink.

Epaulette
An epaulette is an ornamental fringed tab or badge worn on the shoulder as a distinguishing mark of rank. A gold epaulette was worn by British Naval officers in 1759 following the French adoption in 1759. Epaulettes were used on both army and navy uniforms during the 19th century, but were abandoned by the British Army in 1855.

Ephedrine
Ephedrine is a central nervous system stimulant used as a bronchodilator for individuals who have been diagnosed with mild asthma.

Ephod
Ephod was a term applied to some part of the dress of Jewish high-priests, and used in the Old Testament where it appears to have several meanings.

Epic
An epic is a poetical narrative of heroic achievements. It is largely dramatic in character, but embraces a greater area and admits many incidents, each of which might serve as a dramatic plot. In an epic the personality of the narrator is made much more obvious than is that of the author of a drama.

Epigram
An epigram is a short witty or poignant poem used as an inscription on a tomb, monument or altar.

Epigraph
An epigraph is an inscription carved on a stone, statue or coin.

Epigraphy
Epigraphy is the study of ancient inscriptions incised on some hard material, such as wood, stone or metal, as distinct from palaeography which is the study of ancient manuscripts written on papyrus, parchment or a similar material.

Epilogue
Epilogue is a term usually applied in English literature to a speech or short poem addressed to the spectators by one of the actors at the close of a play. It may also be the additional chapter of a book, after the tale proper has finished.

Episcopacy
Episcopacy is a form of Church government whereby churches are grouped together in dioceses under the authority of a bishop.

Epistaxis
Epistaxis is a technical term for bleeding from the nose.

Epitaph
An epitaph is a short composition in verse or prose, nominally for the tomb of a deceased person and generally setting forth his or her virtues and the survivors' regrets.

Epithalamium
An epithalamium is a nuptual song at marriages.

Epithany
Epithany is a church festival held on January 6th. It was originally held to commemorate the baptism of Jesus, but now some churches celebrate it as the visit of the three wise men to Jesus.

Epsom Salts
Epsom Salts is the popular name for hydrated magnesium sulphate, MgSO4.7H2O. It is used medicinally as a cathartic, and is also used for weighting textiles.

Equilibrium
In chemistry, equilibrium is a state existing in a reversible reaction when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the concentrations of the reactants and products are equal.

Erbium
Erbium is a metal element with the symbol Er.

Erg
Erg is the c.g.s. unit of work or energy, equal to the work done when a force of one dyne acts through a distance of one centimetre.

Ergonomics
Ergonomics is a discipline treating the consideration of human factors in design of the working environment and its components; intended to promote productivity and safety in the tools people work with.

Ergosterol
Ergosterol is a naturally occurring higher alcohol which upon irradiation with ultra-violet light changes into Vitamin D.

Erinoid
see "Galalith"

Erratics
Erratics are rocks transported by the action of ice during the Quaternary Glacial Period, often for considerable distances. They help in determining the extent of the ice-sheets and the direction of their movement.

Erse
Erse is a variant of the word Irish and is a designation given to the ancient Celtic languages of the Scottish Highlands and Ireland, but more usually confined to that of Ireland.

Escalator
An escalator is a moving stairway used to transport passengers between two different levels, such as floors of a building or the street and the platforms of an underground station. The first escalator was designed and patented by Seeburger and subsequently developed by the Otis Elevator Company in the USA and by Waygood-Otis Ltd in Britain. The escalator was first demonstrated to the public at the Paris Exhibition in 1900.

Eschatology
Eschatology is the study of the doctrines of the life hereafter and of the expected second coming of Jesus.

Escheat
In feudal tenure, escheat is a reversion of land to the lord, for want of a tenant qualified to perform the services.

Espalier
An espalier is a wooden framework on which fruit-trees or creepers are trained.

Esperanto
Esperanto is an artificial key-language designed as a means of international communication. It was invented by Dr Zamenhof, who first produced his system in 1887 by publication of ''An International Language, by Dr. Esperanto''. The leading characteristics of Esperanto are its simplicity of construction, the facility by which it may be acquired, and the practical ease and euphony of its pronunciation. The alphabet is composed of 28 letters each having an invariable sound. The vocabulary consists of about 900 roots selected from the most familiar languages.

Essay
Essay is a literary term which was originally applied to a draft or rough copy, and hence, by the modesty of the author, to an unpretentious but complete composition. It is now used to mean a prose composition of moderate length, limited to a single subject.

Essential Oil
The essential oils (ethereal oils, volatile oils) are a group of naturally occurring pleasant-smelling liquids of vegetable origin.

Estate
An estate is a portion of land in the possession of a single person or corporation.

Ester
Ester is an organic compound formed by the reaction between alcohol and acid with the elimination of water.

