A. Luschin von Ebengreuth: Allgemeine Münzkunde und Geldgeschichte des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit. 1904.
SECTION 4. Life of the People
SOURCES:
Das Zimmersche Chronik,[2] hg. v. K. A. Barack. 4 vols. 1861-2.
Social Germany in Luther's Time, the Memoirs of Bartholomew Sastrow, translated by A. D. Vandam. 1902.
T. Tusser: A Hundred Points of Good Husbandrie. 1558. (Later expanded as: Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry united to as many of Good Huswifery. 1573).
L. von Pastor; Die Reise Kardinals Luigi d'Aragona 1517-8. 1905. (Ergänzungen und Erläuterungen zu Janssens Geschichte des deutschen Volkes. Band IV, Teil 4).
Baldassare Castiglione: The Book of the Courtier. English translation by Opdycke. 1903.
The Seconde Parte of a Register: being a Calendar of Manuscripts under that title intended for publication by the Puritans. 1593. By A. Peel. 2 vols. 1915.
TREATISES:
E. B Bax: German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages. 1894.
P. V. B. Jones: Household of a Tudor Nobleman. 1917.
W. B. Rye: England as seen by Foreigners in the Days of Elizabeth and James I. 1865.
C. L. Powell: English Domestic Relations, 1487-1653: a study of Matrimony and Family Life in Theory and Practice as revealed in the Literature, Law and History of the Period. 1917.
W. Kawerau: Die Reformation und die Ehe. 1892.
P. S. Allen: The Age of Erasmus. 1914.
K. E. Greenfield: Sumptuary Laws of Nürnberg. 1918.
Preserved Smith: "Some old Blue Laws," Open Court, April, 1915.
H. Almann: Das Leben des deutschen Volkes bem Beginn der Neuzeit. 1893.
E. S. Bates: Touring in 1600. 1911.
T. F. Ordish: The Early London Theatres. 1894.
J. Cartwright: Baldassare Castiglione. 2 vols. 1908.
J. L. Pagel: Geschichte der Medizin. Zweite Auflage von K. Südhoff. 1915.
A. H. Buck: The Growth of Medicine from the Earliest Times to about 1800. 1917.
H. Haeser: Geschichte der Medicin. Band II.[3] 1881.
F. H. Garrison: An Introduction to the History of Medicine. 1914.
J. Lohr: Methodisch-kritische Beiträge zur Geschichte der Sittlichkeit des Klerus, besonders der Erzdiözese Köln am Ausgang des Mittelalters. 1910.
H. A. Krose: Der Einfluss der Konfession auf die Sittlichkeit nach den Ergebnissen der Statistik. 1900.
Henri (J. A.) Baudrillart: Histoire du luxe privé et public depuis l'antiquité jusqu' à nos jours. Vol. 3, Moyen Age et Renaissance. 1879.
THE CAPITALISTIC REVOLUTION
Many of the books referred to in the last chapter and many general histories have chapters on the subject. Their titles are not repeated here.
English Economic History. Select Documents ed. by A. E. Bland, P. A. Brown and R. H. Tawney. 1914. (With helpful bibliographies and well-selected material).
H. G. Rosedale: Queen Elizabeth and the Levant Company. 1904.
E. Levasseur: Histoire des classes ouvrières et de l' industrie en France avant 1789.[2] 2 vols. 1900-1.
G. Avenel: Paysuns et Ouvriers depuis sept cent ans.[4] 1904.
W. Cunningham: The Growth of English Industry and Commerce, during the Early and Middle Ages.[5] 1910. Modern Times.[3] 1894.
W. J. Ashley: The Economic Organisation of England. 1914. (Brief, brilliant).
G. Unwin: The Industrial Organization of England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. 1904. (Scholarly).
A. P. Usher: The Industrial History of England. 1920.
J. W. Burgon: Life and Times of Sir T. Gresham. 2 vols. 1839.
O. Noël: Histoire du commerce du monde. 3 vols. 1891-1906.
H. G. Selfridge: The Romance of Commerce. 1918.
J. A. Williamson: Maritime Enterprise 1485-1558. 1913.
J. Strieder: Die Inventar der Firma Fugger aus dem Jahre 1527. 1905.
J. Strieder: Zur Genesis des modernen Kapitalismus. 1904.
J. Strieder: Studien zur Geschichte kapitalistischer Organisationsformen: Monopole, Kartelle, und Aktiengesellschaften im Mittelalter und zu Beginn der Neuzeit. 1914. (Highly important).
Clive Day: History of Commerce. 1907.
W. Mück: Der Mansfelder Kupferschieferbergbau. 1910.
R. Ehrenberg: Das Zeitalter der Fugger. Band I, 1896.
C. A. Herrick: History of Commerce and Industry. 1917. (Text-book).
M. P. Rooseboom: The Scottish Staple in the Netherlands, 1292-1676. 1910.
W. Sombart: Krieg und Kapitalismus. 1913.
W. Sombart: Der Moderne Kapitalismus? 2 vols. in 3. 1916-7.
L. Brentano: Die Anfänge des modernen Kapitalismus. 1916.
A. Schulte: Die Fugger in Rom. 2 vols. 1904.
Maxime Kowalewsky: Die ökonomische Entwicklung Europas bis zum Beginn der kapitalistischen Wirtschaftsform. Aus dem Russischen übersetzt von A. Stein. Vol. 6. 1913. (Important).
E. E. Prothero: English Farming Past and Present. 1912.
E. F. Gay: "Inclosures in England in the 16th Century," Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 17, 1903.
E. F. Gay: Zur Geschichte der Einhegungen in England. 1902. (Berlin dissertation).
J. S. Leadam: The Domesday of Inclosures. 1897.
J. E. T. Rogers: Six Centuries of Work and Wages. 1884.
J. E. T. Rogers: A History of Agriculture and Prices in England. Vols. iii and iv, 1400-1582. 1882. (A classic).
J. Klein: The Mesta: A Study in Spanish Economic History. 1920.
R. H. Tawney: The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century. 1912.
W. Stolze: Zur Vorgeschichte des Bauernkrieges. (Staatsund sozialwissenschaftliche Forschungen, hg. von G. Schmoller. Band 18, Heft 4). 1900.
J. Hayem: Les Grèves dans les Temps Modernes. Mémoires et Documents pour servir à l'histoire du commerce et de l'industrie en France. 1911.
L. Feuchtwanger: "Geschichte der sozialen Politik und des Armenwesens im Zeitalter der Reformation." Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, 1908, xxxii, and 1909, xxxiii.
J. S. Schapiro: Social Reform and the Reformation. 1909.
G. Uhlhorn: Die Christliche Liebestätigkeit. 1895.
E. M. Leonard: The Early History of English Poor Relief. 1900.
O. Winckelmann: "Die Armenordnungen von Nürnberg (1522), Kitzingen (1523), Regensburg (1523) und Ypern (1525)," Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, x, 1913 and xi, 1914.
J. L. Vives: Concerning the Relief of the Poor, tr. by M. M. Sherwood. 1917.
Liber Vagatorum, reprinted, with Luther's preface, in Luther's Werke, Weimar, vol. xxvi, pp. 634 ff.
Brooks Adams: The New Empire. 1902. (Fanciful).
K. Lamprecht: Zum Vërstandnis der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Wandlungen in Deutschland vom 14-16. Jahrhundert. 1893.
Shakespeare's England, by various authors. 2 vols. 1916. chap. xi, G. Unwin: "Commerce and Coinage."
H. Schönebaum: "Antwerpens Blütezeit im XVI. Jahrhundert." Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, xiii. 1917.
O. Winckelmann: "Ueber die ältesten Armenordnungen der Reformationszeit." Historische Vierteljahrschrift, xvii. 1914-5.
Stella Kramer: The English Craft Gilds and the Government. 1905.
Niederländische Akten und Urkunden zur Geschichte der Hanse und zur deutschen Seegeschichte . . . bearbeitet von R. Häpke. Band I (1531-57). 1913.
W. Cunningham: Progress of Capitalism in England. 1916.
MAIN CURRENTS OF THOUGHT
SECTION 1. Biblical and Classical Scholarship
Novum Instrumentum omne, diligenter ab Erasmo Rot. recognitum et emendatum. Basileae. 1516. (Nearly 300 editions catalogued in the Bibliotheca Erasmiana. In Erasmi Opera Omnia, 1703, vol. VI.)
Novum testamentum graece et latine in academia Complutensi noviter impressum. 1514. Vetus testamentum multiplici lingua nunc primum impressum. In hac praeclarissima Complutensi universitate. 1517.
C. R. Gregory: Die Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. 3 parts. 1900-9.
Articles "Bible," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Protestantische Realencyklopädie, and Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart.
E. von Dobschütz: The Influence of the Bible on Civilization. 1913.
F. Falk: Die Bibel am Ausgange des Mittelalters, ihre Kenntnis und ihre Verbreitung. 1905.
Martin Luther's Deutsche Bibel, in Sämmtliche Werke, Weimar, separately numbered, vols. i, ii, iii, v.
K. Fullerton: "Luther's doctrine and criticism of Scripture," Bibliotheca Sacra, Jan. and April, 1906.
H. Zerener: Studien über das beginnende Eindringen der lutherischen Bibelübersetzung in der deutschen Literatur. 1911.
Lutherstudien zur 4. Jahrhundertfeier der Reformation, von den Mitarbeitern der Weimarer Lutherausgabe. 1917. pp. 203 ff.
K. A. Meissinger: Luther's Exegese in der Frühzeit. 1911.
O. Reichert: Martin Luther's Deutsche Bibel. 1910.
Sir H. H. Howorth: "The Biblical Canon according to the Continental Reformers," Journal of Theological Studies, ix, 188 ff. (1907-8).
J. P. Hentz: History of the Lutheran Version of the Bible. 1910.
D. Lortsch: Histoire de la Bible en France. 1910.
A. W. Pollard: Records of the English Bible. 1911.
S. C. Macauley: "The English Bible," Quarterly Review, Oct. 1911, pp. 505 ff.
W. Canton: The Bible and the Anglo-Saxon People. 1914.
H. T. Peck: A History of Classical Philology. 1911.
Sir J. E. Sandys: "Scholarship," chap. ix in Shakespeare's England, 1916.
Sir J. E. Sandys: A History of Classical Scholarship. Vol. ii, 1908. (Standard).
H. Hallam: Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries. 1837-9. (Very comprehensive, in part antiquated, somewhat external but on the whole excellent).
SECTION 2. History
TREATISES:
E. Fueter: Geschichte der Neueren Historiographie. 1911. French translation, revised, 1916. (Work of brilliance: philosophical, reliable, readable).
M. Ritter: "Studien über die Entwicklung der Geschichtswissenschaft." Historische Zeitschrift, cit. (1912). 261 ff.
E. Menke-Glückert: Die Geschichtschreibung der Reformation und Gegenreformation. Bodin und die Begründung der Geschichtsmethodologie durch Bartholomäus Keckermann. 1912.
P. Joachimsen: Geschichtsauffassung und Geschichtschreibung in Deutschland unter dem Einfluss des Humanismus. Teil I. 1910.
G. L. Burr: "The Freedom of History," American Historical Review, xxii, 261 f. 1916.
A. Morel-Fatio: Historiographie de Charles-Quint. 1913.
F. C. Baur: Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung. 1852.
L. von Ranke: Zur Kritik neueren Geschichtschreiber.[2] 1874.
G. Wolf: Quellenkunde der deutschen Reformationsgeschichte. Vol. i, 1915; vol. ii, 1916.
Article, "History" in Encyclopedia Americana, ed. of 1919.
ORIGINALS.
N. Machiavelli: Istorie fiorentine. (to 1492). First ed. 1561-64. Numerous editions, and English translation by C. E. Detmold: The Historical, Political and Diplomatic Writings of N. Machiavelli. 4 vols. 1882.
Francesco Guicciardini: Storia fiorentina. (1378-1509). First published 1859. Istoria d' Italia. (1492-1534). First edition 1561-64; numerous editions since, and English translation by G. Fenton: The historie of Guicciardini. 1599.
Benvenuto Cellini: Life, translated by R. H. H. Cust. 2 vols. 1910. (The original text first correctly published by O. Bacci, 1901. Many English translations).
Paulus Jovius: Historiarum sui temporis libri. xlv. (1493-1347). 1550-52.
Polydore Vergil: Anglicae Historiae libri. xxvii, (to 1538). First edition, to 1509, Basle, 1534; 2d ed. 1555. (I use the edition of 1570. The best criticism is in H. A. L. Fisher's Political History of England 1485-1547, pp. 152 ff.)
Polydore Vergil: De rerum inventoribus libri octo. 1536. 2d ed., enlarged, 1557.
Caesar Baronius: Annales Ecclesiastici (to 1198). Rome. 1588-1607.
Ecclesiastica Historia . . . secundum centurias, a M. Flacio, et aliis. Magdeburg. 1559-74.
H. Bullinger: Reformationsgeschichte, hg. von J. J. Hottinger und H. H. Vögeli. 3 vols. 1838-40. (Index to this in preparation by W. Wuhrmann; Bullinger's Correspondence will also soon appear).
Joan. Sleidani: De statu religionis et reipublicae, Carolo Quinto Caesare, commentariorum libri xxvi. 1555. (My edition, 1785, 3 vols., was owned formerly by I. Döllinger).
Joannis Cochlaei: Historia de Actis et scriptis M. Lutheri 1517-46. Coloniae. 1549. (Critique in A. Herte's dissertation, Die Lutherbiographie des J. Cochlaeus. 1915).
J. Mathesius: Siebzehn Predigten von den Historien des Herrn Doctoris Martini Luthers. 1st ed. 1566; new ed. by Lösche. 1898.
Mémoires de Martin et de Guillaume du Bellay: (1513-52). 1st ed. 1569. Critical ed. by V. L. Bourrilly and Fleury Vindry, 1908 ff.
Blaise de Monluc: Commentaires (1521-76); 1st ed. 1592; critical ed. by P. Courtreault. 1911-14.
Oeuvres de P. de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme, ed. L. Lalanne. 11 vols. 1864 ff.
J. J. Scaliger: Opus novum de emendatione temporum. 1583, 1593.
Histoire ecclésiastique des églises françaises réformées. Pub. par Baum et Cunitz. 3 vols. 1883-9. (Attributed, with probability, to Beza; first published 1580).
Jean Bodin: Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, 1566.
Peter Martyr d' Anghiera: Opus epistolarum. 1530. (This rare edition at Harvard. The work is a history in the form of letters, partly fictitious, partly genuine. Cf. J. Bernays: Peter Martyr Anghierensis und sein Opus Epistolarum. 1891).
Ignatius de Loyola: Autobiography. Monumenta Societatis Jesu, ser. iv, tom. 1, 1904. English translation ed. by J. F. X. O'Connor. 1900.
George Buchanan: Rerum scoticarum historia. Edinburgh. 1582. (Cf. M. Meyer-Cohn: G. Buchanan als Publizist und Historiker Maria Stuarts. 1913).
John Knox: The History of the Reformation of Religion within the realm of Scotland. (First incomplete edition, 1586; critical complete edition by D. Laing, 1846, in vol. 1 of Knox's Works. Cf. A. Lang: "Knox as Historian," Scottish Historical Review, ii, 1905, pp. 113 ff).
John Foxe: Acts and Monuments of the Christian Martyrs. 1563. (The MS that I have compared with Fox is Harleian MS 419 of the British Museum, endorsed: "John Fox's Collection of Letters and Papers on Theological Matters," fol. 125).
Nicholas Sanders: De origine et progressu schismatis Anglicani. 1585.
Edward Hall: The Union of the Noble and Illustrious Families of Lancaster and York, 1542. Published as Hall's Chronicle, 1809.
Raphael Holinshed: Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland. Vol. 1, 1577.
John Stow: The Chronicles of England from Brute unto this present year of Christ 1580. Second edition, The Annals of England, 1592.
SECTION 3. Political Theory
SOURCES:
Erasmus: Institutio principis christiani, in Opera omnia, 1703, iv, 561.
The Utopia of Sir Thomas More (English and Latin) edited by G. Sampson with an introduction by A. Guthkelch. 1910.
N. Machiavelli: The Prince. (Innumerable editions and translations).
H. Jordan: Luthers Staatsauffassung. 1917. (Extracts from his works).
Zwingli: De vera et falsa religione, Werke ed. Egli, Finsler und Köhler, iii, (1914), 590 ff.
Calvin: Institutio, ed. 1541, cap. xvi.
L. Vives: De communione rerum. 1535.
Vindiciae contra Tyrannos, sive de principis in populum populique in principem legitima potestate. Stephano Iunio Bruto Celta Auctore. 1580.
Francisci Hotmani: Francogallia. Nune quartum ab auctore recognita. 1586.
E. de la Boétie: Discours de la servitude volontaire. In Oeuvres complètes pub. par P. Bonnefon. 1892, pp. 1 ff.
De Jure Magistratuum in subditos [by Beza]. 1573
The Works of Mr. Richard Hooker, ed. J. Keble. 3 vols. 1888.
J. Bodin: Les six livres de la république. 1577.
G. Buchanan: De Jure Regni apud Scotos. 1579.
J. de Mariana: De rege et regis institutione. 1599.
LITERATURE:
Lord Acton: "Freedom in Christianity," (1877), in The History of Freedom and other Essays, ed. J. N. Figgis and R. V. Lawrence. 1907.
W. A. Dunning: A History of Political Theories. Ancient and Medieval. 1902. From Luther to Montesquieu. 1905.
J. N. Figgis: Studies in Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius.[2] 1916.
J. Mackinnon: A History of Modern Liberty. Vol. 2. The Age of the Reformation. 1907.
L. Cardauns: Die Lehre vom Widerstandsrecht des Volkes gegen die rechtmässige Obrigkeit im Luthertum und im Calvinismus des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts. 1903.
R. Chauviré: Jean Bodin, Auteur de la République. 1914.
J. Kreutzer: Zwinglis Lehre von der Obrigkeit. 1909.
F. Meinecke: "Luther über christlichen Geminwesen und christlichen Staat," Historische Zeitschrift, Band 121, pp. 1 ff, 1920.
J. Faulkner: "Luther and Economic Questions," Papers of the Am. Ch. Hist. Soc., 2d ser. vol. ii, 1910.
K. D. Macmillan: Protestantism in Germany. 1917.
K. Sell: "Der Zusammenhang von Reformation und politischer Freiheit." Abh. in Theolog. Arbeiten aus dem rhein. wiss. Predigerverein. Neue Folge. 12. 1910.
L. H. Waring: The Political Theories of Martin Luther. 1910.
G. von Schulthess-Rechberg: Luther, Zwingli und Calvin in ihren Ansichten über das Verhältnis von Staat und Kirche. 1910.
K. Rieker: "Staat und Kirche nach lutherischer, reformierter, moderner Anschauung," Hist. Vierteljahrschrift, i, 370 ff. 1898.
E. Troeltsch: Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen. 1912.
H. L. Osgood: "The Political Ideas of the Puritans." Political Science Quarterly, vi, 1891.
E. Treumann: Die Monarchomachen. Erne Darstellung der revolutionären Staatslehren des xvi Jahrhundert 1573-1599. 1885.
A. Elkan: Die Publizistik der Bartholomäusnacht und Mornays Vindiciae contra tyrannos. 1905.
H. D. Foster: "The Political Theories of the Calvinists," American Historical Review, xxi, 481 ff. (1916).
Paul van Dyke: "The Estates of Pontoise," English Historical Review, 1913, pp. 472 ff.
E. Armstrong: "Political Theory of the Huguenots," English Historical Review, iv, 13 ff, 1889.
K. Gläser: "Beiträge zur Geschichte der politischen Literatur Frankreichs in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhundert." Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur. Vols. 31, 32, 33, 39, 45; 1904-18.
W. Sohm: "Die Soziallehren Melanchthons." Historische Zeitschrift, cxv, pp. 64-76. 1915.
Lord Acton: History of Freedom, pp. 212-31. (Reprint of introduction to L. A. Burd's edition of the Prince of Machiavelli.) 1907.
John Morley: Miscellanies, 4th series. 1908. 1 ff. "Machiavelli."
Dr. Armaingaud: Montaigne Pamphlétaire. L'Énigme du Contr'un. 1910.
J. Jastrow: "Kopernikus' Münz- und Geld-theorie." Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, xxxviii, 734 ff. 1904.
K. Kautsky: Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation. 1897.
E. Jenks: A Short History of English Law. 1912.
A. Esmein: Histoire du Droit Français.[6] 1905. (And later editions).
S. Schröder: Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte.[5] 1907.
Walter Platzhoff: Die Theorie von der Mordbefugnis der Obrigkeit im XVI. Jahrhundert. Ebinger's Historische Studien, 1906.
