


          D2D(1)               Essential DOS Utilities               D2D(1)


          NAME
                 d2d - disc-to-disc copy program

          SYNOPSIS
                 d2d from to [/number] [/a] [/bstring] [/c[@]string] [/D]
                 [/enumber] [/i] [/n] [/o] [/q] [/r] [/tdrive:[directory]]
                 [/u] [/v[s]] [/w] [/xnumber] [/?]

          DESCRIPTION
                 D2D  is  a program to copy discs efficiently. Discs can be
                 usual floppy discs or virtual discs.   Virtual  discs  are
                 images  of  previously  read floppy discs that reside on a
                 fixed disc.

                 Images can be copied back to discs again, just like  copy-
                 ing  a usual disc.  Therefore discs and images can be used
                 for source and destination of the copy process.  D2D  uses
                 an  image if the necessary drive letter with colon is fol-
                 lowed by any character; otherwise it uses discs. The first
                 specified  disc  or  image  denotes the source whereas the
                 second disc or image denotes the destination of  the  copy
                 operation.

                 Images  can  be viewed as temporary discs that can contain
                 any disc format. Such an image can only be written back to
                 a disc that is compatible to the disc from which the image
                 was originally made. It is not possible  to  override  the
                 BPB of the image.

                 Source and destination may be identical.  D2D reads in the
                 source and writes the contents of it to  the  destination.
                 Both,  the  source  and  destination  disc's drive must be
                 physically compatible as D2D  only  can  produce  physical
                 copies (as opposed to file-by-file copies) of a disc.

                 Verify  and multiple copies are not possible if the desti-
                 nation is an image. Read  recovery  also  won't  work  for
                 images.

                 When  reading  in  the source disc (or image), D2D can use
                 several kinds of memory to store data. First it uses  con-
                 ventional  RAM  (real-mode  RAM).  If there is no more RAM
                 available, D2D can use Extended  Memory  via  XMS  2.0  or
                 Expanded  Memory  via EMS 4.0.  If the program still needs
                 more memory, it can store information on a fixed disc or a
                 RAM-disc.  It  is  necessary to specify at least the drive
                 letter of such a disc.

                 A special algorithm enables D2D to copy only the  actually
                 needed  tracks on MS-DOS discs. This speeds up both, read-
                 ing and writing. Formatting is not affected, as D2D always
                 formats  the  entire  disc  (if  formatting is required at
                 all).




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                 D2D can create multiple copies of a single disc, with only
                 reading  the  source disc once. This greatly increases the
                 speed of the copy process.

                 The destination disc will be  formatted  automatically  if
                 necessary.  In  case  that one of the destination discs is
                 defective, D2D will try the  process  again  with  another
                 disc.

          OPTIONS
                 /number
                        The process of writing the destination disc will be
                        repeated number times. Only successful  copies  are
                        counted.

                 /a     Copy  all  tracks  on  the  disc and do not use the
                        optimizing algorithm.

                 /bstring
                        String specifies the  physical  format  (BPB,  BIOS
                        Parameter  Block)  of the source disc, and disabled
                        optimizing. This option is required if the disc  to
                        be  copied  is  not a MS-DOS disc. The disc formats
                        are encoded as follows (exact spelling required):

                        160k   160kB (40 cylinders, 8  sectors,  one  side,
                               MFM)

                        180k   180kB  (40  cylinders,  9 sectors, one side,
                               MFM)

                        320k   320kB (40 cylinders, 8 sectors,  two  sides,
                               MFM)

                        320S   320kB  (80  cylinders,  8 sectors, one side,
                               MFM)

                        360k   360kB (40 cylinders, 9 sectors,  two  sides,
                               MFM)

                        360S   360kB  (80  cylinders,  9 sectors, one side,
                               MFM)

                        720k   720kB (80 cylinders, 9 sectors,  two  sides,
                               MFM)

                        1.2M   1.2MB  (80 cylinders, 15 sectors, two sides,
                               MFM)

                        1.4M   1.44MB (80 cylinders, 18 sectors, two sides,
                               MFM)

                        2.8M   2.88MB (80 cylinders, 36 sectors, two sides,
                               MFM)



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                 /c[@]string
                        String specifies the comment that will be added  if
                        destination  is  an  image.  In all other cases the
                        comment is silently ignored. If the first character
                        of  string  is '@', the rest is treated as the name
                        of the file which contains the comment.   The  file
                        name  should  always  begin with a drive specifica-
                        tion. Quoting is necessary if blanks are present in
                        the comment.  Nothing may follow the comment within
                        the same argument.

                 /D     This switch enables deactivation of the  boot  code
                        on  each  destination  disc.  Just a simple measure
                        against boot virusses!

                 /enumber
                        Number specifies the amount of expanded memory  (in
                        kB)  that  may  be  used to store the source disc's
                        data. If number is equal to zero, no  EMS  will  be
                        used.  The  amount of memory can only be decreased,
                        but never increased. If there is less memory avail-
                        able than specified, only the available memory will
                        be used. Usually not needed.

                 /i     This switch makes D2D ignore  any  checksum  errors
                        found  in  images. Generally it is not advisable to
                        use this switch.

                 /n     Tells D2D that the machine is not 100% IBM compati-
                        ble. Sometimes this option can help if problems are
                        encountered. This option is obsolete.

