Article: 824 of alt.emulators.ibmpc.apple2
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From: vera@anna.stanford.edu (James Vera)
Newsgroups: alt.emulators.ibmpc.apple2,alt.answers,news.answers
Subject: alt.emulators.ibmpc.apple2 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Supersedes: <a.e.i.a_766576802@wilbur.stanford.edu>
Followup-To: alt.emulators.ibmpc.apple2
Date: 17 May 1994 10:00:13 GMT
Organization: Stanford University
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Summary: This posting contains a list of Frequently Asked Questions
         (and their answers) about emulating Apple ][ computers (or //e
         ...) on other computers (like PCs or UNIX boxes).  Please
         read before posting questions.

Archive-name: emulate-apple2-faq
Version: 2.3.1

FAQ for alt.emulators.ibmpc.apple2
by James Vera (vera@anna.stanford.edu)
and Tom Baker (tombaker@world.std.com).
Corrections/suggestions gratefully accepted.
Last Modified: 3/11/94

Note: all mentions of the machine wilbur are referring to
wilbur.stanford.edu (36.14.0.36).
For our European colleagues, see ftp.uni-kl.de under the directory
/pub/apple2


Index:
 Part 1, Q&A
   1) What's the deal?
   2) What's the difference between apl2em and applemu?
   3) Where can I get an emulator?
   4) I got .zip files off of wilbur but they're corrupted.
   5) I got apl2em but when I try to run it I get a complaint about
      APPLE.ROM  missing or some such?  Why did the idiot running
      wilbur not include that file?
   6) I have apl2em but I don't have the serial ROM.  What can I do?
   7) How can I get apl2em to print to my printer?
   8) OK, I got an emulator and it runs, now what?
   9) Where can I find an image of foobar (where foobar is my favorite 
      old Apple ][ game).
  10) I have an Apple ][ and a bunch of disks (or for that matter, ROM
      files) I want to transfer over to use on the emulator.  How do I
      do it? 
  11) Can't I just put my Apple disk into my PC and have some magic
      happen?
  12) What about all the freeware/shareware programs available on the 
      net?
  13) Um, what were all those disk image formats again and how do I move
      between them?
  14) Gee, can't I just buy an Apple II Emulator somewhere?
  15) Nifty keen, how can I help?
  16) Hey, I want to talk about "Building Emulators", not
      using them.  Where should I go?

 Part 2, Database of emulators
 Part 3, Database of disk images
 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Part 1, Q&A

1) What's the deal?

This group is concerned with emulating an Apple ][ (and in particular
an Apple][+) on PC compatible hardware running DOS (though we've
strayed to just about any hardware/OS).  Two freely available
emulators for PC/DOS exist and are know here as "apl2em" and
"applemu". apl2em was created by Randy Spurlock and its currently at
version 2.  Rumor is a version 3 is available somewhere but who knows?
I don't know who created applemu.

2) What's the difference between apl2em and applemu?

apl2em runs on 286s or better, applemu runs on any x86.  apl2em seems
more sophisticated; it can emulate a serial card and a language card
while applemu cannot.  applemu seems be be the choice for those who do
not have a 286 or better machine.

(Folks have taken the apl2em assembler source and converted it to run
on 8088/8086 machines; the only change is substituting a bunch of
single-shift instructions in for the 286 multiple shift.  But the
resulting emulator runs too slowly on an 8086).

Because of the support for a language card, apl2em can run ProDos
while applemu cannot.  Both emulators boot up into AppleSoft and
take DOS 3.3 disks.

Because it is a 64K "machine", apl2em runs INTBASIC by just booting
off the master disk.  applemu cannot do this (under normal operation)
because it is a 48K "machine".  However, the wilbur site has a copy
of INTBASIC, modified over a decade ago to run in 48K.

A big plus for applemu over apl2em is that it handles "disk swapping".  You
can boot up on, say, the system master disk, then tell applemu "I am taking
that disk out and putting another disk in the drive".  With apl2em, you
specify what disks are in the drive *before* you start, and you have a
devil of a time changing them while the emulator runs.  (Some folks have
said they can do this, with a multitasking system.  If you run OS/2, or
Desqview, you may find this works.)

