INTRODUCTION TO THE PAPERBACK EDITION
Click here For complete poll results see Skeptic, 8/1: 16.
Click here Barrow, J. D., and F. Tipler. 1988. The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. vii.
Click here Dyson, F. 1979. Disturbing the Universe. New York: Harper and Row.
Click here Davies, P. 1999. The Fifth Miracle. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 246.
Click here Meyer, S. C. 1999. “Word Games: DNA, Design, and Intelligence.” Touchstone, 12 (4): 44–50.
Click here Hawking, S. 1996. “Quantum Cosmology.” In Hawking, S., and R. Penrose. The Nature of Space and Time. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, pp. 89–90.
Click here Smolin, L. 1997. The Life of the Cosmos. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Gardner, J. N. 2000. “The Selfish Biocosm: Complexity as Cosmology.” Complexity, 5 (3): 34–45.
Click here Gardner, M. 1983. The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener. New York: William Morrow, pp. 209–211, 221, 223.
Click here Gardner, M. 1999. The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener. (Paperback edition.) New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, p. 384.
CHAPTER 1:
Do You Believe in God? The Difference in Our Answers and the Difference It Makes
Click here Lindsey, H. 1970. The Late Great Planet Earth. New York: Bantam, pp. 83, 86.
Click here Kushner, H. 1981. When Bad Things Happen to Good People. New York: Avon Books.
Click here Lindsey, H. 1970. The Late Great Planet Earth. New York: Bantam, pp.40,50,55–56.
Click here Medawar, P. 1982. Pluto’s Republic: The Art of the Soluble and Induction and Intuition in Scientific Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2.
Click here Huxley, T. H. 1894. Collected Essays, Vol. 5. New York: D. Appleton and Co., pp. 237–238.
Click here Elson, J. T. 1966. “Theology: Toward a Hidden God,” Time, April 8: 85.
Click here Huxley, T. H. 1894. Collected Essays, Vol. 5. New York: D. Appleton and Co., p. 238.
Click here Shermer, M. 1997. “The Annotated Gardner: An Interview with Martin Gardner—Founder of the Modern Skeptical Movement,” Skeptic, 4/1: 56–60.
Click here Symons, D. 1997. Personal correspondence. November 11.
Click here Sarich, V. 1997. Personal correspondence. November 11.
Click here Tillich quote from Edwards, P. (ed.). 1964. The Existence of God. New York: Macmillan, p. 2.
CHAPTER 2:
Is God Dead? Why Nietzsche and
Time
Magazine Were Wrong
Click here Nietzsche, F. 1954 (1883–1885). “Thus Spoke Zarathustra.” In The
Portable Nietzsche, (trans. and ed.) Walter Kaufmann. New York: Viking, p. 2.
Click here McGuire, B. 1965. “Eve of Destruction,” ABC Dunhill Music.
Click here Elson, J. T. 1966. “Theology: Toward a Hidden God,” Time, April 8: 82–87.
Click here Shute, N. 1957. On the Beach. New York: Ballantine Books, pp. 148–149.
Click here Lennon quote in Pareles, J., and P. Romanowski (eds.). 1983. The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll. New York: Rolling Stone, p. 34.
Click here Clarke, A. C. 1968. 2001: A Space Odyssey. New York: Signet, pp. 34, 221.
Click here Elson, J. T. 1966. “Theology: Toward a Hidden God,” Time, April 8: 82.
Click here Gallup. G. H., Jr., and F. Newport. 1996. “Gallup Poll of American Religious Beliefs,” Wall Street Journal, January 30.
Click here Barna, G. 1996. Index of Leading Spiritual Indicators. Dallas, Tex.: Word Publishing.
Click here Pew Research Center. 1997. “Poll Says 71% Believe in God,” San
Francisco Chronicle. AP Release. December 22.
Click here For a general discussion of the secularization thesis see lannaccone, L. R. 1998. “Introduction to the Economics of Religion.” Journal of Economic Literature, 36, September: 1465–1496.
Click here Greeley, A. 1997. “Pie in the Sky While You’re Alive: Life after Death and Supply Side Religion.” Paper delivered to the American Sociological Association annual meeting, Toronto, September, p. 2. See also:
Finke, R. 1989. “Demographics of Religious Participation: An Ecological Approach, 1850–1971,” journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28: 45–58.
Finke, R. 1990. “Religious Deregulation: Origins and Consequences,” Journal
of Church and State, 32: 609–626.
Finke, R. 1992. “An Unsecular America.” In Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Chaves, M., and D. Cann. 1992. “Regulation, Pluralism, and Religious Market Structure: Explaining Religion’s Vitality,” Rationality and Society, 4(3): 272–290.
Stark, R., and L. R. Iannaccone. 1994. “A Supply-Side Reinterpretation of the ‘Secularization’ of Europe,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33:230–252.
Click here Smith, A. 1965 (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. New York: Modern Library, pp. 3–4.
Click here Greeley, A. 1997. “Pie in the Sky While You’re Alive: Life after Death and Supply Side Religion,” pp. 16, 17.
Click here Finke, R., and R. Stark. 1992. The Churching of America, 1776–1990: Winners and
Losers in Our Religious Economy. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
Click here Van Biema, D. 1997. “Does Heaven Exist?” Time, March 24: 73.
Click here Woodward, K. L. 1997. “Is God Listening?” Newsweek, March 31: 57–65.
Click here Koerner, B. I. 1997. “Is There Life after Death?” U.S. News and World Report, March 31: 59–66.
Click here Cheney, P. 1996. “Most Ontarians Believe in Miracles, Survey Finds,” The Toronto Star, December 27: A10.
Click here Promise Keepers data cited in Stodghill, R. 1997. “God of Our Fathers,” Time, October 6: 34–39.
Click here McCartney quote in Swomley, J. M. 1997. “Storm Troopers in the Culture War,” The Humanist, September–October: 10–13.
Click here Television viewing data cited in Stein, J. 1997. “The God Squad,” Time, September 22: 105–106.
Click here Reading data cited in Marquand, R. 1997. “Religious Reading Becoming More Popular,” Christian Science Monitor, August 27.