                 /o     Inhibits creating a new volume  serial  number  for
                        each  destination disc.  This is normally done when
                        the source disc has a serial number.

                 /q     Normally a bell is heard whenever the program tries
                        to  attract the users's attention. This option dis-
                        ables the bell (except for fatal errors).

                 /r     This flag  enables  the  read  recovery  processing
                        option of D2D.  Normally the program aborts reading
                        the source disc on the first read error. In  recov-
                        ery  mode  D2D  gives each sector on a bad track an
                        extra try. Whether the try was successful  or  not,
                        the  program always continues reading. Discs copied
                        that way should be used with great care!

                 /tdrive:[directory]
                        When there is not enough memory addressable by  the
                        CPU,  D2D will create a file in the specified fixed
                        drive's directory to store data in it.   Needed  if
                        there's not enough available memory.




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                 /u     Normally  D2D  decides whether the destination disc
                        is suitable formatted; in that case the destination
                        disc  is  not  formatted again.  This option forces
                        the program to format the destination  disc.   This
                        option cannot be used if the destination disc is an
                        image.

                 /v[s]  Instructs D2D to verify  each  track  after  having
                        written  it. If smart verify (/vs) is selected, the
                        tracks are only verified if they are not formatted.
                        This option does not affect the automatic verifica-
                        tion that follows formatting.

                 /w     The program asks for confirmation to overwrite data
                        if  a  destination  disc  was formatted for MS-DOS.
                        With this option the arising question is  automati-
                        cally confirmed.

                 /xnumber
                        Number  specifies the amount of extended memory (in
                        kB) that may be used to  store  the  source  disc's
                        data.  If  number  is equal to zero, no XMS will be
                        used. The amount of memory can only  be  decreased,
                        but never increased. If there is less memory avail-
                        able than specified, only the available memory will
                        be used. Usually not needed.

                 /?     makes  D2D  display  a  short  explanation  of each
                        option. Added for compatibility.

          EXAMPLES
                 Copy the disc in drive A: to the disc in drive B:, and use
                 drive C: to swap

                        d2d a: b: /tc:

                 Copy  the  non-DOS  disc (360kB) in drive A: and produce 3
                 copies in drive A:

                        d2d A: A: /3 /b360k

                 Copy the disc in drive B: to a different disc in drive B:,
                 do  not  use extended memory (if present), copy all tracks
                 and do not create a new volume serial number

                        d2d b: b: /x0 /a /o

                 Create an image on disc C: for the disc in  drive  A:  and
                 enter recovery mode. The comment tells something about the
                 original disc

                        d2d A: C:\image.d2d "/cValuable copy of a cheap disc" /r





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          D2D(1)               Essential DOS Utilities               D2D(1)


                 Create two copies in drive  A:  from  the  previous  image
                 stored on fixed disc C: and verify the destination discs

                        d2d c:\image a: /2 /vs


          FILES
             $D2D$XXXXXX
                 temporary file where memory is swapped when needed

          SEE ALSO
                 D2D  Referenzhandbuch, a more comprehensive description of
                 this utility. Currently only available in German language.

          BUGS
                 D2D  cannot copy a disc with defective sectors on it auto-
                 matically. You must specify option /r.  If the first track
                 on the disc is damaged, you must also use the /b option to
                 select the correct format of the disc (In  that  case  the
                 destination disc is always formatted).

                 The  command line parser is inconsistent: Drive specifica-
                 tions must be arguments while several options  can  be  in
                 one argument. That is why

                        d2d a: b:/a /o

                 is not accepted while

                        d2d a: b: /a/o

                 is  correct  syntax. Try to make each option an individual
                 argument. The parser also allows to specify all  arguments
                 in any order. That is why

                        d2d /a a: b: /x128 /v

                 and

                        d2d /x128 /a a: /v b:

                 produce  the  same  result.  The  only exception are drive
                 specifications: The  first  drive  is  always  the  source
                 drive.

                 The  parser  was  made  inconsistent for comments, too: To
                 contain blanks and slashes (/), the comment must stand  at
                 the  end of an argument. If blanks are in the comment, the
                 whole argument must be quoted with double-quotes (").

                 Very strange things can happen if the comment for an image
                 is read from a file that is located on the source disc.

                 The  specified  path  for  the temporary swap file is only



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                 checked if it is needed. Invalid  paths  from  environment
                 variables are silently ignored.

                 Images  must  reside  on  a fixed disc whereas disc drives
                 must be floppy drives. It is possible  to  fool  D2D  with
                 images paths that are not on a fixed disc. Of course, this
                 is strongly discouraged.

                 Paths for images and temporary swap files must begin  with
                 a drive letter prefix.

                 Almost every message from D2D is written to stderr; there-
                 fore they can't be redirected with COMMAND.COM.

                 If the comment for an image is  taken  from  a  file,  the
                 drive  of  the  source  is the current drive at the moment
                 when the file is opened.  Therefore a drive  specification
                 is usually needed.

          COPYRIGHT
                 D2D  has  been developed by Ulrich Windl.  Some ideas were
                 introduced earlier in a program called  FIP  which  was  a
                 single-drive  copy  program  for CP/Mtm.  That program has
                 been developed by Ulrich Windl in 1985.

                        Copyright  1987-1993 by
                        Ulrich Windl
                        Alte Regensburger Strae 11a
                        D-93149 Nittenau
                        Germany



























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