A *VERY* big plus for applemu over apl2em, however, is that it does not need
any extra files, like ROM files.  It is self-contained, runs on any PC with
most any graphics card, and is up-and-running quickly.

3) Where can I get an emulator?

They are available on may ftp sites, but one in particular is
wilbur.stanford.edu in the directory /pub/emulators/apple2.

4) I got .zip files off of wilbur but they're corrupted.

No they're not.  At least not on wilbur.  Make sure you use binary
mode in ftp.  And the files were zipped with  info-zip's zip.  Some
[old] versions of pkzip will not be able to unzip them.  A DOS
executable unzip is available on wilbur (and many other places).

5) I got apl2em but when I try to run it I get a complaint about
APPLE.ROM  missing or some such?  Why did the idiot running wilbur not
include that file?

Flatly ... That would be against the law.

Apl2em requires a copy of the ROMs inside an Apple ][+. ROM
are software on a chip.  That software belongs to Apple and
I don't think they've given permission for it to be freely
distributed.  So its not available for anonymous ftp (at
least not from wilbur).

So are you doomed then?  No.  If you own an Apple ][+ then
you own a copy of the ROMs.  Its just a matter of getting
them into a form usable by the emulator.  The doctrine of
"running one copy on one machine" would mean running only
one of the emulator or your apple. Maybe only one at a time
(but I'm not a lawyer, this is not legal advice,...).  So
how to dump the ROMs?  One way is:

[from Nye Liu (nyet@cco.caltech.edu), modified by John Ruschmeyer
(jruschme@sed.csc.com) and Peter Koch (koch@informatik.uni-kl.de)]

On your Apple II or II+, Do:
1) for the serial ROM
]CALL -151
*CFFF
*F00<C200.C2FFM
*800<C800.C7FFM
*BSAVE SERIAL.BIN, A$800,L$800
*3D0G

2) for the floppy rom (assuming a floppy controller in slot 6)
BSAVE FLOPPY.BIN, A$C600, L256  

3) for the main rom
BSAVE  APPLE.BIN, A$D000, L$3000

Note: after doing that you still need to transfer those files to your
PC  (See question 8 below).

For 64K machines, you'll have to make sure that the upper memory isn't
bank switched in such a way as to block the ROMs.

There's a file on wilbur in /pub/emulators/apple2/dumping-ROMs which
contains some additional tips on this matter.  An easier method is to
depend on the kindness of strangers.  A request to the boards
alt.emulator.ibmpc.apple2 or comp.sys.apple2 of the form:

  I own an Apple ][+ and would like to run the emulator but am unable
  to dump the ROMS.  Would someone please send them to me.

will probably get you a hit.  Please don't ask me.

6) I have apl2em but I don't have the serial ROM.  What can I do?

If you don't have a serial card, don't despair.  Just edit the
build/apple.ini file in the apl2em and change the lines:

Type = Serial                           ; Slot 1 is a super serial card
Port = COM1                             ; Use COM1 for super serial port
Baud = 2400                             ; Set baud rate to 1200
Stop = 1                                ; Use 1 stop bit
Length = 8                              ; Word length is 8 bits
Parity = None                           ; No parity generation/checking
Pullup = DCD + DSR + CTS                ; Pull up the DCD/DSR/CTS lines

to

Type = Empty

Or, of course, you could try to get ahold of the serial ROMs.

7) How can I get apl2em to print to my printer?

Good question.  I have yet to see an answer though :-(

8) OK, I got an emulator and it runs, now what?

Run software, of course.  The emulators can run an "image" of an Apple
diskette.  Think of an image as a single file which contains all of
the information on a disk.  These files typically have the ".DSK"
suffix. As you might imagine, there are many different ways one could
choose to copy a disk to a single file so, of course, the authors of
apl2em and applemu choose two different methods.  An image for apl2em
is 143360 bytes.  Buzzwords for the apl2em format is that its in
Dos3.3 order (DO).  An image for applemu is 232960 bytes.  Buzzwords
for it is that its a nibblized version for the Dos3.3 order (NBO).

