[1] Dionysius, xii. 8.
[2] Livy, v. 13.
[3] Observe.—Here and elsewhere the arms of the Della Rovere—an oak-tree. Robur, an oak,—hence Rovere.
[4] The beautiful 15th century altar of four virgin saints at S. Cosimato in Trastevere, is said to have been brought from this chapel.
[5] All authorities agree that this beautiful portrait is not the work of Raphael. Kugler also denies that it is the likeness of Cæsar Borgia.
[6] See Kugler, ii. 449.
[7] Of the many Handbooks for Italy which have appeared, perhaps that of Du Pays (in one volume) is the most comprehensive, and—as far as its very condensed form allows—much the most interesting.
[8] See Trollope's Life of Vittoria Colonna.
[9] See "Un Figliuol' di Maria, ossia un Nuovo nostro Fratello," edited by the Baron di Bussiere. 1842.
[10] It is more worth while to visit the Palazzo Chigi at Lariccia, near Albano, which retains its stamped leather hangings, and much of its old furniture. Here may be seen, assembled in one room, the portraits of the twelve nieces of Alexander VII., who were so enchanted when their uncle was made pope, that they all took the veil immediately to please him!
[11] This Gallery has been closed since the Sardinian occupation.
[12] So called from the Jesuit father of that name, who lived in the 17th century.
[13] Galat. ii. 7.
[14] Philipp. iv. 22.
[15] 2 Timothy i. 16
[16] Philemon 23.
[17] Philipp. ii. 22.
[18] Kugler.
[19] Varro, De Ling. Lat. v. 42.
[20] Smith's Roman Mythology.
[21] Vitruvius, iv. 7, 1.
[22] Pliny, xxxv. 12.
[23] Pliny, vii. 39.
[24] Livy, vii. 3.
[25] Pliny, xxxiii. 18.
[26] Pliny, xxxvi. 5.
[27] Tacitus, Hist. iii. 74.
[28] Tacitus, Hist. iv. 53.
[29] Zosimus, lib. v. c. 38.
[30] Valerius Maximus, ii. 3. 3.
[31] Vitruvius, iii. 2, 5; Propertius, iv. 11, 45; Cic. pro Planc. 32.
[32] Livy, vi. 20.
[33] Livy, v. 48.
[34] Velleius Paterc. ii. 3.
[35] See Merivale, Hist. of the Romans, vol. vi.
[36] Dyer's Rome, 407, 408, 409.
[37] Ampère, Emp. i. 22.
[38] When 400 houses and three or four churches were levelled to the ground to make a road for his triumphal approach.—Rabelais, Lettre viii. p. 21.
[39] Dyer's City of Rome, p. 379.
[40] R, right; L, left.
[41] The statue of Leo X. is interesting as having been erected to this popular art-loving pope in his lifetime. It is inscribed—"Optimi liberalissimique pontificis memoriæ."
[42] Plin. Nat Hist xxix. 14, I; Plut. Fort. Rom. 12.
[43] Hist. Rom. i. 382.
[44] The "Dies Iræ," by Tommaso di Celano, of the fourteenth century.
[45] "Per gradus qui sunt super Calpurnium fornicem."
[46] Paradiso, canto xii.
[47] Hist. Rome.
[48] "Est locus in carcere quod Tullianum appellatur, ubi paululum descenderis ad lævam, circiter duodecim pedes humi depressus. Eum muniunt undique parietes, atque insuper camera lapideis fornicibus vincta; sed incultu, tenebris, odore fœda. atque terribilis ejus facies."—Sall. Catil. lv.
[49] See Ampère, Hist. Rom. ii. 31.
[50] This story is most picturesquely told by Dante. Purg. x. 72.
[51] Ovid, Fasti, v. 575, 699.
[52] Statius, i. 6. Livy, vii. 6.
[53] Livy, vii. 6. Varr. iv. 32.
[54] Pliny, xv. 18.
[55] Suetonius, Aug. 22.
[56] Cicero de Off. ii. 25.
[57] Livy, iii. 48.
[58] Pliny, xv. 29.
[59] Vitruvius, iii.
[60] Ampère, Emp. ii. 233.