Click here Friedman, R. E. 1995. The Disappearance of God. New York: Little, Brown, pp. 7, 284.
Click here Goodenough, U. 1998. The Sacred Depths of Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. xvii.
CHAPTER 3: The Belief Engine: How We Believe
Click here Gallup, G. H., Jr., and F. Newport. 1991. “Belief in Paranormal Phenomena among Adult Americans,” Skeptical Inquirer, 5(2): 137–147.
Click here Cosmides, L., and J. Tooby. 1994. “The Center for Evolutionary Psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara” (Descriptive Brochure).
See also:
Barkow, J. H., L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby. 1992. The Adapted Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Miele, F. 1996. “The (Im)moral Animal,” Skeptic, 4/1: 42–49.
Click here Pinker, S. 1997. How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, pp. 27-31.
Click here Noelle, D. C. 1998. Personal correspondence. March 19.
See also:
Karmiloff-Smith, A. 1995. Beyond Modularity: A Developmental Perspective on Cognitive Science. London: Bradford.
Click here Mithen, S. 1996. The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion, and Science. London: Thames and Hudson, p. 163.
Click here For the relationship between magic and uncertainty see Vyse, S. A. 1997. Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here For the relationship between worship and health see Schumaker, J. F. 1992. “Mental Health Consequences of Irreligion.” In Religion and Mental Health, (ed.) J. F. Schumaker. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here For the relationship between magic and power see Harris, M. 1974. Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture. New York: Vintage.
Click here Gould, S. J., and R. Lewontin. 1979. “The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptionist Programme,” Proceedings of the Royal Society, V. B205: 581–598.
Click here Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1976 (1937). Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 178–179, 181.
Click here Oubré, A. 1996. “Plants, Property, and People,” Skeptic, 4/2: 72–77.
Click here Chagnon, N. 1992. Yanomamö, 4th ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, pp. 69–70, 105.
Click here Malinowski, B. 1954 (1925). Magic, Science, and Religion. New York: Doubleday, pp. 17, 29, 139–140.
Click here For medieval magical thinking examples see:
Seligman, K. 1948. The History of Magic. New York: Pantheon.
Thomas, K. 1971. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York: Scribner’s.
Grillot de Givry, E. 1973. The Illustrated Anthology of Sorcery, Magic and Alchemy, (trans.) J. Courtenay Locke. New York: Causeway Books.
Russell, J. B. 1980. A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans. London: Thames and Hudson.
Surles, R. L. 1993. Medical Numerology. New York: Garland.
Click here Vyse, S. A. 1997. Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 105.
Click here Krakauer, J. 1997. Into Thin Air. New York: Villard, p. 128.
Vyse, S. A. 1997. Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 84–85.
Click here Van Praagh, J. 1997. Talking to Heaven. New York: Dutton.
Click here Witchel, A. 1998. “James Van Praagh Profile.” New York Times, February 22.
CHAPTER 4:
Why People Believe in God: An Empirical Study on a Deep Question
Click here Humphrey, N. 1996. Leaps of Faith: Science, Miracles, and the Search for Supernatural Consolation. New York: Basic Books, pp. 153–155.
Click here Vyse, S. A. 1997. Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 84–85.
Click here Kosko, B. 1993. Fuzzy Thinking: The New Science of Fuzzy Logic. New York: Hyperion, p. 278.
Click here Plomin, R. 1989. “Environment and Genes: Determinants of Behavior,” American Psychologist, 44(2): 107.
Click here Waller, N. G., B. Kojetin, T. Bouchard, D. Lykken, and A. Tellegen. 1990. “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Religious Attitudes and Values: A Study of Twins Reared Apart and Together,” Psychological Science, 1(2): 138–141.
Click here Segal, N. L. 1999. Entwined Lives: Twins and What They Tell Us about Human Behavior. New York: Dutton.
For a complete discussion of cultural and biological influences on religiosity see: Wulff, D. M. 1991. Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Hood, R. W., B. Spilka, B. Hunsberger, and R. Gorsuch. 1996. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
Parejko, K. 1998. “Selection for Credulity: A Biologist’s View of the Millennium,” Skeptic, 7/1: 37–39.
Click here Ramachandran, V. S., W. S. Hirstein, K. C. Armel, E. Tecoma, and V. Iragui. 1997. “The Neural Basis of Religious Experience.” Paper delivered to the Annual Conference of the Society of Neuroscience. October. Abstract #519.1. Vol. 23, Society of Neuroscience.
Click here Hotz, R. L. 1997. “Brain Could Affect Religious Response, Researchers Report,” Los Angeles Times, October 31: B1.
Click here Hotz. R. L. 1998. “Seeking the Biology of Spirituality,” Los Angeles Times, April 26: A1, A32.
Click here Russell and Arbib quotes in Hotz, 1998.
Click here Ramachandran, V. S., and S. Blakeslee. 1998. Phantoms in the Brain. New York: Morrow.
Click here Persinger, M. A. 1987. Neuropsychological Bases of God Beliefs. New York: Praeger.
Click here Persinger, M. A. 1993. “Paranormal and Religious Beliefs May Be Mediated Differently by Subcortical and Cortical Phenomenological Processes of the Temporal (Limbic) Lobes,” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76: 247–251.
Click here Shermer, M. 1997. Why People Believe Weird Things. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Click here For more background on Michael Persinger see Regush, N. 1995. “Brain Storms and Angels,” Equinox, July–August: 63–75.
Click here Brierre de Boismont, A. J. F. 1859. On Hallucinations: A History and Explanation of Apparitions, Visions, Dreams, Ecstasy, Magnetism, and Somnambulism, (trans.) R. T. Hulme. London: Henry Renshaw, pp. 340, 346, 348, 378, 383.
Click here Persinger, M. A. 1987. Neuropsychological Bases of God Beliefs. New York: Praeger, p. 138.
Click here Noelle, D. C. 1998. Personal correspondence. March 31.
Click here For additional data on religiosity see Goldhaber, G. 1996. “Religious Belief in America: A New Poll,” Free Inquiry, 16(3): 34–40.
Click here Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 99, 192.
Click here Brodie, R. 1996. Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme. Seattle, Wash.: Integral Press.