The disk images stored on wilbur (in /pub/emulators/apple2/DiskImages)
are primarily in the apl2em format.  A program to convert an apl2em
format disk image to an applemu format disk image can be found on
wilbur in /pub/emulators/apple2/em2emu.zip Someone may feel free to
write an program to convert from the applemu format to the apl2em
format.

9) Where can I find an image of foobar (where foobar is my favorite
old Apple ][ game).

You can't, at least not from wilbur.  Believe it or not, those games
are still copyrighted and can't be freely distributed.  Some Apple ][
software has been release to the public as part of a project on Genie.
That software has not yet migrated to a form emulator users can get
at. (Hint Hint)

10)  I have an Apple ][ and a bunch of disks (or for that matter, ROM
files) I want to transfer over to use on the emulator.  How do I do
it? 

Four files on wilbur: 
	a2pctr11.zip: by Nye Liu (nyet@halycon.com)
	senddisk.zip: by Rich Williamson (glitch@eskimo.com)
	adt100.zip: Apple Disk Transfer 1.00 by Paul Guertin
           (guertinp@iro.umontreal.ca) 
        dsk2file.zip: by Ron Kneusel (rkneusel@carroll1.cc.edu)
contain strategies and several support programs for doing this.  It
involves a program which runs on the ][ reading the disk and sending
it out on the serial card (you need a serial card) which you then
connected via a null modem to an PC which had a program running on it
to receive the stream and write it to a file.  Yuck.

adt100 is derived from senddisk and includes support for transfers
from PCs to ][s as well.

Another file diskread.bsc contains a BASIC program by Damon J. Rand
(D.Rand@cantva.canterbury.ac.nu) which runs on an Apple //e and
creates a disk image in the form needed by the emulators.  It has
support for breaking an image into multiple pieces.

11) Can't I just put my Apple disk into my PC and have some magic
happen?

No.  They can put a man on the moon but...  The problem, according to
Eric Smith (eric@america.Telebit.COM) and
George Phillips (phillips@cs.ubc.ca) is:

   Both drives spin at the same speed and transfer bits at the
   same rate (250 Kbit/s), but use different bit recording
   schemes.  The Apple II uses a GCR channel code, while the
   IBM compatible world uses the more popular MFM coding.
   Standard floppy controller chips (uPD765, 8272, and the
   like) can't read or write GCR.

   It is supposed to be possible to use the Copy II Option
   Board from Central Point Software to read and write Apple II
   disks on an IBM compatible, but I haven't got a card to
   test.

Out of all the emulator FAQs, this is the most "FA"
(frequently asked).  Everyone who used to use an Apple II
and now uses IBMs has this problem.  And, it seems, when
they first see that there is an "Apple/IBM Emulation Group",
their first post is:
                      Can you make my IBM read my Apple Disks?
and the answer is:
                      No.

12)  What about all the freeware/shareware programs available on the
net?

In general, I don't know how to get a get a random program into a form
usable by an emulator.  But some software available on the net is in a
form called a "shrunk disk image".  They usually have the suffix
".SDK".  If its a shrunk Apple ][ disk, here's how to convert it.

  1)Uncompress the .SDK file with nulib (this can the done on DOS or
    UNIX, source for nulib and DOS executables are available on
    wilbur).  This should give you a file whose size is 143360 bytes
    long. If its a different size, say ~800KB, its probably a IIgs disk
    and can't be used by the emulators.  This file is in ProDos order (PO).
  2)If you want an apl2em format (DO) image :
      Run the mapper program (available on wilbur, source and DOS
      executables) on the file you got out of nulib.
    If you want a applemu format (NDO) disk:
      Run em2emu (available on wilbur) on the file you got out of
      nulib..  This will give you a file of 232960 bytes.


13) Um, what were all those disk image formats again and how do I move
    between them?

  1) Dos3.3 order (DO): 
      First byte is the first byte of the first sector.  The 257th
      byte is the first byte of sector two.  An image in this format
      is 143360 bytes.

      APL2EM uses DO images.
  