O. H. Pannkoke: "The Economic Teachings of the Reformation." In a collection of essays entitled Four Hundred Years, 1917.
G. Schmoller: Zur Geschichte der nationalökonomischen Ansichten in Deutschland während der Reformationsperiode. 1860.
F. G. Ward: Darstellung und Würdigung der Ansichten Luthers über Staat und Gesellschaft. 1898.
SECTION 4. Science
J. P. Richter: The Literary Works of Leonardo da Vinci. 2 vols. 1883.
Les Manuscrits de Léonard de Vinci de la bibliothèque de l'Institut. Publiés en facsimile avec transcription littérale, traduction française . . . par Ch. Ravaisson-Molien. 6 vols. 1881-91.
Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks; arranged and rendered into English by E. McCurdy. 1906.
Leonardo de Vinci: Notes et Dessins sur la Génération. 1901.
Léonard de Vinci: Feuillets inédits conservés à Windsor. 22 vols. 1901 ff.
Institute di Studi Vinciani:--Per il IVo centenario della morte di Leonardo da Vinci. 1919.
A. C. Klebs: Leonardo da Vinci and his anatomical studies. 1916.
Hieronymi Cardani: Opera Omnia. 1663. 10 vols.
W. W. R Ball: A Short Account of the History of Mathematics. 1901.
M. Cantor: Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Mathematik. Vol. 2 (1200-1668). 1900.
H. G. Zeuthen: Geschichte der Mathematik in 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. 1903.
Articles, "Algebra" and "Mathematics" in Encyclopedia Britannica.
Maximilien Marie: Histoire des sciences mathématiques et physiques, vols. 2 and 3. 1883-4.
F. Cajori: History of Mathematics.[2] 1919.
David E. Smith: Rara arithmetica. A catalogue of the arithmetics written before the year MDCI, with a description of those in the library of G. A. Plimpton. 1908.
F. Dannemann: Grundriss einer Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften.[2]. 2 vols. 1902.
W. A. Locy: Biology and its makers.[3] 1915.
W. A. Locy: The Main Currents of Zoölogy. 1918.
E. L. Greene: Landmarks of Botanical History. Part 1. 1909. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 54).
J. V. Carus: Geschichte der Zoölogie bis auf Joh. Müller und Ch. Darwin. 1872.
F. Cajori: A History of Physics in Its Elementary Branches. 1899.
Conradi Gesneri: Historiae Animalium, libb. iii, 3 vols. 1551-8.
Wm. Gilbert . . . on the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies . . . a translation by P. F. Mottelay. 1893.
E. Gerland: Geschichte der Physik von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Ausgange des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts. 1913. (Work of high philosophical and scientific value).
J. C. Brown: A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times Till the Present Day. 1913.
F. J. Moore: A History of Chemistry. 1918.
T. E. Thorpe: A History of Chemistry. 2 vols. 1909-10.
Quaestiones Novae in Libellum de Sphaera Johannis de Sacro Bosco, collectae ab Ariele Bicardo. Wittenberg, 1550. (Library of Mr. G. A. Plimpton, New York).
S. Günther: Geschichte der Erdkunde. 1904.
Articles, "Geography" and "Map" in Encyclopaedia Britannica.
L. Gallois: Les géographes allemands de la Renaissance, 1890.
N. Copernici De Revolutionibus orbium caelestium libri vi. (First edition 1543; I use the edition of Basle, 1566).
L. Prowe: Nikolaus Coppernicus. 3 vols. 1883-4. (Standard).
Wohlwill: "Melanchthon und Kopernicus," in Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, iii, 260, 1904.
Luther on Copernicus, Bindseil: Lutheri Colloquia, 3 vols. 1863-66, vol. ii, p. 149. (This is the best text; the stronger form of the same saying, in which Luther called Copernicus a fool, seems to have been retouched by Aurifaber).
A. D. White: The Warfare of Science and Theology, 2 vols. 1896. Vol. i, pp. 114 ff.
A. Müller: Nikolaus Copernicus. 1898.
Dorothy Stimson: The Gradual Acceptance of the Copernican Theory of the Universe. 1917. (Excellent).
W. W. Bryant: History of Astronomy. 1907.
Article, "Navigation," in Encyclopaedia Britannica.
SECTION 5. Philosophy
The Works of Luther, Melanchthon, Calvin, Zwingli, &c.
The Workes of Sir Thomas More, 1357. (Passage quoted, p. 329h).
De Trinitatis Erroribus per M. Servetum. (Printed, 1531; I use the MS copy at Harvard).
M. Serveti Christianismi Restitutio. (I use the MS copy at Harvard).
E. P. K. Müller: Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche. 1903.
Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, translated by T. A. Buckley. 1851.
Thomas Cajetan's commentary on Aquinas, in the standard edition of the Summa, 1880 ff.
Catechism of the Council of Trent, translated into English by J. Donovan. 1829.
Altensteig: Lexicon Theologicum. 1583.
A. Harnack: A History of Dogma, translated from the third edition by N. Buchanan. 7 vols. 1901.
A. Harnack: Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte.[4] 1910. Vol. iii.
E. Troeltsch: Geschichte der christlichen Religion. 1909. (Kultur der Gegenwart).
E. M. Jones: Spiritual Reformers of the 16th and 17th Centuries. 1914.
O. Ritschl: Dogmengeschichte des Protestantismus, i, ii, Hälfte, 1912.
A. C. McGiffert: Protestant Thought before Kant. 1911.
J. Gottschick: Luther's Theologie. 1914.
Francis Bacon: Novum Organum, Bk. I, aphorisms xv, lxv, and lxxix; Essays i, (Truth), iii, (of Unity in Religion), xxxv, (Prophecy). Advancement of Learning, Bk. ix.
Montaigne's Essays, passim (numerous editions and excellent English translation by Florio).
W. Lyly: Euphues and Atheos (edited by E. Arber, 1904).
R. Ascham: The Schoolmaster. 1761.
Janssen-Pastor[20] ii, 461f (on the Godless Painters of Nuremberg; cf. also M. Thausing: A Dürer, translated by F. A. Eaton, 1882, ii. 248 f.)
François Rabelais: Oeuvres (numerous editions and translations).
J. M. Robertson: A Short History of Freethought.[2] 2 vols. 1906.
Colloque de Jean Bodin des Secrets caches et des Choses Sublimes. Traduction française du Colloquium Heptaplomeres, par R. Chauviré. 1914.
F. von Bezold: "Jean Bodins Colloquium Heptaplomeres und der Atheismus des 16. Jahrhunderts," Historische Zeitschrift, cxiii, 260-315.
Jordani Bruni Opera, ed. Fiorentino. 3 vols. 1879-91.
Giordano Brunos Gesammelte Werke, verdeutscht und erläutert von L. Kuhlenbeck. 6 vols. 1907-10.
W. Boulting: Giordano Bruno: His Life, Thought and Martyrdom. (1916).
L. Kuhlenbeck: Giorduno Bruno, seine Lehre von Gott, von der Unsterblichkeit und von der Willensfreiheit. 1913.
W. Pater: Gaston de la Tour. 1896.
J. R. Charbonnel: L'Éthique de Giordano Bruno et le deuxième dialogue de Spaccio, traduction. 1919.
J. Owen: The Skeptics of the Italian Renaissance.[2] 1893.
J. Owen: The Skeptics of the French Renaissance. 1893.
A. M. Fairbairn; "Tendencies of European Thought in the Age of the Reformation," Cambridge Modern History, ii, chap. 19.
Allegemeine Geschichte der Philosophie. (Kultur der Gegenwart, Teil i, Abt. V.) 1909. W. Windelband: Die neuere Philosophie.
E. Cassirer: Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neuen Zeit. Vol. i.[2] 1911. (Excellent. First edition, 1906-7).
R. Adamson: A Short History of Logic. 1911.
H. Höffding: A History of Modern Philosophy. English translation. 2 vols. 1900.
R. Eucken: The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers. English translation. 1909.
J. M. Baldwin: Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology. 3 vols. 1901-5.
J. R. Charbonnel: La pensée italienne au XVIe siècle. 1919.
A. Bonilla y San Martin: Luis Vives y la filosofía del renacimiento. 1903.
THE TEMPER OF THE TIMES
SECTION 1. Tolerance and Intolerance
Lord Acton: The History of Freedom. 1907. "The Protestant Theory of Persecution," pp. 150-187. (Essay written in 1862).
T. Ruffini: Religious Liberty, translated by J. P. Heyes. 1912.
N. Paulus: Protestantismus und Toleranz. 1912.
G. L. Burr: "Anent the Middle Ages." American Historical Review. 1913, pp. 710-726.
P. Wappler: Die Stellung Kursachsens und Philipps von Hessen zur Täuferbewegung. 1910.
Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, ix, s. v. "Persecution."
S. Castellion: Traité des Hérétiques. A savoir, si on les doit persécuter. Ed. A. Olivet. Genève. 1913.
P. Wappler: Inquisition und Ketzerprozess zu Zwickau. 1908.
J. A. Faulkner: "Luther and Toleration," Papers of American Church History Society, Second Series, vol. iv, pp. 129 ff. 1914.
K. Völker: Toleranz und Intoleranz im Zeitalter der Reformation. 1912.
W. E. H. Lecky: A History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe. 2 vols. 1865. chapter iv, "Persecution" (in vols. 1 and 2 both).
Erasmi opera, 1703, ix, 904 ff. Proposition iii.
H. Hermelinck: Der Toleranzgedanke. 1908.
The Workes of Sir Thomas More, 1557, pp. 274 ff. (A Dialogue of Sir Thomas More, 1528).
Montaigne: Essays, Book ii, no. xix.
A. J. Klein: Intolerance in the Reign of Elizabeth. 1917.
R. Lewin: Luther's Stellung zu den Juden. 1911.
R. H. Murray: Erasmus and Luther: their attitude to Toleration. 1920.
SECTION 2. Witchcraft
Papers of the American Historical Association, iv, pp. 237-66. Bibliography of witchcraft by G. L. Burr.
N. Paulus: Hexenwahn und Hexenprozess, vornehmlich im 16. Jahrhundert. 1910.
G. L. Burr: The Witch Persecutions. Translations and Reprints issued by the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 3, no. 4, 1897.
G. L. Burr: The Fate of Dietrich Flade. 1891.
J. Hansen: Zauberwahn, Inquisition und Hexenprozess im Mittelalter, und die Entstehung der grossen Hexenverfolgung. 1900.
F. von Bezold: "Jean Bodin als Okkultist und seine Demonomanie." Historische Zeitschrift, cv. 1 ff. (1910).
Gosson: The School of Abuse (1578), ed. E. Arber, 1906, p. 60.
De Praestigiis demonum . . . authore Joanne Wiero . . . 1564.
Johannis Wieri: De lamiis. 1582.
Reginald Scott: The Discoverie of Witchcraft, wherein the Lewde dealing of Witches and Witchmongers is notably detected . . . whereunto is added a Treatise upon the Nature and Substance of Spirits and Devils. 1584. Reprinted by B. Nicholson, 1886.
W. Notestein: A History of Witchcraft in England 1558-1718. 1911.
W. E. H. Lecky: A History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe. 2 vols. 1865. Vol. 1, chaps. i, and ii.
Montaigne: Essays, vol. iii, no. xi.
H. C. Lea: A History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages. Vol. iii, 392 ff.
G. L. Kittredge: "A Case of Witchcraft," American Historical Review, xxiii, pp. 1 ff, 1917.
C. Mirbt: Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums und des römischen Katholizismus.[3] 1911. p. 182. (Bull, Summis desiderantes).
G. Roskoff: Geschichte des Teufels. 1869.
A. Graf: Il diavolo. 1889.
H. C. Lea: The Inquisition in Spain, 1907, vol. iv, chaps. 8 and 9.
Statutes of the Realm, 5 Eliz. 16: An Act agaynst Inchantmentes and Witchcraftes. (1562-3).
T. de Cauzons: La Magie et la Sorcellerie en France. 4 vols. (1911).
E. Klinger: Luther und der deutsche Volksaberglaube. 1912. (Palaestra, vol. 56).
SECTION 3. Education
Album Academiae Vitebergensis 1502-1602, Band I, ed. K. E. Förstemann, 1841. Band ii, 1895. Band iii Indices, 1905. (Reprint of vol. i, 1906).
J. C. H. Weissenborn: Akten der Erfurter Universität. 3 vols. 1884.
G. Buchanan: "Anent the Reformation of the University of St. Andros," in Buchanan's Vernacular Writings, ed. P. Hume Brown, 1892.
The Statutes of the Faculty of Arts and of the Faculty of Theology at the Period of the Reformation, of St. Andrews' University, ed. R. K. Hannay, 1910.
K. Hartfelder: Melancthoniana paedogogica. 1895.
F. V. N. Painter: Luther on Education, including a historical introduction and a translation of the Reformer's two most important educational treatises. 1889.
Mandament der Keyserlijcker Maiesteit, vuytghegeven int Jaer xlvi. Louvain. 1546. (100 facsimiles printed for A. M. Huntington at the De Vinne Press, N. Y., 1896. Contains lists of books allowed in schools in the Netherlands).
C. Borgeaud: Histoire de l' Université de Genève. 2 vols. 1900, 1909.
J. M. Höfer: Die Stellung des Des. Erasmus und J. L. Vives zur Pädagogik des Quintilian. (Erlangen Dissertation). 1910.
F. Watson: Vives and the Renascence education of Women. 1912.
P. Monroe: Cyclopedia of education. 5 vols. 1912-3.
K. A. Schmid: Geschichte der Erziehung vom Anfang bis auf unserer Zeit. 5 vols. in 7. 1884-1902. (Standard).
A. Zimmermann: Die Universitäten Englands im 16. Jahrhundert. 1889.
A. Zimmermann: England's "öffentliche Schulen" von der Reformation bis zur Gegenwart, 1892 (Stimmen aus Maria-Lach. vol. 56).
F. P. Graves: A History of Education during the Middle Ages and the Transition to Modern Times. 1910.
"Die Frequenz der deutschen Universitäten in früherer Zeit," Deutsches Wochenblatt, 1897, pp. 391 ff.
P. Monroe: A Text-Book of the History of Education. 1905. (Standard text-book).
W. S. Monroe: A Bibliography of Education. 1897.
G. Mertz: Das Schulwesen der deutschen Reformation. 1902.
F. Paulsen: Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts in Deutschland.[2] 2 vols. 1896-7.
W. Sohm: Die Schule Johann Sturms. 1912.
J. Ficker: Die Anfänge der akademischen Studien in Strassburg. 1912.
Shakespeare's England, 1916. 2 vols. ch. 8 "Education" by Sir J. E. Sandys.
A. Roersch: L' Humanisme belge à l' époque de la Renaissance. 1910.
Sir T. Elyot: The boke named the governour. 1531. (New edition by H. H. S. Croft. 2 vols. 1880).
Melanchthonis opera omnia, xi, 12 ff. "Declamatio de corrigendis adolescentiae studies." (1518).
E. Ascham: The Schole Master. 1571. (I use the reprint in the English Works of R. Ascham, ed. J. Bennet, 1761).
M. Fournier: Les Statuts et Privilèges des Universités françaises depuis leur fondation jusqu'en 1789. 4 vols. 1890-4.
F. Bacon: The Advancement of Learning, Book ii.
Elizabethan Oxford: reprints of rare tracts ed. by C. Plumer. 1887.
Grace book [Greek delta] containing records of the University of Cambridge 1542-89, ed. by J. Venn. 1910.
Registres des procès-verbaux de la Faculté de théologie de Paris, pub. par A. Clerval. Tome I. 1917. (1505-23).
J. H. Lupton: A Life of John Colet. new ed. 1909. (First printed 1887. On St. Paul's School, pp. 169, 271 ff.)
W. H. Woodward: Des. Erasmus concerning the Aim and Method of Education. 1904. (Fine work).
F. P. Graves: Peter Ramus and the Educational Reformation of the 16th Century. 1912.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, articles "Universities" and "Schools."
Altamira y Crevea: Historia de España,[3] iii, 532 ff. (1913).
F. Gribble: The Romance of the Cambridge Colleges. (1913).
J. B. Mullinger: A History of the University of Cambridge. 1888.
G. C. Brodrick: A History of the University of Oxford. 1886.
C. Headlam: The Story of Oxford. 1907.
W. H. Woodward: Studies in Education during the Age of the Renaissance 1400-1600.
A. Bonilla y San Martin: Luis Vives y la filosofía del renacimiento. 1903.
A. Lefranc: Histoire du Collège de France depuis ses origines jusqu' à la fin du premier empire. 1893.
P. Feret: La Faculté de Théologie de Paris. Époque Moderne. 7 vols. 1900-10.
W. Friedensburg: Geschichte der Universität Wittenberg. 1918.
SECTION 4. Art
Very fine reproductions of the works of the principal painters of the time are published in separate volumes of the series, Klassiker der Kunst in Gesamtausgaben, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart und Leipzig. A brief list of standard criticisms of art, many of them well illustrated, follows:
K. Woermann: Geschichte der Kunst aller Zeiten und Völker. Band 4.[2] 1919.
S. Reinach: Apollo.[4] 1907. (Also English translation. Marvelously compressed and sound criticism).
J. A. Symonds: The Italian Renaissance. The Fine Arts. 1888.
L. Pastor: History of the Popes. (Much on art at Rome, passim).
B. Berenson: North Italian Painters of the Renaissance. 1907.
B. Berenson: Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. 1897.
B. Berenson: The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance.[3] 1902.
B. Berenson: The Florentine Painters of the Renaissance.[2] 1903.
Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects, newly translated by G. du C. de Vere. 10 vols. 1912-14. (Other editions).
E. Lanciani: The Golden Days of the Renaissance in Rome. 1907.
E. Müntz: Histoire de l' art pendant la Renaissance. 3 vols. 1889-95.
J. Crowe and G. Cavalcaselle: History of Italian Painting. 1903 ff.
L. Dimier: French Painting in the Sixteenth Century. 1904.
L. F. Freeman: Italian Sculptors of the Renaissance. 1902.
H. Janitschek: Geschichte der deutschen Malerei. 1890.
H. A. Dickenson: German Masters of Art. 1914.
E. Bertaux: Rome de l' avènement de Jules II à nos jours.[2] 1908.
M. Reymond: L' Education de Léonard. 1910.
W. Pater: "Leonardo da Vinci," in the volume called The Renaissance, 1878. (Though much attacked this is, in my opinion, the best criticism of Leonardo).
S. Freud: Leonardo da Vinci. 1910.
W. von Seidlitz: Leonardo da Vinci. 2 vols. 1909. (Excellent).
Osvald Sirén: Leonardo da Vinci. 1916.
Leonardo da Vinci: A treatise on painting, translated from the Italian by J. F. Rigaud. London. 1897.
C. J. Holmes: Leonardo da Vinci. Proceedings of the British Academy. 1919.
E. Müntz: Raphael, sa vie, son oeuvre et son temps. 1881.
W. Pater: "Raphael," in Miscellaneous Studies, 1913. (First written 1892: fine criticism).
Edward McCurdy: Raphael Santi. 1917.
H. Grimm: Life of Michael Angelo, tr. by F. E. Bunnètt. 2 vols. New ed. 1906.
Crowe and Cavalcasselle: Life and Times of Titian. 1877.
H. Thode: Michelangelo und das Ende der Renaissance. 5 vols. 1902-13.
L. Dorez: "Nouvelles recherches sur Michel-Ange et son entourage," Bibliothèque de l' École des Chartes. Vol. 77, pp. 448 ff. (1916), vol. 78, pp. 179 ff. (1917).
Romain Roland: Vie de Michel-Ange.[4] 1913.
The Sonnets of Michael Angela Buonarroti, translated into English by J. A. Symonds. (My copy, Venice, has no date).
R. W. Emerson: Essay on Michaelangelo.
A. Dürer's Schriftliche Nachlass, ed. E. Heidrich. 1908.
M. Thausing: A. Dürer.[2] 1876. (English translation from 1st ed. by F. A. Eaton. 1882).
Albrecht Dürers Niederländische Reise, hg. van J. Veth und S. Müller. 2 vols. 1918.
