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(printf) 970 7144 w
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(is) 1220 7144 w
(a) 1314 7144 w
(library) 1385 7144 w
(function) 1678 7144 w
(which) 2038 7144 w
(will) 2309 7144 w
(format) 2492 7144 w
(and) 2785 7144 w
(print) 2956 7144 w
(output) 3172 7144 w
(on) 3455 7144 w
(the) 3582 7144 w
(terminal) 3731 7144 w
(\(unless) 4091 7144 w
(some) 4402 7144 w
(other) 4641 7144 w
(des\255) 4874 7144 w
(tination is specified\).) 720 7264 w
(In this) 1611 7264 w
(case it prints) 1914 7264 w
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(C Tutorial) 720 360 w
(\255 2 \255) 2977 360 w
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(hello,) 1080 890 w
(world) 1355 890 w
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(A) 720 1060 w
(function) 818 1060 w
(is) 1177 1060 w
(invoked) 1271 1060 w
(by) 1620 1060 w
(naming) 1747 1060 w
(it,) 2074 1060 w
(followed) 2182 1060 w
(by) 2564 1060 w
(a) 2691 1060 w
(list) 2762 1060 w
(of) 2912 1060 w
(arguments) 3022 1060 w
(in) 3465 1060 w
(parentheses.) 3570 1060 w
(There) 4112 1060 w
(is) 4371 1060 w
(no) 4465 1060 w
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(CALL) 4587 1060 w
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(state\255) 4824 1060 w
(ment as in Fortran or) 720 1180 w
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(PL/I.) 1578 1180 w
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(3. A Working C Program; Variables; Types and Type Declarations) 720 1420 w
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(Here's a bigger program that adds three integers and prints their sum.) 970 1576 w
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(main\( ) 1080 1746 w
(\)) 1365 1746 w
({) 1433 1746 w
(int) 1440 1866 w
(a,) 1581 1866 w
(b,) 1700 1866 w
(c,) 1819 1866 w
(sum;) 1932 1866 w
(a) 1440 1986 w
(=) 1531 1986 w
(1;) 1624 1986 w
(b) 1778 1986 w
(=) 1869 1986 w
(2;) 1962 1986 w
(c) 2116 1986 w
(=) 2201 1986 w
(3;) 2294 1986 w
(sum) 1440 2106 w
(=) 1664 2106 w
(a) 1757 2106 w
(+) 1848 2106 w
(b) 1941 2106 w
(+) 2032 2106 w
(c;) 2125 2106 w
(printf\("sum) 1440 2226 w
(is) 1956 2226 w
(%d",) 2063 2226 w
(sum\);) 2307 2226 w
(}) 1080 2346 w
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(Arithmetic) 970 2552 w
(and) 1444 2552 w
(the) 1629 2552 w
(assignment) 1792 2552 w
(statements) 2283 2552 w
(are) 2746 2552 w
(much) 2908 2552 w
(the) 3171 2552 w
(same) 3334 2552 w
(as) 3580 2552 w
(in) 3705 2552 w
(Fortran) 3825 2552 w
(\(except) 4161 2552 w
(for) 4496 2552 w
(the) 4654 2552 w
(semi\255) 4818 2552 w
(colons\)) 720 2672 w
(or) 1040 2672 w
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(PL/I.) 1144 2672 w
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(The) 1357 2672 w
(format) 1538 2672 w
(of) 1830 2672 w
(C) 1939 2672 w
(programs) 2032 2672 w
(is) 2435 2672 w
(quite) 2528 2672 w
(free.) 2754 2672 w
(We) 2984 2672 w
(can) 3148 2672 w
(put) 3312 2672 w
(several) 3466 2672 w
(statements) 3774 2672 w
(on) 4222 2672 w
(a) 4348 2672 w
(line) 4418 2672 w
(if we want,) 4594 2672 w
(or) 720 2792 w
(we) 833 2792 w
(can) 980 2792 w
(split) 1149 2792 w
(a) 1353 2792 w
(statement) 1428 2792 w
(among) 1842 2792 w
(several) 2145 2792 w
(lines) 2458 2792 w
(if) 2678 2792 w
(it) 2770 2792 w
(seems) 2857 2792 w
(desirable.) 3132 2792 w
(The) 3548 2792 w
(split) 3734 2792 w
(may) 3938 2792 w
(be) 4141 2792 w
(between) 4266 2792 w
(any) 4629 2792 w
(of) 4804 2792 w
(the) 4918 2792 w
(operators) 720 2912 w
(or) 1122 2912 w
(variables,) 1236 2912 w
(but) 1652 2912 w
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(not) 1811 2912 w
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(in) 1970 2912 w
(the) 2079 2912 w
(middle) 2232 2912 w
(of) 2541 2912 w
(a) 2655 2912 w
(name) 2730 2912 w
(or) 2977 2912 w
(operator.) 3091 2912 w
(As) 3504 2912 w
(a) 3646 2912 w
(matter) 3721 2912 w
(of) 4007 2912 w
(style,) 4121 2912 w
(spaces,) 4365 2912 w
(tabs,) 4680 2912 w
(and) 4896 2912 w
(newlines should be used freely to enhance readability.) 720 3032 w
(C has four fundamental) 970 3188 w
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(types) 1935 3188 w
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(of variables:) 2165 3188 w
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(int) 1080 3368 w
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(integer \(PDP\25511: 16 bits; H6070: 36 bits; IBM360: 32 bits\)) 1440 3368 w
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(char) 1080 3488 w
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(one byte character \(PDP\25511, IBM360: 8 bits; H6070: 9 bits\)) 1440 3488 w
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(float) 1080 3608 w
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(single\255precision floating point) 1440 3608 w
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(double) 1080 3728 w
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(double\255precision floating point) 1440 3728 w
(There) 720 3908 w
(are) 983 3908 w
(also) 1135 3908 w
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(arrays) 1328 3908 w
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(and) 1621 3908 w
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(structures) 1797 3908 w
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(of) 2229 3908 w
(these) 2344 3908 w
(basic) 2581 3908 w
(types,) 2818 3908 w
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(pointers) 3086 3908 w
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(to) 3446 3908 w
(them) 3556 3908 w
(and) 3788 3908 w
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(functions) 3964 3908 w
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(that) 4363 3908 w
(return) 4545 3908 w
(them,) 4815 3908 w
(all of which we will meet shortly.) 720 4028 w
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(All) 970 4184 w
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(variables) 1123 4184 w
(in) 1519 4184 w
(a) 1633 4184 w
(C) 1713 4184 w
(program) 1816 4184 w
(must) 2190 4184 w
(be) 2421 4184 w
(declared,) 2551 4184 w
(although) 2949 4184 w
(this) 3335 4184 w
(can) 3516 4184 w
(sometimes) 3690 4184 w
(be) 4154 4184 w
(done) 4284 4184 w
(implicitly) 4514 4184 w
(by) 4940 4184 w
(context.) 720 4304 w
(Declarations must precede executable statements.) 1089 4304 w
(The declaration) 3120 4304 w
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(int) 1080 4474 w
(a,) 1221 4474 w
(b,) 1340 4474 w
(c,) 1459 4474 w
(sum;) 1572 4474 w
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(declares) 720 4644 w
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(a, b, c,) 1074 4644 w
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(and) 1401 4644 w
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(sum) 1573 4644 w
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(to be integers.) 1787 4644 w
(Variable) 970 4800 w
(names) 1342 4800 w
(have) 1626 4800 w
(one) 1843 4800 w
(to) 2016 4800 w
(eight) 2123 4800 w
(characters,) 2352 4800 w
(chosen) 2809 4800 w
(from) 3115 4800 w
(A\255Z,) 3338 4800 w
(a\255z,) 3558 4800 w
(0\2559,) 3733 4800 w
(and) 3920 4800 w
10 /S f
(_) 4094 4800 w
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(,) 4144 4800 w
(and) 4199 4800 w
(start) 4373 4800 w
(with) 4575 4800 w
(a) 4783 4800 w
(non\255) 4857 4800 w
(digit.) 720 4920 w
(Stylistically,) 995 4920 w
(it's) 1540 4920 w
(much) 1709 4920 w
(better) 1972 4920 w
(to) 2240 4920 w
(use) 2359 4920 w
(only) 2533 4920 w
(a) 2752 4920 w
(single) 2837 4920 w
(case) 3116 4920 w
(and) 3327 4920 w
(give) 3511 4920 w
(functions) 3723 4920 w
(and) 4135 4920 w
(external) 4319 4920 w
(variables) 4680 4920 w
(names) 720 5
2000
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(that) 1002 5040 w
(are) 1179 5040 w
(unique) 1327 5040 w
(in) 1626 5040 w
(the) 1731 5040 w
(first) 1880 5040 w
(six) 2068 5040 w
(characters.) 2212 5040 w
(\(Function) 2692 5040 w
(and) 3108 5040 w
(external) 3279 5040 w
(variable) 3627 5040 w
(names) 3975 5040 w
(are) 4258 5040 w
(used) 4407 5040 w
(by) 4618 5040 w
(various) 4746 5040 w
(assemblers,) 720 5160 w
(some) 1219 5160 w
(of) 1466 5160 w
(which) 1585 5160 w
(are) 1865 5160 w
(limited) 2022 5160 w
(in) 2342 5160 w
(the) 2456 5160 w
(size) 2614 5160 w
(and) 2805 5160 w
(case) 2985 5160 w
(of) 3192 5160 w
(identifiers) 3311 5160 w
(they) 3752 5160 w
(can) 3959 5160 w
(handle.\)) 4132 5160 w
(Furthermore,) 4516 5160 w
(keywords and library functions may only be recognized in one case.) 720 5280 w
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(4. Constants) 720 5520 w
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(We) 970 5676 w
(have) 1134 5676 w
(already) 1348 5676 w
(seen) 1668 5676 w
(decimal) 1872 5676 w
(integer) 2215 5676 w
(constants) 2519 5676 w
(in) 2918 5676 w
(the) 3023 5676 w
(previous) 3172 5676 w
(example) 3543 5676 w
10 /S f
(_) 3908 5676 w
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(1,) 3985 5676 w
(2,) 4087 5676 w
(and) 4189 5676 w
(3.) 4360 5676 w
(Since) 4487 5676 w
(C) 4736 5676 w
(is) 4830 5676 w
(of\255) 4924 5676 w
(ten) 720 5796 w
(used) 881 5796 w
(for) 1103 5796 w
(system) 1258 5796 w
(programming) 1575 5796 w
(and) 2158 5796 w
(bit\255manipulation,) 2341 5796 w
(octal) 3072 5796 w
(numbers) 3305 5796 w
(are) 3688 5796 w
(an) 3848 5796 w
(important) 3981 5796 w
(part) 4409 5796 w
(of) 4603 5796 w
(the) 4725 5796 w
(lan\255) 4885 5796 w
(guage.) 720 5916 w
(In) 1035 5916 w
(C,) 1145 5916 w
(any) 1264 5916 w
(number) 1435 5916 w
(that) 1767 5916 w
(begins) 1944 5916 w
(with) 2232 5916 w
(0) 2437 5916 w
(\(zero!\)) 2514 5916 w
(is) 2836 5916 w
(an) 2930 5916 w
(octal) 3051 5916 w
(integer) 3272 5916 w
(\(and) 3577 5916 w
(hence) 3782 5916 w
(can't) 4042 5916 w
(have) 4269 5916 w
(any) 4485 5916 w
(8's) 4657 5916 w
(or) 4807 5916 w
(9's) 4918 5916 w
(in it\).) 720 6036 w
(Thus 0777 is an octal constant, with decimal value 511.) 987 6036 w
(A) 970 6192 w
(``character'') 1072 6192 w
(is) 1598 6192 w
(one) 1695 6192 w
(byte) 1869 6192 w
(\(an) 2071 6192 w
(inherently) 2228 6192 w
(machine\255dependent) 2664 6192 w
(concept\).) 3476 6192 w
(Most) 3900 6192 w
(often) 4137 6192 w
(this) 4373 6192 w
(is) 4549 6192 w
(expressed) 4647 6192 w
(as) 720 6312 w
(a) 831 6312 w
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(character) 903 6312 w
(constant,) 1318 6312 w
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(which) 1709 6312 w
(is) 1980 6312 w
(one) 2074 6312 w
(character) 2245 6312 w
(enclosed) 2636 6312 w
(in) 3012 6312 w
(single) 3117 6312 w
(quotes.) 3383 6312 w
(However,) 3721 6312 w
(it) 4138 6312 w
(may) 4221 6312 w
(be) 4420 6312 w
(any) 4541 6312 w
(quantity) 4712 6312 w
(that fits in a byte, as in) 720 6432 w
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(flags) 1656 6432 w
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(below:) 1893 6432 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char) 1080 6602 w
(quest,) 1310 6602 w
(newline,) 1619 6602 w
(flags;) 2022 6602 w
(quest) 1080 6722 w
(=) 1361 6722 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1454 6722 w
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(?) 1479 6722 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1535 6722 w
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(;) 1560 6722 w
(newline) 1080 6842 w
(=) 1455 6842 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1548 6842 w
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(\\n) 1573 6842 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1657 6842 w
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(;) 1682 6842 w
(flags) 1080 6962 w
(=) 1327 6962 w
(077;) 1420 6962 w
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(C Tutorial) 720 360 w
(\255 3 \255) 2977 360 w
(The) 970 876 w
(sequence) 1155 876 w
(`\\n') 1550 876 w
(is) 1724 876 w
(C) 1821 876 w
(notation) 1918 876 w
(for) 2276 876 w
(``newline) 2423 876 w
(character'',) 2836 876 w
(which,) 3322 876 w
(when) 3622 876 w
(printed,) 3869 876 w
(skips) 4208 876 w
(the) 4445 876 w
(terminal) 4598 876 w
(to) 4962 876 w
(the) 720 996 w
(beginning) 874 996 w
(of) 1306 996 w
(the) 1421 996 w
(next) 1575 996 w
(line.) 1779 996 w
(Notice) 2011 996 w
(that) 2309 996 w
(`\\n') 2491 996 w
(represents) 2667 996 w
(only) 3103 996 w
(a) 3313 996 w
(single) 3389 996 w
(character.) 3660 996 w
(There) 4106 996 w
(are) 4370 996 w
(several) 4522 996 w
(other) 4835 996 w
(``escapes'') 720 1116 w
(like) 1188 1116 w
(`\\n') 1370 1116 w
(for) 1571 1116 w
(representing) 1720 1116 w
(hard\255to\255get) 2246 1116 w
(or) 2722 1116 w
(invisible) 2838 1116 w
(characters,) 3216 1116 w
(such) 3677 1116 w
(as) 3893 1116 w
(`\\t') 4009 1116 w
(for) 4164 1116 w
(tab,) 4313 1116 w
(`\\b') 4493 1116 w
(for) 4670 1116 w
(back\255) 4819 1116 w
(space, `\\0' for end of file, and `\\\\' for the backslash itself.) 720 1236 w
10 /Helvetica f
(float) 970 1392 w
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(and) 1185 1392 w
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(double) 1357 1392 w
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(constants are discussed in section 26.) 1684 1392 w
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(5. Simple I/O ) 720 1632 w
10 /S f
(_) 1328 1632 w
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(getchar, putchar, printf) 1406 1632 w
(main\() 1080 1838 w
(\)) 1365 1838 w
({) 1433 1838 w
(char) 1440 1958 w
(c;) 1670 1958 w
(c) 1440 2078 w
(=) 1525 2078 w
(getchar\( ) 1618 2078 w
(\);) 2021 2078 w
(putchar\(c\);) 1440 2198 w
(}) 1080 2318 w
(getchar) 970 2524 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 1339 2524 w
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(putchar) 1520 2524 w
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(are) 1889 2524 w
(the) 2044 2524 w
(basic) 2200 2524 w
(I/O) 2439 2524 w
(library) 2606 2524 w
(functions) 2906 2524 w
(in) 3312 2524 w
(C.) 3424 2524 w
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(getchar) 3581 2524 w
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(fetches) 3951 2524 w
(one) 4268 2524 w
(character) 4447 2524 w
(from) 4846 2524 w
(the) 720 2644 w
(standard) 871 2644 w
(input) 1238 2644 w
(\(usually) 1473 2644 w
(the) 1824 2644 w
(terminal\)) 1975 2644 w
(each) 2369 2644 w
(time) 2579 2644 w
(it) 2785 2644 w
(is) 2869 2644 w
(called,) 2964 2644 w
(and) 3255 2644 w
(returns) 3427 2644 w
(that) 3732 2644 w
(character) 3910 2644 w
(as) 4302 2644 w
(the) 4413 2644 w
(value) 4563 2644 w
(of) 4807 2644 w
(the) 4918 2644 w
(function.) 720 2764 w
(When) 1139 2764 w
(it) 1413 2764 w
(reaches) 1505 2764 w
(the) 1839 2764 w
(end) 1997 2764 w
(of) 2177 2764 w
(whatever) 2296 2764 w
(file) 2697 2764 w
(it) 2866 2764 w
(is) 2958 2764 w
(reading,) 3061 2764 w
(thereafter) 3421 2764 w
(it) 3838 2764 w
(returns) 3930 2764 w
(the) 4243 2764 w
(character) 4402 2764 w
(repre\255) 4803 2764 w
(sented by `\\0' \(ascii) 720 2884 w
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(NUL,) 1530 2884 w
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(which has value zero\).) 1740 2884 w
(We will see how to use this very shortly.) 2687 2884 w
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(putchar) 970 3040 w
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(puts one character out on the standard output \(usually the terminal\) each time) 1330 3040 w
(it) 4445 3040 w
(is) 4527 3040 w
(called.) 4620 3040 w
(So) 4934 3040 w
(the) 720 3160 w
(program) 873 3160 w
(above) 1242 3160 w
(reads) 1511 3160 w
(one) 1752 3160 w
(character) 1926 3160 w
(and) 2320 3160 w
(writes) 2494 3160 w
(it) 2768 3160 w
(back) 2854 3160 w
(out.) 3072 3160 w
(By) 3280 3160 w
(itself,) 3427 3160 w
(this) 3682 3160 w
(isn't) 3857 3160 w
(very) 4065 3160 w
(interesting,) 4272 3160 w
(but) 4749 3160 w
(ob\255) 4907 3160 w
(serve) 720 3280 w
(that) 956 3280 w
(if) 1132 3280 w
(we) 1220 3280 w
(put) 1363 3280 w
(a) 1518 3280 w
(loop) 1589 3280 w
(around) 1794 3280 w
(this,) 2098 3280 w
(and) 2295 3280 w
(add) 2466 3280 w
(a) 2637 3280 w
(test) 2708 3280 w
(for) 2874 3280 w
(end) 3017 3280 w
(of) 3188 3280 w
(file,) 3298 3280 w
(we) 3483 3280 w
(have) 3626 3280 w
(a) 3841 3280 w
(complete) 3912 3280 w
(program) 4305 3280 w
(for) 4670 3280 w
(copy\255) 4813 3280 w
(ing one file to another.) 720 3400 w
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(printf) 970 3556 w
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(is) 1228 3556 w
(a) 1330 3556 w
(more) 1409 3556 w
(complicated) 1649 3556 w
(function) 2172 3556 w
(for) 2540 3556 w
(producing) 2691 3556 w
(formatted) 3131 3556 w
(output.) 3554 3556 w
(We) 389
2000
5 3556 w
(will) 4068 3556 w
(talk) 4260 3556 w
(about) 4446 3556 w
(only) 4704 3556 w
(the) 4918 3556 w
(simplest) 720 3676 w
(use) 1080 3676 w
(of) 1239 3676 w
(it.) 1348 3676 w
(Basically,) 1480 3676 w
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(printf) 1906 3676 w
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(uses) 2155 3676 w
(its) 2353 3676 w
(first) 2474 3676 w
(argument) 2661 3676 w
(as) 3064 3676 w
(formatting) 3173 3676 w
(information,) 3621 3676 w
(and) 4144 3676 w
(any) 4314 3676 w
(successive ar\255) 4484 3676 w
(guments as variables to be output.) 720 3796 w
(Thus) 2130 3796 w
10 /Helvetica f
(printf) 1080 3966 w
(\("hello,) 1338 3966 w
(world\\n"\);) 1682 3966 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 720 4136 w
(the) 813 4136 w
(simplest) 961 4136 w
(use) 1321 4136 w
10 /S f
(_) 1480 4136 w
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(the) 1556 4136 w
(string) 1704 4136 w
(``hello,) 1959 4136 w
(world\\n'') 2277 4136 w
(is) 2681 4136 w
(printed) 2775 4136 w
(out.) 3085 4136 w
(No) 3290 4136 w
(formatting) 3439 4136 w
(information,) 3888 4136 w
(no) 4412 4136 w
(variables,) 4539 4136 w
(so) 4951 4136 w
(the) 720 4256 w
(string) 874 4256 w
(is) 1134 4256 w
(dumped) 1233 4256 w
(out) 1587 4256 w
(verbatim.) 1747 4256 w
(The) 2184 4256 w
(newline) 2371 4256 w
(is) 2719 4256 w
(necessary) 2818 4256 w
(to) 3237 4256 w
(put) 3347 4256 w
(this) 3507 4256 w
(out) 3684 4256 w
(on) 3844 4256 w
(a) 3976 4256 w
(line) 4051 4256 w
(by) 4232 4256 w
(itself.) 4363 4256 w
(\(The) 4644 4256 w
(con\255) 4863 4256 w
(struction) 720 4376 w
10 /Helvetica f
("hello,) 1080 4546 w
(world\\n") 1391 4546 w
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(is really an array of) 720 4716 w
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(chars) 1523 4716 w
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(.) 1768 4716 w
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(More about this shortly.\)) 1863 4716 w
(More complicated, if) 970 4872 w
10 /Helvetica f
(sum) 1838 4872 w
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(is 6,) 2052 4872 w
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(printf) 1080 5042 w
(\("sum) 1338 5042 w
(is) 1631 5042 w
(%d\\n",) 1738 5042 w
(sum\);) 2066 5042 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(prints) 720 5212 w
10 /Helvetica f
(sum) 1080 5382 w
(is) 1304 5382 w
(6) 1411 5382 w
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(Within) 720 5552 w
(the) 1024 5552 w
(first) 1172 5552 w
(argument) 1359 5552 w
(of) 1763 5552 w
10 /Helvetica f
(printf,) 1876 5552 w
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(the) 2154 5552 w
(characters) 2303 5552 w
(``%d'') 2733 5552 w
(signify) 3025 5552 w
(that) 3330 5552 w
(the) 3507 5552 w
(next) 3656 5552 w
(argument) 3855 5552 w
(in) 4259 5552 w
(the) 4364 5552 w
(argument) 4513 5552 w
(list) 4917 5552 w
(is to be printed as a base 10 number.) 720 5672 w
(Other useful formatting commands are ``%c'' to print out a single character, ``%s'' to print out) 970 5828 w
(an) 4793 5828 w
(en\255) 4913 5828 w
(tire string, and ``%o'' to print a number as octal instead of decimal \(no leading zero\).) 720 5948 w
(For example,) 4171 5948 w
10 /Helvetica f
(n) 1080 6118 w
(=) 1171 6118 w
(511;) 1264 6118 w
(printf) 1080 6238 w
(\("What) 1338 6238 w
(is) 1676 6238 w
(the) 1783 6238 w
(value) 1958 6238 w
(of) 2233 6238 w
(%d) 2352 6238 w
(in) 2532 6238 w
(octal?",) 2645 6238 w
(n\);) 3012 6238 w
(printf) 1080 6358 w
(\(") 1338 6358 w
(%s!) 1477 6358 w
(%d) 1679 6358 w
(decimal) 1859 6358 w
(is) 2239 6358 w
(%o) 2346 6358 w
(octal\\n",) 2526 6358 w
("Right",) 2921 6358 w
(n,) 3290 6358 w
(n\);) 3409 6358 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(prints) 720 6528 w
10 /Helvetica f
(What) 1080 6698 w
(is) 1349 6698 w
(the) 1456 6698 w
(value) 1631 6698 w
(of) 1906 6698 w
(511) 2025 6698 w
(in) 2228 6698 w
(octal?) 2341 6698 w
(Right!) 2679 6698 w
(511) 2976 6698 w
(decimal) 3179 6698 w
(is) 3559 6698 w
(777) 3666 6698 w
(octal) 3869 6698 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Notice that there is no newline at the end of the first) 720 6868 w
(output) 2823 6868 w
(line.) 3105 6868 w
(Successive) 3331 6868 w
(calls) 3795 6868 w
(to) 4004 6868 w
10 /Helvetica f
(printf) 4111 6868 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(\(and/or) 4360 6868 w
10 /Helvetica f
(putchar,) 4677 6868 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(for) 720 6988 w
(that) 866 6988 w
(matter\)) 1046 6988 w
(simply) 1364 6988 w
(put) 1667 6988 w
(out) 1825 6988 w
(characters.) 1983 6988 w
(No) 2466 6988 w
(newlines) 2618 6988 w
(are) 3003 6988 w
(printed) 3154 6988 w
(unless) 3467 6988 w
(you) 3747 6988 w
(ask) 3927 6988 w
(for) 4089 6988 w
(them.) 4234 6988 w
(Similarly,) 4513 6988 w
(on) 4940 6988 w
(input,) 720 7108 w
(characters) 978 7108 w
(are) 1408 7108 w
(read) 1556 7108 w
(one) 1754 7108 w
(at) 1925 7108 w
(a) 2024 7108 w
(time) 2095 7108 w
(as) 2300 7108 w
(you) 2410 7108 w
(ask) 2587 7108 w
(for) 2748 7108 w
(them.) 2892 7108 w
(Each) 3170 7108 w
(line) 3397 7108 w
(is) 3575 7108 w
(generally) 3670 7108 w
(terminated) 4069 7108 w
(by) 4524 7108 w
(a) 4652 7108 w
(newline) 4724 7108 w
(\(\\n\), but there is otherwise no concept of record.) 720 7228 w
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10 /Times-Roman f
(C Tutorial) 720 360 w
(\255 4 \255) 2977 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(6. If; relational operators; compound statements) 720 840 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The basic conditional\255testing statement in C is the) 970 996 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 3000 996 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement:) 3075 996 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 1080 1166 w
(=) 1165 1166 w
(getchar\() 1258 1166 w
(\);) 1661 1166 w
(if\() 1080 1286 w
(c) 1198 1286 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 1283 1286 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1430 1286 w
10 /Helvetica f
(?) 1455 1286 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1511 1286 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 1571 1286 w
(printf\("why) 1440 1406 w
(did) 1945 1406 w
(you) 2114 1406 w
(type) 2311 1406 w
(a) 2536 1406 w
(question) 2627 1406 w
(mark?\\n"\);) 3042 1406 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The simplest form of) 720 1576 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 1589 1576 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 1664 1576 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 1080 1746 w
(\(expression\)) 1165 1746 w
(statement) 1751 1746 w
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(The) 970 1952 w
(condition) 1157 1952 w
(to) 1567 1952 w
(be) 1677 1952 w
(tested) 1803 1952 w
(is) 2068 1952 w
(any) 2167 1952 w
(expression) 2343 1952 w
(enclosed) 2802 1952 w
(in) 3183 1952 w
(parentheses.) 3293 1952 w
(It) 3840 1952 w
(is) 3934 1952 w
(followed) 4034 1952 w
(by) 4422 1952 w
(a) 4555 1952 w
(statement.) 4632 1952 w
(The) 720 2072 w
(expression) 913 2072 w
(is) 1378 2072 w
(evaluated,) 1483 2072 w
(and) 1928 2072 w
(if) 2110 2072 w
(its) 2209 2072 w
(value) 2342 2072 w
(is) 2596 2072 w
(non\255zero,) 2700 2072 w
(the) 3116 2072 w
(statement) 3275 2072 w
(is) 3695 2072 w
(executed.) 3799 2072 w
(There's) 4240 2072 w
(an) 4581 2072 w
(optional) 4712 2072 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else) 720 2192 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(clause, to be described soon.) 929 2192 w
(The character sequence `==') 970 2348 w
(is one of the relational operators in C; here is the complete set:) 2157 2348 w
(==) 1080 2518 w
10 /Helvetica f
(equal) 1440 2518 w
(to) 1721 2518 w
(\() 1840 2518 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1873 2518 w
10 /Helvetica f
(EQ) 1918 2518 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2063 2518 w
10 /Helvetica f
(to) 2143 2518 w
(Fortraners\)) 2262 2518 w
(!=) 1080 2638 w
(not) 1440 2638 w
(equal) 1615 2638 w
(to) 1896 2638 w
(>) 1080 2758 w
(greater) 1440 2758 w
(than) 1793 2758 w
(<) 1080 2878 w
(less) 1440 2878 w
(than) 1653 2878 w
(>=) 1080 2998 w
(greater) 1440 2998 w
(than) 1793 2998 w
(or) 2024 2998 w
(equal) 2148 2998 w
(to) 2429 2998 w
(<=) 1080 3118 w
(less) 1440 3118 w
(than) 1653 3118 w
(or) 1884 3118 w
(equal) 2008 3118 w
(to) 2289 3118 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 3324 w
(value) 1152 3324 w
(of) 1395 3324 w
10 /Helvetica f
(``expression) 1508 3324 w
(relation) 2067 3324 w
(expression'') 2426 3324 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 2982 3324 w
(1) 3076 3324 w
(if) 3153 3324 w
(the) 3241 3324 w
(relation) 3390 3324 w
(is) 3722 3324 w
(true,) 3817 3324 w
(and) 4025 3324 w
(0) 4197 3324 w
(if) 4275 3324 w
(false.) 4364 3324 w
(Don't) 4630 3324 w
(for\255) 4891 3324 w
(get) 720 3444 w
(that) 870 3444 w
(the) 1048 3444 w
(equality) 1198 3
2000
444 w
(test) 1548 3444 w
(is) 1715 3444 w
(`==';) 1810 3444 w
(a) 2044 3444 w
(single) 2116 3444 w
(`=') 2383 3444 w
(causes) 2533 3444 w
(an) 2821 3444 w
(assignment,) 2943 3444 w
(not) 3446 3444 w
(a) 3602 3444 w
(test,) 3674 3444 w
(and) 3866 3444 w
(invariably) 4038 3444 w
(leads) 4470 3444 w
(to) 4702 3444 w
(disas\255) 4807 3444 w
(ter.) 720 3564 w
(Tests can) 970 3720 w
(be) 1370 3720 w
(combined) 1490 3720 w
(with) 1910 3720 w
(the) 2114 3720 w
(operators) 2262 3720 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`&&') 2662 3720 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(\(AND\),) 2861 3720 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`) 3136 3720 w
10 /S f
(|) 3158 3720 w
(|) 3194 3720 w
10 /Helvetica f
(') 3214 3720 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(\(OR\),) 3257 3720 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 3467 3720 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`!') 3640 3720 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(\(NOT\).) 3753 3720 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(For) 4041 3720 w
(example,) 4206 3720 w
(we) 4595 3720 w
(can) 4737 3720 w
(test) 4901 3720 w
(whether a character is blank or tab or newline with) 720 3840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if\() 1080 4010 w
(c) 1198 4010 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 1248 4010 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1360 4010 w
(\242) 1420 4010 w
(|) 1480 4010 w
(|) 1516 4010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 1571 4010 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 1621 4010 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1733 4010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\t) 1758 4010 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1814 4010 w
(|) 1874 4010 w
(|) 1910 4010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 1965 4010 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2015 4010 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2127 4010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\n) 2152 4010 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2236 4010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2296 4010 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 2364 4010 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(C guarantees that) 720 4180 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`&&') 1441 4180 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 1644 4180 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`) 1816 4180 w
10 /S f
(|) 1838 4180 w
(|) 1874 4180 w
10 /Helvetica f
(') 1894 4180 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are evaluated left to right ) 1941 4180 w
10 /S f
(_) 2969 4180 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(we shall soon see cases where this matters.) 3044 4180 w
(One) 970 4336 w
(of) 1162 4336 w
(the) 1271 4336 w
(nice) 1419 4336 w
(things) 1611 4336 w
(about) 1882 4336 w
(C) 2130 4336 w
(is) 2223 4336 w
(that) 2316 4336 w
(the) 2492 4336 w
10 /Helvetica f
(statement) 2643 4336 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(part) 3110 4336 w
(of) 3291 4336 w
(an) 3400 4336 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 3523 4336 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(can) 3599 4336 w
(be) 3763 4336 w
(made) 3883 4336 w
(arbitrarily) 4126 4336 w
(complicated) 4552 4336 w
(by) 720 4456 w
(enclosing) 854 4456 w
(a) 1271 4456 w
(set) 1349 4456 w
(of) 1494 4456 w
(statements) 1611 4456 w
(in) 2067 4456 w
({}.) 2179 4456 w
(As) 2358 4456 w
(a) 2502 4456 w
(simple) 2579 4456 w
(example,) 2879 4456 w
(suppose) 3275 4456 w
(we) 3630 4456 w
(want) 3779 4456 w
(to) 4006 4456 w
(ensure) 4117 4456 w
(that) 4410 4456 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 4596 4456 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 4685 4456 w
(bigger) 4785 4456 w
(than) 720 4576 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b,) 924 4576 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(as) 1037 4576 w
(part) 1150 4576 w
(of) 1335 4576 w
(a) 1448 4576 w
(sort) 1522 4576 w
(routine.) 1702 4576 w
(The) 2065 4576 w
(interchange) 2250 4576 w
(of) 2745 4576 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 2861 4576 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 2947 4576 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 3124 4576 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(takes) 3210 4576 w
(three) 3445 4576 w
(statements) 3674 4576 w
(in) 4126 4576 w
(C,) 4234 4576 w
(grouped) 4356 4576 w
(together) 4713 4576 w
(by {}:) 720 4696 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 1080 4866 w
(\(a) 1165 4866 w
(<) 1289 4866 w
(b\)) 1382 4866 w
({) 1506 4866 w
(t) 1440 4986 w
(=) 1503 4986 w
(a;) 1596 4986 w
(a) 1440 5106 w
(=) 1531 5106 w
(b;) 1624 5106 w
(b) 1440 5226 w
(=) 1531 5226 w
(t;) 1624 5226 w
(}) 1080 5346 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(As) 970 5552 w
(a) 1112 5552 w
(general) 1187 5552 w
(rule) 1511 5552 w
(in) 1697 5552 w
(C,) 1806 5552 w
(anywhere) 1929 5552 w
(you) 2347 5552 w
(can) 2528 5552 w
(use) 2697 5552 w
(a) 2862 5552 w
(simple) 2938 5552 w