  2) ProDos order (PO):
      This looks a lot like a DO image, but the sectors are in a
      different order.  When you pack a disk with Shrinkit on the
      Apple, then unpack it with Nulib on a Unix or MsDos system, you
      get this output. An image in this format is 143360 bytes.

  3) Nybblized Dos3.3 order (NDO):
      This is a collection of tracks, just the way they look in a
      nybble editor.  Every three bytes of data have been "bit
      twiddled" into four bytes, and each sector has an "address
      field" that has the track and sector numbers.  An image in this
      format is 232960 bytes.

  Conversions:
    a) DO to PO
       Run mapper.
    b) PO to DO
       Run mapper.
    c) (DO or PO) to NDO
       Run em2emu.
    d) NDO to (DO or PO)
       Feel free to write it.

14) Gee, can't I just buy an Apple II Emulator somewhere?

Yes!  The same folks who wrote "2inaMac" wrote "2inaPC".  It costs about
$150 retail and runs on any PC with a VGA card or better.  Call 

  COMPUTER:applications
  12813 Lindeley Drive
  Raleigh, NC  27614

  Phone: 919-846-1411,

It emulates an Enhanced IIe, and is supposed to run 80 columns (though
I have not seen it).  It seems to take Byte Oriented Disks, *BUT* it
also simulates a hard disk.  The .DSK file used can hold a LOT.

Remember, VGA card required.

  
15)  Nifty keen, how can I help?

If you have any freely distributable disk images or programs useful in
using the emulators please upload them to wilbur.stanford.edu in the
directory /pub/emulators/apple2/incoming.

16) Hey, I want to talk about "Building Emulators", not
using them.  Where should I go?

This group does have emulation developers following it and
starting threads.  Stick around and watch for the really
technical talk.  Most of the developpers mentioned in Part
Three of this FAQ have appeared in the group.

Also, the ZaniWok emulation group has a mailing list.  See
ZaniWok in Part Three.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part 2) Database of emulators

1) PC based emulators

A. apl2em - The Randy Spurlock II+ emulator  (version 1)
         1. where to get it:       ftp from
                                   wilbur.stanford.edu:/pub/emulators/apple2/apl2em.zip
         2. Author:                Randy Spurlock (randys@twisto.compaq.com)
         3. Source Code:           ms-dos assembler
         4. memory:   64K (16K language card)
         5. cpu-min:  80286
         6. Serial Support:        No. (There are stubs in the code for
            it, but not implemented.)
         7. Graphics Support:      HGR.
         8. Graphics Required:     CGA or better.
         9. Hercules Support:      With SIMCGA, it runs! (That is one
                                   of the CGA simulators for the "old"
                                   Hercules card.)
        10. Mix Text and Graphics: No. When switched to that mode, the
            text is not displayed.  (One interesting reason for this is
            that it is an Apple capability that the IBM cannnot do,
            directly.)
        11. remarks:  see apl2em-2.

B. apl2em-2 The Randy Spurlock ][+ Emulator (Version 2)
         1. where to get it:       ftp from
                                   wilbur.stanford.edu:/pub/emulators/apple2/aple2em-2.zip
         2. Author:                Randy Spurlock (randys@twisto.compaq.com)
         3. Source Code:           ms-dos assembler
         4. cpu-min:  286, with CGA or better.  Runs with "old" Hercules cards
            with CGA simulators, BUT the graphics modes don't seem to work
            (when I tried it -tb).
         5. memory:   80 K (32K language card)
         6. roms:     serial(c800), disk(c600), lang(d000-ffff)
         7. Image format:          DO
         8. Serial Support:        Yes
         9. Graphics Support:      Yes (Haven't seen it.
                                   Does it do DHR?)
        10. Graphics Required:     CGA or better.
        11. Hercules Support:      NO.
        12. Mix Text and Graphics: ?
        13. remarks:  NO 80 COLUMNS. Runs Prodos (kermitp.dsk)
                      A *big* problem is "disk swapping".  The disks you
                      use at bootup are the ones you must keep.
                      (If you run multi-tasking somehow (Windows or DesqView,
                      for instance), then some folks have ways of swapping
                      the .DSK disk files.)