A. B. Chamberlain: Hans Holbein the Younger. 2 vols. 1913.
A. Michel: Histoire de l'art depuis les premiers temps chrétiens jusqu' à nos jours. 3 vols. 1905-8.
C. H. Moore: The Character of Renaissance Architecture. 1905.
R. Bloomfield: A History of French Architecture from the Reign of Charles VIII till the death of Mazarin. 2 vols. 1911.
SECTION 5. Belles Lettres
Note: The works of the humanists, theologians, biblical and classical scholars, historians, publicists and philosophers have been dealt with in other sections of this bibliography. Representative poets, dramatists and writers of fiction for the century (up to but not including the Age of Shakespeare in England or of Henry IV in France) are the following:
Italian: Ariosto, A. F. Grazzini, M. Bandello, T. Tasso, Berni, Guarini.
French: Margaret of Navarre, C. Marot, Rabelais, Joachim du Bellay, Ronsard, Montaigne.
English: Lyndesay, Skelton, Wyatt, Surrey, anonymous poets in Tottel's Miscellany, Sidney, E. Spenser, Donne, Lyly, Heywood, Kyd, Peele, Greene, Lodge, Nash, Marlowe.
German: Hans Sachs, Fischart, T. Murner, anonymous Till Eulenspiegel and Faustbuch, B. Waldis.
Spanish: The Picaresque novel, La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades.
Portuguese: Camoens.
As it is not my purpose to give even a sketch of literary history, but merely to illustrate the temper of the times from the contemporary belles lettres, only a few suggestive works of criticism can be mentioned here.
H. Hallam: Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries. 1838-9. (Old, but still useful).
J. A. Symonds: Italian Literature. 1888.
G. Lanson: Histoire de la littérature française.[9] 1906.
C. H. C. Wright: A History of French Literature. 1912.
C. Thomas: A History of German Literature. 1909.
E. Wolff: Faust und Luther. 1912.
The Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. iii, Renaissance and Reformation. 1908.
J. J. Jusserand: Histoire Littéraire du Peuple Anglais. Tome ii, De la Renaissance à la Guerre Civile. 1904. (Also English translation: a beautiful work).
Winifred Smith: The Commedia dell' Arte. 1912. (Notable).
A. Tilley: The Literature of the French Renaissance. 2 vols. 1904.
THE REFORMATION INTERPRETED
The purpose of the following list is not to give the titles of all general histories of the Reformation, but of those books and articles in which some noteworthy contribution has been made to the philosophical interpretation of the events. Many an excellent work of pure narrative character, and many of those dealing with some particular phase of the Reformation, are omitted. All the noteworthy historical works published prior to 1600 are listed in the bibliography to Chapter XII, section 2, and are not repeated here. The chronological order is here adopted, save that all the works of each writer are grouped together. In every case I enter the book under the year in which it first appeared, adding in parentheses the edition, if another, which I have used.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626): Essay lviii; also Essays i, iii, xxxv; Novum Organum Bk. i, aphorisms xv and lxv; Advancement of Learning, Bk. ix, and i.
Jacques-Auguste de Thou (Thuanus): Historiae sui temporis. 1604-20.
Hugo Grotius: Annales et historiae de rebus belgicis. 1657. (Written 1611 ff).
William Camden: Annales Rerum Anglicarnm et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha. Pars I, 1615; Pars II, 1625.
Agrippa d'Aubigné: Histoire Universelle. 1616-20.
Paolo Sarpi: Istoria del Concilio Tridentino. 1619. (P. Sarpi: Histoire du Concile du Trente, French translation by Amelot de la Houssaie. 1699).
Arrigo Caterino Davila: Storia delle guerre civili di Francia. 1630.
Giulio Bentivoglio: Guerra di Fiandria. 1632-39.
Famiano Strada: De bello belgico decades duo. 1632-47.
Francois Eudes, [called] de Mézeray: Histoire de France. 1643-51.
David Calderwood (1575-1650): History of the Kirk of Scotland, ed. T. Thompson, 1842-9.
Lord Herbert of Cherbury: Life and Reign of Henry VIII. 1649.
Thomas Fuller: Church History, 1655. (Ed. Brewer, 6 vols. 1845).
J. Harrington: Oceana, 1656. (Harrington's Works, 1700, pp. 69, 388).
Sforza Pallavicino: Istoria del Concilio di Trento. 1656-7.
Annales ecclesiastici . . . auctore Reynaldo, ed. J. D. Mansi. Tomi 33-35. Lucae. 1755. (Oderic Reynaldus, who died 1671, was a continuator of Baronius, covering the period in church history 1198-1565).
Jean Claude: Défense de la Réformation. . . . 1673. (English translation: An historical defense of the Reformation. 1683).
Gilbert Burnet: History of the Reformation of the Church of England. 3 vols. 1679, 1681, 1715. (Ed. by Pocock, 6 vols. 1865 ff).
Louis Maimbourg: Histoire du Luthéranisme. 1680.
Pierre Jurieu: Histoire du Calvinisme et celle du Papisme mises en parallèle. 1683. (English translation, 2 vols. 1823).
Veit Ludwig von Seckendorf: Commentarius historicus et apologeticus de Lutheranismo. 1688-92.
Jacques Benigne Bossuet: Histoire des variations des églises protestantes. 1688. (I have used the editions of 1812 and 1841).
Pierre Bayle: Dictionnaire historique et critique, 1697., s.v. "Luther," "Calvin," &c.
Gabriel Daniel: Histoire de France. 1703.
Jeremy Collier: Ecclesiastical History, 2 vols. 1708-14. (ed. Lathbury, 9 vols. 1852).
Rapin Thoyras: Histoire d'Angleterre. 1723ff.
Johann Lorenz Mosheim: Institutiones historiae christianae recentiores. 1741.
Montesquieu: Esprit des Lois, 1748, Livre xxiv, chaps. 2, 5, 25; Livre xxv, chap. 2, 6, 11.
Frederick II (called The Great) of Prussia: De la Superstition et de la Religion. 1749. (Oeuvres, 1846, i, 204 ff).
Voltaire: Essai sur les moeurs et l' esprit des nations, et sur les principaux faits de l' histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu'à Louis XIII. 1754. (Cf. also a passage in his Dictionnaire philosophique).
David Hume: History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688. The volumes on the Tudor period came out in 1759.
William Robertson: A History of Scotland. 1759.
William Robertson: History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. 1769.
Edward Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 1776-88. (On the Reformation, chap. liv, end).
Encyclopédie, 1778, s.v. "Luthéranisme." (Anonymous article).
Johann Gottfried von Herder: Das Weimarische Gesangbuch, 1778, Vorrede.
Herder: Briefe das Studium der Theologie betreffend, 1784. (Sämtliche Werke, Teil 14).
Herder: Briefe zur Beförderung der Humanität, 1793-7. (Samtliche Werke, Teil 14).
Michael Ignaz Schmidt: Geschichte der Deutschen. Aeltere Geschichte (to 1544), 1778 ff. Neuere Geschichte (1544-1660), 1785 ff.
Jakob Gottlieb Planck: Geschichte des protestantischen Lehrbegriffs, 6 vols. 1783-1800.
[M. J. A. N. de Caritat, Marquis] De Condorcet: Esquisse d'un tableau historique des Progrès de l' Ésprit humain. 1794. (I use the fourth edition, 1798, pp. 200 ff.)
F. A. de Chateaubriand: Essai historique sur les Révolutions, 1797. (Oeuvres, 1870).
Chateaubriand: Analyse raisonnée de l'histoire de France. (Oeuvres, 1865, Tome 8).
Friedrich von Hardenberg (called Novalis): Die Christenheit oder Europa, 1799 (Novalis' Schriften hg. von Minor, 1907, Band ii. Also English translation).
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832): Sämtliche Werke, Jubiläumsausgabe, no date, Stuttgart and Berlin, i, 242 and ii, 279, and other obiter dicta for which see the excellent index. See also Gespräche mit Eckermann, 1832, English translation in Bohn's library, p. 568.
Friedrich Schiller: Geschichte des Abfalles der Vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung. 1788. (2d ed., much changed, 1801; translation in Bohn's library). Cf. also Schiller's letter to Goethe, Sept. 17, 1800, in Schiller's Briefe, hg. von F. Jonas, 1895, vi, 200.
Christoph Martin Wieland (1733-1813). His opinion, in 1801 is given in Diary &c of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler, 3 vols., 1869, i, 109, and in "Charakteristik Lulhers," in Pantheon der Deutschen, 1794.
Charles de Villers: Essai sur l'esprit et l'influence de la Réforme de Luther. 1803. (English translation by James Mill, 1805).
William Roscoe: Life and Pontificate of Leo X. 1805.
J. G. Fichte: Reden an die deutsche Nation, 1808. Nr. 6.
Mme. de Staël: De l'Allemagne. 1813.
E. M. Arndt: Ansichten und Aussichten der deutschen Geschichte. 1814.
Arndt: Vom Worte und vom Kirchenliede. 1819.
Arndt: Christliches und Türkisches. 1828, pp. 255 ff.
Arndt: Vergleichende Völkergeschichte. 1814.
Friedrich von Schlegel: Geschichte der alten und neuen Literatur. 1815. (Sämtliche Werke, 1822, ii, 244 ff).
Schlegel: Philosophie der Geschichte. 1829. (English translation in Bohn's Library).
Joseph de Maistre: De l'église gallicane. 1820, cap. 2. (Oeuvres, 1884, ii, 3 ff).
De Maistre: Lettres sur l'Inquisition espagnole. 1815 ff. (Oeuvres ii).
John Lingard: History of England, vols. 4, 5. 1820 ff.
G. W. F. Hegel: Philosophie der Geschichte. Lectures delivered first 1822-3, published as vol. ix of his Werke by E. Gans, 1837. (English translation by J. Sibree, 1857, in Bohn's Library).
Leopold von Ranke: Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1491-1535. Band i, (bis 1514). 1824. Appendix: Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtschreiber.
Ranke: Die römischen Päpste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im XVI. und XVII. Jahrhiindert. 1834-6. (Many editions and translations of this and other works of Ranke).
Ranke: Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation. 1839-47.
Ranke: Zwölf Bücher Preussischer Geschichte. Band i und ii, 1874.
Ranke: Die Osmannen und die Spanische Monarchie im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. 1877.
C. H. de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon: Nouveau Christianisme, Oeuvres, 1869, vii, 100 ff. (written 1825).
Henry Hallam: Constitutional History of England from the accession of Henry VII to the death of George II. 1827.
Hallam: Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries. 1837-9.
A. Thierry: Vingt-cinq letters sur l'histoire de France. 1827.
François-Pierre-Guillaume Guizot: Histoire de la civilisation en Europe. 1828. (English transl. by Hazlitt. 1846).
Guizot: Histoire de la civilisation en France. 4 vols. 1830.
Philipp Marheineke: Geschichte der deutschen Reformation. 4 vols. 1831-4.
Heinrich Leo: Geschichte der Niederlanden. 2 vols. 1832-5.
Leo: Lehrbuch der Universalgeschichte, 6 vols. 1835-44.
Friedrich von Raumer: Geschichte Europas seit dem Ende des 15. Jahrhundert. 1832-50.
A. Vinet: Moralistes des 16. and 17. siècles. 1859 (Lectures given 1832-47).
H. Martin: Histoire de France. 1833-6.
Heinrich Heine: Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland. 1834.
Jules Michelet: Memoires de Luther écrits par lui-même, traduits et mis en ordre. 1835.
Michelet et Quinet: Les Jésuites. 1842.
Michelet: Histoire de France, vols. 8-10, 1855 ff.
J. H. Merle d'Aubigné: Histoire de la Réformation du 16. siècle. 5 vols. 1835-53. (English translation, 1846).
Thomas Babington Macauley: "On Ranke's History of the Popes," 1840, published in his Essays, 1842. There are also remarks on the effect of the Reformation in his History of England, 1848 ff.
John Carl Ludwig Gieseler: Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte. Band iii, Abteilung 1, 1840. (Many later editions, and an English translation).
Jaime Balmes: El protestantismo comparado con el catolicismo en sus relaciones con la civilizacion Europea. 4 vols. 1842-4. (English translation as, Protestantism and Catholicism compared, 2d ed. 1851).
Thomas Carlyle: Heroes and Hero-worship. 1842.
Philarète Chasle: "La Renaissance sensuelle: Luther, Rabelais, Skelton, Folengo," Revue des deux Mondes, March, 1842.
Edgar Quinet: Le génie des religions. 1842.
Quinet: (see Michelet).
Quinet: Le Christianisme et la Révolution française. 1845.
Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger: Die Reformation. 3 vols. 1846-8.
Döllinger: Luther, eine Skizze. 1851.
Döllinger: Kirche und Kirchen. 1861, p. 386.
Döllinger: Vorträge über die Wiedervereinigungsversuche zwischen den christlichen Kirchen und die Aussichten einer künftigen Union. 1872.
F. C. Baur: Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmengeschichte. 1847.
Baur: Die Epochen der kirchlichen Geschichtschreibung. 1852.
Baur: Geschichte der christlichen Kirche, Band iv, 1863.
E. Forcade: "La Réforme et la Révolution," Revue des Deux Mondes, Feb. 1849.
William Corbbett: A History of the Protestant "Reformation" in England and Ireland, showing how that event has impoverished and degraded the main body of the People in these countries. 1852.
Napoleon Roussel: Les nations catholiques et les nations protestantes comparées sous le triple rapport du bien-être, des lumières et de la moralité. 1854.
William H. Prescott: History of the Reign of Philip II, King of Spain. 1855-72.
John Lothrop Motley: The Rise of the Dutch Republic. 1855.
Motley: History of the United Netherlands from the death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort. 1860-7.
Motley: Life and Death of John of Barneveldt. 1874.
James Anthony Froude: History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth. (Later: To the Spanish Armada). 1856-70.
Froude: Short Studies on Great Subjects. 1867-83.
Froude: The Divorce of Catharine of Aragon. 1891.
Froude: The Life and Letters of Erasmus. 1894.
Froude: Lectures on the Council of Trent. 1896.
Henry Thomas Buckle: History of Civilization in England. 1857-61.
Paul de Lagarde: "Ueber das Verhältnis des deutschen Staates zu Theologie, Kirche und Religion." Deutsche Schriften, 1886, pp. 48 ff. (Written in 1859, first printed 1873).
David Friedrich Strauss: Ulrich von Hutten. 1858.
Gustav Freytag: Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit. 1859-62.
Ferdinand Gregorovius: Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter. 1859-71.
Lord Acton: Many essays and articles, beginning about 1860, mostly collected in his History of Freedom and Other Essays, 1906, and Historical Essays and Studies, 1907.
Acton: Lectures on Modern History. 1906. (I use the 1912 edition; the lectures were delivered in 1899-1901).
Acton: Letters to Mary Gladstone, ed. H. Paul, 1904.
Jacob Burckhart: Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien. 1860. (English translation by S. G. C. Middlemore, 1878). Twentieth ed. by L. Geiger, 1919.
W. Stubbs: Lectures on European History. 1904. (Delivered 1860-70).
François Laurent: Études sur l'histoire de l'humanité. 18 vols. Vol. viii: La Réforme. (No date, circa 1862). Vol. xvii: La Religion de l'avenir. 1870. Vol. xviii: Philosophie de l'histoire. 1870. (pp. 340 ff).
John William Draper: History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. 1863.
Draper: History of the Conflict of Science and Religion. 1874.
W. E. H. Lecky: History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe. 1865.
K. P. W Maurenbrecher: Karl V und die deutschen Protestanten. 1865.
Maurenbrecher: England im Reformationszeitalter. 1866.
Maurenbrecher: Studien und Skizzen zur Geschichte der Reformationszeit. 1874.
Maurenbrecher: Geschichte der katholischen Reformation. 1880.
Henry Charles Lea: Superstition and Force. 1866.
Lea: Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy. 1867.
Lea: Chapters from the Religious History of Spain connected with the Inquisition. 1890.
Lea: History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church. 1896.
Lea: History of the Inquisition in Spain. 1906-7.
Lea: "The Eve of the Reformation," Cambridge Modern History, ii, 1902.
Ludwig Häusser: Geschichte des Zeitalters der Reformation. 1867-8.
Frederic Seebohm: The Oxford Reformers, 1867.
Seebohm: The Era of the Protestant Revolution. 1874.
H. H. Milman: Savonarola, Erasmus and other Essays. 1870.
Eichhoff: Dr. Martin Luther: 100 Stimmen namhafter Männer aus 4 Jahrhunderten. 1872.
George Park Fisher: The Reformation. 1873. (New ed. 1906).
John Richard Green: Short History of the English People. 1874.
Green: History of the English People, 4 vols. 1877-80.
John Addington Symonds: The Renaissance in Italy, 7 vols. 1875-86.
Symonds: "Renaissance," article in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th, 10th, 11th ed.
Johannes Janssen: Geschichte des deutschen Volkes seit dem Ausgange des Mittelalters, 1876-88. (Twentieth ed. of vols. 1, 2; eighteenth ed. of vols. 3-8, by L. Pastor, 1913 ff).
Emile de Laveleye: Le protestantisme et le catholicisme dans leurs rapports avec la liberté et la prosperité des peuples, 1875.
Richard Watson Dixon: History of the Church of England from the abolition of the Roman jurisdiction, 6 vols. 1878-1902.
Friedrich Nietzsche: Menschliches, Allzumenschliches. 1878, p. 200.
Nietzsche: Die fröhliche Wissenschaft. 1882, Sections 35, 148, 149, 385. (And other obiter dicta, cf. Werke, vii, 401).
Pasquale Villari: Niccolò Machiavelli e i suoi tempi. 1878. (English transl., 1891).
Ludwig (von) Pastor: Die kirchliche Unionsbestrebungen unter Karl V, 1879.
Pastor: Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgange des Mittelalters, 7 vols. 1886-1920. (English translation of German vols. 1-5, making 12 vols, ed. by Antrobus and Kerr).
H. M. Baird: The Rise of the Huguenots in France. 1879.
Baird: The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre. 1886.
Georg Christian Bernhard Pünjer: Geschichte der christlichen Religionsphilosophie seit der Reformation. 2 Bände. 1880-3. (English translation of the first volume as, History of the Christian Philosophy of Religion from the Reformation to Kant, by W. Hastie. 1887).
J. E. Thorold Rogers: History of Agriculture and Prices in England, vol. iv, 1882, pp. 72 ff.
Rogers: The Economic Interpretation of History, 1888, pp. 83 ff.
K. W. Nitzsch: Geschichte des deutschen Volkes bis zum Augsburger Religionsfriede, hg. von Matthäi, 1883-5.
Heinrich von Treitschke: "Luther und die deutsche Nation," 1883. (English translation in Germany, France, Russia and Islam, 1915, 227 ff. Other criticisms of the Reformation may be found in his other works, e.g., Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert, 1 Teil,[5] 1895, pp. 86, 391).
Charles Beard: The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in its relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge. 1883.
A. Stern: Die Socialisten der Reformationszeit. 1883.
Matthew Arnold: St. Paul and Protestantism. 1883.
Adolf (von) Harnack: Martin Luther in seiner Bedeutung für die Geschichte der Wissenschaft und der Bildung. 1883 (Fifth ed. 1910).
Harnack: M. Luther und die Grundlegung der Reformation. 1917.
Harnack: Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, Band iii, 1890. (Fourth ed. 1910, and English translation by Neil Buchanan, 1897).
Harnack: Das Wesen des Christentums. 1900. (English translation, What is Christianity? 1901).
Harnack: "Die Bedeutung der Reformation innerhalb der allgemeinen Religionsgeschichte," Reden und Aufsätze, Baud ii, Teil ii, 1904.
Harnack: "Die Reformation," Internationale Monatsschrift, xi, 1917.
M. Monnier: La Réforme, de Luther à Shakespeare. (Histoire de la littérature moderne). 1885.
Leo Tolstoy: Thoughts and Aphorisms. 1886-93. Tolstoy's Works, English, 1905, xix, 137 f.
Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church. Vol. VI, The German Reformation. 1888. Vol. VII, The Swiss Reformation. 1892.
F. von Bezold: Die Reformation. 1890. (In Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen).
F. von Bezold, E. Gotheim und R. Koser: Staat und Gesellschaft der neueren Zeit. 1908. (Die Kultur der Gegenwart, Teil ii, Abteilung V).
William Cunningham: Growth of English Industry and Commerce during the early and Middle Ages. 1890. (Fourth ed. 1905).
Cunningham: Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times. 1882. (3d ed. 1903).
Cunningham: Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects in Ancient Times. 1898.
Cunningham: Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects in Modern Times. 1900. (I also have the advantage of having taken notes of Dr. Cunningham's lectures at Columbia University, November, 1914).
Rudolph Cristoph Eucken: Die Lebensanschauungen der grossen Denker. 1890. (7th ed. 1907: English translation, The Problem of Human Life, by W. Hough and Boyce Gibson, 1909).
F. Simmel: Soziale Differenzierung. 1890.
Robert Flint: History of the Philosophy of History. 1893.