(statement,) 3237 5552 w
(you) 3677 5552 w
(can) 3859 5552 w
(use) 4029 5552 w
(any) 4194 5552 w
(compound) 4370 5552 w
(state\255) 4824 5552 w
(ment,) 720 5672 w
(which) 971 5672 w
(is) 1241 5672 w
(just) 1334 5672 w
(a) 1505 5672 w
(number) 1575 5672 w
(of) 1906 5672 w
(simple) 2015 5672 w
(or) 2308 5672 w
(compound) 2417 5672 w
(ones) 2865 5672 w
(enclosed) 3074 5672 w
(in) 3449 5672 w
({}.) 3553 5672 w
(There) 3725 5672 w
(is) 3983 5672 w
(no) 4076 5672 w
(semicolon after the }) 4202 5672 w
(of a compound statement, but there) 720 5792 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(is) 2154 5792 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(a semicolon after the last non\255compound statement inside the {}.) 2246 5792 w
(The) 970 5948 w
(ability) 1160 5948 w
(to) 1451 5948 w
(replace) 1564 5948 w
(single) 1886 5948 w
(statements) 2160 5948 w
(by) 2617 5948 w
(complex) 2752 5948 w
(ones) 3131 5948 w
(at) 3349 5948 w
(will) 3456 5948 w
(is) 3647 5948 w
(one) 3749 5948 w
(feature) 3928 5948 w
(that) 4239 5948 w
(makes) 4424 5948 w
(C) 4715 5948 w
(much) 4818 5948 w
(more) 720 6068 w
(pleasant) 954 6068 w
(to) 1310 6068 w
(use) 1417 6068 w
(than) 1579 6068 w
(Fortran.) 1780 6068 w
(Logic) 2153 6068 w
(\(like) 2415 6068 w
(the) 2627 6068 w
(exchange) 2777 6068 w
(in) 3181 6068 w
(the) 3287 6068 w
(previous) 3437 6068 w
(example\)) 3809 6068 w
(which) 4208 6068 w
(would) 4480 6068 w
(require) 4758 6068 w
(several) 720 6188 w
(GOTO's) 1038 6188 w
(and) 1424 6188 w
(labels) 1605 6188 w
(in) 1875 6188 w
(Fortran) 1990 6188 w
(can) 2321 6188 w
(and) 2496 6188 w
(should) 2677 6188 w
(be) 2981 6188 w
(done) 3112 6188 w
(in) 3343 6188 w
(C) 3458 6188 w
(without) 3562 6188 w
(any,) 3905 6188 w
(using) 4111 6188 w
(compound) 4365 6188 w
(state\255) 4824 6188 w
(ments.) 720 6308 w
10 /Helvetica f
(7. While Statement; Assignment within an Expression; Null Statement) 720 6548 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 6704 w
(basic) 1155 6704 w
(looping) 1390 6704 w
(mechanism) 1726 6704 w
(in) 2211 6704 w
(C) 2319 6704 w
(is) 2416 6704 w
(the) 2513 6704 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 2669 6704 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement.) 2928 6704 w
(Here's) 3392 6704 w
(a) 3688 6704 w
(program) 3763 6704 w
(that) 4132 6704 w
(copies) 4313 6704 w
(its) 4599 6704 w
(input) 4725 6704 w
(to) 4962 6704 w
(its output a character at a time.) 720 6824 w
(Remember that `\\0' marks the end of file.) 1998 6824 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\( ) 1080 6994 w
(\)) 1365 6994 w
({) 1433 6994 w
(char) 1440 7114 w
(c;) 1670 7114 w
(while\() 1440 7234 w
(\(c=getchar\( ) 1736 7234 w
(\)\)) 2280 7234 w
(!=) 2381 7234 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2502 7234 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2527 7234 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2611 7234 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2671 7234 w
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10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2942 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(5 ) 3032 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3123 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(putchar\(c\);) 1800 840 w
(}) 1080 960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 720 1130 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 903 1130 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement is a loop, whose general form is) 1156 1130 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 1080 1300 w
(\(expression\)) 1343 1300 w
(statement) 1929 1300 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Its meaning is) 720 1470 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\(a\)) 1080 1640 w
(evaluate) 1237 1640 w
(the) 1652 1640 w
(expression) 1827 1640 w
(\(b\)) 1080 1760 w
(if) 1237 1760 w
(its) 1322 1760 w
(value) 1457 1760 w
(is) 1732 1760 w
(true) 1839 1760 w
(\(i) 2047 1760 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2102 1760 w
10 /Helvetica f
(e) 2147 1760 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2203 1760 w
10 /Helvetica f
(,) 2248 1760 w
(not) 2311 1760 w
(zero\)) 2486 1760 w
(do) 1800 1880 w
(the) 1947 1880 w
(statement,) 2122 1880 w
(and) 2626 1880 w
(go) 2829 1880 w
(back) 2976 1880 w
(to) 3223 1880 w
(\(a\)) 3342 1880 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Because) 720 2050 w
(the) 1084 2050 w
(expression) 1238 2050 w
(is) 1697 2050 w
(tested) 1796 2050 w
(before) 2061 2050 w
(the) 2347 
2000
2050 w
(statement) 2501 2050 w
(is) 2916 2050 w
(executed,) 3015 2050 w
(the) 3426 2050 w
(statement) 3580 2050 w
(part) 3996 2050 w
(can) 4184 2050 w
(be) 4355 2050 w
(executed) 4482 2050 w
(zero) 4869 2050 w
(times,) 720 2170 w
(which) 995 2170 w
(is) 1272 2170 w
(often) 1372 2170 w
(desirable.) 1610 2170 w
(As) 2053 2170 w
(in) 2197 2170 w
(the) 2308 2170 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 2466 2170 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement,) 2548 2170 w
(the) 2988 2170 w
(expression) 3142 2170 w
(and) 3601 2170 w
(the) 3777 2170 w
(statement) 3931 2170 w
(can) 4346 2170 w
(both) 4516 2170 w
(be) 4726 2170 w
(arbi\255) 4852 2170 w
(trarily) 720 2290 w
(complicated,) 992 2290 w
(although) 1533 2290 w
(we) 1911 2290 w
(haven't) 2055 2290 w
(seen) 2382 2290 w
(that) 2587 2290 w
(yet.) 2765 2290 w
(Our) 2966 2290 w
(example) 3150 2290 w
(gets) 3517 2290 w
(the) 3707 2290 w
(character,) 3858 2290 w
(assigns) 4276 2290 w
(it) 4594 2290 w
(to) 4679 2290 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c,) 4789 2290 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 4896 2290 w
(then) 720 2410 w
(tests) 920 2410 w
(if) 1126 2410 w
(it's) 1215 2410 w
(a) 1371 2410 w
(`\\0''.) 1443 2410 w
(If) 1698 2410 w
(it) 1792 2410 w
(is) 1876 2410 w
(not) 1971 2410 w
(a) 2127 2410 w
(`\\0',) 2199 2410 w
(the) 2396 2410 w
(statement) 2546 2410 w
(part) 2957 2410 w
(of) 3140 2410 w
(the) 3251 2410 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 3403 2410 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 3658 2410 w
(executed,) 3752 2410 w
(printing) 4158 2410 w
(the) 4502 2410 w
(character.) 4651 2410 w
(The) 720 2530 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 903 2530 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(then repeats.) 1156 2530 w
(When the input character is finally a `\\0', the) 1710 2530 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 3531 2530 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(terminates, and so does) 3784 2530 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main) 4744 2530 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4961 2530 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Notice that we used an assignment statement) 970 2686 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 1080 2856 w
(=) 1165 2856 w
(getchar\( ) 1258 2856 w
(\)) 1661 2856 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(within) 720 3026 w
(an) 1007 3026 w
(expression.) 1132 3026 w
(This) 1640 3026 w
(is) 1849 3026 w
(a) 1947 3026 w
(handy) 2022 3026 w
(notational) 2297 3026 w
(shortcut) 2728 3026 w
(which) 3081 3026 w
(often) 3356 3026 w
(produces) 3592 3026 w
(clearer) 3984 3026 w
(code.) 4286 3026 w
(\(In) 4556 3026 w
(fact) 4704 3026 w
(it) 4885 3026 w
(is) 4973 3026 w
(often) 720 3146 w
(the) 951 3146 w
(only) 1099 3146 w
(way) 1303 3146 w
(to) 1495 3146 w
(write) 1599 3146 w
(the) 1830 3146 w
(code) 1978 3146 w
(cleanly.) 2192 3146 w
(As) 2556 3146 w
(an) 2693 3146 w
(exercise,) 2813 3146 w
(re\255write) 3190 3146 w
(the) 3531 3146 w
(file\255copy) 3679 3146 w
(without using an assign\255) 4065 3146 w
(ment) 720 3266 w
(inside) 946 3266 w
(an) 1211 3266 w
(expression.\)) 1331 3266 w
(It) 1867 3266 w
(works) 1954 3266 w
(because) 2224 3266 w
(an) 2565 3266 w
(assignment) 2685 3266 w
(statement) 3161 3266 w
(has) 3570 3266 w
(a) 3729 3266 w
(value,) 3799 3266 w
(just) 4066 3266 w
(as) 4237 3266 w
(any) 4346 3266 w
(other) 4516 3266 w
(expres\255) 4747 3266 w
(sion) 720 3386 w
(does.) 918 3386 w
(Its) 1182 3386 w
(value) 1313 3386 w
(is) 1560 3386 w
(the) 1658 3386 w
(value) 1811 3386 w
(of) 2058 3386 w
(the) 2172 3386 w
(right) 2325 3386 w
(hand) 2545 3386 w
(side.) 2770 3386 w
(This) 3012 3386 w
(also) 3220 3386 w
(implies) 3411 3386 w
(that) 3736 3386 w
(we) 3916 3386 w
(can) 4062 3386 w
(use) 4230 3386 w
(multiple) 4393 3386 w
(assign\255) 4757 3386 w
(ments like) 720 3506 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 3676 w
(=) 1165 3676 w
(y) 1258 3676 w
(=) 1343 3676 w
(z) 1436 3676 w
(=) 1521 3676 w
(0;) 1614 3676 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Evaluation goes from right to left.) 720 3846 w
(By) 970 4002 w
(the) 1113 4002 w
(way,) 1261 4002 w
(the) 1478 4002 w
(extra) 1627 4002 w
(parentheses) 1853 4002 w
(in) 2345 4002 w
(the) 2450 4002 w
(assignment) 2599 4002 w
(statement) 3076 4002 w
(within) 3486 4002 w
(the) 3769 4002 w
(conditional) 3918 4002 w
(were) 4395 4002 w
(really) 4615 4002 w
(nec\255) 4869 4002 w
(essary: if we had said) 720 4122 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 1080 4292 w
(=) 1165 4292 w
(getchar\( ) 1258 4292 w
(\)) 1661 4292 w
(!=) 1729 4292 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1850 4292 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 1875 4292 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1959 4292 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 720 4462 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(would) 800 4462 w
(be) 1080 4462 w
(set) 1204 4462 w
(to) 1345 4462 w
(0) 1453 4462 w
(or) 1533 4462 w
(1) 1646 4462 w
(depending) 1726 4462 w
(on) 2172 4462 w
(whether) 2302 4462 w
(the) 2653 4462 w
(character) 2805 4462 w
(fetched) 3199 4462 w
(was) 3522 4462 w
(an) 3707 4462 w
(end) 3831 4462 w
(of) 4005 4462 w
(file) 4119 4462 w
(or) 4283 4462 w
(not.) 4397 4462 w
(This) 4606 4462 w
(is) 4815 4462 w
(be\255) 4913 4462 w
(cause) 720 4582 w
(in) 978 4582 w
(the) 1093 4582 w
(absence) 1252 4582 w
(of) 1604 4582 w
(parentheses) 1724 4582 w
(the) 2226 4582 w
(assignment) 2385 4582 w
(operator) 2872 4582 w
(`=') 3240 4582 w
(is) 3398 4582 w
(evaluated) 3501 4582 w
(after) 3919 4582 w
(the) 4137 4582 w
(relational) 4295 4582 w
(operator) 4708 4582 w
(`!='.) 720 4702 w
(When in doubt, or even if not, parenthesize.) 950 4702 w
(Since) 970 4858 w
10 /Helvetica f
(putchar\(c\)) 1225 4858 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(returns) 1706 4858 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 2016 4858 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(as) 2096 4858 w
(its) 2209 4858 w
(function) 2334 4858 w
(value,) 2697 4858 w
(we) 2968 4858 w
(could) 3114 4858 w
(also) 3366 4858 w
(copy) 3557 4858 w
(the) 3781 4858 w
(input) 3933 4858 w
(to) 4169 4858 w
(the) 4277 4858 w
(output) 4429 4858 w
(by) 4715 4858 w
(nest\255) 4846 4858 w
(ing the calls to) 720 4978 w
10 /Helvetica f
(getchar) 1334 4978 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 1694 4978 w
10 /Helvetica f
(putchar:) 1866 4978 w
(main\( ) 1080 5148 w
(\)) 1365 5148 w
({) 1433 5148 w
(while\() 1440 5268 w
(putchar\(getchar\( ) 1736 5268 w
(\)\)) 2507 5268 w
(!=) 2608 5268 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2729 5268 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2754 5268 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2838 5268 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2898 5268 w
(;) 2966 5268 w
(}) 1080 5388 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(What) 720 5558 w
(statement) 968 5558 w
(is) 1383 5558 w
(being) 1482 5558 w
(repeated? ) 1736 5558 w
(None,) 2174 5558 w
(or) 2447 5558 w
(technically,) 2562 5558 w
(the) 3057 5558 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(null) 3211 5558 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement,) 3399 5558 w
(because) 3839 5558 w
(all) 4187 5558 w
(the) 4320 5558 w
(work) 4475 5558 w
(is) 4713 5558 w
(really) 4813 5558 w
(done) 720 5678 w
(within) 942 5678 w
(the) 1226 5678 w
(test) 1376 5678 w
(part) 1543 5678 w
(of) 1726 5678 w
(the) 1837 5678 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 1990 5678 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2218 5678 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(This) 2316 5678 w
(version) 2522 5678 w
(is) 2844 5678 w
(slightly) 2939 5678 w
(different) 3268 5678 w
(from) 3639 5678 w
(the) 3860 5678 w
(previous) 4009 5678 w
(one,) 4380 5678 w
(because) 4576 5678 w
(the) 4918 5678 w
(final `\\0' is copied to the output before we decide to stop.) 720 5798 w
10 /Helvetica f
(8. Arithmetic) 720 6038 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 6194 w
(arithmetic) 1152 6194 w
(operators) 1584 6194 w
(are) 1982 6194 w
(the) 2130 6194 w
(usual) 2279 6194 w
(`+',) 2517 6194 w
(`) 2691 6194 w
10 /S f
(-) 2724 6194 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(',) 2779 6194 w
(`*',) 2864 6194 w
(and) 3032 6194 w
(`/') 3203 6194 w
(\(truncating) 3324 6194 w
(integer) 3789 6194 w
(division) 4093 6194 w
(if) 4443 6194 w
(the) 4531 6194 w
(operands) 4680 6194 w
(are both) 720 6314 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int\),) 1072 6314 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and the remainder or mod operator `%':) 1264 6314 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 6484 w
(=) 1165 6484 w
(a%b;) 1258 6484 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(sets) 720 6654 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 899 6654 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to) 975 6654 w
(the) 1079 6654 w
(remainder) 1227 6654 w
(after) 1657 6654 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 1868 6654 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 1950 665
2000
4 w
(divided) 2043 6654 w
(by) 2369 6654 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 2498 6654 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(\(i.e.,) 2580 6654 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 2789 6654 w
(mod) 2874 6654 w
(b\)) 3098 6654 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 3187 6654 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 3284 6654 w
(results) 3466 6654 w
(are) 3754 6654 w
(machine) 3902 6654 w
(dependent) 4267 6654 w
(unless) 4704 6654 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 4984 6654 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 720 6774 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 892 6774 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are both positive.) 973 6774 w
(In) 970 6930 w
(arithmetic,) 1091 6930 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char) 1562 6930 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(variables) 1795 6930 w
(can) 2193 6930 w
(usually) 2369 6930 w
(be) 2696 6930 w
(treated) 2828 6930 w
(like) 3137 6930 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 3328 6930 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(variables.) 3472 6930 w
(Arithmetic) 3920 6930 w
(on) 4392 6930 w
(characters) 4531 6930 w
(is) 4973 6930 w
(quite legal, and often makes sense:) 720 7050 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 1080 7220 w
(=) 1165 7220 w
(c) 1258 7220 w
(+) 1343 7220 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1436 7220 w
10 /Helvetica f
(A) 1461 7220 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1528 7220 w
(-) 1588 7220 w
(\242) 1678 7220 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 1703 7220 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1759 7220 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1784 7220 w
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6 pagesetup
10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2942 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(6 ) 3032 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3123 360 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(converts) 720 890 w
(a) 1095 890 w
(single) 1176 890 w
(lower) 1452 890 w
(case) 1716 890 w
(ascii) 1924 890 w
(character) 2144 890 w
(stored) 2545 890 w
(in) 2826 890 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 2944 890 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to) 3031 890 w
(upper) 3146 890 w
(case,) 3410 890 w
(making) 3643 890 w
(use) 3980 890 w
(of) 4150 890 w
(the) 4270 890 w
(fact) 4429 890 w
(that) 4615 890 w
(corre\255) 4803 890 w
(sponding) 720 1010 w
(ascii) 1113 1010 w
(letters are a fixed distance apart.) 1322 1010 w
(The rule governing this arithmetic is that all) 2662 1010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(chars) 4447 1010 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are con\255) 4717 1010 w
(verted) 720 1130 w
(to) 995 1130 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1102 1130 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(before) 1234 1130 w
(the) 1514 1130 w
(arithmetic) 1662 1130 w
(is) 2093 1130 w
(done.) 2186 1130 w
(Beware) 2456 1130 w
(that) 2786 1130 w
(conversion) 2962 1130 w
(may) 3426 1130 w
(involve) 3624 1130 w
(sign\255extension) 3950 1130 w
10 /S f
(_) 4560 1130 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(if) 4637 1130 w
(the) 4725 1130 w
(left\255) 4874 1130 w
(most) 720 1250 w
(bit) 953 1250 w
(of) 1097 1250 w
(a) 1218 1250 w
(character) 1300 1250 w
(is) 1702 1250 w
(1,) 1806 1250 w
(the) 1918 1250 w
(resulting) 2077 1250 w
(integer) 2464 1250 w
(might) 2778 1250 w
(be) 3049 1250 w
(negative.) 3180 1250 w
(\(This) 3605 1250 w
(doesn't) 3853 1250 w
(happen) 4184 1250 w
(with) 4509 1250 w
(genuine) 4724 1250 w
(characters on any current machine.\)) 720 1370 w
(So to convert a file into lower case:) 970 1526 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\() 1080 1696 w
(\)) 1365 1696 w
({) 1433 1696 w
(char) 1440 1816 w
(c;) 1670 1816 w
(while\() 1440 1936 w
(\(c=getchar\() 1736 1936 w
(\)\)) 2280 1936 w
(!=) 2381 1936 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2502 1936 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2527 1936 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2611 1936 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2671 1936 w
(if\() 1800 2056 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1918 2056 w
10 /Helvetica f
(A) 1943 2056 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2010 2056 w
10 /Helvetica f
(<=c) 2035 2056 w
(&&) 2236 2056 w
(c<=) 2405 2056 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2571 2056 w
10 /Helvetica f
(Z) 2596 2056 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2657 2056 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2717 2056 w
(putchar\(c+) 2160 2176 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2636 2176 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 2661 2176 w
10 /S f
(\242-\242) 2717 2176 w
10 /Helvetica f
(A) 2822 2176 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2889 2176 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\);) 2914 2176 w
(else) 1800 2296 w
(putchar\(c\);) 2160 2416 w
(}) 1080 2536 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Characters) 720 2706 w
(have) 1176 2706 w
(different) 1394 2706 w
(sizes) 1768 2706 w
(on) 1993 2706 w
(different) 2124 2706 w
(machines.) 2498 2706 w
(Further,) 2956 2706 w
(this) 3306 2706 w
(code) 3482 2706 w
(won't) 3701 2706 w
(work) 3965 2706 w
(on) 4201 2706 w
(an) 4332 2706 w
(IBM) 4457 2706 w
(machine,) 4677 2706 w
(because the letters in the ebcdic alphabet are not contiguous.) 720 2826 w
10 /Helvetica f
(9. Else Clause; Conditional Expressions) 720 3066 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(We just used an) 970 3222 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else) 1633 3222 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(after an) 1842 3222 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 2171 3222 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2221 3222 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The most general form of) 2316 3222 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 3364 3222 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 3439 3222 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 1080 3392 w
(\(expression\)) 1165 3392 w
(statement1) 1751 3392 w
(else) 2283 3392 w
(statement2) 2502 3392 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(the) 720 3562 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else) 870 3562 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(part is optional, but often useful.) 1079 3562 w
(The canonical example sets) 2431 3562 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 3559 3562 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to the minimum of) 3634 3562 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 4410 3562 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 4491 3562 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b:) 4663 3562 w
(if) 1080 3732 w
(\(a) 1165 3732 w
(<) 1289 3732 w
(b\)) 1382 3732 w
(x) 1440 3852 w
(=) 1525 3852 w
(a;) 1618 3852 w
(else) 1080 3972 w
(x) 1440 4092 w
(=) 1525 4092 w
(b;) 1618 4092 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Observe that there's a semicolon after) 720 4262 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x=a) 2263 4262 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2427 4262 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(C) 970 4418 w
(provides) 1063 4418 w
(an) 1433 4418 w
(alternate) 1553 4418 w
(form) 1922 4418 w
(of) 2142 4418 w
(conditional) 2251 4418 w
(which) 2727 4418 w
(is) 2997 4418 w
(often) 3090 4418 w
(more) 3321 4418 w
(concise.) 3552 4418 w
(It) 3928 4418 w
(is) 4016 4418 w
(called) 4110 4418 w
(the) 4375 4418 w
(``conditional) 4524 4418 w
(expression'') 720 4538 w
(because) 1241 4538 w
(it) 1584 4538 w
(is) 1668 4538 w
(a) 1763 4538 w
(conditional) 1835 4538 w
(which) 2313 4538 w
(actually) 2585 4538 w
(has) 2929 4538 w
(a) 3090 4538 w
(value) 3162 4538 w
(and) 3406 4538 w
(can) 3578 4538 w
(be) 3744 4538 w
(used) 3866 4538 w
(anywhere) 4077 4538 w
(an) 4492 4538 w
(expression) 4613 4538 w
(can.) 720 4658 w
(The value of) 933 4658 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a<b) 1080 4828 w
(?) 1285 4828 w
(a) 1376 4828 w
(:) 1467 4828 w
(b;) 1530 4828 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 720 4998 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 815 4998 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(if) 896 4998 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 985 4998 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is less than) 1066 4998 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b;) 1533 4998 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(it is) 1642 4998 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 1818 4998 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(otherwise.) 1899 4998 w
(In general, the form) 2362 4998 w
10 /Helvetica f
(expr1) 1080 5168 w
(?) 1366 5168 w
(expr2) 1457 5168 w
(:) 1743 5168 w
(expr3) 1806 5168 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(means) 720 5338 w
(``evaluate) 1011 5338 w
10 /Helvetica f
(expr1) 1448 5338 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1699 5338 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(If) 1805 5338 w
(it) 1907 5338 w
(is) 1999 5338 w
(not) 2102 5338 w
(zero,) 2266 5338 w
(the) 2498 5338 w
(value) 2657 5338 w
(of) 2910 5338 w
(the) 3030 5338 w
(whole) 3189 5338 w
(thing) 3470 5338 w
(is) 3713 5338 w
10 /Helvetica f
(expr2;) 3820 5338 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(otherwise) 4136 5338 w
(the) 4561 5338 w
(value) 4720 5338 w
(is) 4973 5338 w
10 /Helvetica f
(expr3) 720 5458 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 971 5458 w
10 /Helvetica f
('') 1016 5458 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(To set) 970 5614 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1245 5614 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to the minimum of) 1320 5614 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 2096 5614 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 2177 5614 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b,) 2349 5614 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(then:) 2458 5614 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 5784 w
(=) 1165 5784 w
(\(a<b) 1258 5784 w
(?) 1496 5784 w
(a) 1587 5784 w
(:) 1678 5784 
2000
w
(b\);) 1741 5784 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The parentheses aren't necessary because) 720 5954 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`?:') 2402 5954 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is evaluated before `=', but safety first.) 2555 5954 w
(Going a step further, we could write the loop in the lower\255case program as) 970 6110 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while\() 1080 6280 w
(\(c=getchar\() 1376 6280 w
(\)\)) 1920 6280 w
(!=) 2021 6280 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2142 6280 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2167 6280 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2251 6280 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2311 6280 w
(putchar\() 1440 6400 w
(\() 1843 6400 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1876 6400 w
10 /Helvetica f
(A) 1901 6400 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1968 6400 w
10 /Helvetica f
(<=c) 1993 6400 w
(&&) 2194 6400 w
(c<=) 2363 6400 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2529 6400 w
10 /Helvetica f
(Z) 2554 6400 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2615 6400 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2640 6400 w
(?) 2708 6400 w
(c) 2799 6400 w
10 /S f
(-\242) 2849 6400 w
10 /Helvetica f
(A) 2929 6400 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2996 6400 w
10 /Helvetica f
(+) 3021 6400 w
10 /S f
(\242) 3079 6400 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 3104 6400 w
10 /S f
(\242) 3160 6400 w
10 /Helvetica f
(:) 3220 6400 w
(c) 3283 6400 w
(\);) 3368 6400 w
(If's) 970 6606 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 1131 6606 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else's) 1311 6606 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(can) 1600 6606 w
(be) 1771 6606 w
(used) 1898 6606 w
(to) 2114 6606 w
(construct) 2225 6606 w
(logic) 2625 6606 w
(that) 2859 6606 w
(branches) 3043 6606 w
(one) 3431 6606 w
(of) 3609 6606 w
(several) 3726 6606 w
(ways) 4042 6606 w
(and) 4281 6606 w
(then) 4459 6606 w
(rejoins,) 4665 6606 w
(a) 4996 6606 w
(common programming structure, in this way:) 720 6726 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if\() 1080 6896 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1163 6896 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 1298 6896 w
({) 1440 7016 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1473 7016 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1608 7016 w
(else) 1080 7136 w
(if\() 1299 7136 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1382 7136 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 1517 7136 w
({) 1440 7256 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1473 7256 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1608 7256 w
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7 pagesetup
10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2942 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(7 ) 3032 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3123 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else) 1080 840 w
(if\() 1299 840 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1382 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 1517 840 w
({) 1440 960 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1473 960 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1608 960 w
(else) 1080 1080 w
({) 1440 1200 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1473 1200 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1608 1200 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 720 1370 w
(conditions) 903 1370 w
(are) 1348 1370 w
(tested) 1497 1370 w
(in) 1758 1370 w
(order,) 1864 1370 w
(and) 2127 1370 w
(exactly) 2299 1370 w
(one) 2615 1370 w
(block) 2788 1370 w
(is) 3039 1370 w
(executed) 3135 1370 w
10 /S f
(_) 3518 1370 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(either) 3597 1370 w
(the) 3853 1370 w
(first) 4004 1370 w
(one) 4194 1370 w
(whose) 4367 1370 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 4654 1370 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 4733 1370 w
(satis\255) 4829 1370 w
(fied,) 720 1490 w
(or) 930 1490 w
(the) 1043 1490 w
(one) 1195 1490 w
(for) 1369 1490 w
(the) 1515 1490 w
(last) 1667 1490 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else) 1839 1490 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2023 1490 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(When) 2123 1490 w
(this) 2391 1490 w
(block) 2566 1490 w
(is) 2818 1490 w
(finished,) 2915 1490 w
(the) 3291 1490 w
(next) 3442 1490 w
(statement) 3643 1490 w
(executed) 4055 1490 w
(is) 4438 1490 w
(the) 4534 1490 w
(one) 4685 1490 w
(after) 4858 1490 w
(the last) 720 1610 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else) 1034 1610 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1218 1610 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(If no action is to be taken for the ``default'' case, omit the last) 1313 1610 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else) 3819 1610 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4003 1610 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(For example, to count letters, digits and others in a file, we could write) 970 1766 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\() 1080 1936 w
(\)) 1365 1936 w
({) 1433 1936 w
(int) 1440 2056 w
(let,) 1581 2056 w
(dig,) 1750 2056 w
(other,) 1947 2056 w
(c;) 2239 2056 w
(let) 1440 2176 w
(=) 1581 2176 w
(dig) 1674 2176 w
(=) 1843 2176 w
(other) 1936 2176 w
(=) 2200 2176 w
(0;) 2293 2176 w
(while\() 1440 2296 w
(\(c=getchar\() 1736 2296 w
(\)\)) 2280 2296 w
(!=) 2381 2296 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2502 2296 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2527 2296 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2611 2296 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2671 2296 w
(if\() 1800 2416 w
(\() 1918 2416 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1951 2416 w
10 /Helvetica f
(A) 1976 2416 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2043 2416 w
10 /Helvetica f
(<=c) 2068 2416 w
(&&) 2269 2416 w
(c<=) 2438 2416 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2604 2416 w
10 /Helvetica f
(Z) 2629 2416 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2690 2416 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2715 2416 w