C. applemu - The 48K ][+ Emulator 
         1. where to get it:       ftp from
                                   wilbur.stanford.edu:/pub/emulators/apple2/applemu.zip
         2. Author:                This person did not leave their name
                                   in the documentation or the code!
         3. Source Code:           ms-dos assembler
         4. cpu-min:  8088
         5. memory:   48K (No language card)
         6. roms:     provided.  Two serial roms (for
            file/serial/printer I/O), one converts CRLF <-> CR, the
            other doesn't.
                      There is no "apple.rom" file needed.
         7. Image Format:          NDO
         8. Serial Support:        Yes
         9. Graphics Support:      HGR
        10. Graphics Required:     CGA or better
        11. Hercules Support:      (Scratch head.) My notes say, with a
            CGA simulator, "does not work, boot disk never seems to
            boot.")
        12. Mix Text and Graphics: Yes
        13. remarks:  Truly solid.

D. STM0 - Apple II+ emulator (for the mac)
         1. where to get it:       ftp from
                                   cassandra.ucr.edu:/pub/apple2/STM0.81.sea.hqx
                                   wilbur.stanford.edu:/pub/emulators/apple2/STM0.81.sea.hqx
         2. Author:                Kevin Lund (kevin@cassandra.ucr.edu)
         3. Source Code:           ?
         4. cpu-min:               68020 and system 7
         5. Remarks:               I don't know anything about it.

E. IIinaPC - a commercial product, for $150
         1. where to get it:       Computer Applications, Inc.
         2. Author:                Computer Applications, Inc.
         3. Source Code:           ?
         4. cpu-min:  8088, needs VGA display or better
         5. Serial Support:        Yes
         5. Graphics Support:      HGR (DHR?)
         7. Graphics Required:     VGA or better
         8. Hercules Support:      no
         9. Mix Text and Graphics: ? (imagine so)
        10. remarks:  Costs about $150 retail.  Terribly good looking,
            with lots and lots of support for moving your stuff from
            the Apple to the PC and back.  It's icon based, with about
            three-quarters of the screen devoted to the "Apple screen"
            and the rest given over to "tool icons".  One tool icon is
            for serial connections to your real Apple, another is for
            swapping disks.  The IBM's function keys perform different 
            functions, like Control+F12 is the simulated "Reset" button.

            (Of all the folks who have mentioned IIinaPC in the
            group, there have been enthusiastic users of it and others
            who use it now and then. One fellow had problems switching
            with the "INT" command, and changing modes with the "PR#3"
            command.)

2) HARDWARE EMULATIONS

  A. Apple IIe Card for Macintosh
     Currently at v2.2.  Apple Catalog #B1043, retails for $145.  Runs
     on Mac LC, LC II and Color Classic.

  B. TrackStar Card for IBM PC
     Made by Diamond Computer Systems
     Card for PCs. Lets you read Apple diskettes on PC drives by
     replacing the disk controller.

3) UNIX based emulators

  A. apple2e (file named ap2e) - 80 col curses, text only
     ap2egl - 80 col curses with GL graphics
     1. where to get it:       ftp from
                               grind.isca.uiowa.edu:/unix/apple2/ap2e
     3. Author:                Randy Frank
     4. Source Language:       C code for Unix
     5. cpu-min:  unix
     6. memory:   64K
     7. roms:     CDROM (c100-ffff)
     8. Image Format:     PO and imports Unix binaries

  B. a2 - the Rich Skrenta's Unix emulator
     1. where to get it:       ftp from
                               ftp.uu.net?
     3. Author:                Rich Skrenta (skrenta@rt.com)
                               (CLI by Tom Markson)
     4. Source Code:           C code for unix
     5. cpu-min:  unix
     6. roms:     disk(c600), language(d000-f7ff), start(f800-ffff)

