Abbot Laboratories v. Gardners, 331–32
academic freedom, 302n26
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 12–13
ACT (American College Test), 322
advertising, 24–26
affirmative action. See also equal pay for equal work legislation
consequences of, 6–8, 77, 142–45, 202–03
government granted rights and, 134
insurance and, 102–07
in private firms, 300
in the public sector, 97–101, 355–58
quotas and, 297
rent controls, 110–11
sexual harassment and, 397–98
size discrimination, 108–10
women’s liberation movement and, 292, 298
zoning and, 114–16
age discrimination, 107–08
Agostini v. Felton, 337–38
agricultural land reserves, 58
AIDS, 137
Alexander v. Sandoval, 328
Amazons, 181
American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California, 12–13
American College Test (ACT), 322
apartheid, 7
Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, 250
Arkansas Department of Higher Education (DHE), 323–024
Arkansas Governor’s Scholarship Program. See Governor’s Scholarship Program of Arkansas
Arkansas State University, 250
armed forces
conscription, 303
government role concerning, 349, 357
women in, 32–34
Asians, 9–11
association, law of, 119
Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon, 326n27
athletic competitions. See also sports intercollegiate athletic programs.
See intercollegiate athletic programs
racial discrimination and, 354–55, 358
women’s rights and, 35–37, 138n14, 257–64, 430
Athletic Investigator’s Manual, The, 225, 239, 253
auto insurance, 149
bailouts, 58
banking
age discrimination and, 107–08
regulation of, 149–54
usury laws and, 112–13
Barrett v. Omaha National Bank, 377–79
Bartlett v. United States, 369n63
Berkman v. NYFD, 289
Big Brothers organization, 12–13
biology of women and men. See also sociobiology of sexism
glass ceilings and, 176–83
survival of humans and, 139–41, 260
women’s liberation movement and, 289, 292
bisexuals, 12–13, 121, 264–65, 411, 430. See also homosexuals
Black Caucus, 123
Black Creek Baptist Church, 334, 347
blackmail, 384n136
blacks
affirmative action and, 6–8, 78–80
discrimination in private versus public sector, 143–44
discrimination in the public vs. private sector, 49–50
discrimination in the workplace, 438
effect of welfare on, 48 in sports, 257–58
Blessing v. Freestone, 329n45, 330n47–48
Board of Directors of Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte, 420–21
Bolshevik Revolution, 291
Boy Scouts, freedom of association and atheism and, 12
court cases concerning, 407–27
discrimination against women, 122, 293
libertarian position on, 427–44
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 407–27, 430
boycotts, 126
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 423n109
British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, 121n4
British Columbia Human Rights Commission, 16–17, 20
Brooklyn Dodgers, 144
Brown University, 234–43, 246, 247–50, 251, 253
Brownies, 122
Bums v. McGregor, 366n44–45
Burlington v. Ellerth, 373–76
busing
rules, 31
campuses, 42–45
Canadian Human Rights Commission, 103
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 333n69
capitalism. See also market economy communism and, 58–59
competition/cooperation dichotomy and, 281
private vs. public sector, 24–26
Carrero v. N.Y. Housing Authority, 363n21
Castaneda v. Partida, 252n132
central planning, 213–14
charity, 282
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 14
chess grandmasters, 178
children
effect on women’s wages. See marital status: wage discre pencies for women and support payments, 208, 214
Chinese. See also Asians; Orientals Cultural Revolution, 57
in Malaysia, 256
success in society, 125
chivalry, 139
Christian Farmers Federation of Ontario, 56
churches, separation from state, 334–47. See also religious freedom
cigarette smoking, 398–99
city dwellers, 147–54
Civil Rights Act of 1964
color blindness and, 308–09
gender equity in athletic programs, 249, 262
inconsistency with freedom to associate, 310–15, 350–51, 433–34
reparations and, 316–21
scholarship distribution (Title VI), 325–30
sexual harassment (Title VII), 359–60, 371–79
Civil Rights Act of 1991, 360
classical liberalism viewpoint on discrimination, 118–20
Clement Report, 110
coaches, 231–32
coeds, 42–45. See also universities
coercion
competition/cooperation dichotomy and, 276–77
of governments, 58–59, 71–72, 282, 283–85, 300
racism and, 161
Cohen v. Brown University, 236–42, 254n136. See also Brown University
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board, 330n49–50
college sports. See intercollegiate athletic programs