10 /S f
(|) 2783 2416 w
(|) 2819 2416 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\() 2874 2416 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2907 2416 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 2932 2416 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2988 2416 w
10 /Helvetica f
(<=c) 3013 2416 w
(&&) 3214 2416 w
(c<=) 3383 2416 w
10 /S f
(\242) 3549 2416 w
10 /Helvetica f
(z) 3574 2416 w
10 /S f
(\242) 3624 2416 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 3649 2416 w
(\)) 3717 2416 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 3820 2416 w
10 /Helvetica f
(let;) 3932 2416 w
(else) 1800 2536 w
(if\() 2019 2536 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2137 2536 w
10 /Helvetica f
(0) 2162 2536 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2218 2536 w
10 /Helvetica f
(<=c) 2243 2536 w
(&&) 2444 2536 w
(c<=) 2613 2536 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2779 2536 w
10 /Helvetica f
(9) 2804 2536 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2860 2536 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2920 2536 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 3023 2536 w
10 /Helvetica f
(dig;) 3135 2536 w
(else) 1800 2656 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2054 2656 w
10 /Helvetica f
(other;) 2166 2656 w
(printf\("%d) 1440 2776 w
(letters,) 1912 2776 w
(%d) 2248 2776 w
(digits,) 2428 2776 w
(%d) 2725 2776 w
(others\\n",) 2905 2776 w
(let,) 3367 2776 w
(dig,) 3536 2776 w
(other\);) 3733 2776 w
(}) 1080 2896 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The `++' operator means ``increment by 1''; we will get to it in the next section.) 720 3066 w
10 /Helvetica f
(10. Increment and Decrement Operators) 720 3306 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(In) 970 3462 w
(addition) 1087 3462 w
(to) 1449 3462 w
(the) 1561 3462 w
(usual) 1717 3462 w
(`) 1962 3462 w
10 /S f
(-) 1995 3462 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(',) 2050 3462 w
(C) 2142 3462 w
(also) 2244 3462 w
(has) 2440 3462 w
(two) 2608 3462 w
(other) 2793 3462 w
(interesting) 3033 3462 w
(unary) 3490 3462 w
(operators,) 3752 3462 w
(`++') 4183 3462 w
(\(increment\)) 4396 3462 w
(and) 4896 3462 w
(`) 720 3582 w
10 /S f
(--) 753 3582 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(' \(decrement\).) 863 3582 w
(Suppose we want to count the lines in a file.) 1477 3582 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\() 1080 3752 w
(\)) 1365 3752 w
({) 1433 3752 w
(int) 1440 3872 w
(c,n;) 1581 3872 w
(n) 1440 3992 w
(=) 1531 3992 w
(0;) 1624 3992 w
(while\() 1440 4112 w
(\(c=getchar\() 1736 4112 w
(\)\)) 2280 4112 w
(!=) 2381 4112 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2502 4112 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2527 4112 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2611 4112 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2671 4112 w
(if\() 1800 4232 w
(c) 1918 4232 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2003 4232 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2150 4232 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\n) 2175 4232 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2259 4232 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2319 4232 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2160 4352 w
10 /Helvetica f
(n;) 2272 4352 w
(printf\("%d) 1440 4472 w
(lines\\n",) 1912 4472 w
(n\);) 2301 4472 w
(}) 1080 4592 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 720 4762 w
10 /Helvetica f
(n) 832 4762 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is equivalent to) 913 4762 w
10 /Helvetica f
(n=n+1) 1552 4762 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(but clearer, particularly when) 1861 4762 w
10 /Helvetica f
(n) 3064 4762 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 3146 4762 w
(a) 3239 4762 w
(complicated) 3309 4762 w
(expression.) 3823 4762 w
(`++') 4326 4762 w
(and) 4530 4762 w
(`) 4700 4762 w
10 /S f
(--) 4733 4762 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(') 4843 4762 w
(can) 4902 4762 w
(be applied only to) 720 4882 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int's) 1467 4882 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 1670 4882 w

2000
10 /Helvetica f
(char's) 1842 4882 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(\(and) 2134 4882 w
10 /Helvetica f
(pointers) 2339 4882 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(which we haven't got to yet\).) 2721 4882 w
(The) 970 5038 w
(unusual) 1158 5038 w
(feature) 1502 5038 w
(of) 1811 5038 w
(`++') 1927 5038 w
(and) 2138 5038 w
(`) 2315 5038 w
10 /S f
(--) 2348 5038 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(') 2458 5038 w
(is) 2524 5038 w
(that) 2624 5038 w
(they) 2807 5038 w
(can) 3012 5038 w
(be) 3183 5038 w
(used) 3310 5038 w
(either) 3526 5038 w
(before) 3786 5038 w
(or) 4073 5038 w
(after) 4189 5038 w
(a) 4404 5038 w
(variable.) 4481 5038 w
(The) 4885 5038 w
(value) 720 5158 w
(of) 963 5158 w
(++) 1073 5158 w
10 /Helvetica f
(k) 1185 5158 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 1261 5158 w
(the) 1354 5158 w
(value) 1502 5158 w
(of) 1744 5158 w
10 /Helvetica f
(k) 1856 5158 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(after) 1932 5158 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(it) 2147 5158 w
(has) 2229 5158 w
(been) 2388 5158 w
(incremented.) 2602 5158 w
(The) 3171 5158 w
(value) 3352 5158 w
(of) 3594 5158 w
10 /Helvetica f
(k) 3706 5158 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 3756 5158 w
(is) 3894 5158 w
10 /Helvetica f
(k) 3990 5158 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(before) 4066 5158 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(it) 4347 5158 w
(is) 4429 5158 w
(incremented.) 4522 5158 w
(Suppose) 720 5278 w
10 /Helvetica f
(k) 1087 5278 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is 5.) 1162 5278 w
(Then) 1379 5278 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 5448 w
(=) 1165 5448 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1258 5448 w
10 /Helvetica f
(k;) 1370 5448 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(increments) 720 5618 w
10 /Helvetica f
(k) 1186 5618 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to 6 and then sets) 1261 5618 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1983 5618 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to the resulting value, i.e., to 6.) 2058 5618 w
(But) 3349 5618 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 5788 w
(=) 1165 5788 w
(k) 1258 5788 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1308 5788 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1420 5788 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(first) 720 5958 w
(sets) 914 5958 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1100 5958 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to) 1183 5958 w
(to) 1294 5958 w
(5,) 1405 5958 w
(and) 1513 5958 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(then) 1690 5958 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(increments) 1895 5958 w
10 /Helvetica f
(k) 2369 5958 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to) 2452 5958 w
(6.) 2563 5958 w
(The) 2696 5958 w
(incrementing) 2884 5958 w
(effect) 3444 5958 w
(of) 3703 5958 w
(++) 3819 5958 w
10 /Helvetica f
(k) 3931 5958 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 4014 5958 w
10 /Helvetica f
(k) 4195 5958 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 4245 5958 w
(is) 4391 5958 w
(the) 4492 5958 w
(same,) 4648 5958 w
(but) 4912 5958 w
(their values are respectively 5 and 6.) 720 6078 w
(We shall soon see examples where both of these uses are important.) 2230 6078 w
10 /Helvetica f
(11. Arrays) 720 6318 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(In C, as in Fortran or) 970 6474 w
(PL/I,) 1834 6474 w
(it) 2063 6474 w
(is) 2145 6474 w
(possible) 2238 6474 w
(to) 2592 6474 w
(make) 2696 6474 w
(arrays) 2938 6474 w
(whose) 3207 6474 w
(elements) 3488 6474 w
(are) 3869 6474 w
(basic) 4016 6474 w
(types.) 4247 6474 w
(Thus) 4534 6474 w
(we) 4760 6474 w
(can) 4902 6474 w
(make an array of 10 integers with the declaration) 720 6594 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1080 6764 w
(x[10];) 1221 6764 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 720 6934 w
(square) 908 6934 w
(brackets) 1201 6934 w
(mean) 1566 6934 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(subscripting;) 1815 6934 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(parentheses) 2377 6934 w
(are) 2876 6934 w
(used) 3031 6934 w
(only) 3248 6934 w
(for) 3460 6934 w
(function) 3610 6934 w
(references.) 3977 6934 w
(Array) 4469 6934 w
(indexes) 4735 6934 w
(begin at) 720 7054 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(zero,) 1064 7054 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(so the elements of) 1286 7054 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 2038 7054 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are) 2113 7054 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x[0],) 1080 7224 w
(x[1],) 1305 7224 w
(x[2],) 1530 7224 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1755 7224 w
10 /Helvetica f
(,) 1890 7224 w
(x[9]) 1953 7224 w
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8 pagesetup
10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2942 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(8 ) 3032 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3123 360 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(If an array has) 720 890 w
10 /Helvetica f
(n) 1320 890 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(elements, the largest subscript is) 1401 890 w
10 /Helvetica f
(n) 2725 890 w
10 /S f
(-) 2781 890 w
10 /Helvetica f
(1) 2836 890 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2892 890 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Multiple\255dimension) 970 1046 w
(arrays) 1794 1046 w
(are) 2066 1046 w
(provided,) 2216 1046 w
(though) 2625 1046 w
(not) 2932 1046 w
(much) 3089 1046 w
(used) 3340 1046 w
(above) 3552 1046 w
(two) 3819 1046 w
(dimensions.) 3999 1046 w
(The) 4535 1046 w
(declara\255) 4720 1046 w
(tion and use look like) 720 1166 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1080 1336 w
(name[10]) 1221 1336 w
([20];) 1675 1336 w
(n) 1080 1456 w
(=) 1171 1456 w
(name[i+j]) 1264 1456 w
([1]) 1708 1456 w
(+) 1855 1456 w
(name[k]) 1948 1456 w
([2];) 2340 1456 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Subscripts) 720 1626 w
(can) 1163 1626 w
(be) 1328 1626 w
(arbitrary) 1449 1626 w
(integer) 1819 1626 w
(expressions.) 2123 1626 w
(Multi\255dimension) 2666 1626 w
(arrays) 3366 1626 w
(are) 3636 1626 w
(stored) 3784 1626 w
(by) 4055 1626 w
(row) 4182 1626 w
(\(opposite) 4364 1626 w
(to) 4763 1626 w
(For\255) 4868 1626 w
(tran\), so the rightmost subscript varies fastest;) 720 1746 w
10 /Helvetica f
(name) 2588 1746 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(has 10 rows and 20 columns.) 2864 1746 w
(Here) 970 1902 w
(is) 1189 1902 w
(a) 1282 1902 w
(program) 1352 1902 w
(which) 1716 1902 w
(reads) 1986 1902 w
(a) 2222 1902 w
(line,) 2292 1902 w
(stores) 2493 1902 w
(it) 2752 1902 w
(in) 2834 1902 w
(a) 2938 1902 w
(buffer,) 3008 1902 w
(and) 3302 1902 w
(prints) 3472 1902 w
(its) 3726 1902 w
(length) 3847 1902 w
(\(excluding) 4123 1902 w
(the) 4576 1902 w
(newline) 4724 1902 w
(at the end\).) 720 2022 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\() 1080 2192 w
(\)) 1365 2192 w
({) 1433 2192 w
(int) 1440 2312 w
(n,) 1581 2312 w
(c;) 1700 2312 w
(char) 1440 2432 w
(line[100];) 1670 2432 w
(n) 1440 2552 w
(=) 1531 2552 w
(0;) 1624 2552 w
(while\() 1440 2672 w
(\(c=getchar\() 1736 2672 w
(\)\)) 2280 2672 w
(!=) 2381 2672 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2502 2672 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\n) 2527 2672 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2611 2672 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2671 2672 w
({) 2739 2672 w
(if\() 1800 2792 w
(n) 1918 2792 w
(<) 2009 2792 w
(100) 2102 2792 w
(\)) 2305 2792 w
(line[n]) 2160 2912 w
(=) 2463 2912 w
(c;) 2556 2912 w
(n) 1800 3032 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1856 3032 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1968 3032 w
(}) 1440 3152 w
(printf\("length) 1440 3272 w
(=) 2041 3272 w
(%d\\n",) 2134 3272 w
(n\);) 2462 3272 w
(}) 1080 3392 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(As) 970 3598 w
(a) 1113 3598 w
(more) 1189 3598 w
(complicated) 1426 3598 w
(problem,) 1947 3598 w
(suppose) 2338 3598 w
(we) 2693 3598 w
(want) 2842 3598 w
(to) 3069 3598 w
(print) 3180 3598 w
(the) 3402 3598 w
(count) 3557 3598 w
(for) 3812 3598 w
(each) 3961 3598 w
(line) 4176 3598 w
(in) 4359 3598 w
(the) 4470 3598 w
(input,) 4625 3598 w
(still) 4889 3598 w
(storing the first 100 characters of each line.) 720 3718 w
(Try it as an exercise before looking at the solution:) 2499 3718 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\() 1080 3888 w
(\)) 1365 3888 w
({) 1433 3888 w
(int) 1440 4008 w
(n,) 1581 4008 w
(c;) 1700 4008 w
(char) 1813 4008 w
(line[100];) 2043 4008 w
(n) 1440 4128 w
(=) 1531 4128 w
(0;) 1624 4128 w
(while\() 1440 4248 w
(\(c=getchar\() 1736 4248 w
(\)\)) 2280 4248 w
(!=) 2381 4248 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2502 4248 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2527 4248 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2611 4248 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2671 4248 w
(if\() 1800 4368 w
(c) 1918 4368 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2003 4368 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2150 4368 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\n) 2175 4368 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2259 4368 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2319 4368 w
({) 2387 4368 w
(printf\("%d0,) 2160 4488 w
(n\);) 2716 4488 w
(n) 2160 4608 w
(=) 2251 4608 w
(0;) 2344 4608 w
(})
2000
 1800 4728 w
(else) 1800 4848 w
({) 2019 4848 w
(if\() 2160 4968 w
(n) 2278 4968 w
(<) 2369 4968 w
(100) 2462 4968 w
(\)) 2665 4968 w
(line[n]) 2733 4968 w
(=) 3036 4968 w
(c;) 3129 4968 w
(n) 2160 5088 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2216 5088 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2328 5088 w
(}) 1800 5208 w
(}) 1080 5328 w
(12. Character Arrays; Strings) 720 5618 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Text) 970 5774 w
(is) 1184 5774 w
(usually) 1282 5774 w
(kept) 1602 5774 w
(as) 1805 5774 w
(an) 1919 5774 w
(array) 2044 5774 w
(of) 2279 5774 w
(characters,) 2393 5774 w
(as) 2852 5774 w
(we) 2966 5774 w
(did) 3113 5774 w
(with) 3272 5774 w
10 /Helvetica f
(line[) 3484 5774 w
(]) 3702 5774 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(in) 3761 5774 w
(the) 3870 5774 w
(example) 4024 5774 w
(above.) 4394 5774 w
(By) 4714 5774 w
(con\255) 4863 5774 w
(vention) 720 5894 w
(in) 1049 5894 w
(C,) 1155 5894 w
(the) 1275 5894 w
(last) 1425 5894 w
(character) 1592 5894 w
(in) 1984 5894 w
(a) 2090 5894 w
(character) 2162 5894 w
(array) 2554 5894 w
(should) 2786 5894 w
(be) 3081 5894 w
(a) 3203 5894 w
(`\\0') 3275 5894 w
(because) 3447 5894 w
(most) 3790 5894 w
(programs) 4013 5894 w
(that) 4418 5894 w
(manipulate) 4596 5894 w
(character) 720 6014 w
(arrays) 1122 6014 w
(expect) 1403 6014 w
(it.) 1701 6014 w
(For) 1845 6014 w
(example,) 2022 6014 w
10 /Helvetica f
(printf) 2426 6014 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(uses) 2687 6014 w
(the) 2897 6014 w
(`\\0') 3057 6014 w
(to) 3239 6014 w
(detect) 3355 6014 w
(the) 3631 6014 w
(end) 3791 6014 w
(of) 3973 6014 w
(a) 4095 6014 w
(character) 4178 6014 w
(array) 4581 6014 w
(when) 4824 6014 w
(printing it out with a `%s'.) 720 6134 w
(We can copy a character array) 970 6290 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s) 2205 6290 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(into another) 2280 6290 w
10 /Helvetica f
(t) 2788 6290 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(like this:) 2841 6290 w
10 /Helvetica f
(i) 1440 6460 w
(=) 1497 6460 w
(0;) 1590 6460 w
(while\() 1440 6580 w
(\(t[i]=s[i]\)) 1736 6580 w
(!=) 2129 6580 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2250 6580 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2275 6580 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2359 6580 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2419 6580 w
(i) 1800 6700 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1822 6700 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1934 6700 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Most of the time we have to put in our own `\\0' at the end of) 970 6906 w
(a) 3418 6906 w
(string;) 3488 6906 w
(if) 3770 6906 w
(we) 3857 6906 w
(want) 3999 6906 w
(to) 4219 6906 w
(print) 4323 6906 w
(the) 4538 6906 w
(line) 4686 6906 w
(with) 4862 6906 w
10 /Helvetica f
(printf,) 720 7026 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(it's necessary.) 996 7026 w
(This code prints the character count before the line:) 1611 7026 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\() 1080 7196 w
(\)) 1365 7196 w
({) 1433 7196 w
(int) 1440 7316 w
(n;) 1581 7316 w
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9 pagesetup
10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2942 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(9 ) 3032 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3123 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char) 1440 840 w
(line[100];) 1670 840 w
(n) 1440 960 w
(=) 1531 960 w
(0;) 1624 960 w
(while\() 1440 1080 w
(\(line[n) 1736 1080 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2009 1080 w
10 /Helvetica f
(]=getchar\() 2121 1080 w
(\)\)) 2610 1080 w
(!=) 2711 1080 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2832 1080 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\n) 2857 1080 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2941 1080 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\);) 3001 1080 w
(line[n]) 1440 1200 w
(=) 1743 1200 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1836 1200 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 1861 1200 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1945 1200 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1970 1200 w
(printf\("%d:\\t%s",) 1440 1320 w
(n,) 2199 1320 w
(line\);) 2318 1320 w
(}) 1080 1440 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Here) 720 1610 w
(we) 942 1610 w
(increment) 1087 1610 w
10 /Helvetica f
(n) 1518 1610 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(in) 1603 1610 w
(the) 1710 1610 w
(subscript) 1861 1610 w
(itself,) 2251 1610 w
(but) 2505 1610 w
(only) 2662 1610 w
(after) 2869 1610 w
(the) 3080 1610 w
(previous) 3231 1610 w
(value) 3604 1610 w
(has) 3849 1610 w
(been) 4011 1610 w
(used.) 4228 1610 w
(The) 4491 1610 w
(character) 4676 1610 w
(is read, placed in) 720 1730 w
10 /Helvetica f
(line[n],) 1424 1730 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and only then) 1745 1730 w
10 /Helvetica f
(n) 2317 1730 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is incremented.) 2398 1730 w
(There) 970 1886 w
(is) 1229 1886 w
(one) 1323 1886 w
(place) 1494 1886 w
(and) 1731 1886 w
(one) 1902 1886 w
(place) 2073 1886 w
(only) 2310 1886 w
(where) 2515 1886 w
(C) 2785 1886 w
(puts) 2879 1886 w
(in) 3073 1886 w
(the) 3178 1886 w
(`\\0') 3327 1886 w
(at) 3498 1886 w
(the) 3597 1886 w
(end) 3746 1886 w
(of) 3917 1886 w
(a) 4027 1886 w
(character) 4098 1886 w
(array) 4489 1886 w
(for) 4721 1886 w
(you,) 4865 1886 w
(and that is in the construction) 720 2006 w
10 /Helvetica f
("stuff) 1080 2176 w
(between) 1341 2176 w
(double) 1756 2176 w
(quotes") 2093 2176 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 720 2346 w
(compiler) 912 2346 w
(puts) 1304 2346 w
(a) 1508 2346 w
(`\\0') 1589 2346 w
(at) 1770 2346 w
(the) 1879 2346 w
(end) 2038 2346 w
(automatically.) 2219 2346 w
(Text) 2850 2346 w
(enclosed) 3070 2346 w
(in) 3456 2346 w
(double) 3571 2346 w
(quotes) 3880 2346 w
(is) 4178 2346 w
(called) 4282 2346 w
(a) 4558 2346 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(string;) 4640 2346 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(its) 4945 2346 w
(properties are precisely those of an \(initialized\) array of characters.) 720 2466 w
10 /Helvetica f
(13. For Statement) 720 2706 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 2862 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for) 1163 2862 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement) 1315 2862 w
(is) 1733 2862 w
(a) 1835 2862 w
(somewhat) 1914 2862 w
(generalized) 2354 2862 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 2851 2862 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(that) 3114 2862 w
(lets) 3299 2862 w
(us) 3473 2862 w
(put) 3597 2862 w
(the) 3761 2862 w
(initialization) 3919 2862 w
(and) 4461 2862 w
(increment) 4641 2862 w
(parts of a loop into a single statement along with the test.) 720 2982 w
(The general form of the) 3052 2982 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for) 4027 2982 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 4169 2982 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for\() 1080 3152 w
(initialization;) 1265 3152 w
(expression;) 1846 3152 w
(increment) 2394 3152 w
(\)) 2869 3152 w
(statement) 1440 3272 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The meaning is exactly) 720 3442 w
10 /Helvetica f
(initialization;) 1440 3612 w
(while\() 1440 3732 w
(expression) 1736 3732 w
(\)) 2256 3732 w
({) 2324 3732 w
(statement) 1800 3852 w
(increment;) 1800 3972 w
(}) 1440 4092 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Thus, the following code does the same array copy as the example in the previous section:) 720 4262 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for\() 1440 4432 w
(i=0;) 1625 4432 w
(\(t[i]=s[i]\)) 1824 4432 w
(!=) 2217 4432 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2338 4432 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2363 4432 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2447 4432 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2472 4432 w
(i) 2535 4432 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2557 4432 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\);) 2704 4432 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(This slightly more ornate example adds up the elements of an array:) 720 4602 w
10 /Helvetica f
(sum) 1440 4772 w
(=) 1664 4772 w
(0;) 1757 4772 w
(for\() 1440 4892 w
(i=0;) 1625 4892 w
(i<n;) 1824 4892 w
(i) 2023 4892 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2045 4892 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2157 4892 w
(sum) 1800 5012 w
(=) 2024 5012 w
(sum) 2117 5012 w
(+) 2341 5012 w
(array[i];) 2434 5012 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(In) 970 5218 w
(the) 1084 5218 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for) 1240 5218 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement,) 1388 5218 w
(the) 1827 5218 w
(initialization) 1980 5218 w
(can) 2517 5218 w
(be) 2686 5218 w
(left) 2811 5218 w
(out) 2975 5218 w
(if) 3134 5218 w
(you) 3226 5218 w
(want,) 3407 5218 w
(but) 3658 5218 w
(the) 3818 5218 w
(semicolon) 3972 5218 w
(has) 4415 5218 w
(to) 4580 5218 w
(be) 4690 5218 w
(there.) 4816 5218 w
(The) 720 5338 w
(increment) 908 5338 w
(is) 1340 5338 w
(also) 1440 5338 w
(optional.) 1634 5338 w
(It) 2045 5338 w
(is) 2139 5338 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(not) 2239 5338 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(followed) 2400 5338 w
(by) 2788 5338 w
(a) 2921 5338 w

2000
(semicolon.) 2997 5338 w
(The) 3490 5338 w
(second) 3677 5338 w
(clause,) 3986 5338 w
(the) 4292 5338 w
(test,) 4446 5338 w
(works) 4642 5338 w
(the) 4918 5338 w
(same way as in the) 720 5458 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while:) 1502 5458 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(if the expression is true \(not zero\) do another loop, otherwise get on with the) 1783 5458 w
(next) 4868 5458 w
(statement.) 720 5578 w
(As) 1182 5578 w
(with) 1322 5578 w
(the) 1529 5578 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while,) 1683 5578 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(the) 1967 5578 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for) 2120 5578 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(loop) 2265 5578 w
(may) 2471 5578 w
(be) 2671 5578 w
(done) 2793 5578 w
(zero) 3015 5578 w
(times.) 3214 5578 w
(If) 3509 5578 w
(the) 3603 5578 w
(expression) 3753 5578 w
(is) 4208 5578 w
(left) 4303 5578 w
(out,) 4464 5578 w
(it) 4645 5578 w
(is) 4729 5578 w
(taken) 4824 5578 w
(to be always true, so) 720 5698 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for\() 1080 5868 w
(;) 1265 5868 w
(;) 1328 5868 w
(\)) 1391 5868 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1459 5868 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 720 6038 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while\() 1080 6208 w
(1) 1376 6208 w
(\)) 1467 6208 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1535 6208 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are both infinite loops.) 720 6378 w
(You) 970 6534 w
(might) 1169 6534 w
(ask) 1430 6534 w
(why) 1590 6534 w
(we) 1789 6534 w
(use) 1932 6534 w
(a) 2092 6534 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for) 2166 6534 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(since) 2311 6534 w
(it's) 2544 6534 w
(so) 2700 6534 w
(much) 2817 6534 w
(like) 3067 6534 w
(a) 3245 6534 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 3320 6534 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 3548 6534 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(\(You) 3646 6534 w
(might) 3879 6534 w
(also) 4141 6534 w
(ask) 4330 6534 w
(why) 4491 6534 w
(we) 4691 6534 w
(use) 4835 6534 w
(a) 4996 6534 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 720 6654 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(because...\)) 984 6654 w
(The) 1468 6654 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for) 1662 6654 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 1815 6654 w
(usually) 1918 6654 w
(preferable) 2243 6654 w
(because) 2682 6654 w
(it) 3033 6654 w
(keeps) 3125 6654 w
(the) 3388 6654 w
(code) 3546 6654 w
(where) 3770 6654 w
(it's) 4049 6654 w
(used) 4213 6654 w
(and) 4432 6654 w
(sometimes) 4612 6654 w
(eliminates the need for compound statements, as in this code that zeros a two\255dimensional array:) 720 6774 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for\() 1080 6944 w
(i=0;) 1265 6944 w
(i<n;) 1464 6944 w
(i) 1663 6944 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1685 6944 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 1832 6944 w
(for\() 1440 7064 w
(j=0;) 1625 7064 w
(j<m;) 1824 7064 w
(j) 2050 7064 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2072 7064 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2219 7064 w
(array[i][j]) 1800 7184 w
(=) 2219 7184 w
(0;) 2312 7184 w
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10 /Times-Roman f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 818 360 w
(\255 ) 2946 360 w
(10 ) 3010 360 w
(\255) 3141 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(14. Functions; Comments) 720 960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Suppose we want, as part of a larger program, to) 970 1116 w
(count) 2933 1116 w
(the) 3181 1116 w
(occurrences) 3329 1116 w
(of) 3830 1116 w
(the) 3939 1116 w
(ascii) 4087 1116 w
(characters) 4296 1116 w
(in) 4725 1116 w
(some) 4829 1116 w
(input) 720 1236 w
(text.) 955 1236 w
(Let) 1184 1236 w
(us) 1346 1236 w
(also) 1464 1236 w
(map) 1654 1236 w
(illegal) 1855 1236 w
(characters) 2134 1236 w
(\(those) 2566 1236 w
(with) 2839 1236 w
(value>127) 3046 1236 w
(or) 3497 1236 w
(<0\)) 3609 1236 w
(into) 3777 1236 w
(one) 3962 1236 w
(pile.) 4134 1236 w
(Since) 4362 1236 w
(this) 4612 1236 w
(is) 4785 1236 w
(pre\255) 4880 1236 w
(sumably) 720 1356 w
(an) 1089 1356 w
(isolated) 1213 1356 w
(part) 1554 1356 w
(of) 1739 1356 w
(the) 1852 1356 w
(program,) 2004 1356 w
(good) 2397 1356 w
(practice) 2628 1356 w
(dictates) 2974 1356 w
(making) 3310 1356 w
(it) 3641 1356 w
(a) 3728 1356 w
(separate) 3803 1356 w
(function.) 4160 1356 w
(Here) 4574 1356 w
(is) 4798 1356 w
(one) 4896 1356 w
(way:) 720 1476 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\( ) 1080 1646 w
(\)) 1365 1646 w
({) 1433 1646 w
(int) 1440 1766 w
(hist[129];) 1581 1766 w
(/) 2520 1766 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2548 1815 w
10 /Helvetica f
(128) 2638 1766 w
(legal) 2841 1766 w
(chars) 3088 1766 w
(+) 3368 1766 w
(1) 3461 1766 w
(illegal) 3552 1766 w
(group) 3843 1766 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4135 1815 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 4190 1766 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 1886 w
10 /Helvetica f
(count\(hist,) 1440 2006 w
(128\);) 1938 2006 w
(/) 2520 2006 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2548 2055 w
10 /Helvetica f
(count) 2638 2006 w
(the) 2919 2006 w
(letters) 3094 2006 w
(into) 3402 2006 w
(hist) 3599 2006 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3790 2055 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3845 2006 w
(printf\() 1440 2126 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1731 2126 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\);) 1901 2126 w
(/) 2520 2126 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2548 2175 w
10 /Helvetica f
(comments) 2638 2126 w
(look) 3135 2126 w
(like) 3354 2126 w
(this;) 3539 2126 w
(use) 3758 2126 w
(them) 3955 2126 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4213 2175 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 4268 2126 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 2246 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 2160 2246 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2188 2295 w
10 /Helvetica f
(anywhere) 2278 2246 w
(blanks,) 2748 2246 w
(tabs) 3101 2246 w
(or) 3326 2246 w
(newlines) 3450 2246 w
(could) 3875 2246 w
(appear) 4150 2246 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4498 2295 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 4553 2246 w
(}) 1080 2366 w
(count\(buf,) 1080 2536 w
(size\)) 1562 2536 w
(int) 1185 2656 w
(size,) 1326 2656 w
(buf[) 1567 2656 w
(];) 1770 2656 w
({) 1861 2656 w
(int) 1440 2776 w
(i,) 1581 2776 w
(c;) 1666 2776 w
(for\() 1440 2896 w
(i=0;) 1625 2896 w
(i<=size;) 1824 2896 w
(i) 2203 2896 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2225 2896 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2372 2896 w