  C. apple2 - Peter Koch's Apple ][+ emulator
     1. where to get it:          ftp from
                                  ftp.uni-kl.de:/pub/unix/X11/apple2.shar.Z 
                                  wilbur.stanford.edu:/pub/emulators/apple2/apple2.tar.z
     2. Author:                   Peter Koch
                                  (koch@informatik.uni-kl.de)
     3. CPU                       needs X
     4. ROMs:                     character(0000-07ff),controller(c600-c6ff)
                                  f800(f800-ffff), d000(d000-d7ff), 
                                  d800(d800-dfff), e000(e000-e7ff),
                                  e800(e800-efff), f000(f000-f7ff)
                                  [the above six files are just
                                  apl2em's apple.rom broken into 2KB chunks]
                                  or
                                  (old monitor roms)
                                  f800(f800-ffff), e000(e000-e7ff),
                                  e800(e800-efff), f000(f000-f7ff) 
     5. Graphics supported:       Lores and Hires
     6. Image Format:             DO
     7. Remarks:                  supports disk swapping

  D. zaniWok - an Apple //e emulator
     1. where to get it:           ftp from
                                   ftp.byu.edu:/apple2/emulator
     2. Author                     Mat Hostetter
        Maintained by              Chris Osborn
                                   (groucho.sonoma.edu!fozztexx%nvcc)
     3. Source Code:               C code requires NeXTStep
     4  CPU                        NeXT only
     5. ROMS:                      needs them
     6. Image format:              I'm not sure, but it looks like the
                                   DO format with the following nine
                                   bytes prepended to it: ^D^ScY^@^@^@^I^B
                                   for a total of 143369 bytes.
     7. Remarks:
             There is a mailing list to discuss this emulator, na2sig@byu.edu;
             to sign up, email na2sig-request@byu.edu.

             zaniWok emulates a 128K Apple //e, with 40/80 column text, hi-res
             graphics (monochrome+color+grayscale), double-hires graphics,
             sound, dynamically loadable peripheral card objects, Unix
             filesystem support via Appleshare.  Chris Osborn is adding lores
             graphics, copy and paste capability, keyboard buffering, a decent
             user interface, and no doubt other things.  Some have expressed
             interest in writing a virtual serial card and a virtual
             Mockingboard.

             To emulate the 65c02, zaniWok dynamically translates the 65c02
             code into an efficient interpreted form as the program is
             running. Although I have not yet implemented some of the
             compile-time optimizations the emulator was designed to support,
             it still runs at approximately realtime.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part 3, Database of disk images

All of these images are available at
wilbur.stanford.edu:/pub/emulators/apple2/DiskImages/

All of these images except the last one are in DO format.  The last
one is in NDO format.

hyperC.zip	A C compiler and support system.  Two disk images and
		lots of documentation.  Images are not bootable.  I
		haven't really tested it.  Actually, this used to be
                here but went away in The Great Disk Crash (tm).  If
                anyone downloaded and still has it please upload it.
kermitp.zip	PRODOS version of Kermit (a terminal emulator, file
		transfer utility) .
inmate.zip	A Shareware textual adventure game.
samp.zip	Rich Skrenta (skrenta@rt.com) experimentation with
                implementing multi-tasking on a ][ (this disk came
                with the Unix emulator "a2").
tetrisII.zip	A Tetris game, I suppose.  I pulled if off
		cco.caltech.edu and it boots but then just hangs.  Let
		me know if anyone gets it working.
berzap.zip	Shareware knockoff of old Berserk arcade game.
sparkee.zip	Shareware graphics language and application; Can also
		be used as a screen saver.
defender.zip	Haven't looked at it but I imagine its a defender-like
		game. 
shrink.zip      Contains IIPlus.UNSHRINK
-----
and
bcsutil4.zip	This image is in the applemu format.  It is the Boston
		Computer Society Utility Disk Number 4.  It contains
		an INTEGER BASIC, a II+ mini-assembler, games, etc.

This FAQ is (C) Copyright 1993 by the authors, but available for public
use.  You are free to distribute it and quote it, as long as the two
following conditions are strictly met:

   1) It keeps intact this copyright notice and all acknowledgements.

   2) No money is made from its distribution (this may be waived for
      non-profit organizations only if they personally contact the
      maintainers of this faq and get permission, either in writing or
      in explicit email.

*End of FAQ*