colleges. See universities
color blindness, 308–09
Colorado State University, 234–36, 243, 248–50, 251, 253
Columbia Broadcasting System v. United Sates, 331–32
Commissioner of Food and Drug, 332
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist, 337, 342n130, 345n147
common law, 297–98
Communal Property Act of 1944, 52–53
compensating differentials, 78–80, 133, 161–62, 401
competition
athletic competitions. See athletic competitions; sports versus cooperation, 266–86
defined, 276n14
model of perfection in, 274–75
sexual harassment and, 399–400
competition/cooperation dichotomy, 266–86
consequences of, 271–72
critique of feminist claims, 273–86
feminist views on, 266–73
Comptroller of the Currency, 107n31
conflict model of society in Marxism, viii–ix
Connecticut v. Teal, 332
conscription, 303
Constitution of the United States. See U.S. Constitution
consumer discrimination. See customers
consumers. See also customers
influence on value of labor, 215–16
insurance regulation and, 153
cooperation. See also competition/cooperation dichotomy
versus competition, 266–86
as personal goal, 280–81
relationships and, 270–71
Cort v. Ash, 326–27
court cases
Establishment Clause and, 333–47
federal assistance and, 327–47
intercollegiate athletic programs, 234–46
right of free association and, 407–26
sexual harassment and, 360–78
states’ rights and, 325–27
courts, government role concerning, 349, 357
creditworthiness, 112–13
crime
government role concerning, 349, 357
insurance rates and, 147–49
preventive coercion and, 295
sexual harassment as, 401–06
Cultural Revolution in China, 57
customers, discrimination by, 163–64, 435n158. See also consumers
Danbury Baptist Association, 334
Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 333n67
day care for children, 209, 210–12
Department of Education, 327–28
dictatorships, 58
discounts on insurance policies, 104–07
discrimination, overview
classical liberalism viewpoint, 117–20
government granted rights and, 133–38
human rights viewpoint, 121–28
liberal and conservative positions on, 307–09
libertarian position on, 310–21, 347–58
sociobiology of sexism, 139–41
wage gap claims, 128–33
distribution of wealth, 271–72, 285–86
division of labor, 279–80
divorce
effect on women, 205, 208, 211
law reform, 214
doctrine of ripeness, 330–32
Dodgers, Brooklyn, 144
draft, military, 303
East Indian Workers Association of Canada, 50
Eaton’s Department Store, 24–26
economics, defined, 282n16
education
families’ choices of, 29–31
intercollegiate athletic programs. See intercollegiate athletic programs
in public sector, 301–02
universities. See universities
Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981, 343
EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)
sexual harassment and, 360–62, 368, 377, 388–94, 403
tests for firemen and, 289
Ellison v. Brady, 360n4, 361n10, 364n27, 366n40, 367n47–48, 378n119, 379n124–25
employees, discrimination by, 163, 435n158
employers
discrimination by, 161–63, 196–97, 214, 311–12, 435n158
sexual harassment and. See sexual harassment
environmentalists, 405–6
EPFEW. See equal pay for equal work legislation
EPFWEV. See equal pay for work of equal value legislation
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). See EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)
equal opportunity in athletic programs. See intercollegiate athletic programs
Equal Pay Act of 1964, 302
equal pay for equal work legislation. See also affirmative action; wage discrepancies for women
analysis of future for, 188–201
consequences of, 215–16
marital status and. See marital status
Michael Levin on, 302
reasons for, 83–97
women’s liberation movement and, 292
equal pay for work of equal value legislation, 188–201
equality of opportunity, 309n7
equilibrium, 220
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, 333–47
evaluation of work, 197–201, 215–16
evolutionary psychology. See sociobiology of sexism
exchange, competition/cooperation dichotomy and, 266–86
Fair Housing Act, 325
Fair Plan insurance, 152
families, 66–67. See also children; marital status
discrimination toward bisexuals and homosexuals and, 12–13
education and, 29–31
effect of responsibilities on wage rates, 208
effect of welfare on, 47–48
government harm to, 1
rent controls and, 111n39
title of Ms. and, 22–23, 290–91
wage discrepancies for women and, 89–97
Family Forum, 214
Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 360n5, 373–76, 379n123
farming, 66–67
Federal Communications Commission, 331