Click here Lynch, A. 1996. Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads through
Society. New York: Basic Books.
Click here Blackmore, S. 1997. “The Power of the Meme Meme: Religion as a Meme Suggests How a Science of Memetics Illuminates Human Evolution,” Skeptic, 5/2: 46.
Click here Polichak, J. W. 1998. “Memes—What Are They Good For? A Critique of Memetic Approaches to Information Processing,” Skeptic, 6/3: 46.
Click here Blackmore, S. 1999. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Leuba, J. H. 1916. The Belief in God and Immortality: A Psychological, Anthropological and Statistical Study. Boston: Sherman, French & Co.
Click here Larson, E. J., and L. Witham. 1997. “Scientists Are Still Keeping the Faith,” Nature, 386: 435.
Click here Bergman, G. R. 1996. “Religious Beliefs of Scientists: A Survey of the Research,” Free Inquiry, 16(3): 41–46.
Click here Leuba, J. H. 1934. “Religious Beliefs of American Scientists,” Harper’s Magazine, 169: 291–300.
Click here Bishop’s data is reported in Huba, S. 1999. “Biblical Version of Creation OK by Americans,” The Detroit News, April 6.
Click here Shermer, M. 1995. “Skeptics Society Survey,” Skeptic, 3/4: 20.
Click here The Carnegie Commission study is reported in Stark, R., and L. R. Iannaccone. 1994. “A Supply-Side Reinterpretation of the ‘Secularization’ of Europe,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33: 230–252.
Click here U.S. Census Bureau data is reported in Day, J. C., and A. E. Curry. 1998. “Educational Attainment in the United States: March 1998 (Update),” Current Population Reports. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.
Click here Brand, C. 1981. “Personality and Political Attitudes.” In Dimensions of Personality, (ed.) R. Lynn. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Click here Sulloway, F. 1996. Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives. New York: Pantheon, p. 269.
Click here U.S. Congressional data reported in Benson, P. L., and D. L. Williams. 1982. Religion on Capitol Hill: Myths and Realities. San Francisco: Harper & Row, p. 124.
Click here Wulff, D. M. 1991. Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Click here For data on the five-factor model see McCrae, R. R., and P. T. Costa, Jr. 1987. “Validation of the Five Factor Model of Personality across Instruments and Observers,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52: 81–90. See also:
McCrae, R. R., and P. T. Costa, Jr. 1990. Personality in Adulthood. New York: Guilford Press.
Click here For the relationship between openness and birth order see Sulloway, F. 1996. Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives. New York: Pantheon.
Click here For data on the adjectives used in the inventory see Costa, P. T., Jr., and R. R. McCrae. 1992. NEO PI–R Professional Manual: Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI–R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI). Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Click here Attribution theory is discussed in Gilbert, D. T., B. W. Pelham, and D. S. Krull. 1988. “On Cognitive Busyness: When Person Perceivers Meet Persons Perceived,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54: 733–739.
Click here Tavris, C., and C. Wade. 1997. Psychology in Perspective, 2nd ed. New York: Longman/Addison Wesley, p. 332. See also:
Nisbett, R. E., and L. Ross. 1980. Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Click here Gallup poll data reported in Witham, L. 1997. “Many Scientists See God’s Hand in Evolution,” The Washington Times, April 11: A8.
Click here Levy, D. 1998. “Four Simple Facts Behind the Miracle of Life,” Parade Magazine, June 21: 12.
Click here Gibbon, E. 1952 (1781). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Great Books of the Western World.
CHAPTER 5:
O Ye of Little Faith: Proofs of God and What They Tell Us about Faith
Click here Geivett, D. 1993. Evil and the Evidence for God. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Click here Geivett, D., and G. R. Habermas. 1997. In Defense of Miracles. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press.
Click here McDowell, J. 1972. Evidence That Demands a Verdict. San Bernardino, Calif.: Campus Crusade for Christ.
Click here Aquinas, T. 1952 (1273). Summa Theologica. Great Books of the Western World. R. M. Hutchins (ed. in chief). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Click here Guth, A. 1997. The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley.
Click here Hawking, S. W. 1996. The Cambridge Lectures. New York: Dove Books.
Click here For Martin Gardner’s opinions on the God question see Shermer, M. 1997. “The Annotated Gardner: An Interview with Martin Gardner.” Skeptic, 5/2: 56–61.
Click here For Anselm quote see Hick, J. 1964. The Existence of God: From Plato to A. J. Ayer on the Question “Does God Exist”? New York: Collier Books.
Click here Lewis, C. S. 1947. Miracles. New York: Macmillan, p. 10.
Click here
“Pass It On”: The Story of Bill Wilson and How the A.A. Message Reached the World. 1984. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous. World Services, Inc.
Click here Gardner, M. 1983. The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener. New York: William Morrow.
Click here For more on the role of personality in beliefs see Sulloway, F. 1996. Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives. New York:Pantheon.
Click here Ross, H. 1993. The Creator and the Cosmos: How the Greatest Scientific Discoveries of the Century Reveal God. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Navpress.
Click here Ross, H. 1994. Creation and Time: A Biblical and Scientific Perspective on the Creation-Date Controversy. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Navpress.
Click here Ross, H. 1996. Beyond the Cosmos: What Recent Discoveries in Astronomy and Physics Reveal about the Nature of God. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Navpress.
Click here For a refutation of Ross see Stenger, V. J. 1998. “The Functional Equivalent of God: A Refutation of the Cosmological Design Argument,” Skeptic, 6/3: 89–91.
Click here Glynn, P. 1997. God: The Evidence: The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World. Rocklin, Calif.: Prima Publishing, pp. 165–166.
Click here For a refutation of Glynn see Shallit, J. 1998. “Designing the Designer. A Review of Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence,” Skeptic, 6/2: 80–82.
Click here Schroeder. G. L. 1997. The Science of God: The Convergence of Scientific and Biblical Wisdom. New York: Free Press, pp. 58, 61, 71.
Click here Raymo, C. 1998. Skeptics and True Believers: The Exhilarating Connection between Science and Religion. New York: Walker and Co., p. 8.
