[164] See Roma Sotterranea, p. 106.
[165] "Deus, qui sanctum Joannem confessorem tuum perfectæ suæ abnegationis, et crucis amatorem eximium efficisti, concede; ut ejus imitationi jugiter inhærentes, gloriam assequamur æternam."—Collect of St. John of the Cross, Roman Vesper-Book.
[166] A square nimbus indicates that a portrait was executed before, a round after the death of the person represented.
[167] See Emile Braun—the building of the Macellum is described by Dion Cassius, xi. 18; Notitia, Reg. ii.
[168] Best known by his comic pictures in the Uffizi at Florence.
[169] Virg. Æn. viii. 104, 108, 216; Ov. Fast. i. 551.
[170] Ov. Fast. v. 149.
[171] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 79.
[172] Varro, iv. 7.
[173] Livy, i, 20.
[174] Ovid, Fast. iii. 295.
[175] "Onions, hair, and pilchards."—See Plutarch's Life of Numa.
[176] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 427.
[177] Dionysius, iii. 43.
[178] Ovid, Fast. v. 293.
[179] Fast. iii 883.
[180] Ovid, Trist. iii. 71.
[181] See the account of the Ch. of Sta. Francesca Romana, Chap. iv.
[182] Livy, v. 22.
[183] Ovid, Fast. vi. 727.
[184] Martial, x. Ep. 56.
[185] Propert. iv. El. 9.
[186] Mart. vi. Ep. 64.
[187] There is a beautiful picture of Sta. Sabina by Vivarini of Murano, in St. Zacharia at Venice.
[188] Hemans' Monuments in Rome.
[189] Commemorated in the beautiful Memoir of "A Dominican Artist" (Rivingtons, 1872).
[190] Some antiquaries attribute them to the wall of the Aventine, built by Ancus Martius. The arch, of course, is an addition.
[191] Hemans' Story of Monuments in Rome, ii. 228.
[192] Livy, i. 10.
[193] Livy, xxvii. 25; xxix. 11.
[194] Hemans' Mediæval Sacred Art.
[195] This bust has been supposed to represent the poet Ennius, the friend of Scipio Africanus, because his last request was that he might be buried by his side. Even in the time of Cicero, Ennius was believed to be buried in the tomb of the Scipios. "Carus fuit Africano superiori noster Ennius: itaque etiam in sepulchro Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore."—Cic. Orat. pro Arch. Poeta.
[196] Dyer's Hist. of the City of Rome.
[197] Coppi, Memorie Colonnesi, p. 342.
[198] See Dyer's Hist. of the City of Rome, p. 85.
[199] Ibid. p. 97.
[200] Ibid. p. 122.
[201] This story is told by St. Ambrose.
[202] This story is represented in one of the ancient tapestries in the cathedral of Anagni.
[203] Amm. Marcell. lib. xxvii. c.
[204] Roma Sotterranea, p. 130.
[205] Roma Sotterranea, p. 177.
[206] Roma Sotterranea, p. 97.
[207] St. Melchiades, buried in another part of the catacomb, who lived long in peace after the persecution had ceased.
[208] Hippolytus, Adrias, Marca, Neo, Paulina, and others.
[209] St. Damasus was buried in the chapel above the entrance.
[210] "A more striking commentary on the divine promise, 'The Lord keepeth all the bones of his servants: He will not lose one of them' (Ps. xxxiii. 24), it would be difficult to conceive."—Roma Sotterranea.
[211] Roma Sotterranea, p. 180.
[212] Alban Butler, viii. 204.
[213] Roma Sotterranea, p. 182.
[214] Roma Sotterranea, p. 242.
[215] Roma Sotterranea, p. 247.
[216] Lord Lindsay's Christian Art, i. 46.
[217] Alban Butler, viii. 148.
[218] Lib. Pont.
[219] Now Santa Maria, an island near Gaieta.
[220] Alban Butler, v. 205.
[221] Alban Butler, v. 205.
[222] For these and many other particulars, see an interesting lecture by Mr. Shakespere Wood, on "The Fountain of Egeria," given before the Roman Archæological Society.
[223] Ampère, Hist. Rom. iv. 402.
[224] Merivale, Romans under the Empire, ch. xi.
[225] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 141
[226] Dionysius, ii. 63.
[227] Ovid, Met. xiv. 452, 453.
[228] Dyer's Rome, p. 95.
[229] Pliny, Hist. Nat. xv. 35, 2.
[230] Dion Cass. liv.