C. Borgeaud: The Rise of Modern Democracy in Old and New England. Translated by Mrs. B. Hill. Preface by C. H. Firth. 1894. (First published in French periodicals 1890-1).
Herbert L. Osgood: "The Political Ideas of the Puritans," Political Science Quarterly, vi, 1 ff., 201 ff., 1891.
Wilhelm Dilthey: "Auffassung und Analyse des Menschen im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert." Archiv für die Geschichte der Philosophie, iv, (1891) 604 ff., v, (1892), 337 ff.
Dilthey: "Die Glaubenslehre der Reformatoren," Preussiche Jahrbücher, lxxv, (1894), pp. 44 ff.
Dilthey: "Weltanschauung und Analyse des Menschen seit Renaissance und Reformation." Gesammelte Schriften, ii, 1914.
E. A. Freeman: Historical Essays, 4th series, 1892.
Karl Lamprecht: Zum Verstãndnis der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Wandlungen in Deutschland vom. 14. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert. 1893.
Lamprecht: Deutsche Geschichte, Band 5, 1894-5.
Otto Pfleiderer: Philosophy and Development of Religion. (Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh), 1894, vol. ii, pp. 321 ff.
Pfleiderer: "Luther as the founder of Protestant civilization." In Evolution and Theology, 1900, pp. 48-79. (Address given 1883).
E. Belfort Bax: German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages. 1894.
Bax: The Peasants' War in Germany. 1899.
Bax: The Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists. 1903. (Large portions of the three works by Bax have been reprinted in his German Culture Past and Present. 1915).
Brooks Adams: The Law of Civilisation and Decay. 1895.
Brooks Adams: The New Empire. 1902.
Karl Kautsky: Vorläufer des neuren Sozialismus, Band i, "Der Kommunismus in der deutschen Reformation," 1895. (Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation, transl. by J. L. and E. G. Mulliken. 1897).
A. Berger: Die Kulturaufgaben der Reformation. 1895. ([2] 1908).
Berger: M. Luther in kulturgeschichtlicher Darstellung, 3 parts, 1895, 1907, 1919.
Berger: Ursachen und Ziele der deutschen Reformation. 1899.
Berger: Sind Humanismus und Protestantismus gegensätzig? 1899,
H. Hauser: "De l'humanisme et de la Réforme en France," Revue Historique, July-Aug. 1897.
Karl Sell: "Die wissenschaftliche Aufgaben einer Geschichte der christlichen Religion," Preussische Jahrbücher, xcviii. (1899), 12 ff.
Sell: Christentum und Weltgeschichte seit der Reformation. 1910.
Sell: Der Zusammenhang von Reformation und politischer Freiheit. Abhandlungen in Theologischen Arbeiten aus dem rheinischen wissenschaftlichen Predigerverein. N. F. 12. 1910.
John Mackinnon Robertson: A Short History of Freethought. 1899. ([3] 1915).
Robertson: A Short History of Christianity. 1901. ([2] 1913).
S. N. Patten: The Development of English Thought. A Study in the Economic Interpretation of History. 1899. (Fanciful).
Ferdinand Brunetière: "L'oeuvre littéraire de Calvin." Revue des Deux Mondes, Oct. 15, 1900.
Brunetière: "L'oeuvre de Calvin." (1901). Discours de Combat, ii, 1908, pp. 121 ff.
Williston Walker: The Reformation. 1900.
Walker: A History of the Christian Church. 1918.
A. Loisy: L'Évangile et l'Église. 1901. (Answer to Harnack's Wesen des Christentums).
A. Lang: History of Scotland, i, 1901, p. 382.
A. F. Pollard: Henry VIII. 1902.
A. F. Pollard: Thomas Cranmer. 1904.
Pollard: Political History of England 1547-1603. 1910.
James Gairdner: The English Church in the Sixteenth Century(1509-58). 1902.
J. Gairdner: Chapters in the Cambridge Modern History, ii, 1902.
Gairdner: Lollardy and the Reformation. 4 vols. 1908 ff.
Mandell Creighton: A History of the Papacy, vol. 5, 1902.
E. Armstrong: The Emperor Charles V. 1902.
H. Lemonnier: Histoire de France (ed. par E. Lavisse), v, 1903-4.
James Harvey Robinson: "The Study of the Lutheran Revolt," American Historical Review, viii, 205. 1903.
J. H. Robinson: "The Reformation," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911.
Auguste Sabatier: Les religions d'autorité et la religion de l'esprit. 1903. ([4] 1910. English translation 1904).
(H. M.) Alfred Baudrillart: L'Église catholique, la Renaissance, le Protestantisme. 1904. (English translation by Mrs. Philip Gibbs. 1908).
W. H. Frere: The English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I, 1904.
H. A. L. Fisher: A Political History of England 1486-1547. 1904.
Fisher: The Republican Tradition in Europe, 1911, pp. 34 ff.
J. H. Mariéjol: Histoire de France (ed. par E. Lavisse), Tome vi, 1904.
E. P. Cheyney: The European Background of American History, 1904, p. 168.
O. Hegemann: Luther in katholischem Urteil. 1904.
Friedrich Heinrich Suso Denifle: Luther and Luthertum in der ersten Entwicklung, i, 1904; ii, hg. von A. M. Weiss, 1909.
Max Weber: "Die protestantische Ethik und der 'Geist' des Kapitalismus," Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, xx and xxi, 1905.
George Santayana: Reason in Religion, 1905, pp. 114-124.
Santayana: Winds of Doctrine, 1913, pp. 39-46.
Santayana: Egotism in German Philosophy, 1917, pp. 1 ff., 23.
P. Imbart de la Tour: Les Origines de la Réforme, 3 vols. 1905-13.
P. Imbart de la Tour: "Luther et l'Allemagne," in Revue de métaphysique et morale, 1918, p. 611.
David J. Hill: A History of Diplomacy in the International Development of Europe, vol. 2, 1906, pp. 422 f, 460.
A. W. Benn: A History of English Rationalism in the Eighteenth Century, 1906, pp. 76 f.
J. Mackinnon: A History of Modern Liberty, Vol. iii, The Age of the Reformation, 1906.
T. M. Lindsay: A History of the Reformation. 2 vols. 1906-7.
H. Böhmer: Luther im Lichte der neueren Forschung. 1906. (2d. ed. 1909, 3d. 1913, 5th 1918, each much changed).
Ernst Troeltsch: Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Entstehung der modernen Welt. 1906. (2d ed. 1911; English translation, "Protestantism and Progress." 1912).
Troeltsch: Protestantisches Christentum und Kirche in der Neuzeit, 1906. (Kultur der Gegenwart, I, Teil iv, 1). 2d ed. 1909.
Troeltsch: "Protestantismus und Kultur," in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 1912.
Troeltsch: Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen, 1912.
Troeltsch: "Renaissance und Reformation," Historische Zeitschrift, cx. 519 ff., 1913.
Troeltsch: "Die Kulturbedeutung des Kalvinimus," Internationale Wochenschrift, iv, 1910.
Troeltsch: "Luther und der Protestantismus," Neue Rundschau, Oct. 1917.
T. Brieger: "Die Reformation." In Weltgeschichte 1500-1648, ed. Pflugk-Harttung, 1907. (Published separately, enlarged, 1909).
F. Loofs: Luther's Stellung zum Mittelalter und zur Neuzeit. 1907.
Horst Stephan: Luther in den Wandlungen seiner Kirche. 1907.
A. Kalthoff: Das Zeitalter der Reformation. 1907.
Otto Pfleiderer: Die Entwicklung des Christentums. 1907.
Joseph Fabre: La pensée moderne, de Luther à Leibnitz. 1908.
F. Lepp: Schlagwörter des Reformationszeitalters. 1908.
Paul Sabatier: Les Modernistes, 1908 (Translated, Modernism, 1908, pp. 75 ff).
Paul Sabatier: L'Orientation religieuse de la France actuelle, 1911. (Translated, France Today, its Religious Orientation, 1913, pp. 49-51).
John Morley: Miscellanies, Fourth Series, 1908, pp. 120 ff.
R. Eckert: Luther im Urteil bedeutender Männer. 1908. (2d ed., expanded, 1917).
E. Boutroux: Science et religion dans la philosophie contemporaine, 1908, p. 13.
L. Zscharnack: "Reformation und Humanismus im Urteil der deutschen Aufklärung," Protestantische Monatshefte, 1908, xii, 81 ff, 153 ff.
F. Rachfahl: "Kalvinismus und Kapitalismus," Internationale Wochenschrift, iii, 1909.
E. Fueter: "Die Weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung des Calvinismus." Wissen und Leben, ii, 1909, pp. 269 ff.
E. Fueter: Geschichte der neueren Historiographie. 1911. (French translation, 1916).
E. Fueter: Geschichte des Europäischen Staatensystems 1492-1559. 1919.
W. Windelband: Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie, p. 395. (Kultur der Gegenwart, Teil I, Abt. 5, 1909).
Solamon Reinach: Orpheus, 1909.
Jacob Salwyn Schapiro: Social Reform and the Reformation. 1909.
F. Katzer: Luther und Kant. 1910.
Emil Knodt: Die Bedeutung Calvins und des Calvinismus für die protestantische Welt. 1910.
Jaeger: "Germanisierung des Christentums," Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 1910.
A. Dide: J. J. Rousseau, le Protestantisme et la Révolution française. (1910).
J. Rivain: Politique, Morale, Religion; Sur l'Esprit protestant; Protestantisme et progrès; l'Église et l'État. 1910.
C. Burdach: "Sinn und Ursprung der Worte Renaissance und Reformation." Königliche-preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1910, pp. 594-646.
W. Köhler: Idee und Persönlichkeit in der Kirchengeschichte. 1910.
W. Köhler: "Luther," in Morgenrot der Reformation, hg. von Pflugk-Harttung, 1912.
W. Köhler: Martin Luther und die deutsche Reformation. 1916.
W. Köhler in Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 1909. i, 2117 ff.
Köhler: "Erasmus," 1918. (Klassiker der Religion).
Köhler: Dr. M. Luther, der deutsche Reformator. 1917.
H. T. Andrews: "The Social Principles and Effects of the Reformation." In Christ and Civilization, ed. J. B. Patten, Sir P. W. Bunting and A. E. Garvie, 1910.
Fernand Mouret: Histoire générale de l'Église. Tome 5. La Renaissance et la Réforme. 1910. ([2] 1914).
A. Humbert: Les Origines de la Théologie moderne, 1911.
Hartmann Grisar: Luther. 3 vols. 1911-13.
Preserved Smith: Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 1911. (Especially the preface to the second edition, 1914).
Preserved Smith: "Justification by Faith," Harvard Theological Review, 1913.
Preserved Smith: "Luther," International Encyclopaedia, 1915.
Preserved Smith: "The Reformation 1517-1917." Bibliotheca Sacra, Jan. 1918.
Preserved Smith: "English Opinion of Luther," Harvard Theological Review, 1917.
Hillaire Belloc: "The Results of the Reformation." Catholic World, Jan. 1912.
P. Wernle: Renaissance und Reformation. 1912.
Alfred Plummer: The Continental Reformation. 1912.
Maxime Kowalewsky: Die ökonomische Entwicklung Europas bis zum Beginn der kapitalistischen Wirtschaftsform. Aus dem Russischen überstezt von A. Stein. Vol. vi, 1913, pp. 51 ff.
J. B. Bury: A History of Freedom of Thought. 1913.
G. L. Burr: "Anent the Middle Ages," American Historical Review, 1913.
Burr: "The Freedom of History," American Historical Review, Jan. 1917.
W. J. Ashley: Economic Organization of England, 1914, pp. 64 ff.
A. Elkan: "Entstehung und Entwicklung des Begriffs 'Gegenreformation,'" Historische Zeitschrift, cxii, pp. 473-93, 1914.
E. M. Hulme: The Renaissance, the Protestant Revolution and the Catholic Reformation. 1914. (Second ed. 1915).
G. Wolf: Quellenkunde der deutschen Reformationsgeschichte, 2 vols. 1915, 1916.
A. E. Harvey: "Economic Self-interest in the German Anti-clericalism of the 15th and 16th Centuries," American Journal of Theology, 1915.
Harvey: "Economic Aspects of the Reformation," Lutheran Survey, Aug. 1, 1917, pp. 459-64.
Harvey: "Martin Luther in the Estimate of Modern Historians," American Journal of Theology, July, 1918.
W. P. Paterson: "Religion," chap. 9 of German Culture, ed. by W. P. Paterson, 1915.
John Dewey: German Philosophy and Politics. 1915.
H. Cohen: Deutschtum und Judentum. 1915.
G. Kawerau: Luther's Gedanken über den Krieg. 1916.
G. Monod: "La Réforme Catholique," Revue Historique, cxxi, 1916, esp. pp. 314 f.
F. S. Marvin: Progress and History, 1916. (Essays by various authors).
Shailer Mathews: The Spiritual Interpretation of History, 1916, esp. pp. 57 ff.
Frank Puaux: "La Réformation jugée par Claude et Jurieu." Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme, Juillet-Sept. 1917.
L. Marchaud: La Réformation: ses causes, sa nature, ses consequences. 1917.
N. Weiss: "Pour le Quatrième Centénaire de la Réformation," Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme, 1917, pp. 178 ff.
K. D. Macmillan: Protestantism in Germany. 1917.
Georg von Below: Die Ursachen der Reformation, 1917.
H. M. Gwatkin: "Reformation," in Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, 1917.
Alfred Fawkes: "Papacy," ibid.
Max Lenz: "Luthers weltgeschichtliche Stellung," Preussische Jahrbücher, clxx, 1917.
Chalfant Robinson: "Some Economic Aspects of the Protestant Reformation Doctrines." Princeton Theological Review, October 1917.
Arthur Cushman McGiffert: "Luther and the Unfinished Reformation." Address given at Union Seminary Oct. 31, 1917, published in the Union Seminary Bulletin, 1918.
Revue de Métaphysique et Morale, Sept.-Dec., 1918. Special number on the Reformation with important articles by C. A. Bernouilli, Imbart de la Tour, N. Weiss, F. Buisson, F. Watson, Frederic Palmer, E. Doumergue and others.
W. K. Boyd: "Political and Social Aspects of Luther's Message," South Atlantic Quarterly, Jan., 1918.
H. Scholz: "Die Reformation und der deutsche Geist." Preussische Jahrbücher, clxx, 1, 1918.
F. Heiler: Luther's Religionsgeschichtliche Bedeutung. 1918.
F. T. Teggart: The Processes of History, 1918, pp. 162 ff.
Lucy H. Humphrey: "French Estimates of Luther," Lutheran Quarterly, April, 1918. (Interesting study).
J. Paquier: Luther et l'Allemagne. 1918.
Wilbur Cross Abbott: The Expansion of Europe 1415-1789. 2 vols. 1918.
H. E. Barnes: "History," Encyclopaedia Americana, 1919.
George Foot Moore: History of Religions: Judaism, Christianity, Mohammedanism. 1919.
P. Hume Brown: Surveys of Scottish History. 1919. (Essays posthumously collected).
J. Haller: Die Ursachen der Reformation. 1919.
F. Arnold: Die deutsche Reformation in ihren Beziehungen zu den Kulturverhältnissen des Mittelalters. 1919.
D. H. Bauslin: The Lutheran Movement of the Sixteenth Century. 1919.
{819}
INDEX
Aalst, 264. Aberdeen, University of, 12. Abgarus, 585. Abyssinia, 405. Acontius, J., 627. Acton, Lord, 357, 377, 642, 737, 741. Adams, B., 726. Adrian VI, Pope, appeal to Germany, 84 f., 378. and Luther, 241, 378. and Inquisition, 242, 378, 415. pontificate, 378 f., 389. in Spain, 427. and art, 690. Aerschot, Duke of, 269. Aeschylus, 574. Aesop, 574. Africa, 10, 437, 441, 443, 445 f., 473, 525, 533, 616. Agriculture, 540 ff. Agrippa of Nettesheim, H. C., 420, 508, 510, 638 f. Aigle, 161. Aix-in-Provence, 203. Alamanni, L., 373. Albertinus, A., 453. Albertus Magnus, 612. Albigenses, 35. Albuquerque, A. d', 443. Alcalá, University of, 12, 400, 565, 673. Aleander, J., 78, 80, 191, 195, 241. Alençon, 195. Charles, Duke of, 189. Aleppo, 446. Alesius, A., 354. Alexander VI, Pope, 17 f., 407, 418, 435, 709. Algiers, 449. Allenstein, 618. Almeida, F. d', 442. Altdorf, 670. Alva, Duke of, defeats German Protestants, 120. besieges Metz, 200. regent of the Netherlands, 254, 257 ff., 672. and England, 332, 335, 339 f. art of war, 488. Amazon, 438. America, 275, 407, 416, 430, 435 ff., 457, 512, 523, 616, 651. gold and silver from, 473 ff. Amboise, 197. Tumult of, 210 f. Amboyna, 524. Ameaux, 175. Ammonius, A., 649. Amsterdam, 244, 257, 261 f., 275, 531. Amyot, 576. Anabaptists, 82. in Germany, 99 ff. and Melanchthon, 117. and polygamy, 120. in Sweden, 138. in Poland, 142. in Transylvania, 145. in Switzerland, 154 ff. in Netherlands, 237, 243 f., 248 f., 295. in England, 295, 308, 315. in Italy, 376, 417. and Council of Trent, 392. and Bible, 573. communism, 606. persecuted, 644 f. for toleration, 646. judged by Bax and Kautsky, 726. Andalusia, 433 f. Andelot, 205. Andrea del Sarto, 680. Anghierra, P. M. d', 702. Anjou, Francis, Dnke of, 269 f., 272, 274, 602. Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, 287, 290 f., 293, 295, 298 f., 548, 588, 676. Anne of Cleves, Queen of England, 306 f. Anne, Queen of France, 182 f. Anthology, 574. Antwerp, 237, 239 ff., 245, 256 f., 260, 265, 284, 355, 442, 454, 467, 472, 565. trade, 523 ff., 531 f., 537. charity, 559. art, 683. Appenzell, 146. Aquaviva, 410. Aquinas, T., 34, 43, 47, 163, 529, 590, 624. Arabs, 442 f., 448. Aragon, 428. Arbuthnot, A., 355. Archangel, 526. Arcimboldi, 136. Aretino, P., 694. Argyle, Earl of, 360. Ariosto, 11, 19, 374, 502, 508 ff., 628, 692. Aristarchus, 617. Aristophanes, 574. Aristotle, 49, 52, 63 f., 66, 513, 574, 590, 609, 612, 617, 623. reaction against, 636 f. Armentières, 256. Armstrongs, 505. Arndt, 718. Arras, League of, 271 ff. Art, 3, 674, 91. [Transcriber's note: 691?] Gothic, 7. rewards of artists, 472. history of, 582 f. painting, 674 ff. architecture, 685 ff. Reformation and Counter-reformation, 689 ff. Artois, 239. Arzila, 446. Ascham, R., 327, 497 f., 634 f., 667 f., 671, 692. Ashley, 729. Asia, 447 f., 474, 616. Aske, R., 304. Askewe, A., 309. Atahualpa, 440. Atlantic, 10, 442, 490, 523. Aubigné, M. d', 723. Aubigné, T. A. d', 600 f. Augsburg, 74, 113, 128, 454. Diet of (1518), 46, 67. Diet of (1530), 110, 116 ff. Diet of (1548), 129, 239. Diet of (1555), 130. Religious Peace of, 114, 130 ff., 255, 650. Confession, 116 f., 122, 130, 145, 299, 392. banks, 520 f., 527 f. pauperism, 559 f. Augustine, 34, 65, 584, 606. Augustinian Friars, 67, 240, 702, 708. Australia, 443. Austria, 74 ff., 79, 146, 158, 238. Rudolph IV, Duke of, 44. Don John of, 266 ff., 272. Matthew, Archduke of, 268 ff. Auvergne, 202. Avicenna, 513. Avignon, popes at, 14, 42. Azores, 435, 441. Aztecs, 438 f.