Estuary
In geography, an estuary is the broad mouth of a river which is affected by the tides, or more strictly, the region where sea and fresh water meet.

Etch
see "Etching"

Etching
Etching is a process of putting a drawing or design onto a surface, usually metal, by corroding or scratching away the top surface so as to form the lines of the design.

Ethanal
see "Acetaldehyde"

Ethane
Ethane is a paraffin hydrocarbon. It is a colourless, odourless gas used as a fuel in the form of natural gas.

Ethanoic acid
Ethanoic acid is an organic fatty acid.

Ethanol
Ethanol is the chemical name for alcohol.

Ethene
Ethene is an alkene hydrocarbon gas.

Ether
Ether is an anaesthetic. It has the formulae (c2h5)2o.

Ether
see "Ethyl ether"

Ethereal oil
see "Essential Oil"

Ethernet
Ethernet was originally the trade name for a LAN developed by Xerox Corporation and later supported by Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel Corporation and Hewlett-Packard. It is now standardised as IEEE specification 802.3 .

Ethnology
Ethnology is the science dealing with the inter-relatedness of the human family in terms of the physical appearance, customs, culture, art, economics etc.

Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Acetate (acetic ether) is a colourless liquid with a characteristic fruity odour prepared by the esterification of ethyl alcohol with acetic acid. It is used as a solvent and as a flavouring agent.

Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl acrylate is a colourless, flammable liquid with a penetrating acrid odour. It is used primarily as an intermediate in the production of emulsion-based polymers, including those used in textile treatment, surface coatings, paper treatment, polishes, adhesives, leather treatment, and other emulsion-based polymers. Ethyl acrylate is also used in the production of other polymers, including solvent-based surface coatings. Ethyl acrylate is soluble in ethanol, ether, and chloroform and is slightly soluble in water. It is incompatible or reactive with oxidizers, peroxides, polymerizers, strong alkalis, moisture, and chlorosulfonic acid. It polymerizes readily unless an inhibitor such as hydroquinone is added. When heated to decomposition, ethyl acrylate emits smoke and acrid fumes. Ethyl acrylate is also known as acrylic acid ethyl ester, ethyl propenoate, ethoxycarbonylethylene, ethyl-2-propenoate, and NCI-C50384.

Ethyl ether
Ethyl ether (ether) is a solvent used as a general anesthetic (where it is known as gas) It is a central nervous system depressant and induces general anesthesia (analgesia, amnesia, loss of consciousness, inhibition of sensory and automatic reflexes, and skeletal muscle relaxation).

Ethyl fluid
Ethyl fluid is a mixture consisting principally of tetra-ethyl lead which was formerly added to petrol as an anti-knocking agent.

Ethyleen dichloride
see "Dichloroethane"

Ethylene
Ethylene is a gaseous hydrocarbon with the formulae C2H4. It contains one double bond and is the simplest example of an unsaturated compound.

Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Glycol is a sweet syrupy liquid miscible with water and employed as an anti-freeze mixture in motor-car radiators and also as a solvent.

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether is a glycol ether used in hydraulic fluids, as a coupling agent for water-based coatings, in vinyl and acrylic paints and varnishes, and as a solvent for varnishes, enamels, spray lacquers, dry cleaning compounds, textiles, and cosmetics. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether is a colourless liquid with a mild, rancid, ether-like odour. It is soluble in most organic solvents and mineral oil. It mixes with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, n-heptane and water; it is miscible with many ketones, ethers, alcohols, aromatic paraffin, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether is also known as ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether.

Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a glycol ether used in varnish removers, lacquers, and as a solvent for printing inks, duplicating fluids, and epoxy. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether is a colourless liquid with a sweet, mild odour and slightly bitter taste. It is miscible in all proportions of acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, methanol, and water. It dissolves many oils, resins, and waxes.

ethyl aldehyde
see "Acetaldehyde"

Etruscan Language
The Etruscan language was spoken by the people of ancient Eturia which corresponds to the modern Tuscany.

Etymology
Etymology is the science of the origin and relationship of words.

Eucaine
Eucaine is a synthetic local anaesthetic with a chemical structure similar to that of cocaine.

Euchre
Euchre is a card game popular across a wide area of Canada, from Nova Scotia to the Midwest) and in the USA (especially in the North-East and Midwest), and also in the United States Navy.

Euchre
Euchre is a card game usually for 2, 3 or 4 players played with a piquest pack of 32 cards, omitting all below 7, and with an extra card or joker used which ranks as the highest trump.

Eudiometer
An eudiometer is a chemical apparatus introduced by Priestley consisting of a raduated glass tube with one end closed. By submerging the open end of the tube under water and introducing a known volume of gas, the change in volume that occurs in the reaction between the two gases can be measured. The eudiometer was first used in the estimation of the amount of oxygen in the air.