(buf[i]) 1800 3016 w
(=) 2053 3016 w
(0;) 2146 3016 w
(/) 3240 3016 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3268 3065 w
10 /Helvetica f
(set) 3358 3016 w
(buf) 3527 3016 w
(to) 3702 3016 w
(zero) 3821 3016 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4051 3065 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 4106 3016 w
(while\() 1440 3136 w
(\(c=getchar\( ) 1736 3136 w
(\)\)) 2280 3136 w
(!=) 2381 3136 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2502 3136 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2527 3136 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2611 3136 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2671 3136 w
({) 2739 3136 w
(/) 2880 3136 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2908 3185 w
10 /Helvetica f
(read) 2998 3136 w
(til) 3234 3136 w
(eof) 3341 3136 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3516 3185 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3571 3136 w
(if\() 1800 3256 w
(c) 1918 3256 w
(>) 2003 3256 w
(size) 2096 3256 w
10 /S f
(|) 2309 3256 w
(|) 2345 3256 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 2400 3256 w
(<) 2485 3256 w
(0) 2578 3256 w
(\)) 2669 3256 w
(c) 2160 3376 w
(=) 2245 3376 w
(size;) 2338 3376 w
(/) 3240 3376 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3268 3425 w
10 /Helvetica f
(fix) 3358 3376 w
(illegal) 3493 3376 w
(input) 3784 3376 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4037 3425 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 4092 3376 w
(buf[c]) 1800 3496 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2046 3496 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2158 3496 w
(}) 1440 3616 w
(return;) 1440 3736 w
(}) 1080 3856 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(We) 720 4026 w
(have) 895 4026 w
(already) 1120 4026 w
(seen) 1450 4026 w
(many) 1664 4026 w
(examples) 1923 4026 w
(of) 2337 4026 w
(calling) 2457 4026 w
(a) 2766 4026 w
(function,) 2847 4026 w
(so) 3242 4026 w
(let) 3368 4026 w
(us) 3505 4026 w
(concentrate) 3631 4026 w
(on) 4127 4026 w
(how) 4264 4026 w
(to) 4473 4026 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(define) 4589 4026 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(one.) 4871 4026 w
(Since) 720 4146 w
10 /Helvetica f
(count) 976 4146 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(has) 1253 4146 w
(two) 1417 4146 w
(arguments,) 1598 4146 w
(we) 2070 4146 w
(need) 2217 4146 w
(to) 2436 4146 w
(declare) 2545 4146 w
(them,) 2863 4146 w
(as) 3119 4146 w
(shown,) 3233 4146 w
(giving) 3550 4146 w
(their) 3837 4146 w
(types,) 4051 4146 w
(and) 4318 4146 w
(in) 4493 4146 w
(the) 4602 4146 w
(case) 4755 4146 w
(of) 4957 4146 w
10 /Helvetica f
(buf,) 720 4266 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(the fact that it is an array.) 913 4266 w
(The) 1981 4266 
2000
w
(declarations) 2162 4266 w
(of) 2670 4266 w
(arguments) 2779 4266 w
(go) 3221 4266 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(between) 3347 4266 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(the) 3700 4266 w
(argument) 3848 4266 w
(list) 4251 4266 w
(and) 4400 4266 w
(the) 4570 4266 w
(opening) 4718 4266 w
(`{'.) 720 4386 w
(There is no need to specify the size of the array) 909 4386 w
10 /Helvetica f
(buf,) 2826 4386 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(for it is defined outside of) 3019 4386 w
10 /Helvetica f
(count) 4082 4386 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4328 4386 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 4542 w
10 /Helvetica f
(return) 1154 4542 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement) 1442 4542 w
(simply) 1851 4542 w
(says) 2150 4542 w
(to) 2348 4542 w
(go) 2453 4542 w
(back) 2580 4542 w
(to) 2795 4542 w
(the) 2900 4542 w
(calling) 3049 4542 w
(routine.) 3348 4542 w
(In) 3708 4542 w
(fact,) 3818 4542 w
(we) 4019 4542 w
(could) 4162 4542 w
(have) 4411 4542 w
(omitted) 4626 4542 w
(it,) 4959 4542 w
(since a return is implied at the end of a function.) 720 4662 w
(What) 970 4818 w
(if) 1212 4818 w
(we) 1299 4818 w
(wanted) 1441 4818 w
10 /Helvetica f
(count) 1758 4818 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to) 2030 4818 w
(return) 2134 4818 w
(a) 2398 4818 w
(value,) 2468 4818 w
(say) 2735 4818 w
(the) 2895 4818 w
(number) 3044 4818 w
(of) 3376 4818 w
(characters) 3486 4818 w
(read? ) 3916 4818 w
(The) 4183 4818 w
10 /Helvetica f
(return) 4368 4818 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement) 4657 4818 w
(allows for this too:) 720 4938 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1440 5108 w
(i,) 1581 5108 w
(c,) 1666 5108 w
(nchar;) 1779 5108 w
(nchar) 1440 5228 w
(=) 1726 5228 w
(0;) 1819 5228 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 5348 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while\() 1440 5468 w
(\(c=getchar\( ) 1736 5468 w
(\)\)) 2280 5468 w
(!=) 2381 5468 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2502 5468 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2527 5468 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2611 5468 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2671 5468 w
({) 2739 5468 w
(if\() 1800 5588 w
(c) 1918 5588 w
(>) 2003 5588 w
(size) 2096 5588 w
10 /S f
(|) 2309 5588 w
(|) 2345 5588 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 2400 5588 w
(<) 2485 5588 w
(0) 2578 5588 w
(\)) 2669 5588 w
(c) 2160 5708 w
(=) 2245 5708 w
(size;) 2338 5708 w
(buf[c]) 1800 5828 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2046 5828 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2158 5828 w
(nchar) 1800 5948 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2051 5948 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2163 5948 w
(}) 1440 6068 w
(return\(nchar\);) 1440 6188 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Any expression can appear within) 720 6358 w
(the) 2104 6358 w
(parentheses.) 2252 6358 w
(Here) 2793 6358 w
(is) 3012 6358 w
(a) 3105 6358 w
(function) 3175 6358 w
(to) 3534 6358 w
(compute) 3638 6358 w
(the) 4008 6358 w
(minimum) 4156 6358 w
(of) 4572 6358 w
(two) 4681 6358 w
(inte\255) 4857 6358 w
(gers:) 720 6478 w
10 /Helvetica f
(min\(a,) 1080 6648 w
(b\)) 1393 6648 w
(int) 1185 6768 w
(a,) 1326 6768 w
(b;) 1445 6768 w
({) 1564 6768 w
(return\() 1440 6888 w
(a) 1770 6888 w
(<) 1861 6888 w
(b) 1954 6888 w
(?) 2045 6888 w
(a) 2136 6888 w
(:) 2227 6888 w
(b) 2290 6888 w
(\);) 2381 6888 w
(}) 1080 7008 w
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10 /Times-Roman f
(C Tutorial) 720 360 w
(\255 11 \255) 2952 360 w
(To copy a character array, we could write the function) 970 912 w
10 /Helvetica f
(strcopy\(s1,) 1080 1082 w
(s2\)) 1605 1082 w
(/) 2160 1082 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2188 1131 w
10 /Helvetica f
(copies) 2278 1082 w
(s1) 2603 1082 w
(to) 2744 1082 w
(s2) 2863 1082 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3004 1131 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3059 1082 w
(char) 1185 1202 w
(s1[) 1415 1202 w
(],) 1584 1202 w
(s2[) 1675 1202 w
(];) 1844 1202 w
({) 1935 1202 w
(int) 1440 1322 w
(i;) 1581 1322 w
(for\() 1440 1442 w
(i) 1625 1442 w
(=) 1682 1442 w
(0;) 1775 1442 w
(\(s2[i]) 1894 1442 w
(=) 2146 1442 w
(s1[i]\)) 2239 1442 w
(!=) 2491 1442 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2612 1442 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2637 1442 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2721 1442 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2746 1442 w
(i) 2809 1442 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2831 1442 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\);) 2978 1442 w
(}) 1080 1562 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(As) 720 1732 w
(is) 859 1732 w
(often) 954 1732 w
(the) 1187 1732 w
(case,) 1337 1732 w
(all) 1561 1732 w
(the) 1689 1732 w
(work) 1839 1732 w
(is) 2073 1732 w
(done) 2169 1732 w
(by) 2392 1732 w
(the) 2521 1732 w
(assignment) 2672 1732 w
(statement) 3151 1732 w
(embedded) 3563 1732 w
(in) 4002 1732 w
(the) 4109 1732 w
(test) 4260 1732 w
(part) 4428 1732 w
(of) 4612 1732 w
(the) 4724 1732 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for) 4878 1732 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4995 1732 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Again,) 720 1852 w
(the) 1021 1852 w
(declarations) 1175 1852 w
(of) 1689 1852 w
(the) 1804 1852 w
(arguments) 1958 1852 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s1) 2409 1852 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 2547 1852 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s2) 2726 1852 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(omit) 2864 1852 w
(the) 3080 1852 w
(sizes,) 3233 1852 w
(because) 3483 1852 w
(they) 3829 1852 w
(don't) 4032 1852 w
(matter) 4274 1852 w
(to) 4560 1852 w
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(strcopy) 4672 1852 w
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(.) 4995 1852 w
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(\(In the section on pointers, we will see a more efficient way to do a string copy.\)) 720 1972 w
(There) 970 2128 w
(is) 1235 2128 w
(a) 1335 2128 w
(subtlety) 1412 2128 w
(in) 1762 2128 w
(function) 1873 2128 w
(usage) 2239 2128 w
(which) 2500 2128 w
(can) 2778 2128 w
(trap) 2950 2128 w
(the) 3139 2128 w
(unsuspecting) 3295 2128 w
(Fortran) 3851 2128 w
(programmer.) 4179 2128 w
(Simple) 4756 2128 w
(variables) 720 2248 w
(\(not) 1112 2248 w
(arrays\)) 1305 2248 w
(are) 1613 2248 w
(passed) 1766 2248 w
(in) 2064 2248 w
(C) 2174 2248 w
(by) 2273 2248 w
(``call) 2405 2248 w
(by) 2647 2248 w
(value'',) 2779 2248 w
(which) 3117 2248 w
(means) 3392 2248 w
(that) 3678 2248 w
(the) 3859 2248 w
(called) 4012 2248 w
(function) 4281 2248 w
(is) 4645 2248 w
(given) 4743 2248 w
(a) 4996 2248 w
(copy) 720 2368 w
(of) 945 2368 w
(its) 1059 2368 w
(arguments,) 1185 2368 w
(and) 1657 2368 w
(doesn't) 1832 2368 w
(know) 2157 2368 w
(their) 2410 2368 w
(addresses.) 2624 2368 w
(This) 3087 2368 w
(makes) 3296 2368 w
(it) 3582 2368 w
(impossible) 3669 2368 w
(to) 4134 2368 w
(change) 4243 2368 w
(the) 4556 2368 w
(value) 4709 2368 w
(of) 4957 2368 w
(one of the actual input arguments.) 720 2488 w
(There) 970 2644 w
(are) 1228 2644 w
(two) 1375 2644 w
(ways) 1551 2644 w
(out) 1782 2644 w
(of) 1937 2644 w
(this) 2047 2644 w
(dilemma.) 2219 2644 w
(One) 2646 2644 w
(is) 2839 2644 w
(to) 2933 2644 w
(make) 3038 2644 w
(special) 3281 2644 w
(arrangements) 3585 2644 w
(to) 4149 2644 w
(pass) 4254 2644 w
(to) 4453 2644 w
(the) 4558 2644 w
(function) 4707 2644 w
(the) 720 2764 w
(address) 868 2764 w
(of) 1193 2764 w
(a) 1302 2764 w
(variable) 1372 2764 w
(instead) 1719 2764 w
(of) 2028 2764 w
(its) 2137 2764 w
(value.) 2258 2764 w
(The) 2550 2764 w
(other) 2731 2764 w
(is) 2962 2764 w
(to) 3055 2764 w
(make) 3159 2764 w
(the) 3401 2764 w
(variable) 3549 2764 w
(a global or external variable,) 3896 2764 w
(which is known to each function by its name.) 720 2884 w
(We will discuss both possibilities in the next few sections.) 2582 2884 w
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(15. Local and External Variables) 720 3124 w
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(If we say) 970 3280 w
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(f\() 1080 3450 w
(\)) 1176 3450 w
({) 1244 3450 w
(int) 1440 3570 w
(x;) 1581 3570 w
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(...) 1440 3690 w
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(}) 1080 3810 w
(g\() 1080 3930 w
(\)) 1204 3930 w
({) 1272 3930 w
(int) 1440 4050 w
(x;) 1581 4050 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 4170 w
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(}) 1080 4290 w
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(each) 720 4460 w
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(x) 930 4460 w
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(is) 1005 4460 w
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(local) 1097 4460 w
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(to its own routine ) 1322 4460 w
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(_) 2050 4460 w
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(the) 2125 4460 w
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(x) 2275 4460 w
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(in) 2350 4460 w
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(f) 2456 4460 w
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(is unrelated to the) 2509 4460 w
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(x) 3250 4460 w
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(in) 3325 4460 w
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(g) 3431 4460 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 3487 4460 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(\(Local variables are also called ``au\255) 3582 4460 w
(tomatic''.\)) 720 4580 w
(Furthermore) 1200 4580 w
(each) 1730 4580 w
(local) 1943 4580 w
(variable) 2168 4580 w
(in) 2520 4580 w
(a) 2629 4580 w
(routine) 2704 4580 w
(appears) 3018 4580 w
(only) 3353 4580 w
(when) 3562 4580 w
(the) 3809 4580 w
(function) 3962 4580 w
(is) 4326 4580 w
(called,) 4423 4580 w
(and) 4716 4580 w
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(dis\255) 4890 4580 w
(appears) 720 4700 w
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(when) 1073 4700 w
(the) 1320 4700 w
(function) 1473 4700 w
(is) 1837 4700 w
(exited.) 1935 4700 w
(Local) 2260 4700 w
(variables) 2518 4700 w
(have) 2909 4700 w
(no) 3128 4700 w
(memory) 3259 4700 w
(from) 3623 4700 w
(one) 3849 4700 w
(call) 4025 4700 w
(to) 4201 4700 w
(the) 4311 4700 w
(next) 4465 4700 w
(and) 4669 4700 w
(must) 4845 4700 w
(be) 720 4820 w
(explicitly) 850 4820 w
(initialized) 1264 4820 w
(upon) 1700 4820 w
(each) 1936 4820 w
(entry.) 2154 4820 w
(\(There) 2445 4820 w
(is) 2746 4820 w
(a) 2849 4820 w
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(static) 2931 4820 w
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(storage) 3200 4820 w
(class) 3523 4820 w
(for) 3752 4820 w
(making) 3903 4820 w
(local) 4238 4820 w
(variables) 4467 4820 w
(with) 4862 4820 w
(memory; we won't discuss it.\)) 720 4940 w
(As) 970 5096 w
(opposed) 1107 5096 w
(to) 1466 5096 w
(local) 1570 5096 w
(variables,) 1790 5096 w
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(external) 2202 5096 w
(variables) 2556 5096 w
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(are) 2955 5096 w
(defined) 3103 5096 w
(external) 3429 5096 w
(to) 3777 5096 w
(all) 3882 5096 w
(functions,) 4009 5096 w
(and) 4433 5096 w
(are) 4604 5096 w
(\(poten\255) 4752 5096 w
(tially\)) 720 5216 w
(available) 988 5216 w
(to) 1377 5216 w
(all) 1484 5216 w
(functions.) 1612 5216 w
(External) 2062 5216 w
(storage) 2428 5216 w
(always) 2744 5216 w
(remains) 3049 5216 w
(in) 3393 5216 w
(existence.) 3499 5216 w
(To) 3948 5216 w
(make) 4087 5216 w
(variables) 4331 5216 w
(external) 4719 5216 w
(we have to) 720 5336 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(define) 1177 5336 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(them external to all functions, and, wherever we want to use them, make a) 1446 5336 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(declaration.) 4437 5336 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\( ) 1080 5506 w
(\)) 1365 5506 w
({) 1433 5506 w
(extern) 1440 5626 w
(int) 1754 5626 w
(nchar,) 1895 5626 w
(hist[) 2209 5626 w
(];) 2428 5626 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 5746 w
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(count\( ) 1440 5866 w
(\);) 1754 5866 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 5986 w
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(}) 1080 6106 w
(count\( ) 1080 6276 w
(\)) 1394 6276 w
({) 1462 6276 w
(extern) 1440 6396 w
(int) 1754 6396 w
(nchar,) 1895 6396 w
(hist[) 2209 6396 w
(];) 2428 6396 w
(int) 1440 6516 w
(i,) 1581 6516 w
(c;) 1666 6516 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 6636 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1080 6756 w
(int) 1080 6926 w
(hist[129];) 1440 6926 w
(/) 2160 6926 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2188 6975 w
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(space) 2278 6926 w
(for) 2581 6926 w
(histogram) 2733 6926 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3208 6975 w
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(/) 3263 6926 w
(int) 1080 7046 w
(nchar;) 1440 7046 w
(/) 2160 7046 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2188 7095 w
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(character) 2278 7046 w
(count) 2731 7046 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3012 7095 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3067 7046 w
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(Roughly) 720 7216 w
(speaking,) 1094 7216 w
(any) 1503 7216 w
(function) 1676 7216 w
(that) 2038 7216 w
(wishes) 2217 7216 w
(to) 2518 7216 w
(access) 2625 7216 w
(an) 2909 7216 w
(external) 3033 7216 w
(variable) 3384 7216 w
(must) 3735 7216 w
(contain) 3960 7216 w
(an) 4284 7216 w
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(extern) 4411 7216 w
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(declara\255) 4720 7216 w
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(C Tutorial) 720 360 w
(\255 12 \255) 2952 360 w
(tion) 720 840 w
(for) 902 840 w
(it.) 1044 840 w
(The) 1176 840 w
(declaration) 1357 840 w
(is) 1826 840 w
(the) 1919 840 w
(same) 2067 840 w
(as) 2298 840 w
(others,) 2407 840 w
(except) 2702 840 w
(for) 2988 840 w
(the) 3130 840 w
(added keyword) 3278 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(extern) 3918 840 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4197 840 w
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(Furthermore, there) 4292 840 w
(must somewhere be a) 720 960 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(definition) 1607 960 w
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(of the external variables external to all functions.) 2016 960 w
(External) 970 1116 w
(variables) 1341 1116 w
(can) 1734 1116 w
(be) 1905 1116 w
(initialized;) 2032 1116 w
(they) 2493 1116 w
(are) 2698 1116 w
(set) 2852 1116 w
(to) 2996 1116 w
(zero) 3107 1116 w
(if) 3311 1116 w
(not) 3405 1116 w
(explicitly) 3566 1116 w
(initialized.) 3977 1116 w
(In) 4460 1116 w
(its) 4577 1116 w
(simplest) 4706 1116 w
(form, initialization is done by putting the value \(which must be a constant\) after the definition:) 720 1236 w
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(int) 1080 1406 w
(nchar) 1440 1406 w
(0;) 1800 1406 w
(char) 1080 1526 w
(flag) 1440 1526 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1800 1526 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f) 1825 1526 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1853 1526 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1878 1526 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(etc) 1142 1646 w
16 /Times-Roman f
(.) 1258 1646 w
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(This is discussed further in a later section.) 720 1816 w
(This) 970 2022 w
(ends) 1184 2022 w
(our) 1403 2022 w
(discussion) 1572 2022 w
(of) 2025 2022 w
(what) 2144 2022 w
(might) 2374 2022 w
(be) 2644 2022 w
(called) 2774 2022 w
(the) 3048 2022 w
(central) 3206 2022 w
(core) 3513 2022 w
(of) 3720 2022 w
(C.) 3839 2022 w
(You) 3992 2022 w
(now) 4200 2022 w
(have) 4408 2022 w
(enough) 4632 2022 w
(to) 4962 2022 w
(write) 720 2142 w
(quite) 956 2142 w
(substantial) 1186 2142 w
(C) 1644 2142 w
(programs,) 1741 2142 w
(and) 2173 2142 w
(it) 2347 2142 w
(would) 2433 2142 w
(probably) 2713 2142 w
(be) 3098 2142 w
(a) 3222 2142 w
(good) 3296 2142 w
(idea) 3526 2142 w
(if) 3722 2142 w
(you) 3813 2142 w
(paused) 3993 2142 w
(long) 4300 2142 w
(enough) 4508 2142 w
(to) 4832 2142 w
(do) 4940 2142 w
(so.) 720 2262 w
(The rest of this tutorial will describe some more ornate constructions, useful but not essential.) 884 2262 w
10 /Helvetica f
(16. Pointers) 720 2602 w
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(A) 970 2758 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(pointer) 1074 2758 w
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(in) 1395 2758 w
(C) 1505 2758 w
(is) 1604 2758 w
(the) 1703 2758 w
(address) 1857 2758 w
(of) 2188 2758 w
(something.) 2303 2758 w
(It) 2802 2758 w
(is) 2895 2758 w
(a) 2994 2758 w
(rare) 3070 2758 w
(case) 3256 2758 w
(indeed) 3459 2758 w
(when) 3757 2758 w
(we) 4005 2758 w
(care) 4153 2758 w
(what) 4350 2758 w
(the) 4576 2758 w
(specific) 4730 2758 w
(address) 720 2878 w
(itself) 1045 2878 w
(is,) 1271 2878 w
(but) 1389 2878 w
(pointers) 1543 2878 w
(are) 1891 2878 w
(a) 2038 2878 w
(quite) 2108 2878 w
(common) 2334 2878 w
(way) 2710 2878 w
(to get at the contents of something.) 2902 2878 w
(The unary opera\255) 4354 2878 w
(tor `&' is used to produce the address of an object, if it has one. Thus) 720 2998 w
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(int) 1440 3168 w
(a,) 1581 3168 w
(b;) 1700 3168 w
(b) 1440 3288 w
(=) 1531 3288 w
(&a;) 1624 3288 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(puts) 720 3458 w
(the) 916 3458 w
(address) 1067 3458 w
(of) 1395 3458 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 1510 3458 w
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(into) 1595 3458 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 1783 3458 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1839 3458 w
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(We) 1938 3458 w
(can't) 2105 3458 w
(do) 2333 3458 w
(much) 2462 3458 w
(with) 2713 3458 w
(it) 2920 3458 w
(except) 3005 3458 w
(print) 3294 3458 w
(it) 3512 3458 w
(or) 3597 3458 w
(pass) 3709 3458 w
(it) 3910 3458 w
(to) 3995 3458 w
(some) 4102 3458 w
(other) 4342 3458 w
(routine,) 4576 3458 w
(be\255) 4913 3458 w
(cause) 720 3578 w
(we) 967 3578 w
(haven't) 1109 3578 w
(given) 1434 3578 w
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(b) 1685 3578 w
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es-Roman f
(the) 1767 3578 w
(right) 1915 3578 w
(kind) 2130 3578 w
(of) 2334 3578 w
(declaration.) 2443 3578 w
(But) 2962 3578 w
(if) 3133 3578 w
(we) 3220 3578 w
(declare) 3362 3578 w
(that) 3675 3578 w
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(b) 3854 3578 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 3936 3578 w
(indeed) 4029 3578 w
(a) 4321 3578 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(pointer) 4391 3578 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to) 4706 3578 w
(an in\255) 4810 3578 w
(teger, we're in good shape:) 720 3698 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1440 3868 w
(a,) 1581 3868 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1700 3917 w
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(b,) 1755 3868 w
(c;) 1874 3868 w
(b) 1440 3988 w
(=) 1531 3988 w
(&a;) 1624 3988 w
(c) 1440 4108 w
(=) 1525 4108 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1618 4157 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b;) 1673 4108 w
(b) 720 4278 w
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(contains the address of) 801 4278 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 1741 4278 w
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(and) 1822 4278 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`c =) 1994 4278 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2191 4327 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b') 2246 4278 w
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(means to use the value in) 2349 4278 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 3384 4278 w
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(as an address, i.e., as a pointer.) 3465 4278 w
(The) 4749 4278 w
(ef\255) 4930 4278 w
(fect) 720 4398 w
(is) 906 4398 w
(that) 1010 4398 w
(we) 1196 4398 w
(get) 1348 4398 w
(back) 1506 4398 w
(the) 1730 4398 w
(contents) 1888 4398 w
(of) 2257 4398 w
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(a,) 2379 4398 w
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(albeit) 2499 4398 w
(rather) 2757 4398 w
(indirectly.) 3025 4398 w
(\(It's) 3494 4398 w
(always) 3696 4398 w
(the) 4009 4398 w
(case) 4167 4398 w
(that) 4374 4398 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`) 4563 4398 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4585 4447 w
10 /Helvetica f
(&x') 4640 4398 w
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(is) 4815 4398 w
(the) 4918 4398 w
(same as) 720 4518 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1061 4518 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(if) 1136 4518 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1225 4518 w
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(has an address.\)) 1300 4518 w
(The) 970 4674 w
(most) 1155 4674 w
(frequent) 1381 4674 w
(use) 1744 4674 w
(of) 1908 4674 w
(pointers) 2022 4674 w
(in) 2375 4674 w
(C) 2484 4674 w
(is) 2582 4674 w
(for) 2680 4674 w
(walking) 2827 4674 w
(efficiently) 3180 4674 w
(along) 3621 4674 w
(arrays.) 3874 4674 w
(In) 4198 4674 w
(fact,) 4312 4674 w
(in) 4517 4674 w
(the) 4626 4674 w
(imple\255) 4779 4674 w
(mentation) 720 4794 w
(of) 1147 4794 w
(an) 1257 4794 w
(array,) 1378 4794 w
(the) 1634 4794 w
(array) 1783 4794 w
(name) 2014 4794 w
(represents) 2257 4794 w
(the) 2688 4794 w
(address) 2837 4794 w
(of) 3163 4794 w
(the) 3273 4794 w
(zeroth) 3421 4794 w
(element) 3696 4794 w
(of) 4038 4794 w
(the) 4147 4794 w
(array,) 4295 4794 w
(so) 4550 4794 w
(you) 4665 4794 w
(can't) 4841 4794 w
(use) 720 4914 w
(it) 882 4914 w
(on) 967 4914 w
(the) 1096 4914 w
(left) 1247 4914 w
(side) 1409 4914 w
(of) 1599 4914 w
(an) 1711 4914 w
(expression.) 1835 4914 w
(\(You) 2342 4914 w
(can't) 2577 4914 w
(change) 2806 4914 w
(the) 3118 4914 w
(address) 3270 4914 w
(of) 3599 4914 w
(something) 3712 4914 w
(by) 4159 4914 w
(assigning) 4289 4914 w
(to) 4697 4914 w
(it.\)) 4805 4914 w
(If) 4974 4914 w
(we say) 720 5034 w
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(char) 1080 5204 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1310 5253 w
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(y;) 1365 5204 w
(char) 1080 5324 w
(x[100];) 1310 5324 w
(y) 720 5494 w
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(is) 801 5494 w
(of) 899 5494 w
(type) 1013 5494 w
(pointer) 1216 5494 w
(to) 1530 5494 w
(character) 1639 5494 w
(\(although) 2034 5494 w
(it) 2448 5494 w
(doesn't) 2535 5494 w
(yet) 2860 5494 w
(point) 3013 5494 w
(anywhere\).) 3250 5494 w
(We) 3751 5494 w
(can) 3920 5494 w
(make) 4089 5494 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y) 4339 5494 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(point) 4420 5494 w
(to) 4657 5494 w
(an) 4766 5494 w
(ele\255) 4891 5494 w
(ment of) 720 5614 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1056 5614 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(by either of) 1131 5614 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y) 1080 5784 w
(=) 1165 5784 w
(&x[0];) 1258 5784 w
(y) 1080 5904 w
(=) 1165 5904 w
(x;) 1258 5904 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Since) 720 6074 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 970 6074 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is the address of) 1045 6074 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x[0]) 1719 6074 w
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(this is legal and consistent.) 1906 6074 w
(Now) 970 6230 w
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(`) 1192 6230 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1214 6279 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y') 1269 6230 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(gives) 1366 6230 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x[0]) 1605 6230 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1767 6230 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(More importantly,) 1862 6230 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1080 6449 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\(y+1\)) 1135 6400 w
(gives) 1440 6400 w
(x[1]) 1709 6400 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1080 6569 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\(y+i\)) 1135 6520 w
(gives) 1440 6520 w
(x[i]) 1709 6520 w
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(and the sequence) 720 6690 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y) 1440 6860 w
(=) 1525 6860 w
(&x[0];) 1618 6860 w
(y) 1440 6980 w
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(++) 1490 6980 w
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(;) 1602 6980 w
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(C Tutorial) 720 360 w
(\255 13 \255) 2952 360 w
(leaves) 720 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y) 997 840 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(pointing at) 1072 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x[1]) 1531 840 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1693 840 w
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(Let's) 970 996 w
(use) 1204 996 w
(pointers) 1366 996 w
(in) 1718 996 w
(a) 1826 996 w
(function) 1900 996 w
10 /Helvetica f
(length) 2266 996 w
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(that) 2570 996 w
(computes) 2750 996 w
(how) 3163 996 w
(long) 3365 996 w
(a) 3573 996 w
(character) 3647 996 w
(array) 4041 996 w
(is.) 4275 996 w
(Remember) 4422 996 w
(that) 4890 996 w
(by) 720 1116 w
(convention) 847 1116 w
(all) 1318 1116 w
(character) 1445 1116 w
(arrays) 1835 1116 w
(are) 2104 1116 w
(terminated) 2251 1116 w
(with) 2704 1116 w
(a) 2908 1116 w
(`\\0'.) 2978 1116 w
(\(And) 3198 1116 w
(if) 3429 1116 w
(they) 3516 1116 w
(aren't,) 3714 1116 w
(this) 3997 1116 w
(program) 4168 1116 w
(will) 4532 1116 w
(blow) 4714 1116 w
(up) 4940 1116 w
(inevitably.\)) 720 1236 w
(The old way:) 1228 1236 w
10 /Helvetica f
(length\(s\)) 1080 1406 w
(char) 1185 1526 w
(s[) 1415 1526 w
(];) 1528 1526 w
({) 1619 1526 w
(int) 1440 1646 w
(n;) 1581 1646 w
(for\() 1440 1766 w
(n=0;) 1625 1766 w
(s[n]) 1858 1766 w
(!=) 2055 1766 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2176 1766 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2201 1766 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2285 1766 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2310 1766 w
(\)) 2373 1766 w
(n) 1800 1886 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1856 1886 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1968 1886 w
(return\(n\);) 1440 2006 w
(}) 1080 2126 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Rewriting with pointers gives) 720 2296 w