Babington, A., 338. Bacon, F., 392, 487, 591 f., 609, 623, 626, 650, 666, 669. on effect of the Reformation, 635 f. Baden, 157, 238. Badius, J., 471. Balboa, 438. Baldwin, J., 635. Bale, J., 578. Balearic Isles, 535. Baltic, 523, 526. Bamberg, 114, 658. Bandini, P. A., 377. Baptista Mantuanus, 667. Baptists, 102. Barbarossa, 449. Barbary, 535. Barcelona, 428, 535. University of, 12, 400. Barnabites, 397. Barnes, R., 308. Baronius, C., 585. Barton, E., 290. Basil III, Czar, 447. Basle joins Swiss Confederacy, 146. center of humanism, 147, 150. Reformation, 156 f., 160, 162. Council of, 15 f., 40, 45, 147 f., 389. University of, 11, 149. Baur, F. C., 720 f. Bavaria, 44, 74, 114, 127, 406, 454. Bax, B., 725 f. Baxter, R., 656, 729. Bayard, 501. Beard, C., 739. Beaton, D., 356 f., 382. Beatus Rhenanus, 53. Becket, T., 59, 305. Beda, N., 161. Beirut, 446. Beham, B., 103, 628. Beham, H. S., 103, 628. Belgium, 76, 555. Belgrade, 449. Bellay, J. du, 576, 579. Bellay, M. du, 582, 704. Bellay, R. du, 196. Bellinis, 677. Below, G. von, 739. Bembo, P., 51, 374, 376. Benedict, St., 397. Bengal, 524. Ben Mosheh, G., 565. Benn, A. W., 742. Ber, L., 106. Berger, A. E., 728. Bernard, St., 34, 397. Berne, 146 ff., 153, 157 f., 160 f., 168 f., 179, 645. Berni, F., 376. Berquin, L. de, 193. Berthelier, P., 175. Berwick, 358. Berwickshire, 362. Besançon, University of, 672. Bessarion, 52. Beucklessen, 101 f. Beza, T., 172, 181, 213, 565, 585, 598, 647, 671. Bezold, 732. Bible first printed, 9. number of editions, 26. Vulgate, 26, 188, 392, 396, 566. French, 26, 175, 188, 196, 570. German, 26, 81, 86, 100, 111 f., 157, 569 f. English, 37 f., 243, 284, 289, 300, 329, 354 ff., 359, 566, 570 f. Swedish, 138. Polish, 142. Greek, 147, 188, 374, 420, 564 ff. Dutch, 243. Spanish, 245. new Latin translations, 374, 565 f. Italian, 374. Hebrew, 565. Complutensian Polyglot, 565 f. authority of, 35, 37 f., 40, 165 f., 392, 571 ff. exegesis and criticism of, 566 ff. by Valla, 49, 566 f. by Lefèvre, 52 f. by Colet, 53. by Reuchlin, 54. by Erasmus, 60, 564 ff. by Luther, 568 f. new translations condemned, 192, 203, 284, 309, 420 ff. price of, 468. popularity, 571 f. effect of bibliolatry, 573, 655 f. illustrated by Raphael, 679. Biblia Pauperum, 8, 26. Biel, G., 160, 743. Bijns, A., 246. Bion, 574. Blaurer, A., 179. Blaurer, T., 134. Blaurock, G., 645. Blois, 197, 210. States General, 222. Blue Laws, 171 ff., 482 ff. Boccaccio, 47 f., 422. Bodin, J., 222, 582, 601 f., 608, 623. on religion, 630. on witchcraft, 657, 659 f. Boece, H., 354. Bohemia, 38 ff., 74, 144, 290. Bohemian Brethren, 40 f., 142, 144. Böhm, H., 87. Böhmer, 739. Boiardo, 376. Bologna, 393. University of, 11, 603, 613, 618, 627. Concordat of, 42 f., 184, 230. Bolsec, J., 167, 176, 375. Bombasius, 564. Boniface VIII, Pope, 14, 23, 41 f. Bonivard, 168. Bonn, 657. Bonner, 604. Books numbers of, 9, 691 f. prices of, 468. royalties, 471 f. literature, 691-8. Borgeaud, C., 743. Borgia family, 15, 676. Caesar, 17, 590, 676. Lucretia, 17, 676. Borgia, F., 410. Borneo, 524. Borromeo, C., 386, 417. Borthwick, D., 355 note. Bossuet, 702 f. Botero, J., 608. Bothwell, Earl of, 366 ff. Boucher, J., 190, 600, 605. Bourbon, Anthony of, 205, 210, 213. Bourbon, Charles, Constable of, 185, 205, 380. Bourbon, Charles, Cardinal of, 223. Bourgeoisie, 5, 236, 278, 549 ff. Bourges, 195. University of, 11, 162. Pragmatic Sanction of, 42 f. Archbishop of, 227. Boyneburg, 313. Brabant, 245, 253, 255, 264, 269, 274. population, 454. Brahe, T., 623. Bramante, 686. Brandenburg, 74, 468, 540. population, 454. Joachim I, Elector of, 77. Joachim II, Elector of, 119, 127. Albert of, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 113, 139. John, Margrave of, 398. Brandenburg-Culmbach, Albert of, 130. Brant, S., 88. Ship of Fools, 54, 147. Brantôme, 211, 350, 582, 704. Brask, J., 137. Brazil, 405, 408, 435, 444. Breda, 251. Brederode, 257. Brentano, 729. Brenz, 645. Brescia, 455, 565, 658. Brethren of the Common Life, 12, 26, 32. Briçonnet, W., 180 ff. Brielle, 260. Bristol, 323. Brittany, 182, 195. Brothers of Mercy, 397. Browne, R., 345. Brück, G., 116. Bruges, 273, 559. Bruno, 507, 623, 639 f. Brunswick, Henry, Duke of, 120. Brussels, 235, 242, 245, 253, 255 ff., 264, 266, 268, 272, 439, 502, 540. Bucer, M., 110, 120, 122, 164, 169, 312 f., 322, 375, 508, 596, 645. Buchanan, G., 354, 579 f., 603, 703. Buckingham, Duke of, 280. Buckle, H. T., 722. Budé, W., 187, 190, 193 f., 667, 672. Bugenhagen, J., 137. Bullinger, H., 102, 123, 150, 160, 179, 299, 312, 326, 356, 420, 587. Burckhardt, J., 732. Burghley, W. Cecil, Lord, 327, 333 f., 337 f., 554, 635. Burgos, 457. Burgundy, Free County of, 76, 234, 257, 455, 553. Philip the Good, Duke of, 234. Charles the Bold, Duke of, 235. Burgundy (France), 186. Burnet, G., 701. Burr, G. L., 732. Busleiden, J., 672. Butts, W., 470 f.
Cabot, S., 446. Cabral, 442. Cabrières, 203. Cadiz, 341, 524 f. Cairo, 446. Cajetan, T. de Vio, Cardinal, 46, 67 f., 393, 566, 605, 624. Calais, 200, 281, 302, 319, 332 Calcagnini, C., 620. Calderon, 433. Calendar, reform of the, 623 f. Calicut, 441 f. Calixtus III, Pope, 16. Calvin, G., 161. Calvin, I., 169. Calvin, J.: and German Theology, 32. doctrine of the eucharist, 110, 165 f. and Lutherans, 134. and Zwingli, 134, 159 f., 166. and Bohemian Brethren, 144. early life, 161 f. and Erasmus, 162, 164. and Luther, 162, 164 f. conversion, 162. Institutes of the Christian Religion, 162 ff., 169, 198, 208, 645. doctrine of predestination, 164 ff., 746. in Italy, 168, 376. in Geneva, 168 ff., 179. at Strassburg, 169. at Colloquy of Ratisbon, 169. marriage, 169. social reform, 170 ff., 483. persecutes, 175 ff., 645 f. and Servetus, 177 f. international position, 179 f. death and character, 180 f. and French Reformation, 189, 201, 230 f. and Rabelais, 194 f. and French Bible, 196. political theory, 211, 592, 596 f., 604. influence in Netherlands, 248. influence in England, 312, 326 f., 335. influence in Scotland, 359. and Bolsec, 375. and Council of Trent, 392. and Index, 420. on torture, 481. on amusements, 485. biblical exegesis, 569, 572. on usury, 609. and free thought, 626. and witchcraft, 656. and art, 690. judged by Gibbon, 710 f. judged by Christie, 731. Calvinism barred by Peace of Augsburg, 130. and Lutheranism, 134, 179 f. in Scandinavia, 138. in Poland, 142 f. international, 179 f. in France, 201 ff. in Netherlands, 247 ff. in Scotland, 353. in Spain, 416. in Italy, 417. political effect, 594, 707. and Capitalism, 728 f. Camden, 703. Cambrai Treaty of, 186. Archbishopric of, 252. Cambridge, University of, 56, 471, 604, 671, 687. and Reformation, 281 f. Cambridgeshire, 323. Camoens, 11, 444 f. Campanus, 626. Campeggio, 122. Canisius, P., 32, 406. Cano, S. del, 441. Canon Law, 43 f., 69, 71, 78. Canossa, 43. Cape of Good Hope, 10, 441. Cape Verde Islands, 435, 441. Capitalism, 3-5, 515-562. and Reformation, 515, 727 f., 748. origins, 515 ff. first great fortunes, 517 f. banking, 518 ff. mining, 522 f. commerce, 523 ff. manufacture, 536 ff. gilds, 537 ff. agriculture, 541 ff. bourgeoisie, 548 ff. proletariat, 552 ff. pauperism, 556 ff. Capito, W., 110, 150, 157, 189, 508, 645. Cappel First Peace of, 158. battle of, 158 f. Capuchins, 375, 397. Caracci, 689. Caracciolo, M., 78. Caraffa, J. P., see Paul IV. Cardan, J., 610 f., 614. Carlstadt, A. Bodenstein of, 69, 81, 83, 90, 108, 120, 136, 241, 420, 569. Carlyle, T., 718. Carpi, Berengar of, 613. Cartier, J., 446, 526. Cartwright, T., 343. Cassander, 248, 255. Castellio, S., 175, 646 f. Castiglione, B., 492, 501, 510. Castile, 412, 427 f. Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of, 200, 206, 372. Catechisms, 112, 142, 395, 406 f. Catharine of Aragon, Queen of England, 279, 286 f., 290 f., 321. Catharine Howard, Queen of England, 307. Catharine Parr, Queen of England, 307. Catharine de' Medici, Queen of France, marriage, 198 f. character, 211. policy, 211 ff. "flying squadron," 215. and St. Bartholomew, 217 f. as seen by Huguenots, 220 f. death, 224. and Pius V, 386. invents corsets, 497. and Machiavelli, 591. and art, 688. judged by Michelet, 717. Catholic Church (see also Papacy and Counter-reformation). revolt from, 4. history in later Middle Ages, 13-20. heir of the Roman Empire, 13, 747. abuses, 20 f. wealth, 21. temporal power, 29, 37, 70 f. attacked by Luther, 123, 388. intolerance, 641 ff. Celibacy, sacerdotal, effect on race, 13, 453. vow not kept, 25. rejected by Wyclif, 37. repudiated by Luther, 71, 81. in England, 306, 313. and Inquisition, 508. Cellarius, C., 561. Cellini, B., 504, 583, 653, 688. Censorship of the press, 417 ff., 423 f. Cerdagne, 426. Cerratani, B., 377. Cervantes, 433, 692. Ceuta, 446. Ceylon, 408, 524. Chambre Ardente, 203 f. Chancellor, R., 447. Chapuis, 288, 291. Charles V, Emperor, heir of Burgundy and Spain, 76, 126. elected emperor, 77. crowned, 78. religious policy, 79 ff., 116 ff., 121 f., 236, 322 note. conquers Tunis, 121. war with France, 121, 185 ff., 198, 427. Schmalkaldic War, 126, 383. abdicates, 132, 246. in Netherlands, 235, 238. suppresses rebellion of Ghent, 236 f. and England, 278 ff., 294, 317 f. and papacy, 378 ff. and Inquisition, 417. character, 427, 498. betrothed to Mary Tudor, 432. and Moors, 433. and Russia, 447. finance, 467. in Spain, 477. and Fuggers, 528. portrait, 678. Charles VIII, King of France, 17, 35. Charles IX, King of France, 143, 211 ff., 217 f. Charron, P., 633. Chartres, 227. Chateaubriand, Edict of, 204. Chaucer, G., 25. Cheshire, 323. Chesterton, G. K., 729. Cheyney, E. P., 742 f. Chieregato, F., 84, 377. Children, 510 f., 555. China, 443. Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 136. Christian III, King of Denmark, 119, 137. Christianity, 13, 583, 627, 744 f. Christie, R. C., 731. Cicero, 49, 488, 619. Ciceronians, 577 f. Cisneros, G. de, 401. Civita Vecchia, 535. Clement of Rome, 568. Clement V, Pope, 14. Clement VII, Pope, 186, 250. and Charles V, 236, 433. and Henry VIII, 287, 291 pontificate, 379 ff., 389. forbids duelling, 485 f. and Copernicus, 622. and art, 690. Clement VIII, Pope, 228. Clenoch, M., 325. Clergy morals, 25, 493 f. power of, 27 f. denounced by Wyclif, 37. attacked in Gravamina, 45. assailed by Luther, 71. in Netherlands, 236. reform in England, 314. in Scotland, 353 f., 356. pay of, 470. position of, 493 ff. spoliation, 550 f. Cleves, 44. William, Duke of, 306. Clocks and watches, invention of, 7 f., 688. Cochin, D., 738. Cochin (India), 442. Cochin-China, 408. Cochlaeus, 284, 588, 702. Coeur, J., 460. Cognac, League of, 186. Cole of Faversham, 167. Colet, J., 26, 53, 57, 280 f., 510, 665, 667. Coligni, G. de, 199, 205, 214 ff., 261. Cologne, 44, 54, 74, 252, 454. University of, 77, 241, 655, 666, 670. reformation of, 120, 127, 283. counter-reformation of, 128. Colonna family, 16. Vittoria, 375. Columbus, C., 3, 10 f., 62, 430, 434 f., 614 f. Commerce, 442 ff., 523 ff. Communism, 94, 155. Como, 658. Compass, invention of, 7, 614 f. Compostella, 499. Condé, Prince of, 211, 214 f. Condorcet, 713. Congo, 405. Constance, Council of, ends Great Schism, 14. deals with heresy, 14, 39 f. reforms, 14 f., 45. memory of, 148, 389, 703. Constantinople, 9, 16, 448. Consubstantiation, 33, 108. Contarini, G., 117, 122, 377, 382, 393, 402. Coornheert, D. V., 249, 251. Cop, 172. Copenhagen, University of, 12. Copernicus, N. Bible quoted against, 573. economic theory, 608. trigonometry, 610. life, 618. astronomy, 3, 618 ff. De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium, 620. reception of his theory, 621 ff., 632. influence on philosophy, 637 ff. Cordus, E., 558. Correggio, 680. Corsica, 456. Cortez, H., 438 f. Cossacks, 139 f. Cotta, U., 63. Counter-reformation, 377-424. turns back Protestants, 388. Spanish Spirit, 389. and art, 690 f. origin of word, 721. Courtenay, W., 36. Coutras, battle of, 223. Coverdale, M., 299 f., 327, 355, 570 f. Cox, R., 508. Cracow,140, 144. University of, 618. Craig, J., 603. Cranach, L., 376, 683. Cranmer, T., 290, 299, 313 f., 322 f., 495. Creighton, M., 741. Crépy, Peace of, 121, 198. Crespin, 585. Cromwell, T. alliance with France, 187. and Reformation, 289, 295 ff., 299 ff., 306 f. death, 307. fortune, 518. and Machiavelli, 591. Cuba, 438. Cugnatis, I. de, 502. Cumberland, 304. Cunningham, W., 729. Cusa, N. of, 48, 617, 640.
Damascus, 446. Dancing, 500. Daniel, G., 704. Dante, 47, 423. Danzig, 140 f., 454. Darnley, Lord, 366 f. Dauphiné, 202. Davila, 704. Delft, 264. Demonology, 63, 653 ff. Demosthenes, 574. Denifle, 741. Denmark and Lübeck, 118. early emigration, 135. Reformation, 136 ff. population, 458. church property, 551. Dessau, League of, 114. Deventer, school, 56, 662. Diaz, B., 10. Digby, E., 639. Digges, L., 614. Dillenburg, 251, 258. Dilthey, W., 730. Diodorus, 574. Dionysius the Areopagite, 50, 52 f. Dispensations, papal, 22 f. Dolet, S., 187, 203, 231, 629 f. Döllinger, I., 723 f. Dominic, St., 397, 399. Dominicans, 148, 407, 702, 708. Donatus, Latin grammar of, 8 f., 663. Dordrecht, 240. Doria, A., 449. Douai, 186, 672. Drake, F., 339 ff., 446. Dress, 496 f. Drinking, 485, 497 f. Dublin, 347. Dudley, Edmond, 279. Dudley, Guilford, 317, 518. Duelling, 485 f. Dundee, 354. Durand, 108. Dürer, A., 510. at Basle, 147. in Netherlands, 240, 454, 466 ff., 537. and Mexican spoils, 439. property, 472. art, 683 ff.
East Indies, 274 f., 409. Eck, J., 68 f., 77 f., 117 f., 122, 608. Eckhart, 30 f. Edinburgh, 355 f., 360, 367, 671. Treaty of, 361 f. Education, 661-73. method, 662 f., 667 f. curriculum, 663 f. effect of Reformation, 664 f., 670. Edward II, King of England, 296. Edward VI, King of England, foreign policy, 200. and Reformation, 286. birth, 299. reign, 310-7. and Scotland, 352. a law of, 483. and gilds, 540. and Bible, 572. schools, 666. accomplishments, 668. Edwards, J., 166 f. Egmont, L., Count of, 200, 251, 257, 259. Egmont, N. of, 240. Egypt, 449. Einsiedeln, 140, 150. Eisenach, 63, 81. Eleanor, Queen of France, 186. Elizabeth, Queen of England, and St. Bartholomew, 219. and Netherlands, 253, 267, 275. birth, 291. heir to the throne, 316 f. character, 324. religious policy, 324 ff., 336 ff. refuses to marry, 331. foreign policy, 332 ff. and popes, 335, 337 f., 386 f. and Ireland, 346, 348. and Knox, 361. and Mary, Queen of Scots, 368. censorship, 419. government, 477, 479. navy, 491. dancing, 500. commercial policy, 527. and Bible, 572. and liberty, 604 f. skepticism, 634. tolerance, 650. accomplishments, 668. and universities, 671. and art, 688. and Spenser, 693. Elizabeth of Valois, Queen of Spain, 226. Ely, H., 338. Elyot, T., 510, 667. Emden, 260. Emerson, R. W., 718. Empson, R., 279, 518. Emser, J., 702. England pays Peter's Pence, 21. church of, 41 f., 327, 330. literature, 135. and French Calvinists, 204, 214, 219. and Netherlands, 238, 248 f., 260, 275, 288, 339. foreign policy under Henry VIII, 277 ff., 288, 309. Reformation, 281 ff., 310 ff. Reformation Parliament, 288 ff. dissolution of monasteries, 296 f., 551. alliance with Schmalkaldic League, 300 f., 305 f. Pilgrimage of Grace, 302 ff. religious parties and statistics, 308, 311, 323, 325 f., 328. Book of Common Prayer, 312, 329 f., 344, 358. social disorders, 314 ff. Catholic reaction, 318 ff. war with France, 319, 332. conversion of masses to Protestantism, 327 f. Thirty-nine Articles, 329 f., 343. finances, 331 f., 522. war with Spain, 332, 339 ff., 433. rebellion of Northern Earls, 334 f., 550. buccaneers, 339 f., 533. Puritanism, 343 ff. and Scotland, 359, 361 f. censorship, 419. population, 453, 458. coinage, 462, 474. navy, 470, 490 f. criminal law, 481 f. army, 489. clergy, 494. brigandage, 505. commerce, 526 f., 532 ff. gilds, 540 f. inclosures, 543 ff. agriculture, 546 ff. serfs, 553. regulation of labor, 554. poor-relief, 561 f. and Polydore Vergil, 581. chronicles, 582. skeptics, 633 ff. witchcraft, 656, 658. schools, 665 f. universities, 671. Enzinas, F., 245. Epictetus, 574. Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum, 55. Erasmus, 51. Enchiridion Militis Christiani, 26, 57, 193, 684. on worship of saints, 28 f. and Colet, 53. early life and works, 56-61. Praise of Folly, 57. "philosophy of Christ," 58, 583, 698. Colloquies, 59 f., 667 f. Latin style, 60 f., 577 f. foresees Reformation, 61. and Luther, 104 ff., 134, 241, 649, 733. Diatribe on Free Will, 105, 167. edits New Testament, 147, 564 f. and Zwingli, 149 f., 153 f., 160. and Farel, 160 f. and Calvin, 162, 164. biblical criticism, 188. on persecution, 191, 642, 646 f. influence in France, 193. and Netherlands, 235, 239 ff. and Henry VIII, 277, 287 and English Reformation, 281 f. on polygamy, 287, 507. influence in Italy, 376. and Index, 420 ff. income, 471. on war, 488. on German inns, 499 f. anecdote, 502. on treatment of women, 509. political theory, 557, 592 f. edits Fathers, 575. on Roman capitol, 575. on books, 577. biographies, 582. and witchcraft, 655. on education, 667, 669, 672. portrait, 683. on hymn-singing, 690. wit, 693. Erastus, T., 594. Erfurt, 30, 82, 350, 454. University of, 63 f., 670. Eric XIV, King of Sweden, 138. Ermeland, 618. Esch, J., 242. Essex, 323. Earl of, 348. Esthonia, 139. Estienne family, 187, 203. Henry, 220. Henry, junior, 575. Robert, 565, 575 Eton, 662 f. Eucharist, doctrine of the, 86, 107 ff., 133, 160, 165 f., 206, 241, 301, 314, 711. Eucken, 740. Euclid, 574, 610. Eugene IV, Pope, 15. Euripides, 574. Exeter, 323. Exploration, 10 f., 434-50. Exsurge Domine, 77 f. Eyemouth, 362.