[231] "De Cæsare vicino scripseram ad te, quia cognoram ex tuis literis, eum σὑνναον, Quirino malo, quam Saluti." Ad Att. xii. 45.
[232] Vespasian had a brother named Sabinus; his son's name recalls that of Titus Tatius.
[233] "Deus, qui inter cætera sapientiæ tuæ miracula etiam in tenera ætate maturæ sanctitatis gratiam contulisti; da, quæsumus, ut beati Stanislai exemplo, tempus, instanter operando, redimentes, in æternam ingredi requiem festinemus."—Collect of St. S. Kostka, Roman Vesper-Book.
[234] Cardinal Wiseman's Life of Pius VII.
[235] By this same master is the interesting fresco of Sixtus IV. and his nephews—now in the Vatican gallery.
[236] The body of this saint is said to repose at S. Lorenzo fuori Mura; his head is at the Quirinal; at S. Lorenzo in Lucina his gridiron and chains are shown.
[237] Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art.
[238] Roma Christiana.
[239] Dyer, p. 94.
[240] "At Rome, Selvaggi made a Latin distich in honour of Milton, and Salsilli a Latin tetrastich, celebrating him for his Greek, Latin, and Italian poetry; and he in return presented to Salsilli in his sickness those fine Scazons or Iambic verses having a spondee in the last foot, which are inserted among his juvenile poems. From Rome he went to Naples."—Newton.
[241] A holy hermit of Scete, who died 391.
[242] See Roma Sotterranea, p. 174.
[243] Une Chrétienne à Rome.
[244] The reasons for this belief are given in "The Roman Catacombs of Northcote," p. 78.
[245] The bodies were removed to Sta. Sabina in the fifth century by Celestine I.
[246] Cramer's Ancient Italy, i. 389.
[247] Cic. Phil. ix. 7. See Dyer's Rome, p. 215.
[248] Sat i. 8, 15.
[249] See Hemans' Catholic Italy, Part I.
[250] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 38.
[251] Varro, de Ling. Lat. iv. 8.
[252] Fest. v. Septimone.
[253] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 65.
[254] Fest. p. 297.
[255] Cicero pro doma sua, 38; Dionysius, viii. 79; Livy, ii. 41.
[256] See Dyer's City of Rome, p. 65. The Acts of the Martyrs mention that several Christians suffered "In tellure."
[257] See Ampère, Hist. Rom. iv. 421.
[258] See Ampère, Hist. Rom. iv. 431.
[259] Liv. i. 26; Dionysius, iii. 22.
[260] Merivale, Romans under the Empire, ch. liii.
[261] "Des huit figures ébauchées il y en a deux aujourd'hui au musée du Louvre (les deux esclaves). Lorsque Michel-Ange eut renoncé à son plan primitif il en fit don à Roberto Strozzi. Des mains de Strozzi elles passèrent dans celles de François 1er, et puis dans celles du connétable de Montmorency, qui les plaça à son château d'Ecouen, d'où elles sont venues au Louvre. Quatre autres prisonniers sont placés dans la grotte de Buontalenti au jardin du Palais Pitti, à Florence. Un groupe, représentant une figure virile en terrassant une seconde, se voit aujourd'hui dans la grande salle del Cinquecento, au Palais vieux de Florence, où elle fut placé par Côsme 1er."—F. Sabatier.
[262] The wife of Oswy, king of Northumberland received a golden key containing filings of the chains from Pope Vitalianus, in the sixth century.
[263] Acts xii. II.
[264] Hist. Rom. i. 464.
[265] "Ciampini gives an engraving of this figure without the key: a detail, therefore, to be ascribed to restorers:—surely neither justifiable nor judicious."—Hemans.
[266] With a square nimbus, denoting execution in his lifetime, as at Sta. Cecilia and Sta. Maria in Navicella.
[267] See Hemans' Catholic Italy.
[268] Croiret, Vie des Saints.
[269] I. 26.
[270] Ampère, Hist. Rom. iii. 177.
[271] It was found in the gardens of the convent of Sta. Maria sopra Minerva
[272] This pagan benediction of the animals is represented in a bas-relief in the Vatican (Museo Pio-Clementino, 157). A peasant bearing two ducks as his offering, brings his cow to be blessed by a priest at the door of a chapel, and the priest delaying to come forth, a calf drinks up the holy water. Ovid describes how he took part in the feast of Pales, and sprinkled the cattle with a laurel bough. (Fasti, iv. 728.)
[273] His flat tombstone is in the centre of the nave.
[274] This story is the subject of two of Murillo's most beautiful pictures in the Academy at Madrid. The first represents the vision of the Virgin to John and his wife,—in the second they tell what they have seen to Pope Liberius.