10 /Helvetica f
(length\(s\)) 1080 2466 w
(char) 1185 2586 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1415 2635 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s;) 1470 2586 w
({) 1583 2586 w
(int) 1440 2706 w
(n;) 1581 2706 w
(for\() 1440 2826 w
(n=0;) 1625 2826 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1858 2875 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s) 1913 2826 w
(!=) 1998 2826 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2119 2826 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2144 2826 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2228 2826 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2253 2826 w
(s) 2316 2826 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2366 2826 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2513 2826 w
(n) 1800 2946 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1856 2946 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1968 2946 w
(return\(n\);) 1440 3066 w
(}) 1080 3186 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(You) 720 3356 w
(can) 919 3356 w
(now) 1084 3356 w
(see) 1283 3356 w
(why) 1437 3356 w
(we) 1636 3356 w
(have) 1779 3356 w
(to) 1994 3356 w
(say) 2099 3356 w
(what) 2259 3356 w
(kind) 2480 3356 w
(of) 2685 3356 w
(thing) 2795 3356 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s) 3031 3356 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(points) 3108 3356 w
(to) 3381 3356 w
10 /S f
(_) 3487 3356 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(if) 3565 3356 w
(we're) 3654 3356 w
(to) 3908 3356 w
(increment) 4014 3356 w
(it) 4441 3356 w
(with) 4525 3356 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s) 4734 3356 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 4784 3356 w
(we) 4924 3356 w
(have to increment it by the right amount.) 720 3476 w
(The pointer version is more efficient \(this is almost always true\) but even 
2000
more compact is) 970 3632 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for\() 1440 3802 w
(n=0;) 1625 3802 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1858 3851 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s) 1913 3802 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1963 3802 w
10 /Helvetica f
(!=) 2110 3802 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2231 3802 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2256 3802 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2340 3802 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2365 3802 w
(n) 2428 3802 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2484 3802 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\);) 2631 3802 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 720 3972 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`) 903 3972 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 925 4021 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s') 980 3972 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(returns a character; the) 1077 3972 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`) 2015 3972 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2037 3972 w
10 /Helvetica f
(') 2149 3972 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(increments the pointer so we'll get the next character next time around.) 2196 3972 w
(As) 720 4092 w
(you) 859 4092 w
(can) 1036 4092 w
(see,) 1201 4092 w
(as) 1380 4092 w
(we) 1490 4092 w
(make) 1633 4092 w
(things) 1876 4092 w
(more) 2148 4092 w
(efficient,) 2380 4092 w
(we) 2764 4092 w
(also) 2907 4092 w
(make) 3095 4092 w
(them) 3338 4092 w
(less) 3565 4092 w
(clear.) 3742 4092 w
(But) 4012 4092 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`) 4187 4092 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4209 4141 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s) 4264 4092 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 4314 4092 w
10 /Helvetica f
(') 4426 4092 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 4475 4092 w
(an) 4569 4092 w
(idiom) 4690 4092 w
(so) 4951 4092 w
(common that you have to know it.) 720 4212 w
(Going a step further, here's our function) 970 4368 w
10 /Helvetica f
(strcopy) 2608 4368 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(that copies a character array) 2956 4368 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s) 4101 4368 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to another) 4176 4368 w
10 /Helvetica f
(t) 4606 4368 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4634 4368 w
10 /Helvetica f
(strcopy\(s,t\)) 1080 4538 w
(char) 1185 4658 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1415 4707 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s,) 1470 4658 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1583 4707 w
10 /Helvetica f
(t;) 1638 4658 w
({) 1729 4658 w
(while\() 1440 4778 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1701 4827 w
10 /Helvetica f
(t) 1756 4778 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1784 4778 w
10 /Helvetica f
(=) 1931 4778 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2024 4827 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s) 2079 4778 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2129 4778 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\);) 2241 4778 w
(}) 1080 4898 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(We) 720 5068 w
(have) 886 5068 w
(omitted) 1102 5068 w
(the) 1436 5068 w
(test) 1586 5068 w
(against) 1753 5068 w
(`\\0',) 2064 5068 w
(because) 2261 5068 w
(`\\0') 2605 5068 w
(is) 2778 5068 w
(identically) 2874 5068 w
(zero;) 3325 5068 w
(you) 3553 5068 w
(will) 3732 5068 w
(often) 3917 5068 w
(see) 4151 5068 w
(the) 4307 5068 w
(code) 4458 5068 w
(this) 4675 5068 w
(way.) 4849 5068 w
(\(You) 720 5188 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(must) 950 5188 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(have a space after the `=': see section 25.\)) 1164 5188 w
(For arguments to a function, and there only, the declarations) 970 5344 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char) 1080 5514 w
(s[) 1310 5514 w
(];) 1423 5514 w
(char) 1080 5634 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1310 5683 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s;) 1365 5634 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are equivalent ) 720 5804 w
10 /S f
(_) 1307 5804 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(a pointer to a type, or an array of unspecified size of that type, are the same thing.) 1382 5804 w
(If this all seems mysterious, copy these forms until they become second nature.) 970 5960 w
(You don't often) 4188 5960 w
(need) 4852 5960 w
(anything more complicated.) 720 6080 w
10 /Helvetica f
(17. Function Arguments) 720 6320 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Look) 970 6476 w
(back) 1213 6476 w
(at) 1433 6476 w
(the) 1537 6476 w
(function) 1691 6476 w
10 /Helvetica f
(strcopy) 2059 6476 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(in) 2414 6476 w
(the) 2525 6476 w
(previous) 2680 6476 w
(section.) 3057 6476 w
(We) 3423 6476 w
(passed) 3594 6476 w
(it) 3893 6476 w
(two) 3982 6476 w
(string) 4165 6476 w
(names) 4426 6476 w
(as) 4714 6476 w
(argu\255) 4830 6476 w
(ments,) 720 6596 w
(then) 1012 6596 w
(proceeded) 1212 6596 w
(to) 1649 6596 w
(clobber) 1755 6596 w
(both) 2082 6596 w
(of) 2288 6596 w
(them) 2399 6596 w
(by) 2627 6596 w
(incrementation.) 2755 6596 w
(So) 3432 6596 w
(how) 3566 6596 w
(come) 3766 6596 w
(we) 4010 6596 w
(don't) 4154 6596 w
(lose) 4392 6596 w
(the) 4580 6596 w
(original) 4729 6596 w
(strings in the function that called) 720 6716 w
10 /Helvetica f
(strcopy?) 2061 6716 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(As) 970 6872 w
(we) 1117 6872 w
(said) 1269 6872 w
(before,) 1466 6872 w
(C) 1781 6872 w
(is) 1884 6872 w
(a) 1987 6872 w
(``call) 2067 6872 w
(by) 2313 6872 w
(value'') 2450 6872 w
(language:) 2769 6872 w
(when) 3194 6872 w
(you) 3447 6872 w
(make) 3634 6872 w
(a) 3887 6872 w
(function) 3968 6872 w
(call) 4338 6872 w
(like) 4519 6872 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f\(x\),) 4709 6872 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(the) 4918 6872 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(value) 720 6992 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(of) 972 6992 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1094 6992 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 1180 6992 w
(passed,) 1283 6992 w
(not) 1610 6992 w
(its) 1774 6992 w
(address.) 1905 6992 w
(So) 2290 6992 w
(there's) 2432 6992 w
(no) 2739 6992 w
(way) 2875 6992 w
(to) 3077 6992 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(alter) 3191 6992 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 3419 6992 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(from) 3505 6992 w
(inside) 3735 6992 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f) 4013 6992 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4041 6992 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(If) 4147 6992 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 4252 6992 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 4338 6992 w
(an) 4441 6992 w
(array) 4570 6992 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\(char) 4812 6992 w
(x[10]\)) 720 7112 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(this) 999 7112 w
(isn't) 1172 7112 w
(a) 1378 7112 w
(problem,) 1450 7112 w
(because) 1836 7112 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 2182 7112 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(is) 2261 7112 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(an) 2357 7112 w
(address) 2480 7112 w
(anyway,) 2808 7112 w
(and) 3172 7112 w
(you're) 3345 7112 w
(not) 3634 7112 w
(trying) 3791 7112 w
(to) 4059 7112 w
(change) 4166 7112 w
(it,) 4477 7112 w
(just) 4587 7112 w
(what) 4761 7112 w
(it) 4984 7112 w
(addresses.) 720 7232 w
(This) 1184 7232 w
(is) 1393 7232 w
(why) 1491 7232 w
10 /Helvetica f
(strcopy) 1697 7232 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(works) 2051 7232 w
(as) 2326 7232 w
(it) 2440 7232 w
(does.) 2527 7232 w
(And) 2791 7232 w
(it's) 2994 7232 w
(convenient) 3153 7232 w
(not) 3622 7232 w
(to) 3781 7232 w
(have) 3890 7232 w
(to) 4109 7232 w
(worry) 4218 7232 w
(about) 4487 7232 w
(making) 4740 7232 w
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14 pagesetup
10 /Times-Roman f
(C Tutorial) 720 360 w
(\255 14 \255) 2952 360 w
(temporary copies of the input arguments.) 720 840 w
(But what if) 970 996 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1448 996 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is a scalar and you do) 1523 996 w
(want) 2411 996 w
(to) 2631 996 w
(change) 2735 996 w
(it?) 3043 996 w
(In) 3194 996 w
(that) 3303 996 w
(case,) 3479 996 w
(you) 3701 996 w
(have) 3877 996 w
(to) 4091 996 w
(pass) 4195 996 w
(the) 4393 996 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(address) 4541 996 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(of) 4878 996 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 4990 996 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to) 720 1116 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f,) 826 1116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and then use it as a pointer.) 907 1116 w
(Thus for example, to interchange two integers, we must write) 2047 1116 w
10 /Helvetica f
(flip\(x,) 1080 1286 w
(y\)) 1354 1286 w
(int) 1185 1406 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1326 1455 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x,) 1381 1406 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1494 1455 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y;) 1549 1406 w
({) 1662 1406 w
(int) 1440 1526 w
(temp;) 1581 1526 w
(temp) 1440 1646 w
(=) 1698 1646 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1791 1695 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x;) 1846 1646 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1440 1815 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1495 1766 w
(=) 1580 1766 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1673 1815 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y;) 1728 1766 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1440 1935 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y) 1495 1886 w
(=) 1580 1886 w
(temp;) 1673 1886 w
(}) 1080 2006 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and to call) 720 2176 w
10 /Helvetica f
(
2000
flip,) 1164 2176 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(we have to pass the addresses of the variables:) 1345 2176 w
10 /Helvetica f
(flip) 1080 2346 w
(\(&a,) 1243 2346 w
(&b\);) 1462 2346 w
(18. Multiple Levels of Pointers; Program Arguments) 720 2636 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(When) 970 2792 w
(a) 1235 2792 w
(C) 1306 2792 w
(program) 1400 2792 w
(is) 1765 2792 w
(called,) 1859 2792 w
(the) 2149 2792 w
(arguments) 2298 2792 w
(on) 2741 2792 w
(the) 2868 2792 w
(command) 3017 2792 w
(line) 3438 2792 w
(are) 3615 2792 w
(made) 3763 2792 w
(available) 4006 2792 w
(to) 4393 2792 w
(the) 4498 2792 w
(main) 4647 2792 w
(pro\255) 4874 2792 w
(gram) 720 2912 w
(as) 953 2912 w
(an) 1063 2912 w
(argument) 1184 2912 w
(count) 1588 2912 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argc) 1840 2912 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 2062 2912 w
(an) 2233 2912 w
(array) 2354 2912 w
(of) 2585 2912 w
(character) 2695 2912 w
(strings) 3086 2912 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv) 3383 2912 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(containing) 3605 2912 w
(the) 4054 2912 w
(arguments.) 4203 2912 w
(Manipu\255) 4696 2912 w
(lating these arguments is one of the) 720 3032 w
(most) 2161 3032 w
(common) 2382 3032 w
(uses) 2758 3032 w
(of) 2956 3032 w
(multiple) 3065 3032 w
(levels) 3425 3032 w
(of) 3684 3032 w
(pointers) 3793 3032 w
(\(``pointer) 4141 3032 w
(to) 4549 3032 w
(pointer) 4653 3032 w
(to) 4962 3032 w
(...''\).) 720 3152 w
(By convention,) 969 3152 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argc) 1608 3152 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is greater than zero; the first argument \(in) 1828 3152 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv[0]\)) 3516 3152 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is the command name itself.) 3881 3152 w
(Here is a program that simply echoes its arguments.) 970 3308 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\(argc,) 1080 3478 w
(argv\)) 1588 3478 w
(int) 1185 3598 w
(argc;) 1326 3598 w
(char) 1185 3718 w
14 /Helvetica f
(**) 1415 3767 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv;) 1525 3718 w
({) 1783 3718 w
(int) 1440 3838 w
(i;) 1581 3838 w
(for\() 1440 3958 w
(i=1;) 1625 3958 w
(i) 1824 3958 w
(<) 1881 3958 w
(argc;) 1974 3958 w
(i) 2232 3958 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2254 3958 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2401 3958 w
(printf\("%s) 1800 4078 w
(",) 2266 4078 w
(argv[i]\);) 2365 4078 w
(putchar\() 1440 4198 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1808 4198 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\n) 1833 4198 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1917 4198 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\);) 1942 4198 w
(}) 1080 4318 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Step) 720 4488 w
(by) 924 4488 w
(step:) 1050 4488 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main) 1268 4488 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 1511 4488 w
(called) 1604 4488 w
(with) 1868 4488 w
(two) 2073 4488 w
(arguments,) 2250 4488 w
(the) 2718 4488 w
(argument) 2867 4488 w
(count) 3271 4488 w
(and) 3520 4488 w
(the) 3691 4488 w
(array) 3840 4488 w
(of) 4071 4488 w
(arguments.) 4181 4488 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv) 4680 4488 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 4902 4488 w
(a) 4996 4488 w
(pointer) 720 4608 w
(to) 1033 4608 w
(an) 1141 4608 w
(array,) 1265 4608 w
(whose) 1524 4608 w
(individual) 1809 4608 w
(elements) 2245 4608 w
(are) 2630 4608 w
(pointers) 2781 4608 w
(to) 3132 4608 w
(arrays) 3239 4608 w
(of) 3511 4608 w
(characters.) 3623 4608 w
(The) 4105 4608 w
(zeroth) 4289 4608 w
(argument) 4567 4608 w
(is) 4973 4608 w
(the) 720 4728 w
(name) 874 4728 w
(of) 1122 4728 w
(the) 1237 4728 w
(command) 1391 4728 w
(itself,) 1817 4728 w
(so) 2074 4728 w
(we) 2195 4728 w
(start) 2343 4728 w
(to) 2547 4728 w
(print) 2657 4728 w
(with) 2878 4728 w
(the) 3089 4728 w
(first) 3244 4728 w
(argument,) 3438 4728 w
(until) 3873 4728 w
(we've) 4090 4728 w
(printed) 4366 4728 w
(them) 4682 4728 w
(all.) 4915 4728 w
(Each) 720 4848 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv[i]) 947 4848 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is a character array, so we use a) 1245 4848 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`%s') 2534 4848 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(in the) 2742 4848 w
10 /Helvetica f
(printf) 2995 4848 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 3218 4848 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(You will sometimes see the declaration of) 970 5004 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv) 2679 5004 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(written as) 2899 5004 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char) 1080 5174 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1310 5223 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv[) 1365 5174 w
(];) 1623 5174 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(which) 720 5344 w
(is) 1003 5344 w
(equivalent.) 1109 5344 w
(But) 1614 5344 w
(we) 1798 5344 w
(can't) 1953 5344 w
(use) 2191 5344 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char) 2367 5344 w
(argv[) 2605 5344 w
(][) 2871 5344 w
(],) 2970 5344 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(because) 3066 5344 w
(both) 3421 5344 w
(dimensions) 3639 5344 w
(are) 4135 5344 w
(variable) 4296 5344 w
(and) 4657 5344 w
(there) 4841 5344 w
(would be no way to figure out how big the array is.) 720 5464 w
(Here's) 970 5620 w
(a) 1267 5620 w
(bigger) 1343 5620 w
(example) 1630 5620 w
(using) 2000 5620 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argc) 2252 5620 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 2479 5620 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv) 2658 5620 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2853 5620 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(A) 2955 5620 w
(common) 3060 5620 w
(convention) 3443 5620 w
(in) 3920 5620 w
(C) 4031 5620 w
(programs) 4131 5620 w
(is) 4541 5620 w
(that) 4641 5620 w
(if) 4824 5620 w
(the) 4918 5620 w
(first) 720 5740 w
(argument) 911 5740 w
(is) 1318 5740 w
(`) 1415 5740 w
10 /S f
(-) 1448 5740 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(',) 1503 5740 w
(it) 1591 5740 w
(indicates) 1677 5740 w
(a) 2062 5740 w
(flag) 2136 5740 w
(of) 2321 5740 w
(some) 2434 5740 w
(sort.) 2675 5740 w
(For) 2905 5740 w
(example,) 3074 5740 w
(suppose) 3467 5740 w
(we) 3819 5740 w
(want) 3965 5740 w
(a) 4189 5740 w
(program) 4263 5740 w
(to) 4631 5740 w
(be) 4739 5740 w
(call\255) 4863 5740 w
(able as) 720 5860 w
10 /Helvetica f
(prog) 1080 6030 w
10 /S f
(-) 1316 6030 w
10 /Helvetica f
(abc) 1371 6030 w
(arg1) 1568 6030 w
(arg2) 1804 6030 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 2040 6030 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(where the `) 720 6200 w
10 /S f
(-) 1168 6200 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(' argument is optional; if it is present, it may be followed by any combination of a, b, and c.) 1223 6200 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main\(argc,) 1080 6370 w
(argv\)) 1588 6370 w
(int) 1185 6490 w
(argc;) 1326 6490 w
(char) 1185 6610 w
14 /Helvetica f
(**) 1415 6659 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv;) 1525 6610 w
({) 1783 6610 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 6730 w
10 /Helvetica f
(aflag) 1440 6850 w
(=) 1693 6850 w
(bflag) 1786 6850 w
(=) 2039 6850 w
(cflag) 2132 6850 w
(=) 2414 6850 w
(0;) 2507 6850 w
(if\() 1440 6970 w
(argc) 1558 6970 w
(>) 1788 6970 w
(1) 1881 6970 w
(&&) 1972 6970 w
(argv[1][0]) 2141 6970 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2595 6970 w
10 /S f
(\242-\242) 2742 6970 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2882 6970 w
({) 2950 6970 w
(for\() 1800 7090 w
(i=1;) 1985 7090 w
(\(c=argv[1][i]\)) 2184 7090 w
(!=) 2778 7090 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2899 7090 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2924 7090 w
10 /S f
(\242) 3008 7090 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 3033 7090 w
(i) 3096 7090 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 3118 7090 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 3265 7090 w
(if\() 2160 7210 w
(c) 2278 7210 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2328 7210 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2440 7210 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 2465 7210 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2521 7210 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2581 7210 w
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15 pagesetup
10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2914 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(15 ) 3004 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3151 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(aflag) 2520 840 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2738 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2850 840 w
(else) 2160 960 w
(if\() 2379 960 w
(c) 2497 960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2547 960 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2659 960 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 2684 960 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2740 960 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2800 960 w
(bflag) 2520 1080 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2738 1080 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2850 1080 w
(else) 2160 1200 w
(if\() 2379 1200 w
(c) 2497 1200 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2547 1200 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2659 1200 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 2684 1200 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2734 1200 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2794 1200 w
(cflag) 2520 1320 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2732 1320 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2844 
2000
1320 w
(else) 2160 1440 w
(printf\("%c?\\n",) 2520 1560 w
(c\);) 3190 1560 w
10 /S f
(--) 1800 1680 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argc;) 1910 1680 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1800 1800 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv;) 1912 1800 w
(}) 1440 1920 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 2040 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(There) 970 2246 w
(are) 1229 2246 w
(several) 1377 2246 w
(things) 1686 2246 w
(worth) 1958 2246 w
(noticing) 2218 2246 w
(about) 2573 2246 w
(this) 2822 2246 w
(code.) 2994 2246 w
(First,) 3259 2246 w
(there) 3495 2246 w
(is) 3721 2246 w
(a) 3815 2246 w
(real) 3887 2246 w
(need) 4064 2246 w
(for) 4280 2246 w
(the) 4424 2246 w
(left\255to\255right) 4574 2246 w
(evaluation) 720 2366 w
(that) 1175 2366 w
(&&) 1364 2366 w
(provides;) 1559 2366 w
(we) 1970 2366 w
(don't) 2125 2366 w
(want) 2375 2366 w
(to) 2608 2366 w
(look) 2725 2366 w
(at) 2942 2366 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv[1]) 3056 2366 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(unless) 3402 2366 w
(we) 3691 2366 w
(know) 3846 2366 w
(it's) 4107 2366 w
(there.) 4274 2366 w
(Second,) 4561 2366 w
(the) 4918 2366 w
(statements) 720 2486 w
10 /S f
(--) 1440 2656 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argc;) 1550 2656 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1440 2776 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv;) 1552 2776 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(let) 720 2946 w
(us) 846 2946 w
(march) 961 2946 w
(along) 1236 2946 w
(the) 1484 2946 w
(argument) 1632 2946 w
(list) 2035 2946 w
(by) 2184 2946 w
(one) 2310 2946 w
(position,) 2480 2946 w
(so) 2854 2946 w
(we) 2970 2946 w
(can) 3113 2946 w
(skip) 3278 2946 w
(over) 3472 2946 w
(the) 3676 2946 w
(flag) 3825 2946 w
(argument) 4007 2946 w
(as) 4411 2946 w
(if) 4521 2946 w
(it) 4609 2946 w
(had) 4692 2946 w
(nev\255) 4863 2946 w
(er) 720 3066 w
(existed) 827 3066 w
10 /S f
(_) 1140 3066 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(the) 1220 3066 w
(rest) 1372 3066 w
(of) 1546 3066 w
(the) 1659 3066 w
(program) 1811 3066 w
(is) 2179 3066 w
(independent) 2276 3066 w
(of) 2794 3066 w
(whether) 2907 3066 w
(or) 3258 3066 w
(not) 3371 3066 w
(there) 3529 3066 w
(was) 3758 3066 w
(a) 3942 3066 w
(flag) 4015 3066 w
(argument.) 4199 3066 w
(This) 4655 3066 w
(only) 4862 3066 w
(works because) 720 3186 w
10 /Helvetica f
(argv) 1332 3186 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is a pointer which can be incremented.) 1552 3186 w
10 /Helvetica f
(19. The Switch Statement; Break; Continue) 720 3426 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 3582 w
10 /Helvetica f
(switch) 1159 3582 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement) 1468 3582 w
(can) 1882 3582 w
(be) 2051 3582 w
(used) 2176 3582 w
(to) 2390 3582 w
(replace) 2499 3582 w
(the) 2817 3582 w
(multi\255way) 2970 3582 w
(test) 3413 3582 w
(we) 3584 3582 w
(used) 3732 3582 w
(in) 3947 3582 w
(the) 4057 3582 w
(last) 4211 3582 w
(example.) 4382 3582 w
(When) 4802 3582 w
(the tests are like this:) 720 3702 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if\() 1080 3872 w
(c) 1198 3872 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 1283 3872 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1430 3872 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 1455 3872 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1511 3872 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 1571 3872 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1639 3872 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else) 1080 3992 w
(if\() 1299 3992 w
(c) 1417 3992 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 1502 3992 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1649 3992 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 1674 3992 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1730 3992 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 1790 3992 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1858 3992 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else) 1080 4112 w
(if\() 1299 4112 w
(c) 1417 4112 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 1502 4112 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1649 4112 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 1674 4112 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1724 4112 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 1784 4112 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1852 4112 w
10 /Helvetica f
(else) 1080 4232 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1299 4232 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(testing) 720 4402 w
(a) 1020 4402 w
(value) 1097 4402 w
(against) 1346 4402 w
(a) 1662 4402 w
(series) 1740 4402 w
(of) 2001 4402 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(constants,) 2118 4402 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(the) 2555 4402 w
(switch) 2711 4402 w
(statement) 3006 4402 w
(is) 3423 4402 w
(often) 3524 4402 w
(clearer) 3763 4402 w
(and) 4067 4402 w
(usually) 4245 4402 w
(gives) 4568 4402 w
(better) 4813 4402 w
(code.) 720 4522 w
(Use it like this:) 983 4522 w
10 /Helvetica f
(switch\() 1080 4692 w
(c) 1426 4692 w
(\)) 1511 4692 w
({) 1579 4692 w
(case) 1080 4932 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1327 4932 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 1352 4932 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1408 4932 w
10 /Helvetica f
(:) 1433 4932 w
(aflag) 1440 5052 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1658 5052 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1770 5052 w
(break;) 1440 5172 w
(case) 1080 5292 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1327 5292 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 1352 5292 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1408 5292 w
10 /Helvetica f
(:) 1433 5292 w
(bflag) 1440 5412 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1658 5412 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1770 5412 w
(break;) 1440 5532 w
(case) 1080 5652 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1327 5652 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c) 1352 5652 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1402 5652 w
10 /Helvetica f
(:) 1427 5652 w
(cflag) 1440 5772 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1652 5772 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1764 5772 w
(break;) 1440 5892 w
(default:) 1080 6012 w
(printf\("%c?\\n",) 1440 6132 w
(c\);) 2110 6132 w
(break;) 1440 6252 w
(}) 1080 6372 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 720 6542 w
10 /Helvetica f
(case) 904 6542 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statements) 1142 6542 w
(label) 1590 6542 w
(the) 1810 6542 w
(various) 1958 6542 w
(actions) 2278 6542 w
(we) 2587 6542 w
(want;) 2729 6542 w
10 /Helvetica f
(default) 2980 6542 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(gets) 3308 6542 w
(done) 3495 6542 w
(if) 3715 6542 w
(none) 3802 6542 w
(of) 4022 6542 w
(the) 4131 6542 w
(other) 4279 6542 w
(cases) 4511 6542 w
(are) 4748 6542 w
(sat\255) 4896 6542 w
(isfied.) 720 6662 w
(\(A) 1017 6662 w
10 /Helvetica f
(default) 1150 6662 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is optional; if it isn't there, and none of the cases match, you just fall out the bottom.\)) 1477 6662 w
(The) 970 6818 w
10 /Helvetica f
(break) 1161 6818 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement) 1445 6818 w
(in) 1862 6818 w
(this) 1974 6818 w
(example) 2153 6818 w
(is) 2525 6818 w
(new.) 2626 6818 w
(It) 2876 6818 w
(is) 2971 6818 w
(there) 3072 6818 w
(because) 3305 6818 w
(the) 3654 6818 w
(cases) 3810 6818 w
(are) 4054 6818 w
(just) 4209 6818 w
(labels,) 4388 6818 w
(and) 4680 6818 w
(after) 4858 6818 w
(you) 720 6938 w
(do) 901 6938 w
(one) 1032 6938 w
(of) 1207 6938 w
(them,) 1321 6938 w