Faber, see Le Fèvre and Lefèvre. Fagius, 312, 322. Fallopius, 613. Farel, W., 160 f., 164, 168 f., 176, 178, 195 f. Farnese, A., 272 ff. Farnese, O., 250. Faust, 696 f. Ferdinand, Emperor, 76, 238. and Württemberg, 79, 119. and Luther, 86. opposes German reforms, 114. elected King of Romans, 118. tolerates Lutherans, 131. becomes emperor, 132, 246. in Hungary, 144. and Elizabeth, 333. and Council of Trent, 391, 394 f. commercial grants, 528. Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 76, 398, 412, 426, 590. Ferrara, 375 f. Alphonso, Duke of, 492. Renée, Duchess of, 168, 376, 646. University of, 618, 627. Fichte, 718. Ficino, M., 51. Field, J., 623. Figgis, N., 742. Finland, 138, 458. Fish, S., 283, 296. Fisher, G. P., 739. Fisher, H. A. L., 735. Fisher, J., 282 f., 290, 294, 382. Fisher, R., 635. Fitzherbert, 543. Flacius Illyricus, 133, 584. Flanders, 239 f., 246, 257, 274, 288, 525. Flemings, 270. Flodden, battle of, 279, 353, 488. Florence, 17 f., 372, 381, 456, 463 f., 514, 520, 686. Florida, 437. Flushing, 260. Folengo, 374. Formula of Concord, 133 f. Forzio, B., 376. Fox, E., 301. Foxe, J., 327, 585 f., 701. France Universities, 11 f. Reformation, 12, 187 ff. invades Italy, 17, 185. Gallican church, 42, 184, 215, 551. war with Germany, 79, 116, 121, 123, 127, 185 ff., 198, 207. relations with Switzerland, 147. Calvin, 162. condition, 182, 184. royal pedigrees, 183. Renaissance, 187. expansion of, 199 f. wars of religion, 210 ff., 455. failure of Protestantism, 228 ff. war with England, 279, 309, 319, 332. civilization, 350. and Scotland, 359. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits in, 405 f. censorship, 419. population, 455, 458. wealth, 459 ff. army, 459. coinage, 462 f. finance, 467, 470, 480, 522. duelling, 486. trade, 525 f. serfs, 553. poor-relief, 561. memoirs, 582. republicans, 597 ff. skeptics, 628 ff. Franche Comté, see Burgundy, Free County of. Francis, St., 397, 399, 404. Francis I, King of France, candidate for imperial throne, 77. and Zwingli, 157 f. and Calvin, 162. character, 184 f., 278 f. and Lnther, 191, 231. alliance with German Protestants, 197. death, 198. and Waldenses, 203. army, 459, 489. finance, 461, 467, 470. on gambling, 485. Collège de France, 672. portrait, 678. and art, 688. Francis II, King of France, 210 f., 330, 359, 362. Francis, Dauphin, 221. Franciscans, 148, 397, 407. Francke, S., 583, 627. Franconia, 91. Franeker, University of, 673. Frankenhausen, 95. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, University of, 11, 670. Frankfort-on-the-Main, 31, 76, 321, 358, 523. Treaty of, 122. Frauenburg, 618. Frederic III, Emperor, 45. Frederic I, King of Denmark, 136 f. Free Will, 105, 164 ff. Freiburg-in-the-Breisgau, University of, 11. Freiburg in Switzerland, 146, 168. Freytag, G., 718 f. Friesland, 235, 238, 259, 272. Froben, J., 147, 190, 280. Frobisher, M., 446. Froude, J. A., 343, 367, 717. Frundsherg, 380, 488. Fugger, Bank of, 77, 461, 520 ff. family, 461, 479, 522 f. Anthony, 528. James, 527 f. Jerome, 528. Raymond, 528. Funk, 133. Fust, J., 9.
Gaetano di Tiene, 397. Galateo, J., 375. Galen, 513, 574. Galileo, 424, 621 f. Gama, Vasco da, 3, 10 f., 441 ff. Gambling, 485. Gandia, Duke of, 517. Garland, John of, 663. Garv, N., 347. Gascony, 216. Gasquet, 740. Gelasius, Pope, 418. Gembloux, battle of, 269. Geneva evangelized by Zwingli's missionaries, 158, 160. Calvin at, 168 ff. constitution, 168 f. theocracy, 170 ff. immigration, 174 f., 204, 321. Libertines, 175 f. capital of Protestantism, 179. under Beza, 181. Knox at, 358 f. dancing, 500. witch persecution, 656, 658. school, 668, 671 f. university, 671. Genoa, 381, 456, 468, 520, 525. Gentillet, 591. Germaine de Foix, Queen of Spain, 398. German Theology, The, 31. Germany universities, 11, 53, 670 f. mystics, 30 ff. nationalism, 43 ff. humanism, 53. condition, 74 ff. Peasants' War, 87-95, 552. causes, 87 ff. Twelve Articles, 92 f. suppression, 94 f. Luther, 97 f. effect of, 155, 192, 531, 593 f. rebellion of the Knights, 83 f., 505. religious statistics, 132 f. effect of religious controversy, 134. French Calvinists in, 204. and Netherlands, 237 ff. Ascham's opinion of, 327. civilization, 350. and Italy, 371. and Spain, 372. Counter-reformation, 388. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits in, 405 ff. censorship, 419. and Reformation, 425. population, 454, 458. coinage, 463. inns, 499 f. mines, 522 f. trade, 526 f. agriculture, 543. serfs, 553. labor, 554 f. poor-relief, 560 f. constitution, 595 f. reform of calendar, 624. witch hunt, 657 f. schools, 665. books, 691. Gertruidenberg, 251. Gesner, C., 611 f. Ghent, 236 f., 240, 256, 269 f., 272 f., 454. Pacification of, 265, 270. Ghislieri, see Pius V. Giberti, M., 382. Gibbon, E., 167, 710 f. Gilbert, H., 532 f. Gilbert, W., 615, 639. Gilds, 3 ff., 263 f., 537 ff. Giorgione, 677. Gipsies, 558. Giulio Romano, 680, 690. Giustiniani, 280. Glarus, 146, 149, 157. Glasgow, 354; 368. University of, 12. Glencairn, Earl of, 360. Gloucester, 323. Goa, 408, 443, 445. Goch, J. Pupper of, 420. Goethe, J. W. von, 697, 711 f. Gold, production of, 473 ff., 516 f. Gonzalez, 588. Gosson, 658. Gotha, 128. Gouge, J., 519. Granada, 426, 433. Granvelle, A. P., 250 ff. Gratius, O., 55. Gravamina, 45 f. Gravelines, battle of, 200. Great Schism, 14. Greek, 16, 53, 667 ff. classics, 574 ff. Gregory VII, Pope, 43. Gregory XI, Pope, 36, 44. Gregory, XIII, Pope, and St. Bartholomew, 218 f., 387. and Elizabeth, 337 f., 387. pontificate, 386 f. reform of Calendar, 624. Gregory XIV, Pope, 226. Greifswald, University of, 11, 670. Grenoble, 195. Gresham, T., 534. Grey, Lady Jane, 316 ff., 511. Gribaldi, M., 178 f. Grimani, 575. Grisar, H., 741. Grisons, Confederacy of, 146 f. Groningen, 235, 238. Groote, G., 32. Grotius, H., 276, 704. Gruet, J., 176. Grumbach, 132. Guadegni, T., 520. Guam, 440. Guelders, 235, 238, 262, 272. Guicciardini, F., 373, 422, 580, 704. Guicciardini, L., 454. Guinea, 533. Guinegate, 279. Guines, 200, 280 f., 319. Guise Claude, Duke of, 199. Francis, Duke of, 199 f., 210 f., 214, 319, 597. Henry, Duke of, 217 f., 221, 223 f. Guizot, 714. Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, 137 f. Gutenberg, J., 8 f.
Haarlem, 101, 262. Hagenau, 122. Hague, 240. Haiti (Espaniola, Hispaniola), 436, 533. Hales, J., 608. Hall, E., 284, 582, 703. Hallam, H., 723. Hamburg, 113, 454, 559. Hamilton, P., 354. Haring, C. H., 475. Harnack, A. von, 739. Harrington, 706. Harrison, 498, 547. Harzhorn, E., 420. Haug bank, 521. Hawkins, 339, 533. Health, public, 486 f., 511 ff. Hebrew, 53 f., 668, 672. Hegel, 719 f. Hegius, 662. Heidelberg, 67; Heilsberg, 618. Heimburg, Gregory of, 46. Heine, H., 112, 715 f. Helmont, 255. Helmstadt, University of, 670. Henlein, P., 688. Henry VII, King of England, 279, 517. Henry VIII, King of England, and France, 186, 279. character, 277 ff. and Luther, 277, 287 f., 472. Empson and Dudley, 279. and Scotland, 279, 356. and Charles V, 280 f. "Defender of the Faith," 283. divorce from Catharine, 286 f., 290 f., 704, 708. Supreme Head of the Church, 289 ff., 293. will, 316, 321. and Ireland, 346, 348. finances, 461. government, 477, 479. navy, 491. commercial policy, 526. and Polydore Vergil, 581. and Sanders, 588. and Melanchthon, 605. and education, 666. portrait, 683. Henry II, King of France character, 198 f. suppresses Protestantism, 203 f. death, 206 f. and Council of Trent, 393. income, 461. Henry III, King of France, 143, 219 ff., 600. Henry IV, King of France, 597. policy, 167, 212, 225. leader of Huguenots, 223 ff. character, 224 f. conversion, 227 f. Edict of Nantes, 228 f. Henry d'Albret, King of Navarre, 189. Henry, King of Portugal, 432, 446. Heracleides, 617. Herder, 718. Herodotus, 574. Hertford, 322. Hesse, 84, 113, 551. Philip, Landgrave of, suppresses Peasants' Revolt, 95. calls conference at Marburg, 109. attacks Würzburg and Bamberg, 114. signs Protest, 115. restores Ulrich of Wurttemberg, 119. commits bigamy, 119. expels Henry of Brunswick, 120. captivity, 128, 130. and Zwingli, 157. Heywood, J., 283. Hindoos, 443. Hippocrates, 513. Historiography in the sixteenth century, 579-588. humanistic, 579 ff. memoirs, 582. chronicles, 582. biography, 582 f. church history, 583 ff. later treatment of Reformation, see Reformation. Hobbes, T., 594. Höchstetter, C., 529. Hochstraten, J., 54. Hoen, 108, 240 f. Hofen, U. T. von, 160. Hoffberg, P. von, 538. Hoffmann, M., 101, 243. Holbein, H., 278, 548, 677, 683, 685. Holland, 76, 251. Anabaptists, 301. Reformation, 240, 250, 256, 270. war with Spain, 260, 263 f., 271 f., 274, 342. population, 454. Hollinshed, R., 582. Holyrood, 356. Homer, 574. Hooker, R., 344 f., 604, 606. Hooper, 314. Horn, Count of, 257, 259. Hotman, F., 218, 220, 223, 582, 598. Howard of Effingham, Lord, 342. Hübmaier, B., 92. Huguenots origin of the name, 208. character, 208 f. history, 210 ff. guaranteed liberty of worship, 228 f. in Netherlands, 248, 260. and England, 332. politics, 596 ff. caricatured, 685. judged by French secular historians, 704. judged by Michelet, 716. Hulst, F. van der, 242. Humanism patronized by papacy, 16. prepares for Reformation, 47, 61. turns against Luther, 102 ff. in Poland, 140. in Netherlands, 254 f. in Scotland, 354. decay, 692. Hume, D., 708 ff. Hungary, 144, 350, 449, 463. universities, 12. Huss, J. protected by a university, 12. death, 14, 39. life and work, 38 ff. influence on Luther, 41, 69, 71 f., 86, 744. influence in Poland, 140. followers in Bohemia, 144. on Index, 420. Hussites, 75, 80, 649. Hütlin, M., 558. Hutten, U. von, 684. mocks Julius II, 24. publishes Valla's Donation of Constantine, 49, 55, 70. character and work, 55 f. supports rebellion of knights, 83. incites peasants, 91. and Luther, 96. taunts Erasmus, 105. commercial ideas, 530. Hutton, M., 604. Huxley, 730.
Iceland, 137. Idria, 528. Imbart de la Tour, P., 736. Incas, 439 f. Independents, 102, 345 f. Index of Prohibited Books, 32, 245, 381, 383, 388, 395, 420 ff., 591. Congregation of, 422. Index Expurgatorius, 422 f. effect, 423 f. and Copernicus, 622. and Weyer, 659. India, 10, 441 ff., 446, 523, 616. Indians (American), 436 ff. Individualism, 6, 28, 515, 677, 749. Indulgences, letters of first printed, 9. theory and practice of, 23 f. denounced by Wyclif, 37. denounced by Huss, 39. Erasmus's opinion of, 57. attacked by Luther, 66 f. in Denmark, 136. in Switzerland, 151. in Netherlands, 236. and Fuggers, 527. Inghirami, 51. Ingolstadt, 51. University of, 11, 406. Innocent III, Pope, 14, 35. Innocent VIII, Pope, 16 f., 35, 654. Inquisition in Netherlands, 242 ff., 257. Spanish, 242, 412 ff., 431. in Venice, 376. and Loyola, 400. medieval, 412. procedure, 413. penalties, 414. number of victims, 414 f. scope, 415. in Spanish dependencies, 416. Roman, 416 f. Index, 420, 423. in Portugal, 445. suppresses books on anatomy, 613. and philosophy, 628. and Bruno, 639. judged by modern Catholics, 642 f. and witchcraft, 655, 658. judged by Froude, 717. Institoris, H., 654. Intelligence, growth of, 12 f. Intelligentsia, 551 f. Inventions, 6 ff. Ireland, 346-9, 453, 535. Jesuits in, 405. and Inquisition, 417. Isabella, Queen of Castile, 76, 412, 426. Isabella of Portgual, Queen of Spain, 432. Isocrates, 574. Italy first printers in, 9. lack of national feeling, 43, 372. and Renaissance, 47, 372 f., 425. decadence, 135. invaded by France, 17, 185. civilization, 350. and Reformation, 371 ff. Jesuits in, 405. population, 455 f., 458. coinage, 463 f. hospitals, 514. banks, 519 f. trade, 525. reform of calendar, 624. universities, 673. Ivan IV, Czar, 143, 447, 748. Ivry, battle of, 225.
Jagiello dynasty, 139. James IV, King of Scotland, 279, 352. James V, King of Scotland, 199, 210, 352 f., 355 f., 580. James VI, King of Scotland, 367, 369 f., 484, 505, 660. James, W., 167, 740. Jane Seymour, Queen of England, 299. Janizaries, 449, 489. Jansen, 276. Jansenists, 406. Janssen, J., 740. Japan, 405, 408, 443, 616. Jarnac, battle of, 215. Java, 443, 616. Jena, University of, 670. Jerome, St., 192, 684. Jerome of Prague, 14, 40. Jerusalem, 400, 402, 499. Jesus Christ, 13, 29, 63. Jesuits, 396-411. in Poland, 143 f. in Bohemia, 144. in France, 202, 216, 231. in Netherlands, 249. in England, 328, 336 f. origins, 381, 402 f. and Paul IV, 384. at Council of Trent, 393 f. typical, 398. organization, 403 f. obedience, 404 f. growth, 405 f. combat heresy, 405 ff. foreign missions, 407 ff. decay, 409 ff. casuistry, 411, 506. in Portugal, 445. and tyrannicide, 605. and philosophy, 628. colleges, 666, 670 f. art, 691. judged by Michelet, 717. Jetzer, J., 148, 708. Jewel, J., 327, 344, 656. Jews, 415 ff., 426, 445, 649. Joan d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, 205, 213. Joan of Arc, 581. Joanna, Queen of Spain, 76, 477. John the Baptist, 63. John XXIII, Pope, 39. John III, King of Portugal, 409, 445. John III, King of Sweden, 138. Jonas, J., 420, 508. Josephus, 574. Jovius, P., 580 ff., 703. Jud, L., 157. Julius II, Pope, 18 f., 24, 51, 686, 709. Julius III, Pope, 383 f., 393, 420. Justification by faith only, Lefèvre, 53, 65. Luther, 65 f., 86, 570, 625, 724, 745. Contarini, 122. At Ratisbon Colloquy, 127. in France, 196, 206. in England, 301, 314. in Italy, 375, 377. at Council of Trent, 392 f. historical estimate of the doctrine, 745 f.
Kaiserberg, G. of, 530. Kant, I., 165, 625, 715 f. Kaulbach, 715. Kautsky, K., 726. Kawerau, O., 737. Keller, L., 508. Kempis, Thomas à, Imitation of Christ, 26, 32 f., 401. Kent, 322. Kett, 314. Khair-ed-Din, 449. Knodt, 729. Knollys, 603. Knox, J., 167. at Geneva, 174, 358 f. in England, 313, 325, 358. political theory, 325, 363 f., 366, 602 ff. character, 357 f. early life, 358. Monstrous Regiment of Women, 361. and Mary, 364 ff. on women, 361, 509. and Buchanan, 580. as an historian, 586 f. Koberger, A., 510. Köhler, W., 739. Kohlhase, J., 505. Königsberg, 526, 670. Koran, 420, 584. Kovalewsky, 729. Kurdistan, 449. Kurtz, 737. Küstrin, J. von, 127, 130.