Click here Mazet, B. 1998. “A Case for God,” Skeptic, 6/2: 50–55.
Click here White, M., and J. Gribbin. 1992. Stephen Hawking: A Life in Science. New York: Plume/Penguin, pp. 3, 166–167.
Click here Hawking, S. W. 1988. A Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam Books, pp. 140–141, 175.
Click here Davies, P. 1992. The Mind of God: The Scientific Basis for a Rational World. New York: Touchstone, p. 189.
Click here Barrow, J., and F. Tipler. 1986. The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Tipler, F. 1994. The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead. New York: Doubleday, pp. 21–23, 677.
Click here Pannenberg, W. 1997. “Modern Cosmology: God and the Resurrection of the Dead.” Lecture delivered at the Innsbruck Conference, June, p. 1.
Click here Tipler, F. 1997. Personal correspondence. October 17.
Click here Tipler, F. 1994. The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead. New York: Doubleday, pp. 347, 356–357.
Click here Harmon N. (ed.). The Interpreter’s Bible. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, Vol. 1, pp. 874–875.
Click here Deutsch, D. 1997. The Fabric of Reality: The Science of Parallel Universes—and Its Implications. New York: Allen Lane/Penguin.
Click here Guth, A. 1997. The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley, p. 276.
Click here Smolin, L. 1997. The Life of the Cosmos. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 197–198, 201.
Click here For a history and analysis of the Louisiana case see Shermer, M. 1991. “Science Defended, Science Defined: The Louisiana Creationism Case,” Science, Technology, and Human Values, 16 (4): 517–539.
Click here Behe, M. 1996. Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. New York: Free Press.
Click here Berta, A. 1994. “What Is a Whale?” Science, 263: 180–181.
Click here Behe, M. 1996. Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. New York: Free Press, p. 39.
Click here Pennock, R. T. 1999. Tower of Babel: The Evidence Against New Creationism. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Click here Johnson, P. 1991. Darwin on Trial. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press.
Click here Scott, E. C. 1998. “Two Kinds of Materialism: Keeping Them Separate Makes Faith and Science Compatible,” Free Inquiry, Spring: 37–38.
Click here Dembski, W. A. 1998. The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
For a complete refutation of Behe and the new intelligent design/irreducible complexity argument see Stenger, V. J. 1998. “The Functional Equivalent of God: A Refutation of the Cosmological Design Argument,” Skeptic, 6/3: 89–91. See also:
Gilchrist, G. W. 1997. “The Elusive Scientific Basis of Intelligent Design Theory.” Report of the National Center for Science Education, May–June: 14–15.
Coyne, J. A. 1996. “God in the Details: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution,” Nature, September 19: 227–228.
Miller, K. R. 1996. “Book Review of Darwin’s Black Box,” Creation/Evolution, 16(2): 36–40.
Click here Dembski, W. A. (ed.). 1998. Mere Creation: Science, Faith,
and
Intelligent Design. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press.
Click here Drosnin, M. 1997. The Bible Code. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Click here Rips, E., D. Witztum, and Y. Rosenberg. 1994. “Equidistant Letter Sequences in the Book of Genesis.” Satistical Science, 9 (4): 429–438.
Click here Drosnin, M. 1997. The Bible Code. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 108.
Click here Hendel, R. S. 1997. “The Secret Code Hoax,” Bible Review, August: 24.
See also:
Sternberg, S. 1997. “Snake Oil for Sale,” Bible Review, August: 24–25.
Click here Woodward, K. L. 1997. “Is God Listening?” Newsweek, March 31: 57–65.
Click here Dart, J. 1997. “Does God’s Hand Write in Code?” Los Angeles Times, June 10: A1, A24.
Click here Jeffrey, G. R., and Y. Rambsel. 1995. The Signature of God. Spring Arbor Publisher.
Click here Friedman, R. E. 1987. Who Wrote the Bible? New York: Simon and Schuster.
Click here Friedman, R. E. 1998. The Hidden Book in the Bible. San Francisco: Harper.
Click here Hendel, R. S. 1997. “The Secret Code Hoax,” Bible Review, August: 23.
Click here Larue, G. 1970. Old Testament Life and Literature. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Click here Drosnin, M. 1997. The Bible Code. New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 58, 134, 142.
Click here Woodward, K. L. 1997. “Is God Listening?” Newsweek, March 31: 57–65.
CHAPTER 6:
In a Mirror Dimly, Then Face to Face: Faith, Reason,
and the Relationship of Religion and Science
Click here Todd, D., and D. Menzel. 1954. The Story of the Starry Universe. New York: Popular Science Library, p. 381.
Click here Pope John Paul II. 1997. “Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.” Reprinted in The Quarterly Review of Biology, December, 72(4): 381–383.
Click here Draper, J. W. 1874. History of the Conflict between Religion and Science. New York: Appleton, p. ix.
Click here White, A. D. 1896. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. New York: Appleton, p. viii.
Click here Larson, E. J. 1997. Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. New York: Basic Books.
Click here Dembski, W. A. (ed.). 1998. Mere Creation: Science, Faith,
and Intelligent Design. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, p. 14.
Click here Pannenberg, W. 1981. “Theological Questions to Scientists,” Zygon, 16: 65–77.
Click here Tipler, F. 1994. The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead. New York: Doubleday.
Click here Pope John Paul II. 1997. “Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.” Reprinted in The Quarterly Review of Biology, December, 72(4): 381–83.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1997. “Nonoverlapping Magisteria: Science and Religion Are Not in Conflict, for Their Teachings Occupy Distinctly Different Domains,” Natural History, March: 16–20.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1999. Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life. New York: Ballantine Books.
Click here Ruse, M. 1997. “John Paul II and Evolution,” The Quarterly Review of Biology, December, 72(4): 394.
Click here Scott, E. C. 1997. “Creationists and the Pope’s Statement,” The Quarterly Review of Biology, December, 72(4): 406.
Click here Consolmagno quote in: Ortega, T. 1998. “High Priests of Astronomy,” Astronomy, December: 61.
Click here Wallace, A. F. C. 1966. Religion: An Anthropological View. New York: Random House.