[275] This mosaic will bring to mind the beautiful lines of Dante:—
[276] See Sta. Dorothea, ch. xvii.
[277] St. Venantius was a child martyred at Camerino, under Decius, in 250. Pope Clement X., who had been bishop of Camerino, had a peculiar veneration for this saint.
[278] This figure of the Virgin is of great interest, as introducing the Greek classical type under which she is so often afterwards represented in Latin art.
[279] It was near the Lateran, on the site of the gardens of Plautius Lateranus, that the famous statues of the Niobedes, attributed to Scopus, now at Florence, were found. The fine tomb of the Plautii is a striking object on the road to Tivoli.
[280] See Sta. Pudenziana, ch. x.
[281] These columns are mentioned in the thirteenth century list of Lateran relics, which says that all the relics of the Temple at Jerusalem brought by Titus, were preserved at the Lateran.
[282] There is a curious mosaic portrait of Clement XII. in the Palazzo Corsini.
[283] Sergius III. ob. 911; Agapetus II. ob. 956; John XII. ob. 964; Sylvester II. ob. 1003; John XVIII. ob. 1009; Alexander II. ob. 1073; Pascal II. ob. 1118; Calixtus II. ob. 1124; Honorius II. ob. 1140; Celestine II. ob. 1143; Lucius II. ob. 1145; Anastasius IV. ob. 1154; Alexander III. ob. 1159; Clement III. ob. 1191; Celestine III. ob. 1198; Innocent V. ob. 1276—were buried at St. John Lateran, besides those later popes whose tombs still exist.
[284] "Ces monuments, consacrés par la tradition, n'ont pas été jugés cependant assez authentiques pour être solennellement exposés a la vénération des fidèles."—Gournerie.
[285] Sta. Helena is claimed as an English saint, and all the best authorities allow that she was born in England,—according to Gibbon, at York—according to others, at Colchester, which town bears as its arms a cross between three crowns, in allusion to this claim. Some say that she was an innkeeper's daughter, others that her father was a powerful British prince, Coilus or Coel.
[286] Emp. ii. 43.
[287] The existence of this inscription makes the destruction of this catacomb under Pius IX. the more extraordinary.
[288] Dyer's Rome, 70.
[289] Ampère, Hist. ii. 10.
[290] Ampère, Emp. i. 184.
[291] Pliny, H. N. xxxv. 37, 2; and 49, 4.
[292] Dyer, 111.
[293] Dyer, 211.
[294] It was close to this temple of Hercules that the bodies of Sta. Symphorosa and her seven sons, martyred under Hadrian ("the seven Biothanati"), were buried by order of the emperor. Sta. Symphorosa herself had been hung up here by her hair, before being drowned in the Tiber.
[295] Dyer, 113, 115.
[296] Ampère, Hist. Rom. iii. 198.
[297] Dyer, 115.
[298] Dyer, 115, 116.
[299] Pliny, H. N. xxxvi. 15, 24.
[300] So called from a fountain adorned with the figure of a sow, which once existed here.
[301] "Here rests Hadrian, who found his greatest misfortune in being obliged to command."
[302] There is a chapel dedicated to St. Bridget in S. Paolo fuori Mura. Sion House, in England, was a famous convent of the Brigittines.
[303] See Penny Cyclopædia, and Lewes's Hist. of Philosophy.
[304] Shakespeare, Julius Cæsar, act iii. sc. 2.
[305] So called from a slight hollow, scarcely now perceptible, left by a reservoir made by Agrippa for the public benefit, and used by Nero in his fêtes.
[306] The story of St. Agnes is told by St. Jerome.
[307] Donna Olympia soon after died of the plague at her villa near Viterbo.
[308] "Les maisons de la Place Navone sont assises sur la base des anciens gradins du cirque de Domitien. Sous ces gradins étaient les voûtes habitées par des femmes perdues."—Ampère, Emp. ii. 137.
[309] A corruption of "Epiphania"—Epiphany.
[311] Raphael lay in state beneath his last great work, the Transfiguration.
[312] See Gregorovius, Grabmāler der Pāpste.
[313] Author of the "Rationale Divinorum Officiorum"—"A treasure of information on all points connected with the decorations and services of the mediæval church. Durandus was born in Provence about 1220, and died in 1290 at Rome."—Lord Lindsay.
[314] It is no honour to me to be like another Apelles, but rather, O Christ, that I gave all my gains to thy poor. One was a work for earth, the other for heaven—a city, the flower of Etruria, bare me, John.