La Boétie, 599 f. Lactantius, 667. Ladrones, 440. Lagarde, P. de, 736. Lamprecht, K., 737. Lancaster, John of, 36. Landau, 495. Landstuhl, 84. Lang, A., 367. Lang, M., 557. Languedoc, 216. La Rochelle, 216, 219, 229, 260, 526. Las Casas, B. de, 436. Laski, J., 141, 312. Lasso, O., 689. Lateran Council, Fifth, 19, 418 f., 628. Latimer, H., 294, 299, 322, 495, 504. Latin, 53, 63, 451, 663 ff. classics, 574 ff. La Tour, 354. Laurent, 739. Laveleye, E. de, 737. Laynez, 394, 401. Lea, H. C., 423, 731. Lecky, 723. Lefèvre d'Étaples, J., early life, 52. biblical work, 52, 188, 196, 566, 570. justification by faith, 53, 65. and Farel, 160. and Calvin, 162. and French Reformation, 188 ff., 196 f. Le Fèvre, P., 400, 406. Leghorn, 535. Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 275, 331. Leinster, 348. Leipheim, 95. Leipzig University of, 38, 671. debate, 68 f., 77, 191. Interim, 129. Lemnius, S., 502 f. Lemonnier, 732. Leo X. character and policy, 19, 77. finance, 22. Concordat of Bologna, 43. and Diet of Augsburg (1518), 46. and indulgences, 66 ff. condemns Luther, 77. and Charles V, 81, 236. death, 84. attacked by Sachs, 86. and Henry VIII, 283. Oratory of Divine Love, 397. and Sapienza, 673. portrait, 678. and art, 688. Leo, Emperor, 744. Leon, P. de, 437. Leonardo da Vinci, income, 472. scientific work, 612 f., 637 f. anatomy, 613. physics, 613 f. astronomy, 617. on necromancy, 658. art, 674 ff. Lepanto, battle of, 266, 432, 490. Lerma, Duke of, 517 f. Leslie, J., 354. Lessing, 712. Levant, 442. Lewis, King of Hungary, 144. Leyden, 263. John of, 101 f. University of, 275, 673. L'Hôpital, M. de, 213, 215, 597. Liège, 235, 260. Lilienstayn, J., 40. Lille, 186, 559. Lima, 416. Lincolnshire, 303, 323. Lisbon, 9, 408, 442, 444, 524. Lister, G., 240. Lithuania, 138 ff. Livonia, 139. Livy, 667. Lochleven, 368. Loisy, A., 739, 741. Lollards, 38, 354, 649. Lombardy, 456. London, 288, 317, 332. first printers in, 9. Netherlanders in, 253. and Reformation, 281, 301, 322 f. population, 453. credit, 467. and theater, 485. brothels, 506. death-rate, 511 f. trade, 524, 533 f., 539, 548. pauperism, 559. Loretto, 499. Lorraine, 257. Charles, Cardinal of, 199, 210 f. Lotto, L., 376. Lotzer, 92. Louis XI, King of France, 42, 556. Louis XII, King of France, 19, 182 f. Louvain, University of, 77, 241, 245, 253, 378, 420, 422, 668, 672. Loyola, I., early life, 398 f. conversion, 399 f. and Luther, 400, 405. first disciples, 400 f. Spiritual Exercises, 401 f. founds Company of Jesus, 402 f. death, 405. autobiography, 588. judged by Lagarde, 736. Lübeck, 113, 118 f., 454. Lublin, 140. Union of, 141. Lucca, 420, 456. Lucerne, 146, 153. Ludolph of Saxony, 399. Luther, C. von Bora, 123, 288. Luther, M. career changes in his life-time, 3. alludes to New World, 11, 497. and University of Wittenberg, 12. influenced by mystics, 32 ff. nationalism, 44, 46 f. early life, 62 ff. becomes a friar, 64. inner development, 64 ff. journey to Italy, 64, 514. summoned to Augsburg (1518), 67 f. debates with Eck, 68 f. condemned by Catholic church, 77. burns bull and Canon Law, 78. at Diet of Worms, 79 f., 132, 398, 441, 741. under ban of the Empire, 81. at Wartburg, 81. opposes radicals, 82 ff., 96 ff. and Peasants' War, 91, 93, 97 f., 557 f. wins German ruling classes, 111. reforms church service and government, 112 f. illnesses, 123. marriage, 123 f., 284. death, 124, 322 note. real estate and income, 468, 471. anecdotes, 495 f., 580. closes brothels, 506 f. doctrines, opinions and character doctrine of eucharist, 36 (see controversy with Zwingli). justification by faith only, 65. declares councils can err, 69. literary genius, 111, 125. political theory, 116, 549, 594 ff., 606. opinion of polygamy, 120, 286, 507, 703. virulence, 123. character, 124 f. opinion of theater, 485. on Sunday observance, 171. on Aristotle, 637. opinion of war, 487. on hunting, 500. on Reformation, 504, 700 f. on lying, 506. on marriage, 506, 508 f. on education, 511, 665, 667. commercial ideas, 530 f., 608. on poor relief, 560. biblical criticism, 568 f., 572. refutes Koran, 584. on Copernican theory, 621. philosophy, 624 ff. on toleration, 642 ff. on witchcraft, 652, 655 f. on art and music, 687, 690. writings translates Valla on Donation of Constantine, 49. lectures on Bible, 64. Ninety-five Theses, 67, 281. Address to the Christian Nobility, 70 ff., 376, 530, 560. Babylonian Captivity of Church, 72 f., 120, 164, 282. translation of Bible, 73 f., 81, 111 f., 569 f. On Monastic Vows, 81. Bondage of the Will, 105 f., 164. hymns, 112, 354, 689, 737. catechisms, 112, 164, 407. Jack Sausage, 120. Schmalkaldic Articles, 121. Against the Papacy at Rome, 123. Table Talk, 124. influence and relations with contemporaries Lefèvre, 53. Hutten, 56. general influence, 62, 80 f., 83, 698. Sachs, 86 f. deserted by humanists, 102 ff. and Erasmus, 104 ff., 241, 649. and Zwingli, 107 ff., 150 ff., 154, 159 f. and Melanchthon, 133. invited to Denmark, 136. hailed by Bohemian Brethren, 144. and Calvin, 162, 165, 179 f. More, 167. influence in France, 188 ff., 203. influence in Netherlands, 239 ff. and Henry VIII, 277, 282 f., 285, 287. influence in England, 281 ff., 299 f., 312, 326, 635. influence in Scotland, 354 ff. influence in Italy, 373 ff., 380. influence on Catholic reform, 388. Index, 420. Loyola, 400, 405. Lemnius, 503. and Raphael, 678 f. and Dürer, 684. caricatured, 685. and Faust, 697. judged by posterity, Sleidan, 587, 705. earily biographers, 588. Des Périers, 629. Montaigne, 631 f. Charron, 633. Bruno, 639. R. Burton, 700. early Catholics, 702. Bossuet, 703. Vettori, 704. Guicciardini, 704. Brantôme, 704. Robertson, 709. Hume, 710. Gibbon, 710 f. Wieland, 711. Goethe, 712. Lessing, 712. Condorcet, 713. and French Revolution, 713 ff. and Romantic Movement, 715 ff. Mme. de Staël, 715. Heine, 715 f. Michelet, 716 f. Carlyle, 718. Emerson, 718. Herder, 718. Arndt, 718. German patriots, 718 f. Hegel, 720. Döllinger, 723 f. Bax, 725 f. Nietzsche, 730 f. Troeltsch, 733. Santayana, 734. Imhart de la Tour, 736. Lagarde, 736. The Great War, 737 f. Paquier, 738. Harnack, 739. Loisy, 739. W. James, 740. Grisar, 741. Acton, 741. secularization of the world, 748. Lutheranism, in England, 38, 308, 330. in Germany, 111, 133 f. in France, 195 ff. in Netherlands, 243 ff. in Italy, 376 f., 417. and papacy, 383. in Spain, 415 f. political theory, 594, 707. Luxemburg, 76, 238. Lyly, J., 635. Lyndsay, D., 351, 355 note, 356, 615. Lyons, 512, 523, 526, 556. Waldenses, 35. and Reformation, 192, 195, 218.
Maastricht, 258, 273. MacAlpine, J., 354. Macaulay, 432, 717. McGiffert, A. C., 739. Machiavelli, N. The Prince, 295, 589. and Index, 421 f. on war, 487 ff. ethics, 505 f. on classics, 576. as an historian, 580. political theory, 589 ff., 599, 601 f., 608. and Christianity, 628, 649. Mackinnon, 742. Madagascar, 443. Madeira, 441, 444. Madrid, 9. Treaty of, 185 f., 379. Madgeburg, 63, 66, 129. Magdeburg Centuries, 584 f. Magellan, F., 3, 440 f., 615. Magni, O., 138. Magrath, 417. Maitland, 365. Majorca, 415. Malabar, 524. Malacca, 443. Malay Peninsula, 446, 616. Maldonato, 106. Malines, 252 f., 262. Malory, T. La Morte d'Arthur, 692. Malta, 456. Manchester, 538. Manners, 500 ff. Manresa, 399, 401. Manichaeans, 418. Mansfeld, 62, 523, 662. Mantua, 121. Benedict of, 376. Isabella d'Este, Marchioness of, 376, 572. Manz, F., 645. Marburg, Colloquy at, 109 f. University of, 287, 354, 670. Marcellus II, Pope, 384. Marcion, 583, 744. Marcourt, A. de, 197. Marcus Aurelius, 574. Margaret d 'Angoulême, Queen of Navarre, 29, 324, 572, 676. and Reformation, 189 f., 194 f. Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland, 330, 352. Mariana, 605. Marignano, battle of, 147, 150, 185, 488. Marlowe, C., 635, 697. Marnix, P. van, 263. Marot, C., 187, 194, 197, 203, 232, 693. Marranos, 240, 445. Marriage, prohibited degrees, 22 f. Protestant regulation of, 112, 173. Catholic reform, 395. esteemed, 507 f. Marsiglio of Padua, 43. Mary, Mother of Jesus, worshiped, 29, 63, 148, 358, 495. Mary of Burgundy, Empress, 76, 235. Mary Tudor, Queen of England, 287, 291. foreign policy, 200, 319. and Netherlands, 248 f. succession, 316 f. marriage, 318 f., 432. religious policy, 319 ff. and Knox, 358, 361. censorship, 419. commercial policy, 526. and universities, 671. Mary Tudor, Queen of France, 281, 316, 432. Mary of Hapsburg, Queen of Hungary, 237, 244, 249. Mary of Lorraine, Queen of Scotland, 199, 352, 359, 361. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, and England, 325, 330, 333 f., 336, 338, 340, 352, 365, 368. execution, 339 f., 368 f. marriage with Francis II, 210, 351, 359. birth, 356. and Knox, 364 ff. marriage with Darnley, 366. marriage with Bothwell, 367 f. Casket Letters, 367 f. deposed, 367, 602 f. dress, 466. and Buchanan, 580. Martyr, Peter, see Vermigli and Anghierra. Marx, C., 724 f. Masuccio, 50. Mathesius, 588. Mathews, S., 725. Matthews, T., 300. Matthys, J., 101 f. Maurenbrecher, 740. Maurer, H., 91. Maurolycus, 611. Maximilian I, Emperor, and Julius II, 19. and Luther, 68. policy, 75 f. death, 77. and Netherlands, 235, 238, 486. Maximilian II, Emperor, 132, 144, 258. Mayence, 8 f., 74, 666, 670. Albert, Elector of, 66, 79, 496. Berthold, Elector of, 418. Mayenne, Duke of, 225 ff., 492. Mayr, C., 528. Meaux, 192, 195, 202, 218. Mecca, 446. Medici, de', family, 15, 17, 519. Lorenzo the Magnificent, 19, 682. Lorenzo II, 198 f. Alexander, 250, 381. Cosimo, 372. Medina, 446, 513 ff. Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 341. Mediterranean, 442, 523. Melanchthon, P. doctrine of eucharist, 70. and Luther, 81, 111, 124, 133. and Peasants' War, 98, 558. at Marburg Colloquy, 109. drafts Augsburg Confession, 117. on polygamy, 120, 287. reforms Cologne, 121. negotiates with Catholics, 122. attacked by Lutherans, 129, 133. and Zwingli, 134. and Calvin, 164. and Servetus, 178. and France, 187, 203. and England, 299, 301, 312, 326 f. and Scotland, 356. on Index, 420. salary, 471. and Lemnius, 503. and Bible, 569. political theory, 596, 605. and Copernicus, 621 f. persecutes, 644 f. on education, 667. Mendelssohn, 715. Mercator, G., 616. Merindol, 203. Metz, 184, 200. Mexico, 416, 438 f., 474 f. Meyerbeer, 715. Mézeray, de, 704. Michaelangelo, 472, 681 ff., 686, 690. Michelet, J., 398, 716 f. Middleburg, 263. Milan, 185 f., 372, 380 f., 416 f., 456. Milne, W., 359. Miltitz, C. von, 68. Milton, J., 74, 423, 608, 668. Mirabilia Urbis Romae, 74. Mirandola, Pico della, 51 ff., 108, 374, 606. Miritzsch, M., 240. Mississippi, 437. Modena, 456. Mohács, battle of, 144. Mohammedanism, 433, 448, 583 f., 627, 707 f., 745. Moluccas, 408, 443. Monarchy, 476 f., 549. Moncontour, battle of, 215. Money value of, in the sixteenth century, 461 ff., 472 f. coins, 462 ff. interest, 467 f. power of, 548. Monod, G., 735. Monopolies, 85, 88, 528 ff. Mons, battle of, 216, 261. Montaigne, M. de, and New World, 11. and Reformation, 231 f. on torture, 482. on classics, 576 f. and La Boétie, 599 f. skepticism, 631 f. on toleration, 648. on witchcraft, 660 f. Montauban, 219. 229. Montbéliard, 161. Monte, A. C. del, 382. Montesquieu, 707. Montluc, B. de, 216, 582. Moutmorency, A. de, 185, 187, 517. Montpellier, 229. Mook, battle of, 263. Moors, 426, 428, 433 f. Morals, 503 ff. of clergy, 25, 493 f. Morata, O., 374. Moravians, see Bohemian Brethren. Moray, Earl of, 334, 367 f. More, T. Utopia, 11, 26, 509, 558, 606 f., 648, 698. debt to Lefèvre, 53. and Reformation, 167, 281 ff., 295, 299. on Henry VIII, 279, 295. death, 294 f. on persecution, 294 f., 648. drinks only water, 497. on hunting, 500. marriages, 508 f. and Bibles, 571. and religion, 633 f., 649. and witchcraft, 655. portrait, 683. judged by Robertson, 731 Moriscos, 415, 433 f., 517. Morley, Lord, 592. Mornay, P. Duplessis, 264, 598 f. Morocco, 446. Morone, 394. Mortmain, Statute of, 41. Morton, Earl of, 360. Moschus, 574. Moscow, 512. Mosheim, 712. Motley, 718. Mountjoy, Lord, 277. Mühlberg, battle of, 128, 238. Mühlhausen in Thuringia, 94. Mülhausen in Alsace, 160. Munich, 666. Münster, 101 f., 244. Münster, S., 420, 565. Münster, T., 82, 91, 94 f., 97, 112, 594, 701. Muret, 576. Murner, T., 472, 694. Muscovy, 139, 143 f., 447. Music, 689. Mutian, 54, 103. Myconius, 160, 313. Mystics, 29-34, 744.
Naarden, 262. Namur, 267. Nanak, 745. Nantes University of, 11. Edict of, 228 f., 406, 650. Naples French in, 42, 186. Spanish, 372, 380, 416 f. Reformation, 375 f. population, 456. Narva, 534. Nash, T., 635. Nassau, 251. Louis of, 257 ff., 263. Nationalism rise of, 5. effect on church, 41-47. in France, 182. Naumburg, Bishop of, 120. Negroes, 437, 525, 533. Neo-Platonism, 51, 54. Nesbit, J., 354. Netherlands mystics, 32 f. Charles V, 78. and French Calvinists, 204, 216. constitution, 234 ff. Mary, Regent of, 237, 244, 249. Margaret of Austria, Regent of, 237. relations with the Empire, 237 f. Reformation, 239 ff., 271 ff. and Spain, 246 ff., 254 ff., 488. and Alva, 258 ff. Northern Provinces declare independence, 272 ff., 602. "Beggars," 256 ff., 342. and England, 332, 344 f. civilization, 350. Jesuits, 405 f. censorship, 419. population, 453, 458. post office, 486. commerce, 531 ff. agriculture, 547. serfs, 553. poor-relief, 559 f. reform of calendar, 624. Newcastle, 358. Nice, Truce of, 121, 198. Nicholas V, Pope, 16, 45, 566. Nicoletto, 374. Nietzsche, F., 730 f. Niklashausen, Piper of, 87. Nîmes, 219. Bishop of, 205. Nobility, 236, 491 f., 550. Nola, 639. Norfolk, 323. Duke of, 334 f. Norman, R., 615. Normandy, 202. North, T., 576. Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, 316 f., 321. Norway, 135, 137,458. Norwich, 254, 315. Novara, battle of, 150. Noyen, 161. Nuremberg, 74, 79, 86, 90, 128, 454, 483, 688. humanism, 54. Diet of (1522), 84 f., 528. Diet of (1524), 85 f. "godless painters," 103, 628. revolts from Rome, 113. Peace of, 118. Dürer, 472, 684. poor-relief, 560.
Occam, William of, 35 f., 43, 108, 625, 743. Ochino, B., 174, 312, 375, 397, 420. Oecolampadius, J., 108 ff., 156 f., 159, 161, 299, 312, 420, 508, 626. Oldenbarneveldt, J. van, 275, 602. Olivetan, 162, 196, 570. Orange, Anne, Princess of, 251, 253. Orange, Charlotte, Princess of, 251. Orange, William, Prince of, 167, 246, 250 ff., 258. character, 251, 274. elected Statholder of Holland, 261. death, 274, 340. and England, 339. Orellana, 438. Orinoco, 436. Orleans, University of, 162. Reformation, 197, 202, 218. States General, 212 f. Osgood, H. L., 743. Osiander, A., 420, 620, 623. Oudewater, 264. Overyssel, 235. Oxford, University of, 36, 38, 281, 471, 639, 671, 687. Oxfordshire, 314.
Pacific Ocean, 438, 440. Paciolus, L., 610. Pack, O. von, 114. Paderborn, University of, 670. Padua, University of, 618, 627. Paget, Lord, 310. Palatinate, 74, 79, 84, 121, 127. Frederic III, Elector Palatine, 121, 128. Palermo, 416. Palestrina, 384, 689. Palma, University of, 12. Pampeluna, 399 f. Papacy history of in the later Middle Ages, 13-20. triumphs over Councils, 15. secularization, 15. patronizes art and letters, 16. denounced by Wyclif, 37. rejected by Bohemian Brethren, 40. attacked by Marsiglio, 43. assailed by Valla, 49. rejected by Luther, 68 ff., 123, 388. dependent on Spain, 372. history, 1522-90, 377-88. and Turks, 449. finance, 480. judged by Creighton and Acton, 642, 741. Paquier, 738. Paracelsus, T., 513, 632, 638 f. Paraguay, 408. Paré, A., 513 f. Paris first printers at, 9. university of, 11, 42, 161, 190 f., 202 ff., 227, 250, 400, 422, 561, 566, 600, 642, 664. College of Montaigu, 161, 400 f., 669. Parlement of, 42, 184 f., 191, 227, 229, 406. and Reformation, 192, 195 ff., 213, 217, 221, 228. Jesuits, 202. besieged by Henry IV, 225 f., 455. population, 455. credit, 467. constabulary, 482. brothels, 507. hospitals, 514. trade, 539. Parker, 604. Parma, Duke of, 226, 456. Parma, Margaret of, 250, 256 f. Pascal, B., 398. Passau, Convention of, 130. Pastor, A., 626. Pastor, L. von, 740 f. Patten, S. N., 726. Paul the Apostle, 13, 52 f., 65, 98, 150, 356, 377, 418, 742. Paul II, Pope, 16. Paul III, 250. and oecumenical council, 121, 389 f. and Luther, 123. alliance with Charles V, 127. and Margaret of Navarre, 189. and Rabelais, 194. and England, 292 ff. pontificate, 381 ff. reforms, 381 ff. foreign policy, 383. and Jesuits, 401. and Inquisition, 416. and American Indians, 436. and Sapienza, 471, 673. and artists, 472, 504. and Copernicus, 620, 622. and philosophy, 628. Paul IV, 382, 384, 397, 417, 421 f. Paulet, Sir A., 339. Paulus Diaconus, 608. Pauperism, 558 ff. Pausanias, 574. Pavia, battle of, 94, 185, 372, 379, 459. Penz, G., 103, 628. Périers, Des, 629. Perrin, A., 176. Persia, 449. Perth, 360. Peru, 416, 438 ff., 474 f. Pescia, Domenico da, 18. Petrarch, 47. Petri, L., 138. Petri, O., 137. Pfefferkorn, J., 54. Philibert, E., 249. Philip IV of France, 14, 42. Philip the Handsome of Hapsburg, 76, 235. Philip II, King of Spain, 130, 132. and France, 212, 226 ff., 252. on St. Bartholomew, 218. and Netherlands, 246 ff., 272 ff., 602. marriage with Mary of England, 318 f. and Elizabethan England, 331 ff., 338, 362, 533. and papacy, 384 ff. and Council of Trent, 395. finances, 431. character and policy, 431 ff. and Portugal, 446. and Turks, 449 f. portrait, 678. Philippine Islands, 440 f. Philosophy, 624-40. Reformers, 624 ff. skeptics, 627 ff. science, 637 ff. Piacenza, 250, 456 Picardy, 161, 202. Piccolomini family, 15. Piedmont, 35. Pindar, 574. Pinkie, battle of, 359. Pirckheimer, W., 104, 106, 683. Pisa, 627. Council of (1409), 14. Schismatic Council of (1511), 19. Pistoia, 488. Pius II, Pope, 16, 24 f., 42, 350. Pius IV, Pope, 384 ff., 393 ff. Pius V, Pope, 334 f., 338, 386 f., 417, 422. Pizarro, 439 f. Plato, 51, 150, 418, 574, 606, 629. Pliny the Elder, 667. Plutarch, 574, 576, 619. Pocock, R., 48. Podiebrad, 40. Poggio, 51, 421. Poissy, Colloquy of, 213 f., 598. Poitiers, Diana of, 199. Poitou, 216. Poland, pays Peter's Pence, 21. suzerain of Prussia, 113. literature, 135. constitution, 138 f. wars, 139 f., 447. Reformation, 140-44. Henry III, 143, 219. civilization, 350. Counter-reformation, 388. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits, 405. population, 458. gilds, 540. reform of calendar, 624. Pole, R., 318 ff., 377, 382, 396, 591, 604. Political theory, 588-609. the state as power, 589 ff. republicanism, 592 ff. church and state, 593 ff. constitution, 595 ff. tyrannicide, 606. radicals, 606 f. economic, 607 ff. Pollard, A. F., 742. Polybius, 574. Polygamy, 102, 120, 507, 574. Pomponazzi, P., 105, 627, 649. Ponet, J., 604 f. Pontano, 508. Pontoise, Estates of, 598. Porta, J. B., della, 614. Portsmouth, 322. Portugal exploration, 10, 435. literature, 135. civilization, 350. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits, 405. colonies, 407 ff., 435, 441 ff. Inquisition, 416, 445. annexed to Spain, 432, 446. decadence, 444 ff. population, 458. navy,490. commerce, 524. reform of calendar, 624. Porzio, S., 627. Posen, 140, 144. Post Office, 468 f., 486. Praemunire, Statute of, 41 f., 289. Prague, University of, 38, 639. Predestination, doctrine of, 164 ff., 176, 249, 682. Prescott, 718. Pressburg, University of, 12. Prices, 88, 315, 464 ff. wheat, 464 f. animals, 465. groceries, 466. drygoods, 466 f. metals, 467. real estate, 468. books, 468. rise of, 473, 516 f., 608. Priscillian, 564. Printing, 3, 8 ff., 239, 349 f., 418 f. Probst, J., 240, 242. Proletariat, 552 ff. Prostitution, 506 f. Protestantism origin of the name, 115. period of expansion, 132, 388 f. varieties of, 179 f. in France, 229 ff. judged by Renan, 742. Provisors, Statute of, 41, 289. Prudentius, 667. Prussia, 113, 133, 139, 141, 350. Ptolemy, 574, 616 note, 617. Puglia, Francis da, 18. Pulci, 628. Puritans, 167, 286, 328, 339, 343 ff, 358, 483, 486, 604, 690.