Click here Wilson, E. O. 1978. On Human Nature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 169–171.
Click here For data on church involvement after the L.A. riots see Melton, J. G. 1998. “Why People Need Religion,” Skeptics Society Annual Conference. California Institute of Technology. May.
CHAPTER 7:
The Storytelling Animal: Myth, Morality, and the Evolution of Religion
Click here Gazzaniga, M. S. 1998. The Mind’s Past. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 27.
Click here For data in suport of an evolutionary analysis of diet see: Sapolsky, R. M. 1998. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: An Updated Guide to
Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. See also:
Widmaier, E. P. 1998. Why Geese Don’t Get Obese (And We Do): How Evolution’s Strategies for Survival Affect Our Everyday Lives. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Click here Alcock, J. 1975. Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.
Click here Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1970. Ethology: The Biology of Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Click here Cosmides, L., and J. Tooby. 1992. “Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange.” In The Adapted Mind, (eds.) J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 5.
Click here Wilson, E. O. 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Click here Wilson, E. O. 1978. On Human Nature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Click here Wilson, E. O. 1998. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Knopf, pp. 127, 128, 149–150
Click here Wason, P. 1966. “Reasoning.” In New Horizons in Psychology, (ed.) B. M. Foss. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
Click here Cosmides, L., and J. Tooby. 1992. “Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange.” In The Adapted Mind, (eds.) J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 205, 221.
Click here Landau, M. 1984. “Human Evolution as Narrative,” American Scientist, 72: 262–268.
Click here Brunvand, J. H. 1981. The Vanishing Hitchhiker. New York: W. W. Norton.
Click here Campbell, J. 1949. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, p. 382.
Click here Campbell, J. 1972. Myths to Live By. New York: Bantam Books, pp. 221–222.
Click here The mythic stories recounted and documented in Campbell, J. 1968. The Masks of God: Creative Mythology. New York: Viking, pp. 113–123. See also:
Child, C. G. 1904. Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragment. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Lawrence, W. W. 1928. Beowulf and the Epic Tradition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Click here Konner, M. 1982. The Tangled Wing: Biological Constants on the Human Spirit. New York: Harper, pp. 5, 171.
Click here Wilson, E. O. 1998. Personal correspondence. July 7.
Click here For data and analysis on the evolution of language, see Johanson, D., and B. Edgar. 1996. From Lucy to Language. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 106. See also:
Pinker, S. 1994. The Language Instinct. New York: W. W. Norton.
Tattersall, I. 1995. The Fossil Trail. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Deacon, T. W. 1997. The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of
Language and the Brain. New York: W. W. Norton. See also:
Cashdan, E. 1989. “Hunters and Gatherers: Economic Behavior in Bands.” In Economic Anthropology, (ed.) S. Plattner. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Weissner, P. 1982. “Risk, Reciprocity and Social Influences on !Kung San Economics.” In Politics and History in Band Societies, (eds.) F. Leacock and R. B. Lee. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Click here Damas, D. 1972. “The Copper Eskimo.” In Hunters and Gatherers Today, (ed.) M. G. Biccieri. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press, p. 40.
Click here Isaac, G. L. 1978. “Food Sharing and Human Evolution: Archaeological Evidence from the Plio-Pleistocene of East Africa,” Journal of Anthropological Research, 34: 311–325.
Click here Binford, L. 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. New York: Academic Press.
Click here For a summary of the hunting debate see Cartmill, M. 1993. A View to a Death in the Morning: Hunting and Nature Through History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Click here Bettinger, R. L. 1991. Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological
and
Evolutionary Theory. New York: Plenum Press, p. 158.
Click here Chagnon, N. 1992. Yanomamö, 4th ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, pp. 80–86.
Click here Dunbar, R. 1996. Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 61–79.
Click here Barkow, J. H., L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby. 1992. The Adapted Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 627–628.
Click here For data on families see Wilson, E. O. 1978. On Human Nature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Click here For discussion of inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism see Alexander, R. D. 1979. Darwinism and Human Affairs. Seattle: University of Washington Press. See also:
Miele, F. 1996. “The (Im)moral Animal,” Skeptic, 4/1: 42–49.
Click here Sober, E., and D. S. Wilson. 1998. Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 27, 92.
PAGE 165. Williams, G. C. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Click here Alexander, R. D. 1987. The Biology of Moral Systems. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
Click here Ghiselin, M. 1974. The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of
Sex. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 247.
Click here Hamilton, W. D. 1975. “Innate Social Aptitudes of Man: An Approach from Evolutionary Genetics.” In Biosocial Anthropology, (ed.) R. Fox. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 135–136.
Click here For fuzzy logic see Kosko, B. 1993. Fuzzy Thinking: The New Science of Fuzzy Logic. New York: Harper.
Click here Axelrod, R. 1984. The Evolution of Co-operation. New York: Penguin.
Click here Smith, J. M. 1982. Evolution and the Theory of Games. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 204. See also:
von Neuman, J., and O. Morgenstern. 1944. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Click here Irons, W. 1996. “In Our Own Self Image: The Evolution of Morality, Deception, and Religion,” Skeptic, 4/2: 50–61.
Click here Tylor, E. B. 1871. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom. London: John Murray.
Click here Frazer, J. G. 1924. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. New York: Macmillan.
Click here Freud, S. 1927. The Future of an Illusion, (trans.) J. Strachey. New York: W. W. Norton.
Click here Durkheim, E. 1912. Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, (trans.) J. W. Swain. New York: Collier Books.
Click here Marx, K. 1978 (1869). The Marx-Engels Reader, (ed.) R. C. Tucker. New York: W. W. Norton.
Click here Eliade, M. 1957. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, (trans.) W. R. Trask. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Click here Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1965. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Click here Geertz, C. 1966. “Religion as a Cultural System.” In Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion, (ed.) M. Banton. London: Tavistock Press.
Click here Pals, D. L. 1996. Seven Theories of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 269. See also:
Wulff, D. M. 1991. Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Hood, R. W., B. Spilka, B. Hunsberger, and R. Gorsuch. 1996. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 2nd. ed. New York: Guilford Press.