Eugenics
Eugenics is the science of selective breeding to control physical and mental characteristics.

Euphonium
The euphonium is a musical instrument of the saxhorn family. The bass saxhorn in B flat used in brass and military bands.

Euphuism
Euphuism is an affected style of language which was prevalent during the time of Elizabeth I and arose from ''Euphues; the Anatomy of Wit'' by John Lyly published in 1581.

Eureka
Eureka from Borland International is a computer program that can solve any linear or nonlinear equation and is designed for the person who frequently works with variables and unknowns in the business and scientific world. Eureka's structured environment is perfect for the professional or technical person who may not have a broad understanding of numerical analysis techniques. After you enter an equation using Eureka's text editor, select the Solve command and Eureka will determine the values of the variables in equations. Eureka solves the problem, graphs the solution, and creates a report including assumptions, graphs, and solutions. Eureka solves inequalities and performs automatic conversions for units of measure. The product includes built-in trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, statistical, and financial functions. Eureka contains a powerful on-screen calculator that performs all one-variable arithmetic functions quickly and simply as if you were working with a scientific hand-held calculator. Eureka's separate windows are dedicated to certain commands, making it easy to write, edit, and solve equations interactively. The full-screen editor, which is identical to those in SideKick and Turbo Pascal, uses standard ASCII syntax and editing commands. You can import equation files from other ASCII editors. Eureka is well equipped to handle optimisation or linear programming problems. You can solve a system of equations based on certain constraints, such as maximising profits, creating the optimal product mix or creating the most efficient work schedule. Eureka includes a number of sample problems that range from determining probabilities in a card game to calculating payments on a car loan. There are specialised accounting functions that financial analysts will find useful for money-management.

Eurhythmics
Eurhythmics is a system of mental and physical culture invented by Jacques Dalcroze, based on the interpretation of music by means of rhythmical movements of the body and limbs. A carefully graded series of exercises aims at producing an intellectual appreciation of rhythm, combined with perfect physical control, enabling the head and limbs to be moved independently of one another, and so to express several separate rhythms simultaneously.

European
see "Europe"

Europium
Europium is a rare metal element with the symbol Eu.

Euskara
see "Basque"

Evil May Day
Evil May Day was the 1st of May, 1517 when apprentices rioted in London, directing their aggression against foreigners, particularly the French. The rioters were headed by Lincoln, who, with fifteen others was hanged. 400 more rioters were bound with ropes and halters around their necks and carried to Westminster, where they cried ''mercy mercy'' and were all pardoned by the king, Henry VIII.

Evipan
Evipan is an anaesthetic which was discovered in the 1930s. It is the sodium salt of N-methyl-cyclo-hexenyl-methyl-barbituric acid and was administered by intravenous injection providing surgical anaesthesia for around 20 minutes.

Examine
Examine by Aquila Software is a fast and versatile text search utility that can search both text and binary files using either ordinary words or GREP-like regular expressions, the UNIX searching utility, for more sophisticated searches. Searches can be across multiple drives over networks or can be restricted to a single directory with the option of searching subdirectories if so desired. Files can be viewed either with their associated application or with the program's own fully configurable internal viewer.

ExamineZip
ExamineZip by Aquila Software is a PC utility that searches for files and text within files stored in ZIP archives created with PKZIP. File searches can use DOS wild-cards while text searches can use either ordinary words or GREP-like regular expressions. Each search can be across multiple drives over networks or can be restricted to a single directory. The program can also be used as a fully functional UNZIP utility where the contents of an archive can be listed, viewed, tested or extracted to disk. Pkunzip is not required.

Excellency
Excellency is a title of honour. It was first assumed by Charlemagne in the 9th century. Today it is applied to all ambassadors.

Exchequer
The exchequer (or Treasury) is a government department dealing with State finance. It was introduced by the Normans.

Exchequer Court
The Exchequer Court was established during the reign of Henry I to deal with questions of finance. It later took upon itself judicial business. The equity business of the Exchequer was transferred to the Court of Chancery in 1842, and in 1873 became the Exchequer division of the High Court of Justice.

Excise
Excise is a tax on the production of goods. It was first levied in Britain in 1643 on wines, beers, tobacco etc. to raise funds to support the army against Charles I.

Exequatur
An exequatur is a document issued by the Head of a State, granting recognition to a foreign consul appointed thereto.

Exothermic reaction
In chemistry, exothermic reaction is a chemical change in which heat is liberated.

Extensometer
An extensometer is an apparatus employed for measuring the strain produced in material when stressed.

Extradition
Extradition is the delivery of a person accused or convicted of a crime to the State on whose territory the crime was committed, by the State on whose territory the criminal happens to be.

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