Quakers, 102. Quinet, E., 718. Quirini, 595.
Rabelais, F., 187. and Reformation, 194 f., 197, 231 f. given a benefice, 471. anarchism, 606. philosophy, 629. love of life, 694. Racau, 142. Racovian catechism, 142. Radewyn, 32. Raleigh, W., 532. Ramus, P., 637. Ranke, L. von, 343, 367, 379, 721 f. Raphael, Sanzi, 472, 492, 677 ff., 686. Ratisbon League of, 114. Diet of, 122. Book of, 122. Colloquy of, 127, 169. Recorde, R., 616 Reinach, S., 735. Reformation antecedents, 4 ff. causes, 20-29, 743 f. and Renaissance, 47, 187 f., 231 ff., 730, 732 f., 749 f. and morals, 503 f. and capitalism, 515. historiography in 16th century, 585 ff. and state, 593 ff. and education, 664 ff. and art, 684 f., 689 f. and books, 691. parallels to, 744 f. religious changes, 745 ff. political and economic changes, 747 f. intellectual changes, 749 f. the word, 700. various interpretations, 699-750. Protestant, 699 ff., 739 f. Catholic, 701 ff., 740 f. political, 703 ff. economic, 106, 708, 724 ff. rationalist, 706 ff. French Revolutionary, 713 ff. romantic, 715 ff. liberal, 716 ff., 742. scientific, 719 ff. Darwinian, 729 ff. Teutonic, 736 f., 747. Reformation of the Emperor Frederic III, 90. Reformation of the Emperor Sigismund, 89 f. Reinhold, E., 621, 623. Rembrandt, 276. Renaissance, 4. and Reformation, 47, 187 f., 231 ff., 730, 732 f., 743, 749 f. in France, 187. in Netherlands, 239. Renan, 742. Renard, 320 f. Renaudie, 210 f. Reni, G., 689. Requesens, L., 263. Reuchlin, J., 54 f., 103. Reval, 534. Rheims, 252, 672. Rheticus, G. J., 610, 620 ff. Rhodes, 449. Ribadeneira, 588. Riccio, D., 366. Richmond, Duke of, 287, 471. Ridley, 299, 322. Riga, 144, 534. Rink, M., 100. Ritschl, 723. Robertson, J. M., 731. Robertson, W., 367, 709. Robespierre, 716. Robinson, J. H., 743. Rode, H..240. Rodrigo, 416. Rogers, J., 322. Rohrbach, J., 94, 98. Rome and Luther, 64, 67. sack of, 185, 372, 380, 456. population, 456. university of, 471, 673. administration, 481, 504. pilgrimages, 499. prostitutes, 507. and Copernicus, 618. St. Peter's Church, 686. Pasquino and Marforio, 693. Rönnow, 137. Ronsard, P. de, 231 f., 693. Rosenblatt, W., 508. Rostock, University of, 670. Roth, C., 529. Rotterdam, 235, 260. Rouen, 197, 214. Rousillon, 426. Rovere family, 15, 18. Rubeanus, C., 55, 103 f. Rudolph II, Emperor, 268. Russell, B., 735. Russia, 446 f., 534, 551. Ruthenians, 138. Rüxner, G., 90. Ruysbroeck, John of, 32, 34.
Saal, M. von der, 120. Sabatier, P., 737 f., 742. Sachs, H., 86 f., 696. Sacraments Catholic doctrine of, 27, 745. Protestant doctrine of, 72 ff., 301, 314, 625, 745 f. Sacro Bosco, J. de, 615. Sadoleto, 169, 566. St. Andrews, 355, 358, 360. St. Bartholomew, massacre of, 217 f., 261 f., 387, 597. St. David's, 323. St. Gall, 101, 157, 160, 645. St. Quentin, battle of, 200. Saints, worship of, 28 f., 57, 206, 747. Salamanca, University of, 400, 673. Salerno, University of, 11. Salisbury, 323. Salmeron, 393, 401. Samosata, Paul of, 627. Sanchez, F., 639. Samson, B., 151. Sanders, N., 325, 588, 702. Sandomir, 142. San Gallo, 686. Santayana, G., 734 f. Saracens, 448. Saragossa, University of, 12. Sardinia, 456. Sarpi, P., 377, 390, 395, 423, 705 f. Satyre Menippée, 226 f. Savonarola, 16 ff., 51, 580, 649 Savoy, 35, 168, 372, 395, 455 f., 658. Charles III, Duke of, 168. Louise of, 185. Saxony division into Albertine and Ernestine, 119 note. Albertine George, Duke of, 24, 56, 119, 191, 283, 528, 554 f., 700. Henry, Duke of, 119. Maurice, Duke and Elector of, 119. alliance with Charles V, 127 f. attacks John Frederic, 128. becomes elector, 128. captures Magdeburg, 129. turns against Charles V, 130, 393. death, 130. and Council of Trent, 393. Ernestine nationalism, 44. indulgences, 66. mentioned, 74. Peasants' War, 91 ff. Anabaptists, 103, 644. becomes Lutheran, 113. brigandage, 505. church property, 551. Frederic, Elector of, 77, 82, 93. supports Luther, 66, 79, 81, 104, 113, 283. John, Elector of, 113, 283, 595, 644. signs Protest, 115. votes against Ferdinand, 118. John Frederic the Elder, Elector and Duke of, 305. expels Bishop of Naumburg, 120. defeated and captured by Charles V, 128. freed, 130. loses electoral vote, 128. John Frederic the Younger, Duke of, 132. Scaliger, J. J., 575, 585. Scandinavia, 21, 135 ff., 350. Schaffhausen, 146, 157, 160. Schärtlin, 128. Scheldt barred by Holland, 274. Schenck, M., 134. Schenitz, J., 518. Schleswig-Holstein, 136. Schmalkalden, League of, 118 ff., 187, 197, 300 f., 305 f. Schmalkaldic War, 126 ff., 198, 200, 376, 383, 393. Schmidt, 712. Schönberg, 622. Schools, 12, 471, 662 ff. Schoonhoven, 264. Schwenckfeld, C. von, 164. Schwyz, 146, 153. Science, 609-24. inductive method, 609. mathematics, 609 ff. zoölogy, 611 f. anatomy, 612 f. physics, 613 ff. geography, 615 f. astronomy, 616 ff. schools, 666. Scotland and England, 279, 309, 351 f., 358 f., 369. condition, 350 ff. and France, 351 f., 358 f. Reformation, 352 ff., 359 ff., 369 f. the kirk, 364, 369 f. Black Acts, 369. population, 453 f., 458. theater, 485. duelling, 486. brigandage, 505. serfdom, 553. Scott, R., 659 f. Scotus, Duns, 34. Sea power, 490 f. Sebastian, King of Portugal, 446. Seckendorf, 701. Selim I, Sultan, 449, 748. Sell, K., 737. Semblançay, 518. Seneca, 162. Serfdom, 89 f., 97 f., 552 f. Seripando, 417. Servetus, M., 177 f., 613, 626 f., 645. Severn, 322. Seville, 341, 416, 457, 524 f. University of, 12. Seymour, T., 315. Shakespeare, W., 424, 581, 693, 698. Sicily, 416, 455. Sickingen, F. von, 56, 83 f., 505, 550, 684. Sidney, H., 348. Sidney, P., 336, 501. Siena, 375, 381. Sievershausen, battle of, 130. Sigismund, Emperor, 39. Sigismund I, King of Poland, 139 ff. Sigismund II, King of Poland, 141 ff. Sigismund III, King of Poland, 144. Sigüenza, University of, 12. Sikhism, 745. Silver, production of, 473 ff., 516 f. Simmel, F., 726. Simons, M., 244. Sixtus IV, Pope, 16, 412. Sixtus V, Pope, 223, 341, 387 f., 504 f., 670. Skelton, J., 283. Sleidan, 587 f., 704 f. Smith, H.. 635. Socinians, 376. Somascians, 397. Somerset, E. Seymour, Duke of, 310, 352, 359. Sophocles, 574. Soto, H. de, 437. Sozini, F., 145, 375, 626. Sozini, L., 142, 145, 375. Spain universities, 12, 673. Charles V, 76. literature, 135. and Netherlands, 238, 246 ff., 430, 488. and England, 318 f., 332, 339 ff., 348, 431 f. Armada, 341 f., 387, 433. civilization, 350. and papacy, 378 ff. and Counter-reformation, 389. Jesuits, 405. colonies, 407, 425, 430 f., 435 ff. Inquisition, 412 ff. censorship, 419. unification, 426. revolt of Communes, 78, 427 f., 477, 550, 552. revolt of Hermandad, 78, 428, 552. empire, 430. Cortes, 428 f. and Portugal, 432 f. and Moors, 433 f. population, 455 ff. coinage, 463. finances, 480, 522. navy, 490 f. clergy, 494. trade, 524 f. the Mesta, 624. reform of calendar, 624. judged by Froude, 717. Spencer, H., 718. Spenser, E., 327, 347, 692 f. Spinoza, B., 276. Spires, 666. Diet of (1526), 114. Diet of (1529), 109, 115, 644. Diet of (1542), 122. Diet of (1544), 123. Sprenger, J., 654. Spurs, battle of the, 279. Staël, de, 715. Sterling, 356. Steven Báthory, King of Poland, 144. Stevin, S., 610, 614. Stockholm, 9, 136. Stourbridge, 523. Stow, J., 582. Strabo, 574. Strassburg, 31, 101, 110, 113, 169, 260, 464, 506, 658. Strauss, D. F., 719. Stühlingen, 91, 93. Stunica, D., 622. Suffolk, 323. Charles Brandon, Duke of, 316. Henry Grey, Duke of, 316. Suleiman, Sultan, 187, 449. Sully, Duke of, 215, 218, 228. Sumatra, 443, 616. Surrey, Earl of, 693. Suso, H., 31. Sussex, 323. Swabia, 93 ff., 119. Sweden universities, 12. Reformation, 113, 137 f. Christian II, 136. war with Poland, 139. population, 458. a law of, 511. church property, 551. Switzerland, 88, 146 f. Reformation, 146-181. civilization, 350. population, 454. Symonds, J. A., 398, 730. Syria, 449, 535.
Taborites, 40. Tacitus, 574, 606. Tangier, 446. Tapper, 254. Tartaglia, N., 610, 614. Tartars, 139, 447. Tasso, T., 374, 449, 628, 692 f. Tauler, J., 31, 65. Tetzel, J., 66 f. Teutonic Order, 31, 44 f., 113, 139, 618. Tewkesbury, J., 299. Theater, 485, 695 ff. Theatines, 384, 397. Theocritus, 574. Theognis, 574. Thierry, 718. Thorn, 618. Edict of, 140. Thou, de, 217, 703. Thucydides, 574. Tierra del Fuego, 616. Tintoretto, 677. Titian, 677 f. Tobacco, 498. Toledo, 428, 457. Enriquez de, 502. Toleration, 641-51. Peace of Augsburg, 131. Edict of Nantes, 229 f. and Bible, 573. intolerance of Catholics, 641 ff. intolerance of Protestants, 643 ff. Renaissance, 649. Reformation, 650 f., 750. Tolstoy, L., 730. Tordesillas, Treaty of, 435. Torgau, League of, 114. Torquemada, 643. Toul, 184, 200. Toulouse, 214. Tournai, 235, 274. Tours, 195, 197. Transubstantiation, rejected by Wyclif, 37. rejected by Taborites, 40. attacked by Melanchthon and Luther, 70, 72. Lateran Council, 108. in Augsburg Confession, 117. in England, 306, 314. and Council of Trent, 393. Transylvania, 144 f. Treitschke, 736 f., 742. Trent, Council of, 388-96. and Protestants, 127, 383, 389 f., 393. decrees in France, 215. reforms, 231, 382, 388, 393 ff., 486. decrees in England, 333 f. opening, 381, 390. and Pius IV, 385. preparation, 389 ff. constitution, 390 f. dogmatic decrees, 391 ff., 566. result, 395 f. and Index, 420 ff. and charity, 561. political theory, 606. and reason, 625. and Louvain, 672. and art, 690. judged by Sarpi, 705. Trèves, 74, 84, 657 f. University of, 11, 666. Diet of Trèves-Cologne, 530. Trie, William, 177. Trinity College, Dublin, 349, 671. Troeltsch, E., 732 ff. Tübingen, University of, 11. Tunis, 121. Tunstall, C., 38, 282, 284, 305 Turks, capture Constantinople, 16. war with Germany, 46, 116, 122, 132. war with Hungary, 144. conquer Transylvania, 145. alliance with France, 200. and papacy, 383. and Spain, 432. empire, 448 ff. army, 489. trade, 535. Tuscany, 372. Duke of, 613. Tyler, Wat, 37. Tyndale, W., 284 f., 300, 304, 355, 570 f., 596.
Udal, N., 471, 663. Ukraine, 140. Ulm, 113, 128. Ulster, 348. Unitarians, 142 f., 145, 177, 375, 626, 646. Universities in fifteenth century, 11 f. and Reformation, 12. reform of, 72. and Henry VIII, 287. pay of professors, 471. in sixteenth century, 668 ff. Unterwalden, 146, 153. Upsala, University of, 12. Uri, 146, 153. Ursulines, 397. Usingen, 637. Usury, 72, 529 f., 608 f. Utrecht, 235, 238, 240, 252, 268, 272, 274. Union of, 272, 650.
Vaga, P. del, 690. Valais, 146 f. Valangin, 161. Valdes, J. de, 376. Valence, University of, 11. Valencia, 428. University of, 12. Valla, L., 16, 48 ff., 649. Donation of Constantine, 48,70. Annotations on New Testament, 49, 566 f. Dialogue on Free Will, 50, 105. On Monastic Life, 50. On Pleasure, 50. Vallière, J., 191. Van Dyke, 276. Varthema, L. de, 446. Vasari, G., 582 f., 676, 679. Vassy, massacre of, 214. Velasco, 457. Velasquez, 433. Venezuela, 457. Venice, 372, 402, 512. war with Julius II, 19. alliance with France, 186. and Reformation, 375 f. Inquisition, 417, 658. trade, 442, 525, 535. population, 456. coinage, 463 f. bank, 522. church property, 551. art, 677. Verdun, 184, 200. Vergerio, P. P., 377, 390. Vergil, Polydore, 581, 703. Vermigli, P. M., 213, 312, 322, 375. Verona, 455. Vespucci, A., 436, 606 f. Vettori, 704. Vienna, 448 f. Concordat of, 45. University of, 149, 406, 666, 670. Vienne, 168, 177. Vieta, F., 610 f. Villalar, battle of, 428. Villavicenzio, L. da, 561. Villers, C. de, 714. Villiers, 258 f. Vilvorde, 284 f. Vitrier, J., 26, 57. Vives, L., 559 f., 574, 606, 609, 667. Voes, H., 242. Volmar, M., 162. Voltaire, 388, 707 f. Volterra, D. da, 690.
Wages and salaries, 469 ff., 556 f. Waitz, 737. Waldenses, 35, 82, 203. Waldo, P., 35. Waldseemüller, M., 616. Wales, 298, 323, 453, 458, 559. Arthur, Prince of, 286 f. Walker, W., 739. Walloons, 260, 270 f. Walsingham, 305, 499. Walsingham, F., 347. Warham, W., 557. Warsaw, Compact of, 143, 650. Waterford, 347. Wealth of the world, 458 ff. Weber, M., 728. Wedderburn, James, 355. Wedderburn, John, 355. Weinsberg, 94. Weiss, N., 738. Welser bank, 520 f. Werner, 715. Wernle, 739. Westeras, Diet of, 137. West Indies, 274, 436 f., 524, 535. Westmoreland, 304. Weyer, J., 658 f. White, Andrew D., 731. Widmanstetter, A., 622. Wied, H. von, 120. Wieland, 711. Wilna, 144. Wilson, W., 743. Winchester, 323, 662. Wishart, G., 357 f. Witchcraft, 63, 422, 651-61. ancient magic, 651 f. the witch, 652 f. the devil, 653. the Inquisition, 655. Protestantism, 655 f. the witch hunt, 656 ff. growing skepticism, 658 ff. Wittenberg, 66, 81 ff., 96 f., 128, 240, 301, 322 note, 354 f., 390, 461, 464, 560 f. University of, 11, 64, 287, 471, 494, 502, 509, 620 ff., 639, 670, 696 f. Concord, 110. Articles, 301. Wolsey, T., 243, 518, 671. character and policy, 280 f., 292, 294. and Reformation, 282 f., 355. death, 288. Women, position of, 361, 509 f. Worms, 284. Concordat of, 43. Diet of (1495), 75. Diet of (1521), 78 ff., 96, 282, 398. Diet of (1545), 123. Edict of, 81, 85, 114, 116, 241, 479. Colloquy of, 122, 134. Wullenwever, G., 118. Württemberg, 79, 128. Ulrich, Duke of, 79, 90, 119. Wurzach, 95. Würzburg, 114, 350, 454, 658. Wyatt, Sir T. (conspirator), 318. Wyatt, Sir T. (poet), 693. Wyclif, J., 12. life and doctrine, 36 ff., 42, 284. condemned at Constance, 39 f. and Reformation, 41, 289, 354, 744. and Bible, 571.
Xavier, F., 400, 408 f., 499, 736. Xenophon,574. Ximénez, 426, 565.
Yorkshire, 302 f., 544. Ypres, 560.
Zapolya, J., 144. Zasius, U., 103. Zeeland, 256, 260, 263 f., 270 ff. Zierickzee, 264. Zug, 146, 153. Zuiderzee, battle of, 262. Zütphen, 262, 272. Henry of, 240. Zurich Anabaptists, 101, 154, 645. joins Swiss Confederacy, 146. Zwingli, 151. Reformation, 152 ff. theocracy, 156. defeat at Cappel, 158 ff. Bullinger, 160. English Bible printed at, 300. dancing, 500. brothels, 506. university, 671. Zwickau, 82 f. Zwilling, G., 81, 83. Zwingli, A., 152. Zwingli, U. and Luther, 108 ff., 151 f., 154. death, 110, 159. and Melanchthon, 134. and Calvin, 164, 166. early life, 148 ff. mocks indulgences, 150 f. at Zurich, 151. a Reformer, 152 ff. marriage, 152. and Erasmus, 153. and Anabaptists, 154 ff., 645. political schemes, 157 f. True and False Religion, 158. Exposition of the Christian Faith, 158. First Peace of Cappel, 158. at battle of Cappel, 158 f. character, 159. influence in France, 196. doctrine of the eucharist, 108 ff., 154, 241. influence in England, 284, 299. and Council of Trent, 392. on Index_, 420. biblical exegesis, 569. political theory, 596. on usury, 608 f. on reason, 626. on education, 671. judged by Bossuet, 703. judged by Voltaire, 708. judged by Gibbon, 710. Zwolle, 240.
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The Age of the Reformation, by Preserved Smith
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