CHAPTER 8:
God and the Ghost Dance: The Eternal Return of the Messiah Myth
Click here Harrison quote in Milligan, E. A. 1976. Dakota Twilight. Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, p. 121.
Click here Mooney, J. 1896. The Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890, (ed.) A. F. C. Wallace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 771–772, 780–781.
Click here Mooney, J. 1896. The Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890, (ed.) A. F. C. Wallace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 798.
Click here Harrison and Miles quote in Utley, R. M. 1963. The Last Days of the Sioux Nation. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, pp. 105, 111, 127.
Click here For more information on Wounded Knee and the Ghost Dance see Miller, D. H. 1959. Ghost Dance. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
See also:
Utley, R. M. 1993. The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull. New York: Macmillan.
Utley, R. M. 1973. Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indians, 1866–1890. New York: Macmillan.
Marshall, S. L. A. 1972. Crimsoned Prairie: The Indian Wars on the Great Plains. New York: Scribner’s.
Brown, D. 1970. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. New York: Bantam.
Click here Mooney, J. 1896. The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890, (ed.) A. F. C. Wallace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 1.
Click here La Barre, W. 1970. The Ghost Dance: Origins of Religion. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, pp. 233–234, 238–239.
Click here For examples and a discussion of cargo cults see Harris, M. 1974. Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture. New York: Vintage, p. 133.
Click here Worsley, P. 1958. The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of Cargo Cults in Melansia. New York: Shocken, p. 226.
Click here Helms, R. 1988. Gospel Fictions. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, p. 10.
Click here Mack, B. L. 1995. Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth. New York: HarperCollins, pp. 43, 226.
CHAPTER 9:
The Fire That Will Cleanse: Millennial Meanings and the End of the World
Click here For analysis of the Bahai’s sect see Balch, R. W., J. Domitrovich, B. L. Mahnke, and V. Morrison. 1997. “Fifteen Years of Failed Prophecy.” In Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem, (eds.) T. Robbins and S. J. Palmer. New York: Routledge.
Click here Reagan quote in Abanes, R. 1998. End Times Visions. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows.
Click here Wojcik, D. 1997. The End of the World as We Know It: Faith, Fatalism, and Apocalypse in America. New York: New York University Press, pp. 209–210.
Click here Lindsey, H. 1984. There’s a New World Coming. Irvine, Calif.: Harvest House.
Click here Augustine. 1952. The City of God. Great Books of the Western World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 22:30.
Click here For a discussion of Columbus’ prophetic beliefs see Watts, P. M. 1985. “Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus’ ‘Enterprise of the Indies,’” American Historical Review, 900(1): 73–102.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1997. Questioning the Millennium. A Rationalist’s Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown. New York: Harmony Books/ Random House.
Click here Michelet, J. 1844. History of France. Whittaker and Co., p. 143.
Click here Mackay, C. 1841. Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. New York: Crown, p. 258.
Click here Schwartz, H. 1990. Century’s End: A Cultural History of the Fin de Siecle from the 990s through the 1990s. New York: Doubleday.
Click here Stearns, P. N. 1996. Millennium III, Century XXI. New York: Westview Press, p. 26.
Click here Landes, R. 1997. “The Apocalyptic Year 1000.” In The Year 2000: Essays on the End, (eds.) C. B. Strozier and M. Flynn. New York: New York University Press, pp. 15, 17.
Click here O’Leary, S. D. 1994. Arguing the Apocalypse: A Theory of Millennial Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Balch, R. W., J. Domitrovich, B. L. Mahnke, and V. Morrison. 1997. “Fifteen Years of Failed Prophecy.” In Millennium, Messiahs, and
Mayhem, (eds.) T. Robbins and S. J. Palmer. New York: Routledge.
Click here O’Leary, S. D. 1994. Arguing the Apocalypse: A Theory of Millennial Rhetoric. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 93–110.
Click here Penton, M. J. 1997 (1985). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah’s Witnesses, 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 100.
Click here Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. 1966. Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God. Brooklyn, N.Y., p. 29.
Click here Story about God’s Salvation Church in Shermer, M. 1998. “The End of the World … Again,” Skeptic, 6/1: 12–13.
Click here Jones tape transcript in Dwyer, S. 1989. “A Revolutionary Suicide: Jonestown, Guyana.” In Rapid Eye. London: Creation Books, pp. 224–229.
Click here Applewhite quotes in Shermer, M. 1997. “What’s the Harm in Believing in UFOs and Pseudoscience? Heaven’s Gate Cult Mass Suicide Answers the Question,” Skeptic, 5/1: 10–11.
Click here Abanes, R. 1998. End Times Visions. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows.
Click here Sheler, J. L. 1997. “Dark Prophecies,” U.S. News and World Report, December 15: 63.
Click here Leslie, J. 1996. The End of the World: The Science and
Ethics of
Human Extinction. New York: Routledge.
Click here Thompson, D. 1996. The End of Time: Faith and Fear in the Shadow of the Millennium. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, p. 325.
Click here Buttrick, G. A., and N. B. Harmon (eds.). 1994. The Interpreter’s Bible: A Commentary in Twelve Volumes. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, Vol. 5, p. 755.
Click here Taussig, M. T. 1980. The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Click here Fukuyama, F. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.
Click here Rand, A. 1957. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Random House, p. 1159.
Click here Eisler, R. 1987. The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future. San Francisco: Harper & Row, pp. xvi, 201.
Click here For pre-biblical ethical/law codes see Cohn, N. 1993. Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
For data on belief in the Second Coming see Sheler, J. L. 1997. “Park Prophecies.” U.S. News and World Report, December 15: 63–71.
CHAPTER 10:
Glorious Contingency: Gould’s Dangerous Idea and the Search for Meaning in an Age of Science
Click here Weinberg, S. 1977. The First Three Minutes. New York: Basic Books.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton.
Click here Fontana, W., and L. Buss. 1994. “What Would Be Conserved If ‘The Tape Were Played Twice’?” In Complexity, (eds.) G. Cowan, D. Pines, and D. Meltzer. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley.
Click here Lorenz, E. 1979. “Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly’s Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?” Address at the AAAS annual meeting, Washington, D.C., December 29.