(you) 1577 6938 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(fall) 1758 6938 w
(through) 1923 6938 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to) 2271 6938 w
(the) 2380 6938 w
(next) 2533 6938 w
(unless) 2736 6938 w
(you) 3017 6938 w
(take) 3197 6938 w
(some) 3393 6938 w
(explicit) 3634 6938 w
(action) 3964 6938 w
(to) 4238 6938 w
(escape.) 4346 6938 w
(This) 4691 6938 w
(is) 4899 6938 w
(a) 4996 6938 w
(mixed) 720 7058 w
(blessing.) 998 7058 w
(On) 1404 7058 w
(the) 1554 7058 w
(positive) 1704 7058 w
(side,) 2049 7058 w
(you) 2263 7058 w
(can) 2441 7058 w
(have) 2607 7058 w
(multiple) 2823 7058 w
(cases) 3185 7058 w
(on) 3423 7058 w
(a) 3551 7058 w
(single) 3623 7058 w
(statement;) 3891 7058 w
(we) 4331 7058 w
(might) 4476 7058 w
(want) 4739 7058 w
(to) 4962 7058 w
(allow both upper and lower case letters in our flag field, so we could say) 720 7178 w
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16 pagesetup
10 /Times-Roman f
(C Tutorial) 720 360 w
(\255 16 \255) 2952 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(case) 1080 840 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1327 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 1352 840 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1408 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(:) 1433 840 w
(case) 1531 840 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1778 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(A) 1803 840 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1870 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(:) 1895 840 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 2160 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(case) 1080 1010 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1327 1010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 1352 1010 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1408 1010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(:) 1433 1010 w
(case) 1531 1010 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1778 1010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(B) 1803 1010 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1870 1010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(:) 1895 1010 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 2160 1010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(etc) 1115 1130 w
16 /Helvetica f
(
2000
.) 1249 1130 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(But) 720 1300 w
(what) 892 1300 w
(if) 1113 1300 w
(we) 1201 1300 w
(just) 1344 1300 w
(want) 1516 1300 w
(to) 1737 1300 w
(get) 1842 1300 w
(out) 1991 1300 w
(after) 2146 1300 w
(doing) 2355 1300 w
10 /Helvetica f
(case) 2613 1300 w
(`a') 2855 1300 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(?) 2982 1300 w
(We) 3078 1300 w
(could) 3243 1300 w
(get) 3492 1300 w
(out) 3641 1300 w
(of) 3796 1300 w
(a) 3906 1300 w
10 /Helvetica f
(case) 3980 1300 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(of) 4220 1300 w
(the) 4331 1300 w
10 /Helvetica f
(switch) 4484 1300 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(with) 4790 1300 w
(a) 4996 1300 w
(label and a) 720 1420 w
10 /Helvetica f
(goto,) 1180 1420 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(but this is really ugly.) 1429 1420 w
(The) 2349 1420 w
10 /Helvetica f
(break) 2532 1420 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement lets us exit without either) 2808 1420 w
10 /Helvetica f
(goto) 4255 1420 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(or label.) 4476 1420 w
10 /Helvetica f
(switch\() 1080 1590 w
(c) 1426 1590 w
(\)) 1511 1590 w
({) 1579 1590 w
(case) 1080 1830 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1327 1830 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 1352 1830 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1408 1830 w
10 /Helvetica f
(:) 1433 1830 w
(aflag) 1440 1950 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1658 1950 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1770 1950 w
(break;) 1440 2070 w
(case) 1080 2190 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1327 2190 w
10 /Helvetica f
(b) 1352 2190 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1408 2190 w
10 /Helvetica f
(:) 1433 2190 w
(bflag) 1440 2310 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1658 2310 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1770 2310 w
(break;) 1440 2430 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1115 2550 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1080 2670 w
(/) 1080 2790 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1108 2839 w
10 /Helvetica f
(the) 1198 2790 w
(break) 1373 2790 w
(statements) 1659 2790 w
(get) 2185 2790 w
(us) 2360 2790 w
(here) 2501 2790 w
(directly) 2737 2790 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3089 2839 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3144 2790 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 720 2960 w
10 /Helvetica f
(break) 903 2960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement also works in) 1179 2960 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for) 2148 2960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 2290 2960 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 2462 2960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statements ) 2715 2960 w
10 /S f
(_) 3162 2960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(it causes an immediate exit from the loop.) 3237 2960 w
(The) 970 3116 w
10 /Helvetica f
(continue) 1159 3116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement) 1570 3116 w
(works) 1984 3116 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(only) 2259 3116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(inside) 2462 3116 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for's) 2735 3116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 2955 3116 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while's;) 3133 3116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(it) 3492 3116 w
(causes) 3579 3116 w
(the) 3870 3116 w
(next) 4024 3116 w
(iteration) 4228 3116 w
(of) 4593 3116 w
(the) 4708 3116 w
(loop) 4862 3116 w
(to) 720 3236 w
(be) 828 3236 w
(started.) 952 3236 w
(This) 1298 3236 w
(means) 1506 3236 w
(it) 1791 3236 w
(goes) 1877 3236 w
(to) 2090 3236 w
(the) 2198 3236 w
(increment) 2350 3236 w
(part) 2779 3236 w
(of) 2964 3236 w
(the) 3077 3236 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for) 3232 3236 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 3379 3236 w
(the) 3553 3236 w
(test) 3705 3236 w
(part) 3874 3236 w
(of) 4058 3236 w
(the) 4170 3236 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 4324 3236 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4552 3236 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(We) 4651 3236 w
(could) 4818 3236 w
(have) 720 3356 w
(used) 935 3356 w
(a) 1145 3356 w
10 /Helvetica f
(continue) 1219 3356 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(in) 1626 3356 w
(our) 1731 3356 w
(example) 1891 3356 w
(to) 2256 3356 w
(get) 2361 3356 w
(on) 2510 3356 w
(with) 2637 3356 w
(the) 2843 3356 w
(next) 2993 3356 w
(iteration) 3193 3356 w
(of) 3554 3356 w
(the) 3665 3356 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for,) 3818 3356 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(but) 3991 3356 w
(it) 4147 3356 w
(seems) 4231 3356 w
(clearer) 4503 3356 w
(to) 4801 3356 w
(use) 4907 3356 w
10 /Helvetica f
(break) 720 3476 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(instead.) 996 3476 w
10 /Helvetica f
(20. Structures) 720 3716 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 3872 w
(main) 1162 3872 w
(use) 1399 3872 w
(of) 1569 3872 w
(structures) 1689 3872 w
(is) 2114 3872 w
(to) 2218 3872 w
(lump) 2333 3872 w
(together) 2577 3872 w
(collections) 2942 3872 w
(of) 3413 3872 w
(disparate) 3534 3872 w
(variable) 3932 3872 w
(types,) 4291 3872 w
(so) 4565 3872 w
(they) 4692 3872 w
(can) 4902 3872 w
(conveniently) 720 3992 w
(be) 1264 3992 w
(treated) 1386 3992 w
(as) 1685 3992 w
(a) 1796 3992 w
(unit.) 1868 3992 w
(For) 2102 3992 w
(example,) 2269 3992 w
(if) 2660 3992 w
(we) 2749 3992 w
(were) 2893 3992 w
(writing) 3114 3992 w
(a) 3431 3992 w
(compiler) 3503 3992 w
(or) 3886 3992 w
(assembler,) 3997 3992 w
(we) 4448 3992 w
(might) 4591 3992 w
(need) 4852 3992 w
(for) 720 4112 w
(each) 869 4112 w
(identifier) 1084 4112 w
(information) 1483 4112 w
(like) 1988 4112 w
(its) 2171 4112 w
(name) 2299 4112 w
(\(a) 2548 4112 w
(character) 2659 4112 w
(array\),) 3057 4112 w
(its) 3353 4112 w
(source) 3482 4112 w
(line) 3776 4112 w
(number) 3960 4112 w
(\(an) 4299 4112 w
(integer\),) 4460 4112 w
(some) 4829 4112 w
(type information \(a character, perhaps\), and probably a usage count \(another integer\).) 720 4232 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char) 1440 4402 w
(id[10];) 1800 4402 w
(int) 1440 4522 w
(line;) 1800 4522 w
(char) 1440 4642 w
(type;) 1800 4642 w
(int) 1440 4762 w
(usage;) 1800 4762 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(We) 970 4968 w
(can) 1134 4968 w
(make) 1298 4968 w
(a) 1540 4968 w
(structure) 1610 4968 w
(out) 1985 4968 w
(of) 2139 4968 w
(this) 2248 4968 w
(quite) 2419 4968 w
(easily.) 2645 4968 w
(We) 2954 4968 w
(first) 3118 4968 w
(tell) 3305 4968 w
(C) 3460 4968 w
(what) 3554 4968 w
(the) 3775 4968 w
(structure) 3924 4968 w
(will) 4300 4968 w
(look) 4483 4968 w
(like,) 4688 4968 w
(that) 4890 4968 w
(is,) 720 5088 w
(what) 840 5088 w
(kinds) 1062 5088 w
(of) 1307 5088 w
(things) 1418 5088 w
(it) 1691 5088 w
(contains;) 1775 5088 w
(after) 2164 5088 w
(that) 2374 5088 w
(we) 2552 5088 w
(can) 2696 5088 w
(actually) 2861 5088 w
(reserve) 3204 5088 w
(storage) 3518 5088 w
(for) 3833 5088 w
(it,) 3976 5088 w
(either) 4084 5088 w
(in) 4338 5088 w
(the) 4443 5088 w
(same) 4592 5088 w
(state\255) 4824 5088 w
(ment or separately.) 720 5208 w
(The simplest thing is to define it and allocate storage all at once:) 1532 5208 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct) 1080 5378 w
({) 1360 5378 w
(char) 1440 5498 w
(id[10];) 1800 5498 w
(int) 1440 5618 w
(line;) 1800 5618 w
(char) 1440 5738 w
(type;) 1800 5738 w
(int) 1440 5858 w
(usage;) 1800 5858 w
(}) 1080 5978 w
(sym;) 1148 5978 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(This defines) 970 6184 w
10 /Helvetica f
(sym) 1489 6184 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to be) 1697 6184 w
(a) 1920 6184 w
(structure) 1990 6184 w
(with) 2365 6184 w
(the) 2569 6184 w
(specified) 2717 6184 w
(shape;) 3103 6184 w
10 /Helvetica f
(id,) 3387 6184 w
(line,) 3522 6184 w
(type) 3735 6184 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 3951 6184 w
10 /Helvetica f
(usage) 4124 6184 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are) 4424 6184 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(members) 4571 6184 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(of) 4957 6184 w
(the structure.) 720 6304 w
(The way we refer to any particular member of the structure is) 1291 6304 w
10 /Helvetica f
(structure\255name) 1080 6474 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1789 6474 w
10 /Helvetica f
(member) 1869 6474 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(as in) 720 6644 w
10 /Helvetica f
(sym) 1440 6814 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1623 6814 w
10 /Helvetica f
(type) 1668 6814 w
(=) 1893 6814 w
(077;) 1986 6814 w
(if\() 1440 6934 w
(sym) 1558 6934 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1741 6934 w
10 /Helvetica f
(usage) 1786 6934 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2095 6934 w
10 /Helvetica f
(0) 2242 6934 w
(\)) 2333 6934 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 2401 6934 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while\() 1440 7054 w
(sym) 1736 7054 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1919 7054 w
10 /Helvetica f
(id[j) 1964 7054 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2092 7054 w
10 /Helvetica f
(]) 2204 7054 w
(\)) 2267 7054 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 2335 7054 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(etc) 1533 7174 w
16 /Times-Roman f
(.) 1649 717
2000
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10 /Times-Roman f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 818 360 w
(\255 ) 2946 360 w
(17 ) 3010 360 w
(\255) 3141 360 w
(Although) 720 840 w
(the) 1131 840 w
(names) 1286 840 w
(of) 1574 840 w
(structure) 1690 840 w
(members) 2072 840 w
(never) 2471 840 w
(stand) 2725 840 w
(alone,) 2969 840 w
(they) 3243 840 w
(still) 3448 840 w
(have) 3632 840 w
(to) 3853 840 w
(be) 3964 840 w
(unique) 4091 840 w
10 /S f
(_) 4396 840 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(there) 4480 840 w
(can't) 4713 840 w
(be) 4946 840 w
(another) 720 960 w
10 /Helvetica f
(id) 1047 960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(or) 1150 960 w
10 /Helvetica f
(usage) 1261 960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(in some other structure.) 1560 960 w
(So) 970 1116 w
(far) 1106 1116 w
(we) 1246 1116 w
(haven't) 1392 1116 w
(gained) 1721 1116 w
(much.) 2017 1116 w
(The) 2319 1116 w
(advantages) 2504 1116 w
(of) 2978 1116 w
(structures) 3092 1116 w
(start) 3511 1116 w
(to) 3714 1116 w
(come) 3823 1116 w
(when) 4070 1116 w
(we) 4317 1116 w
(have) 4464 1116 w
(arrays) 4683 1116 w
(of) 4957 1116 w
(structures,) 720 1236 w
(or) 1169 1236 w
(when) 1288 1236 w
(we) 1540 1236 w
(want) 1692 1236 w
(to) 1922 1236 w
(pass) 2035 1236 w
(complicated) 2242 1236 w
(data) 2765 1236 w
(layouts) 2966 1236 w
(between) 3290 1236 w
(functions.) 3657 1236 w
(Suppose) 4114 1236 w
(we) 4488 1236 w
(wanted) 4639 1236 w
(to) 4962 1236 w
(make a symbol table for up to 100 identifiers.) 720 1356 w
(We could extend our definitions like) 2593 1356 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char) 1440 1526 w
(id[100][10];) 1800 1526 w
(int) 1440 1646 w
(line[100];) 1800 1646 w
(char) 1440 1766 w
(type[100];) 1800 1766 w
(int) 1440 1886 w
(usage[100];) 1800 1886 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(but) 720 2056 w
(a) 882 2056 w
(structure) 960 2056 w
(lets) 1343 2056 w
(us) 1516 2056 w
(rearrange) 1639 2056 w
(this) 2048 2056 w
(spread\255out) 2227 2056 w
(information) 2682 2056 w
(so) 3188 2056 w
(all) 3311 2056 w
(the) 3445 2056 w
(data) 3601 2056 w
(about) 3801 2056 w
(a) 4057 2056 w
(single) 4136 2056 w
(identifer) 4410 2056 w
(is) 4783 2056 w
(col\255) 4885 2056 w
(lected into one lump:) 720 2176 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct) 1080 2346 w
({) 1360 2346 w
(char) 1440 2466 w
(id[10];) 1800 2466 w
(int) 1440 2586 w
(line;) 1800 2586 w
(char) 1440 2706 w
(type;) 1800 2706 w
(int) 1440 2826 w
(usage;) 1800 2826 w
(}) 1080 2946 w
(sym[100];) 1148 2946 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(This) 720 3116 w
(makes) 931 3116 w
10 /Helvetica f
(sym) 1222 3116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(an) 1438 3116 w
(array) 1565 3116 w
(of) 1802 3116 w
(structures;) 1918 3116 w
(each) 2367 3116 w
(array) 2582 3116 w
(element) 2819 3116 w
(has) 3168 3116 w
(the) 3334 3116 w
(specified) 3489 3116 w
(shape.) 3882 3116 w
(Now) 4192 3116 w
(we) 4419 3116 w
(can) 4569 3116 w
(refer) 4741 3116 w
(to) 4962 3116 w
(members as) 720 3236 w
10 /Helvetica f
(sym[i]) 1440 3406 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1701 3406 w
10 /Helvetica f
(usage) 1746 3406 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2020 3406 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2132 3406 w
(/) 2520 3406 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2548 3455 w
10 /Helvetica f
(increment) 2638 3406 w
(usage) 3113 3406 w
(of) 3422 3406 w
(i\255th) 3541 3406 w
(identifier) 3715 3406 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4129 3455 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 4184 3406 w
(for\() 1440 3526 w
(j=0;) 1625 3526 w
(sym[i]) 1824 3526 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2085 3526 w
10 /Helvetica f
(id[j) 2130 3526 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2258 3526 w
10 /Helvetica f
(]) 2370 3526 w
(!=) 2433 3526 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2554 3526 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2579 3526 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2663 3526 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2688 3526 w
(\)) 2751 3526 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 2819 3526 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(etc) 1533 3646 w
16 /Times-Roman f
(.) 1649 3646 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Thus to print a list of all identifiers that haven't been used, together with their line number,) 720 3816 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for\() 1440 3986 w
(i=0;) 1625 3986 w
(i<nsym;) 1824 3986 w
(i) 2206 3986 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2228 3986 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2375 3986 w
(if\() 1800 4106 w
(sym[i]) 1918 4106 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2179 4106 w
10 /Helvetica f
(usage) 2224 4106 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2533 4106 w
10 /Helvetica f
(0) 2680 4106 w
(\)) 2771 4106 w
(printf\("%d\\t%s\\n",) 2160 4226 w
(sym[i]) 2975 4226 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 3236 4226 w
10 /Helvetica f
(line,) 3281 4226 w
(sym[i]) 3500 4226 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 3761 4226 w
10 /Helvetica f
(id\);) 3806 4226 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Suppose) 970 4432 w
(we) 1335 4432 w
(now) 1477 4432 w
(want) 1675 4432 w
(to) 1895 4432 w
(write) 1999 4432 w
(a) 2230 4432 w
(function) 2300 4432 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup\(name\)) 2662 4432 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(which) 3301 4432 w
(will) 3571 4432 w
(tell) 3753 4432 w
(us) 3907 4432 w
(if) 4022 4432 w
10 /Helvetica f
(name) 4112 4432 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(already) 4389 4432 w
(exists) 4708 4432 w
(in) 4962 4432 w
10 /Helvetica f
(sym,) 720 4552 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(by) 963 4552 w
(giving) 1095 4552 w
(its) 1383 4552 w
(index,) 1510 4552 w
(or) 1789 4552 w
(that) 1904 4552 w
(it) 2086 4552 w
(doesn't,) 2174 4552 w
(by) 2525 4552 w
(returning) 2657 4552 w
(a) 3055 4552 w
10 /S f
(-) 3131 4552 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(1.) 3186 4552 w
(We) 3318 4552 w
(can't) 3488 4552 w
(pass) 3719 4552 w
(a) 3923 4552 w
(structure) 3999 4552 w
(to) 4380 4552 w
(a) 4490 4552 w
(function) 4565 4552 w
(di\255) 4929 4552 w
(rectly ) 720 4672 w
10 /S f
(_) 972 4672 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(we have to either define it externally, or pass a pointer to it.) 1047 4672 w
(Let's try the first way first.) 3476 4672 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1080 4842 w
(nsym) 1440 4842 w
(0;) 1800 4842 w
(/) 2160 4842 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2188 4891 w
10 /Helvetica f
(current) 2278 4842 w
(length) 2625 4842 w
(of) 2934 4842 w
(symbol) 3053 4842 w
(table) 3405 4842 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3658 4891 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3713 4842 w
(struct) 1080 5012 w
({) 1360 5012 w
(char) 1440 5132 w
(id[10];) 1800 5132 w
(int) 1440 5252 w
(line;) 1800 5252 w
(char) 1440 5372 w
(type;) 1800 5372 w
(int) 1440 5492 w
(usage;) 1800 5492 w
(}) 1080 5612 w
(sym[100];) 1148 5612 w
(/) 2160 5612 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2188 5661 w
10 /Helvetica f
(symbol) 2278 5612 w
(table) 2630 5612 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2883 5661 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 2938 5612 w
(main\() 1080 5782 w
(\)) 1365 5782 w
({) 1433 5782 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 5902 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if\() 1440 6022 w
(\(index) 1558 6022 w
(=) 1866 6022 w
(lookup\(newname\)\)) 1959 6022 w
(>=) 2824 6022 w
(0) 2975 6022 w
(\)) 3066 6022 w
(sym[index]) 1800 6142 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2279 6142 w
10 /Helvetica f
(usage) 2324 6142 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2598 6142 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2710 6142 w
(/) 3240 6142 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3268 6191 w
10 /Helvetica f
(already) 3358 6142 w
(there) 3722 6142 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 3986 6142 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4156 6191 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 4211 6142 w
(else) 1440 6262 w
(install\(newname,) 1800 6382 w
(newline,) 2587 6382 w
(newtype\);) 2990 6382 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 6502 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1080 6622 w
(lookup\(s\)) 1080 6792 w
(char) 1185 6912 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1415 6961 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s;) 1470 6912 w
({) 1583 6912 w
(int) 1440 7032 w
(i;) 1581 7032 w
(extern) 1440 7152 w
(struct) 1754 7152 w
({) 2034 7152 w
(char) 1800 7272 w
(id[10];) 2160 7272 w
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10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2914 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(18 ) 3004 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3151 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1800 840 w
(line;) 2160 840 w
(char) 1800 960 w
(type;) 2160 960 w
(int) 1800 1080 w
(usage;) 2160 1080 w
(}) 1440 1200 w
(sym[) 1508 1200 w
(];) 1754 1200 w
(for\() 1440 1370 w
(i=0;) 1625 1370 w
(i<nsym;) 1824 1370 w
(i) 2206 1370 w
10 /Times
2000
-Roman f
(++) 2228 1370 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2375 1370 w
(if\() 1800 1490 w
(compar\(s,) 1918 1490 w
(sym[i]) 2398 1490 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2659 1490 w
10 /Helvetica f
(id\)) 2704 1490 w
(>) 2850 1490 w
(0) 2943 1490 w
(\)) 3034 1490 w
(return\(i\);) 2160 1610 w
(return\() 1440 1730 w
10 /S f
(-) 1735 1730 w
10 /Helvetica f
(1\);) 1790 1730 w
(}) 1080 1850 w
(compar\(s1,s2\)) 1080 2090 w
(/) 2160 2090 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2188 2139 w
10 /Helvetica f
(return) 2313 2090 w
(1) 2610 2090 w
(if) 2701 2090 w
(s1) 2786 2090 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2892 2090 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s2,) 3004 2090 w
(0) 3173 2090 w
(otherwise) 3264 2090 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3728 2139 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3783 2090 w
(char) 1185 2210 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1415 2259 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s1,) 1470 2210 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1639 2259 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s2;) 1694 2210 w
({) 1863 2210 w
(while\() 1440 2330 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1736 2379 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s1) 1791 2330 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1897 2330 w
(==) 2044 2330 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2191 2379 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s2) 2246 2330 w
(\)) 2387 2330 w
(if\() 1800 2450 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1918 2499 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s2) 1973 2450 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2079 2450 w
(==) 2226 2450 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2373 2450 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 2398 2450 w
10 /S f
(\242) 2482 2450 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2542 2450 w
(return\(1\);) 2160 2570 w
(return\(0\);) 1440 2690 w
(}) 1080 2810 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The declaration of the structure in) 720 2980 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup) 2103 2980 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(isn't needed if the external) 2424 2980 w
(definition) 3514 2980 w
(precedes) 3929 2980 w
(its) 4303 2980 w
(use) 4424 2980 w
(in) 4583 2980 w
(the) 4687 2980 w
(same) 4835 2980 w
(source file, as we shall see in a moment.) 720 3100 w
(Now what if we want to use pointers?) 970 3256 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct) 1080 3426 w
(symtag) 1395 3426 w
({) 1753 3426 w
(char) 1440 3546 w
(id[10];) 1800 3546 w
(int) 1440 3666 w
(line;) 1800 3666 w
(char) 1440 3786 w
(type;) 1800 3786 w
(int) 1440 3906 w
(usage;) 1800 3906 w
(}) 1080 4026 w
(sym[100],) 1148 4026 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1618 4075 w
10 /Helvetica f
(psym;) 1673 4026 w
(psym) 1440 4266 w
(=) 1714 4266 w
(&sym[0];) 1807 4266 w
(/) 2520 4266 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2548 4315 w
10 /Helvetica f
(or) 2638 4266 w
(p) 2762 4266 w
(=) 2853 4266 w
(sym;) 2946 4266 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3192 4315 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3247 4266 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(This) 720 4436 w
(makes) 924 4436 w
10 /Helvetica f
(psym) 1208 4436 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(a) 1473 4436 w
(pointer) 1543 4436 w
(to) 1852 4436 w
(our) 1956 4436 w
(kind) 2115 4436 w
(of) 2320 4436 w
(structure) 2430 4436 w
(\(the) 2806 4436 w
(symbol) 2988 4436 w
(table\),) 3310 4436 w
(then) 3589 4436 w
(initializes) 3788 4436 w
(it) 4204 4436 w
(to) 4287 4436 w
(point) 4392 4436 w
(to) 4625 4436 w
(the) 4730 4436 w
(first) 4879 4436 w
(element of) 720 4556 w
10 /Helvetica f
(sym) 1172 4556 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1355 4556 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Notice) 970 4712 w
(that) 1263 4712 w
(we) 1440 4712 w
(added) 1583 4712 w
(something) 1848 4712 w
(after) 2292 4712 w
(the) 2501 4712 w
(word) 2650 4712 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct:) 2885 4712 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(a) 3185 4712 w
(``tag'') 3256 4712 w
(called) 3537 4712 w
10 /Helvetica f
(symtag) 3805 4712 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4128 4712 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(This) 4225 4712 w
(puts) 4430 4712 w
(a) 4624 4712 w
(name) 4696 4712 w
(on) 4940 4712 w
(our) 720 4832 w
(structure) 888 4832 w
(definition) 1272 4832 w
(so) 1696 4832 w
(we) 1820 4832 w
(can) 1971 4832 w
(refer) 2144 4832 w
(to) 2366 4832 w
(it) 2479 4832 w
(later) 2570 4832 w
(without) 2782 4832 w
(repeating) 3123 4832 w
(the) 3529 4832 w
(definition.) 3686 4832 w
(It's) 4160 4832 w
(not) 4328 4832 w
(necessary) 4491 4832 w
(but) 4912 4832 w
(useful.) 720 4952 w
(In fact we could have said) 1039 4952 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct) 1080 5122 w
(symtag) 1440 5122 w
({) 1798 5122 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 5242 w
10 /Helvetica f
(structure) 1610 5242 w
(definition) 2035 5242 w
(};) 1080 5362 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(which wouldn't have assigned any storage at all, and then said) 720 5532 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct) 1080 5702 w
(symtag) 1440 5702 w
(sym[100];) 1800 5702 w
(struct) 1080 5822 w
(symtag) 1440 5822 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1800 5871 w
10 /Helvetica f
(psym;) 1855 5822 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(which would define the array and the pointer.) 720 5992 w
(This could be condensed further, to) 2588 5992 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct) 1080 6162 w
(symtag) 1440 6162 w
(sym[100],) 1800 6162 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2270 6211 w
10 /Helvetica f
(psym;) 2325 6162 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The way we actually refer to an member of a structure by a pointer is like this:) 970 6368 w
10 /Helvetica f
(ptr) 1440 6538 w
10 /S f
(-) 1592 6538 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>) 1647 6538 w
(structure\255member) 1740 6538 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 720 6708 w
(symbol) 903 6708 w
(`) 1226 6708 w
10 /S f
(-) 1259 6708 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(>') 1314 6708 w
(means) 1431 6708 w
(we're) 1714 6708 w
(pointing) 1968 6708 w
(at) 2330 6708 w
(a) 2430 6708 w
(member) 2502 6708 w
(of) 2857 6708 w
(a) 2968 6708 w
(structure;) 3040 6708 w
(`) 3445 6708 w
10 /S f
(-) 3478 6708 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(>') 3533 6708 w
(is) 3650 6708 w
(only) 3745 6708 w
(used) 3951 6708 w
(in) 4162 6708 w
(that) 4269 6708 w
(context.) 4448 6708 w
10 /Helvetica f
(ptr) 4827 6708 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 4973 6708 w
(a) 720 6828 w
(pointer) 847 6828 w
(to) 1213 6828 w
(the) 1374 6828 w
(\(base) 1579 6828 w
(of\)) 1872 6828 w
(a) 2071 6828 w
(structure) 2198 6828 w
(that) 2630 6828 w
(contains) 2863 6828 w
(the) 3279 6828 w
(structure) 3484 6828 w
(member.) 3916 6828 w
(The) 4376 6828 w
(expression) 4613 6828 w
10 /Helvetica f
(ptr) 720 6948 w
10 /S f
(-) 837 6948 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>structure\255member) 892 6948 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(refers) 1777 6948 w
(to) 2040 6948 w
(the) 2155 6948 w
(indicated) 2314 6948 w
(member) 2717 6948 w
(of) 3081 6948 w
(the) 3201 6948 w
(pointed\255to) 3360 6948 w
(structure.) 3808 6948 w
(Thus) 4245 6948 w
(we) 4483 6948 w
(have) 4637 6948 w
(con\255) 4863 6948 w
(structions like:) 720 7068 w
10 /Helvetica f
(psym) 1080 7238 w
10 /S f
(-) 1319 7238 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>type) 1374 7238 w
(=) 1657 7238 w
(1;) 1750 7238 w
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19 pagesetup
10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2914 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(19 ) 3004 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3151 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(psym) 1080 840 w
10 /S f
(-) 1319 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>id[0]) 1374 840 w
(=) 1657 840 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1750 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 1775 840 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1831 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1856 840 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and so on.) 720 1010 w
(For more complicated pointer expressions, it's wise to use parentheses to make it clear who goes) 970 1166 w
(with) 4862 1166 w
(what.) 720 1286 w
(For example,) 989 1286 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct) 1080 1456 w
({) 1360 1456 w
(int) 1428 1456 w
(x,) 1569 1456 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1682 1505 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y;) 1737 1456 w