[61] Josephus, vii. 37.
[62] Pliny, xxxvi. 7.
[63] See Percy's Romanism.
[64] See the whole question of Simon Magus discussed in Waterworth's "England and Rome."
[65] Prudentius contra Symmac. i. 1, 25.
[66] Dion Cassius, lxvi. 15.
[67] S. Buonaventura is perhaps best known to the existing Christian world as the author of the beautiful hymn, "Recordare sanctæ crucis."
[68] Varro, de R. Rust i. 2, and iii. 16.
[69] See Poggio, De Vanitate Fortunæ.
[70] This inscription, found in the catacomb of S. Agnese, runs:
[71] See Hemans' Catholic Italy.
[72] A work has been published by S. Deakin on the Flora of the Coliseum. This was very remarkable, but has greatly suffered during the so-called cleansing of the building by the Italian government in 1871.
[73] Quamdiu stat Colysæus, stabit et Roma; quando cadet Colysæus, cadet Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus.
[74] See Ampère, Hist. Rom. ii. 289—292.
[75] "Quis a signo Vertumni in circum maximum venit, quin is unoquoque gradu de avaritia tua commoneretur? quam tu viam tensarum atque pompæ ejus modi exegisti, ut tu ipse ire non audeas."—In Verrem, i. 59.
[76] Varro, de Ling. Lat. v. 44. See Ampère, Hist. Rom. ii. 32.
[77] Varro, de Ling. Lat. iv. 8.
[78] "There is no doubt that many of the amusements, still more many of the religious practices now popular in this capital, may be traced to sources in Pagan antiquity. The game of morra, played with the fingers (the micare digitis of the ancients); the rural feasting before the chapel of the Madonna del divino Amore on Whit Monday; the revelry and dancing sub diu for the whole night on the Vigil of St. John, (a scene on the Lateran piazza, riotous, grotesque, but not licentious); the divining by dreams to obtain numbers for the lottery; hanging ex voto pictures in churches to commemorate escapes from danger or recovery from illness; the offering of jewels, watches, weapons, &c., to the Madonna; the adorning and dressing of sacred images, sometimes for particular days; throwing flowers on the Madonna's figure when borne in processions (as used to be honoured the image, or stone, of Cybele); burning lights before images on the highways; paying special honour to sacred pictures, under the notion of their having moved their eyes; or to others, under the idea of their supernatural origin—made without hands; wearing effigies or symbols as amulets (thus Sylla wore, and used to invoke, a little golden Apollo hung round his neck); suspending flowers to shrines and tombs; besides other uses, in themselves blameless and beautiful, nor, even if objectionable, to be regarded as the genuine reflex of what is dogmatically taught by the Church. This enduring shadow thrown by Pagan over Christian Rome is, however, a remarkable feature in the story of that power whose eminence in ruling and influencing was so wonderfully sustained, nor destined to become extinct after empire had departed from the Seven Hills."—Hemans' Monuments of Rome.
[79] Made to flow with wine under Heliogabalus.
[80] Pliny, xxxiv. 2.
[81] Livy, xxi. 62.
[82] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i.
[83] Dyer, 104.
[84] Livy, v. 40.
[85] Dion Cassius, lxiii. 21.
[86] Ampère, iii. 48.
[87] Vitruvius, iii. 3.
[88] Fasti, i. 515.
[89] Plin. H. N. vii. 36; Val. Max. v. 4—7; Festus, p. 609.
[90] Beatrice and Lucrezia Cenci were imprisoned in the Corte Savella, and led thence to execution.
[91] See the account of the Basilica of St. Lorenzo fuori Mura.
[93] See Dyer's City of Rome.
[94] Sat. iii.
[95] Sat. xvi.
[96] See Dr. Philip's article on "The Jews in Rome."
[97] This account is much abridged from the interesting translation in Whiteside's "Italy in the Nineteenth Century," from "Beatrice Cenci Romana, Storia del Secolo xvi. Raccontata dal D. A. A. Firenze."
[98] Livy, iv. 16; xxxviii. 28.
[99] Merivale, Hist. of Romans under the Empire, chap. xl.
[100] Merivale, chap. xl.