Click here Kauffman quote in: Kauffman, S. A. 1993. The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. See also:
Kauffman, S. A. 1995. At Home in the Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 13.
Click here Cohen, J., and I. Stewart. 1991. “Chaos, Contingency, and Convergence,” Nonlinear Science Today, 1(2): 9–13.
Click here Kelly, K. 1994. Out of Control. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley, p. 410.
Click here McRae, M. W. 1993. “Stephen Jay Gould and the Contingent Nature of History,” Clio, 22(3): 239–250.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 283.
Click here Dennett, D. C. 1995. Daruin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 306, 307.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 289.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1978. “The Panda’s Thumb.” Reprinted in The Panda’s Thumb. 1980. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 19–26.
Click here Gould. S. J. 1987. “The Panda’s Thumb of Technology,” Natural
History, 1: 22.
Click here For the history of the typewriter and the Qwerty keyboards see Dvorak. A. 1936. Typewriting Behavior. New York: American Book Company. See also:
Masi, F. T. (ed.). 1985. The Typewriter Legend. Secaucus, N.J.
Cassingham, R. C. 1986. The Dvorak Keyboard. Arcata, Calif.: Freelance Communications.
David, P. 1986. “Understanding the Economics of QWERTY: The Necessity of History.” In Economic History and The Modern Economist, (ed.) W. N. Parker. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Romano, F. J. 1986. Machine Writing and Typesetting. Salem, NH: Gama.
Hoke, D. R. 1990. Ingenious Yankees: The Rise of the American System of Manufacturers in the Private Sector. New York: Columbia University Press.
Click here McRae, M. W. 1993. “Stephen Jay Gould and the Contingent Nature of History,” Clio, 22(3): 244.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1987. “The Panda’s Thumb of Technology.” Natural
History, 1: 22.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and
the
Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 289.
Click here Dennett, D. C. 1995. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 308.
Click here Shermer, M. 1996. “An Urchin in a Haystack: An Interview with Stephen Jay Gould,” Skeptic, 4/1: 88.
Click here Dennett, D. C. 1995. Dorwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 75, 76.
Click here Marx, K. 1852. “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.” In The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed., (ed.) R. C. Tucker. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 594.
Click here Hempel, C. G. 1942. “The Function of General Laws in History.” In Theories of History, (ed.) P. Gardiner. New York: Free Press, p. 346.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. “The Horn of Triton,” Natural
History, 12: 18–24.
Click here For numerous historical examples of the model of Contingent-Necessity see Shermer, M. 1995. “Cycles and Curves” Skeptic, 3/3: 58–61.
Shermer, M. 1993. “The Chaos of History: On a Chaotic Model That Represents the Role of Contingency and Necessity in Historical Sequences,” Nonlinear Science Today, 2(4): 1–13.
Shermer, M. 1997. “The Crooked Timber of History,” Complexity, 2(6): 23–29.
Click here Prigogine, I., and I. Stengers. 1984. Order Out of Chaos. New York: Bantam, p. 169.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1993. “Fungal Forgery,” Natural History, 9: 12–21.
Click here Wallace, A. R. 1903. Man’s Place in the Universe: A Study of the Results of Scientific Research in Relation to the Unity or Plurality of Worlds. New York: McClure Phillips and Co., p. 73.
Click here Dyson, F. 1988. Infinite in All Directions. New York: Harper & Row.
Click here Tipler, F. 1994. The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead. New York: Doubleday.
Click here Ruse, M. 1996. Monad to Man: The Concept of Progress in Evoluntionary Biology. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 131–132.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1996. Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. New York: Harmony Books, p. 33.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1996. Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. New York: Harmony Books, p. 132.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1996. Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. New York: Harmony Books, pp. 169–172, 173.
Click here Dennett, D. C. 1995. Darwin’s
Dangerous
Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 300.
Click here Gould, S. J. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W. W. Norton, p. 284.
AFTERWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION:
God on the Brain
Click here Newberg, A., E. D’Aquili, and V. Rause. 2001. Why God Won’t Go Away. New York: Ballantine Books.
Click here Blanke, O., S. Ortigue, T. Landis, and M. Seeck. 2002, “Neuropsychology: Stimulating Illusory Own-Body Perceptions.” Nature, 419, September 19: 269–270.
For a popular account of the research see Verrengia, J. 2002. “Misfiring Brain May Cause ‘Out-of-Body Experiences’ among patients.” AP wire story. September 19.
For a general discussion of brain-generated psychological states and experiences, see Damasio, A. 2000. The Feeling of What Happens: Body, Emotions and the Making of Consciousness. London: Vintage.
Click here Lommel, P. V., R. V. Wees, V. Meyers, and I. Elfferich. 2001. “Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A Prospective Study in the Netherlands.” Lancet, 358 (9298): 2039.
Click here Brugger, P. 2002. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies in Paris. Reported in New Scientist. July.
Click here Scripps Howard News Service and the E. W. Scripps School of Journalism at Ohio University sponsored the survey. The telephone poll was conducted October 21 through November 1 among 1,127 adults living in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Households were selected randomly by computer. Journalism professor Tom Hodges and survey manager Robert Owen supervised the interviewing at the Scripps Survey Research Center. The survey has a 4 percent margin of error.
Click here Walker, W. R., S. J. Hoekstra, and R. J. Vogl. 2002. “Science Education is no Guarantee of Skepticism.” Skeptic, 9/3: 24–27.
Click here Brooks, D. J. 2001. “Substantial Numbers of Americans Continue to Doubt Evolution as Explanation for Origin of Humans.” Gallup News Service. March 5.
Click here Shermer, M. 2002. “The Gradual Illumination of the Mind.” Scientific American, February: 32.
Click here Barrett, D. B., G. T. Kurian, and T. M. Johnson (eds.). 2001. World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World. 2 vols. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Click here Gaustad, E. S., and P. L. Barlow (eds.). 2001. New Historical Atlas of Religion in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Click here Snowdon, D. 2001. Aging with Grace: What the Nun Study Teaches Us about Leading Longer, Healthier, and More Meaningful Lives. New York: Bantam Books.
Click here Pargament. K. 2002. Archives of Internal Medicine. August.