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., 107n31
Federal Home Loan Bank Board, 107n31
Federal Reserve Board, 107n31, 150–51
feminism
agenda of, 264n152
denial of differences between men and women, 221
equal pay for equal work legislation, 82, 133
human rights viewpoint on discrimination and, 122–23
role of women in military, 32–34
sexist advertising, 24–26
title of Ms. and, 22–23
view on competition versus cooperation, 266–86
women’s liberation movement, 287–93
Feminism and Freedom (Levin) author’s praise of, 287–93 author’s criticism for, 293–304
54th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 120n2
Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company, 104–06
First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
Boy Scouts and law of association, 407–27
Establishment Clause, 333–47
sexual harassment and free speech, 359, 368–70
fitness of issues for judicial review, 332
flag burning, 422
Fleet Financial Group, 151–52
football
minority representation in, 257, 354–55
Title IX of the Educational Amendment and, 226, 242, 250n126, 251, 252n133
Ford Company, 47
foreign investment, 122
Fort Wagner, 120n2
founders of the U.S. Constitution, 334–47, 427
Fourteenth Amendment, 326–33
freedom of association
Boy Scouts and, 407–27
Civil Rights Act and, 350–58
defined, 119
discrimination in private versus public sector, 143, 145, 310–21
feminism and, 293
gender equity and, 265
hiring practices and, 4
versus “human rights,” 137–39
sexual harassment and, 380
freedom of speech
as aspect of private property, 138n15
Boy Scouts and law of association, 407–27
sexual harassment law and, 293, 368–70
free-enterprise system. See also market economy
education and, 29–31
government interferences in, 67–68
poverty and, 46–48
French Reign of Terror, 291
Frozen Food Express v. United States, 331
gender equity
intercollegiate athletic programs. See intercollegiate athletic programs
sociobiological and economic critique of, 254–65
Gender Equity Task Force, 224, 227, 253, 262
Germany
decline of male population, 140, 181–82
discrimination toward Jews, 256
Girl Guides, 122
glass ceilings, 176–83, 258n144
golfing
intercollegiate athletic programs, 250
women’s rights and, 35–37
government, role of, 348–49, 351, 357
government granted rights, 133–38
Governor’s Scholarship Program of Arkansas
compatibility with U.S. Constitution, 322–33
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, 333–47
libertarian position on, 347–58
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 332
Guardians Association v. Civil Service Commission, 333
gun rights, 42–45
Hafer v. Melo, 329n41
Hall v. Gus Construction Company, 364n25
Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 367–68, 379n126
Hazelwood School District v. United States, 252n132
Herizons, 27–28
heroin, 126–27n7
hiring practices
affirmative action and, 97–101, 143–44
right of free association and, 4
sexism and, 27–28
women’s rights and, 17–18
home insurance, 147–49, 152–54
homosexuals
Big Brothers and, 12–13
Boy Scouts, law of association and. See Boy Scouts, freedom of association and
discrimination against women, 293–94
equality of opportunity and, 309n7
human rights viewpoint on discrimination and, 121, 123
sexual harassment and, 405
title of Ms. and, 22
hostile environment harassment claims, 362–70, 373–76
housework, 20, 90, 131, 168–76, 206
housing controls. See rent controls
human rights
government granted rights and, 136–37
viewpoint on discrimination, 121–28
Human Rights Commissions
individual rights and, 16–20
sexism and, 27–28
size discrimination and, 108
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, & Bi-sexual Group of Boston, 411, 417, 425
Hutterites
discriminatory legislation toward, 50, 52–56, 60–64, 71–73
Ibos, 57
immigration, 122
immunity for states, 326–30
Indians, 318n26
information
costs of, 218–19
insurance
affirmative action and, 102–07
intelligence
as basis for scholarships, 323–24, 353–54
earnings differential and, 220
productivity and, 160, 162, 314n18
wealth and, 3
of women versus men, 177–83
intercollegiate athletic programs
analysis of Title IX, 251–54 conclusions concerning court cases of Title IX, 247–51
court cases concerning Title IX, 234–46
policy guidance of Title IX, 246–47
requirements of Title IX, 223–34
sociobiology of sexism and, 260–65
interest rates
affirmative action and, 112–13
racism and, 313n17
regulation of, 149–54
Internal Revenue Service, 378
Interstate Commerce Commission, 331
Intlekofer v. Turnage, 369n64
invisible hand of market economy, 262–63, 396
Iron Curtain, 59
Israel, 284n18
Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co., 360n4
Jews
affirmative action and, 257n141
discrimination in the workplace, 438
human rights viewpoint on discrimination and, 122
success in society, 125
Jim Crow period
affirmative action and, 7
conservative views on discrimination and, 308n4
effects on productivity, 314n18
wage discrepancies for minorities and, 162
Johnson’s War on Poverty, 48
Jones v. Flagship International, 363n20
Jones v. Wesco Investments, 361n12, 364n25
justice, reparations and, 317–21
Kamloops, British Columbia, 24–26
Kaufman v. Applied Signal, 364n23
Kenesaw, Georgia, 43
Kentucky v. Graham, 329n44
Kimman v. Omaha Public School District, 378n120
knowledge. See information
Kotcher v. Rosa and Sullivan Appliance, 363n22
labor mobility, 189
land ownership, reparations and, 316–21
language, 21–23
latifundi, 318n25–26
law of association, defined, 119. See also freedom of association
law of trespass, 15
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 335–36, 342n130, 345n147
Lesbian/Gay Alliance, 408, 444
Levin, Michael
author’s praise of, 287–93
author’s criticism for, 293–304
liberalism, classical, viewpoint on discrimination, 118–20
libertarianism
position on discrimination, 347–58
Lipsett v. University of Puerto Rico, 361n11, 366n42
loan sharks, 113
Louisiana State University, 236, 242–46, 252, 254
majority vote, 283
male-female earnings differentiation. See wage discrepancies for women
Manitoba Action Committee on the Status of Women and Media Watch, 27–28
Manitoba Human Rights Commission, 27–28
marginal revenue product. See also productivity
sexual harassment and, 395
marijuana, 126–27n7
marital status
color blindness and, 309n6
competition and, 281
effects on productivity, 314n18
glass ceilings and, 176–83
income statistics for, 192–94
sexual harassment and, 390
wage discrepancies for women and, 19–20, 89–97, 129–31, 166–76, 202–12, 217–18, 437–44
market economy
competition/cooperation dichotomy, 266–86
effect on wage gap for women, 205
pay equity and, 213–14
racial discrimination by employers and, 157–61, 311–14
sexual harassment and, 394–401
wage discrepancies for women and, 164–83
women’s rights in sports and, 262–63
marketing boards, 58
marksmanship, 44
Marxist conflict model of society, viii–ix
McDonalds, 47
means of production, 54–56
medical training facilities, 233
medicine, socialized, 58
men’s rights, 27–28
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 363n19, 364n26, 365, 366n43, 377
Microsoft, 47
military forces
conscription, 303
government role concerning, 349, 357
women in, 32–34
minimum wage legislation
compensating differentials and, 163
effect on poverty, 48
effect on women’s wages, 132–33
effects on minority races, 313n15
effects on teenagers, 160, 216
as violation of person and property, 58
minority preference hiring plan, 6–8
Mitchell v. Helms, 343–44, 345n148
monopolies, 274–75
Morgan v. Hertz Corp., 369n65
motor vehicle bureau, 47
Moylan v. Manes county, 366n41, 366n46
National Achievement Scholars, 323
National Basketball Association (NBA), 144, 257, 315n20, 358
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), 224, 227, 253
National Credit Union Administration, 107n31
National Football League (NFL), 257, 315n20, 358
National Merit Scholars, 323
native Americans, 318n26
nature, competition/cooperation dichotomy and, 266n1
NBA (National Basketball Association), 144, 257, 315n20, 358
NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association). See National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
Neal’s Creek Baptist Church, 334, 347
New York State Club Association v. City of New York, 413n38
NFL (National Football League), 257, 315n20, 358
Nobel prizes, 179–80
non-aggression principle, 295, 348
nurture, competition/cooperation dichotomy and, 273
occupational choice, 195–96
occupational segregation, 86n11, 195–96
Office of Civil Rights (OCR)
analysis of Title IX, 251–54
conclusions concerning court cases of Title IX, 247–51
court cases concerning Title IX, 234–46
critique of Title IX, 246–47
policy guidance concerning Title IX, 246–47
requirements of Title IX, 225–34
sociobiology of sexism and Title IX, 261–65
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, 378n120
Ontario Consumer and Commercial Relations Ministry, 104
opium, 126–27n7
opportunity costs of marital status, 168–69, 208, 438. See also marital status: wage discrepencies for women and
Orientals, 438
Our Lady of Lourdes Roman Catholic Church, 14–15
over-population, 405–06
pay gap claim. See wage discrepancies for women