[101] Sueton. Aug. 72.
[102] Livy, i. 41.
[103] Livy, i. 41.
[104] The palace of Numa was close to the Temple of Vesta; that of Tullus Hostilius was on the Cœlian; those of Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus on the Esquiline.
[105] Dionysius, ii. 50; Livy, i. 12.
[106] Varr, iv. 8.
[107] Vell. Paterc. ii. 81.
[108] Tac. Ann. xi. 2.
[109] Dion Cassius mentions that the ceilings of Halls of Justice in the Palatine were painted by Severus to represent the starry sky. The old Roman practice was for the magistrate to sit under the open sky, which probably suggested this kind of ceiling.
[110] Ann, iv. 54.
[111] Tac. Ann. xiii. 18; Suet. Ner. 33; Dion. lxi. 7.
[112] See Gibbon, i. 133.
[113] Tacitus, Hist. i. 77; Suet. Vitell. 15.
[114] Merivale, ch. xlv.
[115] Suet. Cal. 22.
[116] Suet. Claud. 10. "Prorepsit ad solarium proximum, interque prætenta foribus vela se abdidit." The solarium was the external terraced portico, and this still remains.
[117] Tac. Ann. xi. 37, 38; Dion. lx. 31; Suet. Claud. 39.
[118] Tac. Ann. xii. 67; Suet Claud. 44.
[119] Dionysius, i. 32; Livy, xxix. 14.
[120] Dyer's Hist. of the City of Rome.
[121] Ep. i. 70.
[122] Festus, 340, 348.
[123] Suet. Tib. 47; Cal. 21, 22; Tac. Ann. vi. 45.
[124] De re Rust, iii. 5.
[125] Pliny, xxxvi. 2.
[126] See Smith's Dict. of Roman Biography.
[127] Plin. H. N. xvii. 1.
[128] ix. 1, 4.
[129] Suet. Nero, 2.
[130] Smith's Dict. of Roman Biography.
[131] Tollam altius tectum, non ut ego te despiciam, sed ne tu aspicias urbem eam, quam delere voluisti.—De Harusp. Res. 15.
[132] Cic. pro Dom. ad Pont. 42.
[133] See Ampère, Hist. Rom. iv. 528.
[134] Dion Cass. liiii. 27.
[135] Dyer, p. 143.
[136] Pro Quinet. 1, 2, 22, 24, 26.
[137] Pro Verr. i. 14, 39.
[138] Ad Att. vi. 6.
[139] Macrob. Saturn, ii. 9.
[140] Varr. R. R. iii. 17; Pliny, H. N. ix. 55.
[141] Suet. Aug. 72.
[142] Plut. Romul. xi.
[143] Tac. Ann. xii. 24.
[144] Prell. R. Myth. 456.
[145] Cic. de Div. i. 45; Livy, v. 32.
[146] Plut. Rom. Sol. 2.
[147] Cic. Brut. 34.
[148] Padre Garucci, S. J., has published an exhaustive monograph on this now celebrated "Graffito Blasphemo." Roma, 1857.
[149] The Palace of Nero is described in Tacitus, Ann. xv. 42, and Suetonius, Ner. 31.
[150] Septimius Severus was born A.D. 146, near Leptis in Africa. Statius addresses a poem to one of his ancestors, Sept. Severus of Leptis.
[151] Martial, xii. Ep. 75.
[152] Dion Cass. Commod.
[153] Lamprid. Elagab. 8.
[154] Cassiod. vii. 5.
[155] Dyer's Rome, p. 222.
[156] Ampère, Hist. Rom. iv. 460.
[157] Trebellius Pollio.
[158] Gibbon, v. 1.
[159] S. Filippo Neri.
[160] Mrs. Jameson.
[161] Montalembert, Moines d'Occident.
[162] Milman's Latin Christianity, vol. II.
[163] Rome possesses at least eight fine modern statues of saints:—besides those of Sta. Silvia and St. Gregory, are the Sta. Agnese of Algardi, the Sta. Bibiana of Bernini, the Sta. Cecilia of Moderno, the Sta. Susanna of Quesnoy, the Sta. Martina of Menghino, and the S. Bruno of Houdon.