(}) 1850 1456 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1918 1505 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p;) 1973 1456 w
(p) 1080 1576 w
10 /S f
(-) 1136 1576 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>x) 1191 1576 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1299 1576 w
10 /Helvetica f
(increments) 1440 1576 w
(x) 1965 1576 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1080 1696 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p) 1192 1696 w
10 /S f
(-) 1248 1696 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>x) 1303 1696 w
(so) 1440 1696 w
(does) 1581 1696 w
(this!) 1834 1696 w
(\() 1080 1816 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1113 1816 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p\)) 1225 1816 w
10 /S f
(-) 1314 1816 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>x) 1369 1816 w
(increments) 1800 1816 w
(p) 2325 1816 w
(before) 2416 1816 w
(getting) 2736 1816 w
(x) 3073 1816 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1080 1985 
2000
w
10 /Helvetica f
(p) 1135 1936 w
10 /S f
(-) 1191 1936 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>y) 1246 1936 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1354 1936 w
10 /Helvetica f
(uses) 1800 1936 w
(y) 2047 1936 w
(as) 2132 1936 w
(a) 2273 1936 w
(pointer,) 2364 1936 w
(then) 2734 1936 w
(increments) 2965 1936 w
(it) 3490 1936 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1080 2105 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\(p) 1135 2056 w
10 /S f
(-) 1224 2056 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>y\)) 1279 2056 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1420 2056 w
10 /Helvetica f
(so) 1800 2056 w
(does) 1941 2056 w
(this) 2194 2056 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1080 2225 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\(p) 1135 2176 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1224 2176 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 1336 2176 w
10 /S f
(-) 1369 2176 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>y) 1424 2176 w
(uses) 1800 2176 w
(y) 2047 2176 w
(as) 2132 2176 w
(a) 2273 2176 w
(pointer,) 2364 2176 w
(then) 2734 2176 w
(increments) 2965 2176 w
(p) 3490 2176 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 720 2346 w
(way) 902 2346 w
(to) 1095 2346 w
(remember) 1200 2346 w
(these) 1631 2346 w
(is) 1863 2346 w
(that) 1957 2346 w
10 /S f
(-) 2137 2346 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>,) 2192 2346 w
(.) 2308 2346 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(\(dot\),) 2363 2346 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\() 2612 2346 w
(\)) 2675 2346 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 2735 2346 w
10 /Helvetica f
([) 2909 2346 w
(]) 2967 2346 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(bind) 3022 2346 w
(very) 3227 2346 w
(tightly.) 3431 2346 w
(An) 3770 2346 w
(expression) 3919 2346 w
(involving) 4373 2346 w
(one) 4785 2346 w
(of) 4957 2346 w
(these is treated as a unit.) 720 2466 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p) 1752 2466 w
10 /S f
(-) 1808 2466 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>x, a[i], y) 1863 2466 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2267 2466 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 2312 2466 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 2387 2466 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f\(b\)) 2559 2466 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are names exactly as) 2734 2466 w
10 /Helvetica f
(abc) 3584 2466 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is.) 3771 2466 w
(If) 970 2622 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p) 1068 2622 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 1153 2622 w
(a) 1249 2622 w
(pointer) 1322 2622 w
(to) 1634 2622 w
(a) 1741 2622 w
(structure,) 1814 2622 w
(any) 2217 2622 w
(arithmetic) 2390 2622 w
(on) 2824 2622 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p) 2956 2622 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(takes) 3041 2622 w
(into) 3275 2622 w
(account) 3460 2622 w
(the) 3799 2622 w
(acutal) 3950 2622 w
(size) 4217 2622 w
(of) 4401 2622 w
(the) 4514 2622 w
(structure.) 4666 2622 w
(For) 720 2742 w
(instance,) 885 2742 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p) 1266 2742 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1322 2742 w
(increments) 1460 2742 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p) 1926 2742 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(by the correct amount to get the next element of the array of structures.) 2007 2742 w
(But) 4895 2742 w
(don't) 720 2862 w
(assume) 961 2862 w
(that) 1285 2862 w
(the) 1465 2862 w
(size) 1617 2862 w
(of) 1802 2862 w
(a) 1915 2862 w
(structure) 1989 2862 w
(is) 2368 2862 w
(the) 2466 2862 w
(sum) 2619 2862 w
(of) 2817 2862 w
(the) 2931 2862 w
(sizes) 3084 2862 w
(of) 3309 2862 w
(its) 3423 2862 w
(members) 3549 2862 w
10 /S f
(_) 3946 2862 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(because) 4027 2862 w
(of) 4373 2862 w
(alignments) 4487 2862 w
(of) 4957 2862 w
(different sized objects, there may be ``holes'' in a structure.) 720 2982 w
(Enough theory. Here is the lookup example, this time with pointers.) 970 3138 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct) 1080 3308 w
(symtag) 1360 3308 w
({) 1718 3308 w
(char) 1440 3428 w
(id[10];) 1800 3428 w
(int) 1440 3548 w
(line;) 1800 3548 w
(char) 1440 3668 w
(type;) 1800 3668 w
(int) 1440 3788 w
(usage;) 1800 3788 w
(}) 1080 3908 w
(sym[100];) 1148 3908 w
(main\() 1080 4078 w
(\)) 1365 4078 w
({) 1433 4078 w
(struct) 1440 4198 w
(symtag) 1720 4198 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2078 4247 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup\() 2133 4198 w
(\);) 2497 4198 w
(struct) 1440 4318 w
(symtag) 1720 4318 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2078 4367 w
10 /Helvetica f
(psym;) 2133 4318 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 4438 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if\() 1440 4558 w
(\(psym) 1558 4558 w
(=) 1865 4558 w
(lookup\(newname\)\)) 1958 4558 w
(\)) 2823 4558 w
(/) 2880 4558 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2908 4607 w
10 /Helvetica f
(non) 2998 4558 w
10 /S f
(-) 3166 4558 w
10 /Helvetica f
(zero) 3221 4558 w
(pointer) 3451 4558 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3793 4607 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3848 4558 w
(psym) 1800 4678 w
10 /S f
(-) 2074 4678 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>) 2129 4678 w
(usage) 2222 4678 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2496 4678 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 2608 4678 w
(/) 3240 4678 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3268 4727 w
10 /Helvetica f
(means) 3358 4678 w
(already) 3694 4678 w
(there) 4058 4678 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4322 4727 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 4377 4678 w
(else) 1440 4798 w
(install\(newname,) 1800 4918 w
(newline,) 2587 4918 w
(newtype\);) 2990 4918 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 5038 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1080 5158 w
(struct) 1080 5328 w
(symtag) 1360 5328 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1718 5377 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup\(s\)) 1773 5328 w
(char) 1185 5448 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1415 5497 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s;) 1470 5448 w
({) 1583 5448 w
(struct) 1440 5568 w
(symtag) 1720 5568 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2078 5617 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p;) 2133 5568 w
(for\() 1440 5688 w
(p=sym;) 1625 5688 w
(p) 1985 5688 w
(<) 2076 5688 w
(&sym[nsym];) 2169 5688 w
(p) 2777 5688 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2833 5688 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2980 5688 w
(if\() 1800 5808 w
(compar\(s,) 1918 5808 w
(p) 2398 5808 w
10 /S f
(-) 2454 5808 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>id\)) 2509 5808 w
(>) 2713 5808 w
(0\)) 2806 5808 w
(return\(p\);) 2160 5928 w
(return\(0\);) 1440 6048 w
(}) 1080 6168 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The function) 720 6338 w
10 /Helvetica f
(compar) 1261 6338 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(doesn't change:) 1620 6338 w
10 /Helvetica f
(`p) 2277 6338 w
10 /S f
(-) 2355 6338 w
10 /Helvetica f
(>id') 2410 6338 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(refers to a string.) 2593 6338 w
(In) 970 6494 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main) 1087 6494 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(we) 1335 6494 w
(test) 1482 6494 w
(the) 1652 6494 w
(pointer) 1805 6494 w
(returned) 2119 6494 w
(by) 2482 6494 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup) 2616 6494 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(against) 2943 6494 w
(zero,) 3258 6494 w
(relying) 3486 6494 w
(on) 3801 6494 w
(the) 3933 6494 w
(fact) 4087 6494 w
(that) 4268 6494 w
(a) 4450 6494 w
(pointer) 4526 6494 w
(is) 4841 6494 w
(by) 4940 6494 w
(definition never zero when it really points at something.) 720 6614 w
(The other pointer manipulations are trivial.) 3009 6614 w
(The only complexity is the set of lines like) 970 6770 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct) 1080 6940 w
(symtag) 1360 6940 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1718 6989 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup\() 1773 6940 w
(\);) 2137 6940 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(This) 720 7110 w
(brings) 924 7110 w
(us) 1200 7110 w
(to) 1315 7110 w
(an) 1419 7110 w
(area) 1539 7110 w
(that) 1730 7110 w
(we) 1906 7110 w
(will) 2048 7110 w
(treat) 2230 7110 w
(only) 2433 7110 w
(hurriedly) 2637 7110 w
10 /S f
(_) 3029 7110 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(the) 3105 7110 w
(question) 3253 7110 w
(of) 3618 7110 w
(function) 3727 7110 w
(types.) 4087 7110 w
(So) 4375 7110 w
(far,) 4508 7110 w
(all) 4670 7110 w
(of) 4797 7110 w
(our) 4907 7110 w
(functions) 720 7230 w
(have) 1121 7230 w
(returned) 1338 7230 w
(integers) 1699 7230 w
(\(or) 2044 7230 w
(characters,) 2189 7230 w
(which) 2646 7230 w
(are) 2919 7230 w
(much) 3069 7230 w
(the) 3320 7230 w
(same\).) 3471 7230 w
(What) 3788 7230 w
(do) 4033 7230 w
(we) 4162 7230 w
(do) 4307 7230 w
(when) 4436 7230 w
(the) 4680 7230 w
(func\255) 4830 7230 w
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mark
20 pagesetup
10 /Times-Roman f
(C Tutorial) 720 360 w
(\255 20 \255) 2952 360 w
(tion returns) 720 840 w
(something) 1204 840 w
(else,) 1647 840 w
(like) 1853 840 w
(a) 2029 840 w
(pointer) 2099 840 w
(to) 2408 840 w
(a) 2512 840 w
(structure?) 2582 840 w
(The) 3026 840 w
(rule) 3207 840 w
(is) 3388 840 w
(that) 3481 840 w
(any) 3657 840 w
(function) 3827 840 w
(that) 4186 840 w
(doesn't) 4362 840 w
(
2000
return) 4682 840 w
(an) 4946 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 720 960 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(has) 861 960 w
(to) 1029 960 w
(say) 1142 960 w
(explicitly) 1310 960 w
(what) 1723 960 w
(it) 1952 960 w
(does) 2043 960 w
(return.) 2261 960 w
(The) 2584 960 w
(type) 2773 960 w
(information) 2979 960 w
(goes) 3485 960 w
(before) 3702 960 w
(the) 3990 960 w
(function) 4146 960 w
(name) 4513 960 w
(\(which) 4763 960 w
(can make the name hard to see\).) 720 1080 w
(Examples:) 2052 1080 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char) 1080 1250 w
(f\(a\)) 1310 1250 w
(int) 1185 1370 w
(a;) 1326 1370 w
({) 1445 1370 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 1490 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1080 1610 w
(int) 1080 1850 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1221 1899 w
10 /Helvetica f
(g\() 1276 1850 w
(\)) 1400 1850 w
({) 1468 1850 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1536 1850 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1706 1850 w
(struct) 1080 2090 w
(symtag) 1360 2090 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1718 2139 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup\(s\)) 1773 2090 w
(char) 2220 2090 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2450 2139 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s;) 2505 2090 w
({) 2618 2090 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 2686 2090 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 2856 2090 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 720 2260 w
(function) 902 2260 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f) 1265 2260 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(returns) 1321 2260 w
(a) 1626 2260 w
(character,) 1698 2260 w
10 /Helvetica f
(g) 2118 2260 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(returns) 2202 2260 w
(a) 2507 2260 w
(pointer) 2579 2260 w
(to) 2890 2260 w
(an) 2996 2260 w
(integer,) 3118 2260 w
(and) 3448 2260 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup) 3623 2260 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(returns) 3947 2260 w
(a) 4252 2260 w
(pointer) 4324 2260 w
(to) 4635 2260 w
(a) 4741 2260 w
(struc\255) 4813 2260 w
(ture) 720 2380 w
(that) 904 2380 w
(looks) 1083 2380 w
(like) 1329 2380 w
10 /Helvetica f
(symtag) 1510 2380 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1833 2380 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(And) 1931 2380 w
(if) 2131 2380 w
(we're) 2220 2380 w
(going) 2474 2380 w
(to) 2730 2380 w
(use) 2836 2380 w
(one) 2997 2380 w
(of) 3169 2380 w
(these) 3280 2380 w
(functions,) 3513 2380 w
(we) 3938 2380 w
(have) 4082 2380 w
(to) 4298 2380 w
(make) 4404 2380 w
(a) 4648 2380 w
(declara\255) 4720 2380 w
(tion where we use it, as we did in) 720 2500 w
10 /Helvetica f
(main) 2082 2500 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(above.) 2324 2500 w
(Notice th parallelism between the declarations) 970 2656 w
10 /Helvetica f
(struct) 1440 2826 w
(symtag) 1720 2826 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2078 2875 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup\() 2133 2826 w
(\);) 2497 2826 w
(struct) 1440 2946 w
(symtag) 1720 2946 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2078 2995 w
10 /Helvetica f
(psym;) 2133 2946 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(In) 720 3116 w
(effect,) 832 3116 w
(this) 1112 3116 w
(says) 1286 3116 w
(that) 1487 3116 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup\( \)) 1669 3116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 2088 3116 w
10 /Helvetica f
(psym) 2264 3116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are) 2532 3116 w
(both) 2682 3116 w
(used) 2889 3116 w
(the) 3101 3116 w
(same) 3252 3116 w
(way) 3486 3116 w
10 /S f
(_) 3681 3116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(as) 3761 3116 w
(a) 3874 3116 w
(pointer) 3948 3116 w
(to) 4261 3116 w
(a) 4369 3116 w
(strcture) 4443 3116 w
10 /S f
(_) 4772 3116 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(even) 4852 3116 w
(though one is a variable and the other is a function.) 720 3236 w
10 /Helvetica f
(21. Initialization of Variables) 720 3476 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(An) 970 3632 w
(external) 1129 3632 w
(variable) 1487 3632 w
(may) 1845 3632 w
(be) 2054 3632 w
(initialized) 2185 3632 w
(at) 2622 3632 w
(compile) 2731 3632 w
(time) 3090 3632 w
(by) 3306 3632 w
(following) 3444 3632 w
(its) 3871 3632 w
(name) 4004 3632 w
(with) 4258 3632 w
(an) 4474 3632 w
(initializing) 4606 3632 w
(value) 720 3752 w
(when) 963 3752 w
(it) 1206 3752 w
(is) 1289 3752 w
(defined.) 1383 3752 w
(The) 1759 3752 w
(initializing) 1941 3752 w
(value) 2402 3752 w
(has) 2645 3752 w
(to) 2805 3752 w
(be) 2910 3752 w
(something) 3031 3752 w
(whose) 3475 3752 w
(value) 3757 3752 w
(is) 4000 3752 w
(known) 4093 3752 w
(at) 4391 3752 w
(compile) 4489 3752 w
(time,) 4837 3752 w
(like a constant.) 720 3872 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1080 4042 w
(x) 1440 4042 w
(0;) 1800 4042 w
(/) 2160 4042 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2188 4091 w
10 /Helvetica f
("0") 2278 4042 w
(could) 2441 4042 w
(be) 2716 4042 w
(any) 2863 4042 w
(constant) 3060 4042 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3475 4091 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3530 4042 w
(int) 1080 4162 w
(a) 1440 4162 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1800 4162 w
10 /Helvetica f
(a) 1825 4162 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1881 4162 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1906 4162 w
(char) 1080 4282 w
(flag) 1440 4282 w
(0177;) 1800 4282 w
(int) 1080 4402 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1440 4451 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p) 1495 4402 w
(&y[1];) 1800 4402 w
(/) 2160 4402 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2188 4451 w
10 /Helvetica f
(p) 2278 4402 w
(now) 2369 4402 w
(points) 2588 4402 w
(to) 2891 4402 w
(y[1]) 3010 4402 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3207 4451 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3262 4402 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(An external array can be initialized by following its name with a list of initializations enclosed in braces:) 720 4572 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1080 4742 w
(x[4]) 1440 4742 w
({0,1,2,3};) 1800 4742 w
(/) 2880 4742 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2908 4791 w
10 /Helvetica f
(makes) 2998 4742 w
(x[i]) 3328 4742 w
(=) 3491 4742 w
(i) 3584 4742 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3641 4791 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3696 4742 w
(int) 1080 4862 w
(y[) 1440 4862 w
(]) 1553 4862 w
({0,1,2,3};) 1800 4862 w
(/) 2880 4862 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2908 4911 w
10 /Helvetica f
(makes) 2998 4862 w
(y) 3328 4862 w
(big) 3413 4862 w
(enough) 3582 4862 w
(for) 3953 4862 w
(4) 4105 4862 w
(values) 4196 4862 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4521 4911 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 4576 4862 w
(char) 1080 4982 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1440 5031 w
10 /Helvetica f
(msg) 1495 4982 w
("syntax) 1800 4982 w
(error\\n";) 2161 4982 w
(/) 2880 4982 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2908 5031 w
10 /Helvetica f
(braces) 2998 4982 w
(unnecessary) 3334 4982 w
(here) 3938 4982 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 4174 5031 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 4229 4982 w
(char) 1080 5102 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1310 5151 w
10 /Helvetica f
(keyword[) 1365 5102 w
(]{) 1801 5102 w
("if",) 1440 5222 w
("else",) 1440 5342 w
("for",) 1440 5462 w
("while",) 1440 5582 w
("break",) 1440 5702 w
("continue",) 1440 5822 w
(0) 1440 5942 w
(};) 1080 6062 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(This) 720 6232 w
(last) 927 6232 w
(one) 1095 6232 w
(is) 1268 6232 w
(very) 1364 6232 w
(useful) 1570 6232 w
10 /S f
(_) 1843 6232 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(it) 1922 6232 w
(makes) 2007 6232 w
10 /Helvetica f
(keyword) 2294 6232 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(an) 2696 6232 w
(array) 2819 6232 w
(of) 3052 6232 w
(pointers) 3164 6232 w
(to) 3515 6232 w
(character) 3622 6232 w
(strings,) 4015 6232 w
(with) 4336 6232 w
(a) 4543 6232 w
(zero) 4616 6232 w
(at) 4816 6232 w
(the) 4918 6232 w
(end) 720 6352 w
(so) 890 6352 w
(we) 1005 6352 w
(can) 1147 6352 w
(identify) 1311 6352 w
(the) 1648 6352 w
(last) 1796 6352 w
(element easily.) 1961 6352 w
(A simple lookup routine could scan this until it either finds a) 2610 6352 w
(match or encounters a zero keyword pointer:) 720 6472 w
10 /Helvetica f
(lookup\(str\)) 1080 6642 w
(/) 2160 6642 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2188 6691 w
10 /Helvetica f
(search) 2278 6642 w
(for) 2614 6642 w
(str) 2766 6642 w
(in) 2912 6642 w
(keyword[) 3025 6642 w
(]) 3461 6642 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3524 6691 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3579 6642 w
(char) 1185 6762 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1415 6811 w
10 /Helvetica f
(str;) 1470 6762 w
({) 1644 6762 w
(int) 1440 6882 w
(i,j,r;) 1581 6882 w
(for\() 1440 7002 w
(i=0;) 1625 7002 w
(keyword[i]) 1824 7002 w
(!=) 2310 7002 w
(0;) 2431 7002 w
(i) 2550 7002 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2572 7002 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2684 7002 w
({) 2752 7002 w
(for\() 1800 7122 w
(j=0;) 1985 7122 w
(\(r=keyword[i][j]\)) 2184 7122 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 2905 7122 w
10 /Helvetica f
(str[j]) 3052 7122 w
(&&) 3276 7122 w
(r) 3445 7122 w
(!=) 3513 7122 w
10 /S f
(\242) 3634
2000
 7122 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\\0) 3659 7122 w
10 /S f
(\242) 3743 7122 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 3768 7122 w
(j) 3831 7122 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 3853 7122 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\);) 4000 7122 w
(if\() 1800 7242 w
(r) 1918 7242 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(==) 1986 7242 w
10 /Helvetica f
(str[j]) 2133 7242 w
(\)) 2357 7242 w
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21 pagesetup
10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2914 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(21 ) 3004 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3151 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(return\(i\);) 2160 840 w
(}) 1440 960 w
(return\() 1440 1080 w
10 /S f
(-) 1735 1080 w
10 /Helvetica f
(1\);) 1790 1080 w
(}) 1080 1200 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Sorry ) 970 1406 w
10 /S f
(_) 1217 1406 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(neither local variables nor structures can be initialized.) 1292 1406 w
10 /Helvetica f
(22. Scope Rules: Who Knows About What) 720 1646 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(A) 970 1802 w
(complete) 1070 1802 w
(C) 1464 1802 w
(program) 1559 1802 w
(need) 1925 1802 w
(not) 2141 1802 w
(be) 2297 1802 w
(compiled) 2419 1802 w
(all) 2820 1802 w
(at) 2949 1802 w
(once;) 3050 1802 w
(the) 3295 1802 w
(source) 3446 1802 w
(text) 3735 1802 w
(of) 3914 1802 w
(the) 4026 1802 w
(program) 4177 1802 w
(may) 4544 1802 w
(be) 4745 1802 w
(kept) 4868 1802 w
(in) 720 1922 w
(several) 832 1922 w
(files,) 1148 1922 w
(and) 1379 1922 w
(previously) 1557 1922 w
(compiled) 2013 1922 w
(routines) 2419 1922 w
(may) 2775 1922 w
(be) 2981 1922 w
(loaded) 3109 1922 w
(from) 3409 1922 w
(libraries.) 3637 1922 w
(How) 4048 1922 w
(do) 4276 1922 w
(we) 4410 1922 w
(arrange) 4559 1922 w
(that) 4890 1922 w
(data) 720 2042 w
(gets) 920 2042 w
(passed) 1115 2042 w
(from) 1415 2042 w
(one) 1643 2042 w
(routine) 1821 2042 w
(to) 2138 2042 w
(another?) 2250 2042 w
(We) 2653 2042 w
(have) 2826 2042 w
(already) 3049 2042 w
(seen) 3377 2042 w
(how) 3589 2042 w
(to) 3796 2042 w
(use) 3909 2042 w
(function) 4077 2042 w
(arguments) 4445 2042 w
(and) 4896 2042 w
(values,) 720 2162 w
(so) 1029 2162 w
(let) 1147 2162 w
(us) 1276 2162 w
(talk) 1394 2162 w
(about) 1573 2162 w
(external) 1824 2162 w
(data.) 2174 2162 w
(Warning:) 2419 2162 w
(the) 2825 2162 w
(words) 2975 2162 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(declaration) 3247 2162 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 3736 2162 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(definition) 3908 2162 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are) 4320 2162 w
(used) 4469 2162 w
(precisely) 4680 2162 w
(in this section; don't treat them as the same thing.) 720 2282 w
(A) 970 2438 w
(major) 1068 2438 w
(shortcut) 1327 2438 w
(exists) 1675 2438 w
(for) 1929 2438 w
(making) 2072 2438 w
10 /Helvetica f
(extern) 2402 2438 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(declarations.) 2708 2438 w
(If) 3267 2438 w
(the) 3360 2438 w
(definition) 3509 2438 w
(of) 3925 2438 w
(a) 4035 2438 w
(variable) 4106 2438 w
(appears) 4454 2438 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(before) 4785 2438 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(its use in some function, no) 720 2558 w
10 /Helvetica f
(extern) 1848 2558 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(declaration is needed within the function.) 2152 2558 w
(Thus, if a file contains) 3855 2558 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f1\() 1080 2728 w
(\)) 1232 2728 w
({) 1300 2728 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1368 2728 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1538 2728 w
(int) 1080 2898 w
(foo;) 1221 2898 w
(f2\() 1080 3068 w
(\)) 1232 3068 w
({) 1300 3068 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1368 3068 w
10 /Helvetica f
(foo) 1538 3068 w
(=) 1713 3068 w
(1;) 1806 3068 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1925 3068 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 2095 3068 w
(f3\() 1080 3238 w
(\)) 1232 3238 w
({) 1300 3238 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1368 3238 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if) 1538 3238 w
(\() 1623 3238 w
(foo) 1691 3238 w
(\)) 1866 3238 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1934 3238 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 2104 3238 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(no) 720 3408 w
(declaration) 851 3408 w
(of) 1325 3408 w
10 /Helvetica f
(foo) 1442 3408 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 1613 3408 w
(needed) 1711 3408 w
(in) 2024 3408 w
(either) 2133 3408 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f2) 2394 3408 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(or) 2509 3408 w
(or) 2623 3408 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f3,) 2741 3408 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(because) 2885 3408 w
(the) 3232 3408 w
(external) 3386 3408 w
(definition) 3739 3408 w
(of) 4160 3408 w
10 /Helvetica f
(foo) 4278 3408 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(appears) 4450 3408 w
(before) 4786 3408 w
(them.) 720 3528 w
(But if) 995 3528 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f1) 1254 3528 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(wants to use) 1363 3528 w
10 /Helvetica f
(foo,) 1885 3528 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(it has to contain the declaration) 2078 3528 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f1\() 1080 3698 w
(\)) 1232 3698 w
({) 1300 3698 w
(extern) 1440 3818 w
(int) 1754 3818 w
(foo;) 1895 3818 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 3938 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1080 4058 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(This) 970 4264 w
(is) 1180 4264 w
(true) 1279 4264 w
(also) 1466 4264 w
(of) 1659 4264 w
(any) 1774 4264 w
(function) 1950 4264 w
(that) 2316 4264 w
(exists) 2499 4264 w
(on) 2760 4264 w
(another) 2893 4264 w
(file) 3225 4264 w
10 /S f
(_) 3391 4264 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(if) 3474 4264 w
(it) 3568 4264 w
(wants) 3657 4264 w
10 /Helvetica f
(foo) 3926 4264 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(it) 4099 4264 w
(has) 4188 4264 w
(to) 4354 4264 w
(use) 4465 4264 w
(an) 4631 4264 w
10 /Helvetica f
(extern) 4761 4264 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(declaration) 720 4384 w
(for) 1196 4384 w
(it.) 1345 4384 w
(\(If) 1484 4384 w
(somewhere) 1616 4384 w
(there) 2103 4384 w
(is) 2335 4384 w
(an) 2435 4384 w
10 /Helvetica f
(extern) 2565 4384 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(declaration) 2876 4384 w
(for) 3351 4384 w
(something,) 3499 4384 w
(there) 3973 4384 w
(must) 4204 4384 w
(also) 4431 4384 w
(eventually) 4624 4384 w
(be an external definition of it, or you'll get an ``undefined symbol'' message.\)) 720 4504 w
(There) 970 4660 w
(are) 1242 4660 w
(some) 1403 4660 w
(hidden) 1654 4660 w
(pitfalls) 1966 4660 w
(in) 2284 4660 w
(external) 2402 4660 w
(declarations) 2763 4660 w
(and) 3285 4660 w
(definitions) 3469 4660 w
(if) 3938 4660 w
(you) 4040 4660 w
(use) 4231 4660 w
(multiple) 4405 4660 w
(source) 4780 4660 w
(files.) 720 4780 w
(To avoid them, first, define and initialize each external variable only once in the entire set of files:) 967 4780 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1080 4950 w
(foo) 1440 4950 w
(0;) 1800 4950 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(You) 720 5120 w
(can) 928 5120 w
(get) 1102 5120 w
(away) 1260 5120 w
(with) 1506 5120 w
(multiple) 1720 5120 w
(external) 2090 5120 w
(definitions) 2447 5120 w
(on) 2912 5120 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(UNIX,) 3044 5120 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(but) 3301 5120 w
(not) 3466 5120 w
(on) 3631 5120 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(GCOS,) 3763 5120 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(so) 4035 5120 w
(don't) 4161 5120 w
(ask) 4409 5120 w
(for) 4579 5120 w
(trouble.) 4732 5120 w
(Multiple) 720 5240 w
(initializations) 1095 5240 w
(are) 1670 5240 w
(illegal) 1821 5240 w
(everywhere.) 2101 5240 w
(Second,) 2645 5240 w
(at) 2994 5240 w
(the) 3096 5240 w
(beginning) 3248 5240 w
(of) 3678 5240 w
(any) 3791 5240 w
(file) 3965 5240 w
(that) 4127 5240 w
(contains) 4306 5240 w
(functions) 4668 5240 w
(needing) 720 5360 w
(a) 1063 5360 w
(variable) 1134 5360 w
(whose) 1482 5360 w
(definition) 1764 5360 w
(is) 2181 5360 w
(in) 2276 5360 w
(some) 2382 5360 w
(other) 2621 5360 w
(file,) 2854 5360 w
(put) 3040 5360 w
(in) 3196 5360 w
(an) 3302 5360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(extern) 3427 5360 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(declaration,) 3734 5360 w
(outside) 4230 5360 w
(of) 4547 5360 w
(any) 4658 5360 w
(func\255) 4830 5360 w
(tion:) 720 5480 w
10 /Helvetica f
(extern) 1080 5650 w
(int) 1440 5650 w
(foo;) 1800 5650 w
(f1\() 1080 5820 w
(\)) 1232 5820 w
({) 1300 5820 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1368 5820 w
10 /Helvetica f
(}) 1538 5820 w
(etc) 1185 5940 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1319 5940 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(The) 970 6146 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#include) 1154 6146 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(compiler) 1554 6146 w
(control) 1935 6146 w
(line,) 2244 6146 w
(to) 2445 6146 w

2000
(be) 2549 6146 w
(discussed) 2669 6146 w
(shortly,) 3078 6146 w
(lets) 3407 6146 w
(you) 3572 6146 w
(make) 3748 6146 w