Click here Barnes, M. H. 2000. Stages of Thought: The Co-Evolution of Religious Thought and Science. New York: Oxford University Press.
Click here Smith, H. 2001. Why Religion Matters: The Fate of the Human Spirit in an Age of Disbelief. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
Click here Boyer, P. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books.
Click here Brasher, B. 2001. Give Me That Online Religion. New York: Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
Click here Flanagan, O. 2002. The Problem of the Soul: Two Visions of Mind and How to Reconcile Them. New York: Basic Books.
Click here Larson, E. J., and L. Witham. 1997. “Scientists Are Still Keeping the Faith.” Nature, 386: 435.
Click here Sherrill, M. 2000. The Buddha from Brooklyn. New York: Random House.
APPENDIX I:
What Does It Mean to Study Religion Scientifically? Or, How Social Scientists “Do” Science
Click here Sulloway, F. 1996. Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives. New York: Pantheon.
Click here For correlation data on twins and religiousity see Waller, N. G., B. Kojetin, T. Bouchard, D. Lykken, and A. Tellegen. 1990. “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Religious Attitudes and Values: A Study of Twins Reared Apart and Together,” Psychological
Science, 1(2): 140.
Click here Jensen, A. R. 1971. “Note on Why Genetic Correlations Are Not Squared,” Psychological Bulletin, 75(3): 223.
Click here Sulloway, F. 1996. Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics, and Creative Lives. New York: Pantheon, pp. 371–372.
Click here Pargament, K. 1997. The Psychology of Religion and Coping. New York: Guilford.
Click here For more on the power and importance of correlations see Rosenthal, R., and R. L. Rosnow. 1984. Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Click here For a general survey of the field see Wulff, D. M. 1991. Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views. New York: John Wiley and Sons. See also:
Hood, R. W., B. Spilka, B. Hunsberger, and R. Gorsuch. 1996. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
Pals, D. L. 1996. Seven Theories of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
A Bibliographic Essay on Theism, Atheism, and Why People Believe in God
Click here Smith, G. H. 1989. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, pp. 3, 7.
Click here Taylor, A. E. 1947. Does God Exist? New York: Macmillan, p. 158.
Click here Martin, M. 1990. Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, pp. 4, 5, 24, 464–465.
Click here Wulff, D. M. 1991. Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Click here Hood, R. W., B. Spilka, B. Hunsberger, and R. Gorsuch. 1996. The Psychology of Religion: An
Empirical Approach, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
Click here Pals, D. L. 1996. Seven Theories of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Morris, B. 1987. Anthropological Studies of Religion. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Click here Lehmann, A. C., and J. E. Myers (eds.). 1993. Magic, Witchcraft, and Religion: An Anthropological Study of the Supernatural, 3rd ed. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield.
Click here Larue. G. 1975. Ancient Myth and Modern Man. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Click here Jensen, A. E. 1963. Myth and Cult Among Primitive Peoples, (trans.) M. T. Choldin and W. Weissleder. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Click here Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1965. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Click here Eliade, M. 1957. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, (trans.) W. R. Trask. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Click here Eliade, M. 1967. Myths, Dreams, and Mysteries: The Encounter Between Contemporary Faiths and Archaic Realities. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
Click here Weber, M. 1924. The Sociology of Religion, (trans.) E. Fischoff. Boston: Beacon Press.
Click here Mitchell, B. (ed.). 1971. The Philosophy of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Peterson, M., W. Hasker, B. Reichenbach, and D. Basinger (eds.). 1991. Reasons and Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Hick, J. 1964. The Existence of God: From Plato to A. J. Ayer on the Question
“Does God Exist?” New York: Collier Books.
Click here Angeles, P. A. 1976. Critiques of God: A Major Statement of the Case against Belief in God. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
Click here Angeles, P. A. 1980. The Problem of God: A Short Introduction. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
Click here Stein, G. (ed.). 1980. An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
Click here Parsons, K. M. 1989. God and the Burden of Proof; Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytic Defense of Theism. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
Click here Lewis. C. S. 1943. Mere
Christianity. New York: Macmillan.
Click here Lewis, C. S. 1947. Miracles. New York: Macmillan.
Click here Lewis, C. S. 1962. The Problem of Pain. New York: Macmillan.
Click here Aquinas, T. 1952 (1273). Summo Theologica. Great Books of the Western World. R. M. Hutchins (ed. in chief). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Click here Kushner, H. 1981. When Bad Things Happen to Good People. New York: Avon Books.
Click here Kushner, H. 1989. Who Needs God? New York: Pocket Books/Simon and Schuster, pp. 194, 201.
Click here Friedman, R. E. 1987. Who Wrote the Bible? New York: Simon and Schuster.
Click here Friedman, R. E. 1995. The Disappearance of God. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Click here Friedman. R. E. 1998. The Hidden Book in the Bible. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
Click here Mack, B. L. 1993. The Lost Gospel: The Book of Q and Christian Origins. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
Click here Mack, B. L. 1995. Who Wrote the New Testament? The Making of the Christian Myth. New York: HarperCollins.
Click here Helms, R. 1988. Gospel Fictions. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
Click here Helms, R. 1997. Who Wrote the Gospels? Altadena, Calif.: Millennium Press.
Click here Callahan, T. 1997. Bible Prophecy: Failure or Fulfillment? Altadena, Calif.: Millennium Press.
Click here Callahan, T. 2000. The Secret Origins of the Bible. Altadena, Calif.: Millennium Press.
Click here Buttrick, G. A., and N. B. Harmon (eds.). 1994. The Interpreter’s Bible: A Commentary in Twelve Volumes. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press.
Click here Freedman, D. L. led.). 1992. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday.
Click here Laynon, C. (ed.), 1971. The Interpreter’s One-Volume Commentary on the Bible. Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press.
Click here Metzger, B., and R. Murphy. 1991. The
New
Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Metzger, B., and M. Coogan (eds.). 1993. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Click here Alter, R., and F. Kermode (eds.). 1987. The Literary Guide to the Bible. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Click here Brown, R., J. Fitzmyer, and R. Murphy (eds.). 1968. The Jerome Biblical Commentary. New York: Prentice Hall.