(a) 3991 6146 w
(single) 4062 6146 w
(copy) 4328 6146 w
(of) 4549 6146 w
(the) 4659 6146 w
(exter\255) 4808 6146 w
(nal declarations for a program and then stick them into each of the source files making up the program.) 720 6266 w
10 /Helvetica f
(23. #define, #include) 720 6506 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(C provides a very limited macro facility.) 970 6662 w
(You can say) 2643 6662 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#define) 1080 6832 w
(name) 1440 6832 w
(something) 2160 6832 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 720 7002 w
(thereafter) 892 7002 w
(anywhere) 1301 7002 w
(``name'') 1716 7002 w
(appears) 2092 7002 w
(as) 2424 7002 w
(a) 2535 7002 w
(token,) 2607 7002 w
(``something'') 2882 7002 w
(will) 3459 7002 w
(be) 3643 7002 w
(substituted.) 3765 7002 w
(This) 4277 7002 w
(is) 4484 7002 w
(particularly) 4580 7002 w
(useful in parametering the sizes of arrays:) 720 7122 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#define) 1080 7292 w
(ARRAYSIZE) 1440 7292 w
(100) 2160 7292 w
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22 pagesetup
10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2914 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(22 ) 3004 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3151 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1440 840 w
(arr[ARRAYSIZE];) 1800 840 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1475 960 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while\() 1440 1080 w
(i) 1736 1080 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1758 1080 w
10 /Helvetica f
(<) 1905 1080 w
(ARRAYSIZE) 1998 1080 w
(\)) 2601 1080 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 2634 1080 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(\(now we can alter the entire program by changing only the) 720 1250 w
10 /Helvetica f
(define\)) 3087 1250 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(or in setting up mysterious constants:) 3419 1250 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#define) 1080 1420 w
(SET) 1440 1420 w
(01) 2160 1420 w
(#define) 1080 1540 w
(INTERRUPT) 1440 1540 w
(02) 2160 1540 w
(/) 2520 1540 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 2548 1589 w
10 /Helvetica f
(interrupt) 2638 1540 w
(bit) 3041 1540 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 3182 1589 w
10 /Helvetica f
(/) 3237 1540 w
(#define) 1080 1660 w
(ENABLED) 1440 1660 w
(04) 2160 1660 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1115 1780 w
10 /Helvetica f
(if\() 1080 1900 w
(x) 1198 1900 w
(&) 1283 1900 w
(\(SET) 1385 1900 w
10 /S f
(\357) 1648 1900 w
10 /Helvetica f
(INTERRUPT) 1732 1900 w
10 /S f
(\357) 2339 1900 w
10 /Helvetica f
(ENABLED\)) 2423 1900 w
(\)) 2959 1900 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 3027 1900 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Now) 720 2070 w
(we) 950 2070 w
(have) 1102 2070 w
(meaningful) 1326 2070 w
(words) 1817 2070 w
(instead) 2097 2070 w
(of) 2416 2070 w
(mysterious) 2535 2070 w
(constants.) 3010 2070 w
(\(The) 3468 2070 w
(mysterious) 3693 2070 w
(operators) 4169 2070 w
(`&') 4577 2070 w
(\(AND\)) 4758 2070 w
(and) 720 2190 w
(`) 896 2190 w
10 /S f
(|) 929 2190 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(') 949 2190 w
(\(OR\)) 1014 2190 w
(will) 1251 2190 w
(be) 1439 2190 w
(covered) 1565 2190 w
(in) 1912 2190 w
(the) 2022 2190 w
(next) 2176 2190 w
(section.\)) 2380 2190 w
(It's) 2778 2190 w
(an) 2943 2190 w
(excellent) 3069 2190 w
(practice) 3460 2190 w
(to) 3806 2190 w
(write) 3915 2190 w
(programs) 4151 2190 w
(without) 4559 2190 w
(any) 4896 2190 w
(literal constants except in) 720 2310 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#define) 1766 2310 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statements.) 2121 2310 w
(There) 970 2466 w
(are) 1234 2466 w
(several) 1388 2466 w
(warnings) 1703 2466 w
(about) 2102 2466 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#define) 2360 2466 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2690 2466 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(First,) 2793 2466 w
(there's) 3035 2466 w
(no) 3339 2466 w
(semicolon) 3472 2466 w
(at) 3916 2466 w
(the) 4021 2466 w
(end) 4176 2466 w
(of) 4353 2466 w
(a) 4469 2466 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#define;) 4549 2466 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(all) 4940 2466 w
(the) 720 2586 w
(text) 870 2586 w
(from) 1048 2586 w
(the) 1270 2586 w
(name) 1420 2586 w
(to) 1664 2586 w
(the) 1770 2586 w
(end) 1920 2586 w
(of) 2092 2586 w
(the) 2203 2586 w
(line) 2353 2586 w
(\(except) 2530 2586 w
(for) 2850 2586 w
(comments\)) 2993 2586 w
(is) 3464 2586 w
(taken) 3558 2586 w
(to) 3801 2586 w
(be) 3906 2586 w
(the) 4027 2586 w
(``something''.) 4176 2586 w
(When) 4802 2586 w
(it's) 720 2706 w
(put) 877 2706 w
(into) 1034 2706 w
(the) 1219 2706 w
(text,) 1370 2706 w
(blanks) 1575 2706 w
(are) 1866 2706 w
(placed) 2017 2706 w
(around) 2307 2706 w
(it.) 2614 2706 w
(Good) 2750 2706 w
(style) 3002 2706 w
(typically) 3221 2706 w
(makes) 3601 2706 w
(the) 3886 2706 w
(name) 4038 2706 w
(in) 4284 2706 w
(the) 4392 2706 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#define) 4547 2706 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(up\255) 4907 2706 w
(per) 720 2826 w
(case) 884 2826 w
10 /S f
(_) 1092 2826 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(this) 1179 2826 w
(makes) 1361 2826 w
(parameters) 1653 2826 w
(more) 2127 2826 w
(visible.) 2369 2826 w
(Definitions) 2723 2826 w
(affect) 3210 2826 w
(things) 3473 2826 w
(only) 3755 2826 w
(after) 3970 2826 w
(they) 4189 2826 w
(occur,) 4398 2826 w
(and) 4681 2826 w
(only) 4862 2826 w
(within) 720 2946 w
(the) 1007 2946 w
(file) 1160 2946 w
(in) 1324 2946 w
(which) 1433 2946 w
(they) 1708 2946 w
(occur.) 1911 2946 w
(Defines) 2213 2946 w
(can't) 2554 2946 w
(be) 2784 2946 w
(nested.) 2909 2946 w
(Last,) 3245 2946 w
(if) 3474 2946 w
(there) 3567 2946 w
(is) 3798 2946 w
(a) 3897 2946 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#define) 3976 2946 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(in) 4338 2946 w
(a) 4448 2946 w
(file,) 4524 2946 w
(then) 4714 2946 w
(the) 4918 2946 w
(first character of the file) 720 3066 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(must) 1708 3066 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(be a `#', to signal the preprocessor that definitions exist.) 1922 3066 w
(The) 970 3342 w
(other) 1156 3342 w
(control) 1392 3342 w
(word) 1706 3342 w
(known) 1942 3342 w
(to) 2245 3342 w
(C) 2354 3342 w
(is) 2453 3342 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#include) 2555 3342 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2929 3342 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(To) 3031 3342 w
(include) 3174 3342 w
(one) 3500 3342 w
(file) 3676 3342 w
(in) 3841 3342 w
(your) 3951 3342 w
(source) 4166 3342 w
(at) 4458 3342 w
(compilation) 4562 3342 w
(time, say) 720 3462 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#include) 1080 3632 w
("filename") 1489 3632 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(This) 720 3802 w
(is) 924 3802 w
(useful) 1017 3802 w
(for) 1287 3802 w
(putting) 1429 3802 w
(a) 1739 3802 w
(lot) 1809 3802 w
(of) 1942 3802 w
(heavily) 2052 3802 w
(used) 2373 3802 w
(data) 2583 3802 w
(definitions) 2776 3802 w
(and) 3231 3802 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#define) 3405 3802 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statements) 3762 3802 w
(at) 4211 3802 w
(the) 4310 3802 w
(beginning) 4459 3802 w
(of) 4886 3802 w
(a) 4996 3802 w
(file) 720 3922 w
(to) 883 3922 w
(be) 991 3922 w
(compiled.) 1114 3922 w
(As) 1565 3922 w
(with) 1705 3922 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#define,) 1915 3922 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(the) 2302 3922 w
(first) 2453 3922 w
(line) 2643 3922 w
(of) 2822 3922 w
(a) 2934 3922 w
(file) 3007 3922 w
(containing) 3169 3922 w
(a) 3620 3922 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#include) 3696 3922 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(has) 4099 3922 w
(to) 4261 3922 w
(begin) 4368 3922 w
(with) 4619 3922 w
(a) 4826 3922 w
(`#'.) 4899 3922 w
(And) 720 4042 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#include) 920 4042 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(can't be nested ) 1319 4042 w
10 /S f
(_) 1942 4042 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(an included file can't contain another) 2017 4042 w
10 /Helvetica f
(#include) 3533 4042 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 3907 4042 w
10 /Helvetica f
(24. Bit Operators) 720 4282 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(C has several operators for logical bit\255operations.) 970 4438 w
(For example,) 2991 4438 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 4608 w
(=) 1165 4608 w
(x) 1258 4608 w
(&) 1343 4608 w
(0177;) 1445 4608 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(forms) 720 4778 w
(the) 984 4778 w
(bit\255wise) 1137 4778 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(AND) 1485 4778 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(of) 1691 4778 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1809 4778 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 1891 4778 w
(0177,) 2067 4778 w
(effectively) 2324 4778 w
(retaining) 2782
2000
 4778 w
(only) 3169 4778 w
(the) 3379 4778 w
(last) 3533 4778 w
(seven) 3704 4778 w
(bits) 3963 4778 w
(of) 4140 4778 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 4258 4778 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4308 4778 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Other) 4410 4778 w
(operators) 4669 4778 w
(are) 720 4898 w
10 /S f
(|) 1080 5068 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(inclusive) 1440 5068 w
(OR) 1832 5068 w
(\223) 1080 5188 w
(\(circumflex\)) 1440 5188 w
(exclusive) 1969 5188 w
(OR) 2377 5188 w
(\224) 1080 5308 w
(\(tilde\)) 1440 5308 w
(1) 1715 5308 w
10 /S f
(\242) 1765 5308 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(s) 1790 5308 w
(complement) 1860 5308 w
(!) 1080 5428 w
(logical) 1440 5428 w
(NOT) 1743 5428 w
(<<) 1080 5548 w
(left) 1440 5548 w
(shift) 1604 5548 w
(\(as) 1813 5548 w
(in) 1960 5548 w
(x<<2\)) 2069 5548 w
(>>) 1080 5668 w
(right) 1440 5668 w
(shift) 1660 5668 w
(\(arithmetic) 2160 5668 w
(on) 2629 5668 w
(PDP\25511;) 2760 5668 w
(logical) 3136 5668 w
(on) 3439 5668 w
(H6070,) 3570 5668 w
(IBM360\)) 3898 5668 w
10 /Helvetica f
(25. Assignment Operators) 720 5958 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(An) 970 6114 w
(unusual) 1122 6114 w
(feature) 1463 6114 w
(of) 1769 6114 w
(C) 1882 6114 w
(is) 1979 6114 w
(that) 2076 6114 w
(the) 2256 6114 w
(normal) 2408 6114 w
(binary) 2722 6114 w
(operators) 3008 6114 w
(like) 3410 6114 w
(`+',) 3591 6114 w
(`) 3769 6114 w
10 /S f
(-) 3802 6114 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(',) 3857 6114 w
(etc.) 3946 6114 w
(can) 4143 6114 w
(be) 4312 6114 w
(combined) 4437 6114 w
(with) 4862 6114 w
(the assignment operator `=' to form new assignment operators.) 720 6234 w
(For example,) 3280 6234 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 6404 w
(=) 1165 6404 w
10 /S f
(-) 1223 6404 w
10 /Helvetica f
(10;) 1313 6404 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(uses the assignment operator `=) 720 6574 w
10 /S f
(-) 1985 6574 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(' to decrement) 2040 6574 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 2644 6574 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(by 10, and) 2719 6574 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 6744 w
(=&) 1165 6744 w
(0177) 1325 6744 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(forms) 720 6914 w
(the) 981 6914 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(AND) 1126 6914 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(of) 1328 6914 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1442 6914 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 1520 6914 w
(0177.) 1693 6914 w
(This) 1972 6914 w
(convention) 2179 6914 w
(is) 2652 6914 w
(a) 2748 6914 w
(useful) 2821 6914 w
(notational) 3094 6914 w
(shortcut,) 3523 6914 w
(particularly) 3899 6914 w
(if) 4388 6914 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 4481 6914 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 4560 6914 w
(a) 4656 6914 w
(compli\255) 4729 6914 w
(cated expression.) 720 7034 w
(The classic example is summing an array:) 1457 7034 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for\() 1080 7204 w
(sum=i=0;) 1265 7204 w
(i<n;) 1711 7204 w
(i) 1910 7204 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1932 7204 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2079 7204 w
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23 pagesetup
10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2914 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(23 ) 3004 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3151 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(sum) 1440 840 w
(=+) 1664 840 w
(array[i];) 1815 840 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(But the spaces around the operator are critical!) 720 1010 w
(For instance,) 2634 1010 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 1180 w
(=) 1165 1180 w
10 /S f
(-) 1258 1180 w
10 /Helvetica f
(10;) 1313 1180 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(sets) 720 1350 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 898 1350 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to ) 973 1350 w
10 /S f
(-) 1076 1350 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(10, while) 1131 1350 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 1520 w
(=) 1165 1520 w
10 /S f
(-) 1223 1520 w
10 /Helvetica f
(10;) 1313 1520 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(subtracts 10 from) 720 1690 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1447 1690 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1497 1690 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(When no space is present,) 1592 1690 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x=) 1080 1860 w
10 /S f
(-) 1188 1860 w
10 /Helvetica f
(10;) 1243 1860 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(also) 720 2030 w
(decreases) 909 2030 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1321 2030 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(by) 1399 2030 w
(10.) 1527 2030 w
(This) 1705 2030 w
(is) 1911 2030 w
(quite) 2006 2030 w
(contrary) 2234 2030 w
(to) 2594 2030 w
(the) 2700 2030 w
(experience) 2850 2030 w
(of) 3309 2030 w
(most) 3420 2030 w
(programmers.) 3643 2030 w
(In) 4254 2030 w
(particular,) 4366 2030 w
(watch) 4802 2030 w
(out for things like) 720 2150 w
10 /Helvetica f
(c=) 1080 2320 w
14 /Helvetica f
(*) 1188 2369 w
10 /Helvetica f
(s) 1243 2320 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 1293 2320 w
10 /Helvetica f
(;) 1405 2320 w
(y=&x[0];) 1080 2440 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(both) 720 2610 w
(of) 929 2610 w
(which) 1043 2610 w
(are) 1318 2610 w
(almost) 1470 2610 w
(certainly) 1768 2610 w
(not) 2148 2610 w
(what) 2307 2610 w
(you) 2532 2610 w
(wanted.) 2713 2610 w
(Newer) 3082 2610 w
(versions) 3378 2610 w
(of) 3742 2610 w
(various) 3856 2610 w
(compilers) 4181 2610 w
(are) 4606 2610 w
(courte\255) 4758 2610 w
(ous enough to warn you about the ambiguity.) 720 2730 w
(Because) 970 2886 w
(all) 1333 2886 w
(other) 1464 2886 w
(operators) 1700 2886 w
(in) 2103 2886 w
(an) 2213 2886 w
(expression) 2339 2886 w
(are) 2798 2886 w
(evaluated) 2951 2886 w
(before) 3365 2886 w
(the) 3651 2886 w
(assignment) 3805 2886 w
(operator,) 4287 2886 w
(the) 4676 2886 w
(order) 4830 2886 w
(of evaluation should be watched carefully:) 720 3006 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 3176 w
(=) 1165 3176 w
(x<<y) 1258 3176 w
10 /S f
(\357) 1509 3176 w
10 /Helvetica f
(z;) 1593 3176 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(means ``shift) 720 3346 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1272 3346 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(left) 1347 3346 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y) 1508 3346 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(places, then) 1583 3346 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(OR) 2074 3346 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(with) 2211 3346 w
10 /Helvetica f
(z,) 2417 3346 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and store in) 2520 3346 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 3014 3346 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 3064 3346 w
10 /Helvetica f
('') 3109 3346 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(But) 3203 3346 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1080 3516 w
(=<<) 1165 3516 w
(y) 1374 3516 w
10 /S f
(\357) 1459 3516 w
10 /Helvetica f
(z;) 1543 3516 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(means ``shift) 720 3686 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1272 3686 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(left by) 1347 3686 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y) 1633 3686 w
10 /S f
(\357) 1683 3686 w
10 /Helvetica f
(z) 1732 3686 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(places'', which is rather different.) 1807 3686 w
10 /Helvetica f
(26. Floating Point) 720 3926 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(We've) 970 4082 w
(skipped) 1261 4082 w
(over) 1599 4082 w
(floating) 1803 4082 w
(point) 2141 4082 w
(so) 2374 4082 w
(far,) 2490 4082 w
(and) 2652 4082 w
(the) 2823 4082 w
(treatment) 2972 4082 w
(here) 3376 4082 w
(will) 3574 4082 w
(be) 3757 4082 w
(hasty.) 3878 4082 w
(C) 4166 4082 w
(has) 4260 4082 w
(single) 4420 4082 w
(and) 4686 4082 w
(dou\255) 4857 4082 w
(ble precision numbers \(where the precision depends on the machine at hand\).) 720 4202 w
(For example,) 3852 4202 w
10 /Helvetica f
(double) 1440 4372 w
(sum;) 1777 4372 w
(float) 1440 4492 w
(avg,) 1665 4492 w
(y[10];) 1890 4492 w
(sum) 1440 4612 w
(=) 1664 4612 w
(0) 1757 4612 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1813 4612 w
10 /Helvetica f
(0;) 1858 4612 w
(for\() 1440 4732 w
(i=0;) 1625 4732 w
(i<n;) 1824 4732 w
(i) 2023 4732 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(++) 2045 4732 w
10 /Helvetica f
(\)) 2192 4732 w
(sum) 1800 4852 w
(=+) 2024 4852 w
(y[i];) 2175 4852 w
(avg) 1440 4972 w
(=) 1637 4972 w
(sum/n;) 1730 4972 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(forms the sum and average of the array) 720 5142 w
10 /Helvetica f
(y) 2307 5142 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2357 5142 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(All) 970 5298 w
(floating) 1128 5298 w
(arithmetic) 1469 5298 w
(is) 1904 5298 w
(done) 2002 5298 w
(in) 2227 5298 w
(double) 2336 5298 w
(precision.) 2639 5298 w
(Mixed) 3086 5298 w
(mode) 3378 5298 w
(arithmetic) 3631 5298 w
(is) 4067 5298 w
(legal;) 4165 5298 w
(if) 4418 5298 w
(an) 4510 5298 w
(arithmetic) 4635 5298 w
(operator) 720 5418 w
(in) 1078 5418 w
(an) 1182 5418 w
(expression) 1302 5418 w
(has) 1755 5418 w
(both) 
2000
1914 5418 w
(operands) 2118 5418 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 2507 5418 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(or) 2639 5418 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char,) 2751 5418 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(the) 3000 5418 w
(arithmetic) 3148 5418 w
(done) 3579 5418 w
(is) 3799 5418 w
(integer, but if one operand is) 3892 5418 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 720 5538 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(or) 853 5538 w
10 /Helvetica f
(char) 966 5538 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 1188 5538 w
(the) 1359 5538 w
(other) 1508 5538 w
(is) 1740 5538 w
10 /Helvetica f
(float) 1837 5538 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(or) 2054 5538 w
10 /Helvetica f
(double,) 2167 5538 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(both) 2524 5538 w
(operands) 2729 5538 w
(are) 3116 5538 w
(converted) 3264 5538 w
(to) 3684 5538 w
10 /Helvetica f
(double) 3792 5538 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 4094 5538 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Thus) 4191 5538 w
(if) 4418 5538 w
10 /Helvetica f
(i) 4509 5538 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 4558 5538 w
10 /Helvetica f
(j) 4732 5538 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(are) 4782 5538 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 4934 5538 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and) 720 5658 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 892 5658 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(is) 967 5658 w
10 /Helvetica f
(float,) 1062 5658 w
(\(x+i\)/j) 1080 5828 w
(converts) 1800 5828 w
(i) 2214 5828 w
(and) 2271 5828 w
(j) 2474 5828 w
(to) 2531 5828 w
(float) 2650 5828 w
(x) 1080 5948 w
(+) 1165 5948 w
(i/j) 1258 5948 w
(does) 1800 5948 w
(i/j) 2053 5948 w
(integer,) 2160 5948 w
(then) 2530 5948 w
(converts) 2761 5948 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Type conversion may be made by assignment; for instance,) 720 6118 w
10 /Helvetica f
(int) 1440 6288 w
(m,) 1581 6288 w
(n;) 1727 6288 w
(float) 1440 6408 w
(x,) 1665 6408 w
(y;) 1778 6408 w
(m) 1440 6528 w
(=) 1558 6528 w
(x;) 1651 6528 w
(y) 1440 6648 w
(=) 1525 6648 w
(n;) 1618 6648 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(converts) 720 6818 w
10 /Helvetica f
(x) 1086 6818 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to integer \(truncating toward zero\), and) 1161 6818 w
10 /Helvetica f
(n) 2757 6818 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(to floating point.) 2838 6818 w
(Floating) 970 6974 w
(constants) 1334 6974 w
(are) 1736 6974 w
(just) 1887 6974 w
(like) 2062 6974 w
(those) 2242 6974 w
(in) 2483 6974 w
(Fortran) 2591 6974 w
(or) 2915 6974 w
(PL/I,) 3028 6974 w
(except) 3261 6974 w
(that) 3551 6974 w
(the) 3732 6974 w
(exponent) 3885 6974 w
(letter) 4282 6974 w
(is) 4518 6974 w
(`e') 4616 6974 w
(instead) 4757 6974 w
(of `E'.) 720 7094 w
(Thus:) 1030 7094 w
10 /Helvetica f
(pi) 1440 7264 w
(=) 1553 7264 w
(3) 1646 7264 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1702 7264 w
10 /Helvetica f
(14159;) 1747 7264 w
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24 pagesetup
10 /Helvetica f
(C ) 720 360 w
(Tutorial) 827 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 2914 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(24 ) 3004 360 w
10 /S f
(-) 3151 360 w
10 /Helvetica f
(large) 1440 840 w
(=) 1698 840 w
(1) 1791 840 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 1847 840 w
10 /Helvetica f
(23456789e10;) 1892 840 w
(printf) 970 1046 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(will) 1223 1046 w
(format) 1409 1046 w
(floating) 1705 1046 w
(point) 2046 1046 w
(numbers:) 2282 1046 w
10 /Helvetica f
(``%w) 2687 1046 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 2892 1046 w
10 /Helvetica f
(df'') 2937 1046 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(in) 3095 1046 w
(the) 3203 1046 w
(format) 3355 1046 w
(string) 3651 1046 w
(will) 3909 1046 w
(print) 4096 1046 w
(the) 4316 1046 w
(corresponding) 4469 1046 w
(variable) 720 1166 w
(in) 1067 1166 w
(a) 1171 1166 w
(field) 1241 1166 w
10 /Helvetica f
(w) 1453 1166 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(digits wide, with) 1551 1166 w
10 /Helvetica f
(d) 2249 1166 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(decimal places.) 2330 1166 w
(An) 2995 1166 w
10 /Helvetica f
(e) 3145 1166 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(instead of an) 3226 1166 w
10 /Helvetica f
(f) 3764 1166 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(will produce exponential nota\255) 3817 1166 w
(tion.) 720 1286 w
10 /Helvetica f
(27. Horrors! goto's and labels) 720 1526 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(C) 970 1682 w
(has) 1070 1682 w
(a) 1236 1682 w
10 /Helvetica f
(goto) 1317 1682 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(statement) 1547 1682 w
(and) 1964 1682 w
(labels,) 2142 1682 w
(so) 2434 1682 w
(you) 2557 1682 w
(can) 2741 1682 w
(branch) 2913 1682 w
(about) 3218 1682 w
(the) 3474 1682 w
(way) 3630 1682 w
(you) 3830 1682 w
(used) 4014 1682 w
(to.) 4231 1682 w
(But) 4393 1682 w
(most) 4572 1682 w
(of) 4801 1682 w
(the) 4918 1682 w
(time) 720 1802 w
10 /Helvetica f
(goto's) 936 1802 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(aren't) 1239 1802 w
(needed.) 1506 1802 w
(\(How) 1873 1802 w
(many) 2135 1802 w
(have) 2392 1802 w
(we) 2615 1802 w
(used) 2766 1802 w
(up) 2984 1802 w
(to) 3118 1802 w
(this) 3230 1802 w
(point?\)) 3409 1802 w
(The) 3751 1802 w
(code) 3940 1802 w
(can) 4162 1802 w
(almost) 4334 1802 w
(always) 4635 1802 w
(be) 4946 1802 w
(more clearly expressed by) 720 1922 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for/while, if/else,) 1792 1922 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(and compound statements.) 2536 1922 w
(One) 970 2078 w
(use) 1182 2078 w
(of) 1361 2078 w
10 /Helvetica f
(goto's) 1493 2078 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(with) 1807 2078 w
(some) 2031 2078 w
(legitimacy) 2288 2078 w
(is) 2756 2078 w
(in) 2869 2078 w
(a) 2993 2078 w
(program) 3084 2078 w
(which) 3469 2078 w
(contains) 3760 2078 w
(a) 4140 2078 w
(long) 4231 2078 w
(loop,) 4456 2078 w
(where) 4706 2078 w
(a) 4996 2078 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while\(1\)) 720 2198 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(would be too extended.) 1095 2198 w
(Then you might write) 2077 2198 w
10 /Helvetica f
(mainloop:) 1185 2368 w
16 /Helvetica f
(...) 1440 2488 w
10 /Helvetica f
(goto) 1440 2608 w
(mainloop;) 1671 2608 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Another use is to implement a) 720 2778 w
10 /Helvetica f
(break) 1950 2778 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(out of more) 2226 2778 w
(than) 2718 2778 w
(one) 2916 2778 w
(level) 3086 2778 w
(of) 3306 2778 w
10 /Helvetica f
(for) 3418 2778 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(or) 3561 2778 w
10 /Helvetica f
(while) 3673 2778 w
16 /Helvetica f
(.) 3901 2778 w
10 /Helvetica f
(goto's) 4003 2778 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(can) 4297 2778 w
(only) 4461 2778 w
(branch) 4665 2778 w
(to) 4962 2778 w
(labels within the same function.) 720 2898 w
10 /Helvetica f
(28. Acknowledgements) 720 3138 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(I) 970 3294 w
(am) 1030 3294 w
(indebted) 1179 3294 w
(to) 1550 3294 w
(a) 1655 3294 w
(veritable) 1727 3294 w
(host) 2104 3294 w
(of) 2299 3294 w
(readers) 2410 3294 w
(who) 2725 3294 w
(made) 2925 3294 w
(valuable) 3169 3294 w
(criticisms) 3535 3294 w
(on) 3952 3294 w
(several) 4080 3294 w
(drafts) 4390 3294 w
(of) 4645 3294 w
(this) 4756 3294 w
(tu\255) 4929 3294 w
(torial.) 720 3414 w
(They) 1007 3414 w
(ranged) 1238 3414 w
(in) 1535 3414 w
(experience) 1639 3414 w
(from) 2096 3414 w
(complete) 2316 3414 w
(beginners) 2708 3414 w
(through) 3122 3414 w
(several) 3459 3414 w
(implementors) 3767 3414 w
(of C compilers to) 4343 3414 w
(the) 720 3534 w
(C) 869 3534 w
(language) 963 3534 w
(designer) 1350 3534 w
(himself.) 1715 3534 w
(Needless) 2092 3534 w
(to) 2480 3534 w
(say,) 2586 3534 w
(this) 2772 3534 w
(is) 2945 3534 w
(a) 3040 3534 w
(wide) 3112 3534 w
(enough) 3334 3534 w
(spectrum) 3656 3534 w
(of) 4050 3534 w
(opinion) 4161 3534 w
(that) 4495 3534 w
(no) 4673 3534 w
(one) 4801 3534 w
(is) 4973 3534 w
(satisfied) 720 3654 w
(\(including) 1080 3654 w
(me\);) 1518 3654 w
(comments) 1728 3654 w
(and) 2166 3654 w
(suggestions) 2337 3654 w
(are) 2831 3654 w
(still) 2979 3654 w
(welcome,) 3157 3654 w
(so) 3569 3654 w
(that) 3685 3654 w
(some) 3862 3654 w
(future) 4100 3654 w
(version) 4365 3654 w
(might) 4686 3654 w
(be) 4946 3654 w
(improved.) 720 3774 w
10 /Helvetica f
(References) 720 4734 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(C) 970 4890 w
(is) 1068 4890 w
(an) 1166 4890 w
(extension) 1291 4890 w
(of) 1705 4890 w
(B,) 1819 4890 w
(which) 1942 4890 w
(was) 2217 4890 w
(designed) 2403 4890 w
(by) 2790 4890 w
(D.) 2922 4890 w
(M.) 3051 4890 w
(Ritchie) 3197 4890 w
(and) 3518 4890 w
(K.) 3694 4890 w
(L.) 3823 4890 w
(Thompson) 3941 4890 w
([4].) 4401 4890 w
84b

(The) 4599 4890 w
(C) 4786 4890 w
(lan\255) 4885 4890 w
(guage) 720 5010 w
(design) 987 5010 w
(and) 1277 5010 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(UNIX) 1445 5010 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(implementation) 1674 5010 w
(are) 2331 5010 w
(the) 2481 5010 w
(work) 2632 5010 w
(of) 2866 5010 w
(D.) 2978 5010 w
(M.) 3104 5010 w
(Ritchie.) 3247 5010 w
(The) 3615 5010 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(GCOS) 3794 5010 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(version) 4038 5010 w
(was) 4360 5010 w
(begun) 4543 5010 w
(by) 4815 5010 w
(A.) 4943 5010 w
(Snyder) 720 5130 w
(and) 1036 5130 w
(B.) 1213 5130 w
(A.) 1338 5130 w
(Barres,) 1468 5130 w
(and) 1786 5130 w
(completed) 1963 5130 w
(by) 2412 5130 w
(S.) 2545 5130 w
(C.) 2659 5130 w
(Johnson) 2784 5130 w
(and) 3146 5130 w
(M.) 3324 5130 w
(E.) 3472 5130 w
(Lesk.) 3592 5130 w
(The) 3870 5130 w
8 /Times-Roman f
(IBM) 4054 5130 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(version) 4239 5130 w
(is) 4567 5130 w
(primarily) 4668 5130 w
(due to T. G. Peterson, with the assistance of M. E. Lesk.) 720 5250 w
([1]) 720 5406 w
(D. M. Ritchie,) 970 5406 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(C Reference Manual.) 1570 5406 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Bell Labs, Jan. 1974.) 2471 5406 w
([2]) 720 5562 w
(M. E. Lesk & B. A. Barres,) 970 5562 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(The GCOS C Library.) 2091 5562 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Bell Labs, Jan. 1974.) 3025 5562 w
([3]) 720 5718 w
(D. M. Ritchie & K. Thompson,) 970 5718 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(UNIX Programmer's Manual.) 2248 5718 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(5th Edition, Bell Labs, 1974.) 3505 5718 w
([4]) 720 5874 w
(S.) 970 5874 w
(C.) 1077 5874 w
(Johnson) 1195 5874 w
(&) 1549 5874 w
(B.) 1653 5874 w
(W.) 1771 5874 w
(Kernighan,) 1916 5874 w
10 /Times-Italic f
(The) 2388 5874 w
(Programming) 2564 5874 w
(Language) 3151 5874 w
(B.) 3577 5874 w
10 /Times-Roman f
(Computer) 3714 5874 w
(Science) 4140 5874 w
(Technical) 4476 5874 w
(Re\255) 4896 5874 w
(port 8, Bell Labs, 1972.) 970 5994 w
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