payola schemes, 385–86
Pederson v. Louisiana State University, 236, 242–46, 252n131. See also Louisiana State University
pension plans, 103–04
perfect competition, 274–75
personal safety, 42–45
physical characteristics, 3
pistols, 43
police
government role concerning crime, 349, 357
height requirements for, 109–10
politicians, 38–41
poverty
of blacks, 438
effect of free-enterprise system on, 46–48
for women, 205
prayer in schools, 31
prejudice, defined, 120n3, 159
prisons, 176–77
private property rights. See property rights
productivity
cost of discrimination and, 143–44
effect of marital status on, 166–76
of governments, 300
information costs and, 218–19
intelligence and, 160, 162, 314n18
marginal revenue product and, 190n8
minimum wage laws and, 79–80
profits and, 171–73
sexual harassment and, 395, 400–401
slavery and, 314n18
supply and demand, 311–12
of women versus men, 83, 131–33, 184, 186, 196–97
profit and loss system
effect on poverty, 47
pay equity and, 213–14
women’s rights in sports and, 262–63
profit opportunity, 191n9
profits
incentives in private sector versus public sector, 190n8
productivity of employees and, 171–73
property rights
common law and, 297–98
effect on poverty, 46
versus government coercion, 283–84
law of association and, 431, 433
Ludwig von Mises on, 54–56
reparations and, 316–21
self ownership, 118
sexual harassment and, 379–87
prostitution, 383–87
public accommodations statute of New Jersey, 407–27, 431
Public Choice School of Economics, 264n152
public sector
affirmative action in, 97–101
discrimination in private versus public sector, 300–01, 310–21
government granted rights and, 133–38
libertarian position on discrimnation in, 315
profit incentives and, 190n8
quid pro quo sexual harassment claims, 362–63, 382–87
quotas
affirmative action and, 6–8, 82n5, 100–01
in the public sector, 97–98, 355–58
women’s liberation movement and, 292, 295–97
racism
affirmative action and, 6–8
liberal and conservative positions on, 307–09
libertarian position on, 310–21
productivity and, 157–61
public vs. private, 49–51
real estate restrictions and, 9–11
in universities, 332–33
real estate restrictions, 9–11
Real Women, 214
Reitman v. Mulkey, 433n155
relationships, 281–82
relationships, cooperation and, 270–71
religion, 125
religious freedom
Catholic kneelers and, 14–15
First Amendment and, 333–47
ordination of women and, 17
renewable resources, 68
rent controls
affirmative action and, 110–11
effect on poverty, 48
legislation and, 77–78
as violation of person and property, 58
reparations, 316–21
resources, renewable, 68
restaurants, 395–96, 428–29, 438
restitution, 316–21
reverse discrimination, 190–91n8–9
rifles, 44
right of expressive association, 407–27
right of free association. See also freedom of association
discrimination in private versus public sector, 143
hiring practices and, 4
Ring v. First Interstate Mortgage, 325
ripeness, doctrine of, 330–32
rivalry. See competition/cooperation dichotomy
road privatization, 294–95
Roberts v. United States Jaycees, 412–13, 420
Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, 361n13, 368n62
rule of law, 46
rules in society, 276–77
“safe harbor” test, 247
safety, personal, 42–45
Salem Meeting House, 334
sanctity of persons, 118, 380–87
SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test), 322
scholarships
Governor’s Scholarship Program of Arkansas. See Governor’s Scholarship Program of Arkansas
intercollegiate athletic programs, 228–29
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), 322
School District of the City of Grand Rapids v. Ball, 338, 342n130
schools
intercollegiate athletic programs. See intercollegiate athletic programs
private vs. public sector, 29–31
racial integration in, 308n3
safety on campus, 42–45
universities. See universities vouchers for education, 337–38
segregation
in athletic competitions, 35–37
blacks and, 294
sexual harassment and, 397–98
self-esteem of women, 196
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 326n23
separation of church and state, 334–47
sex education, 29–31
sexism
advertising and, 24–26
hiring practices and, 27–28
sociobiology of, 139–41
in sports, 35–37
sexual harassment, 359–406
benefits from law, 404–06
defined, 360–61
libertarian view of employer responsibility, 401–06
libertarian view of law, 379–406
management of liabilty, 375–79
types of claims, 362–75
Shawmut National Corporation, 152
Shelley v. Kraemer, 433
Sierra Club v. Marita, 330n51
singleness. See marital status
size discrimination, 108–10
slavery
effects on productivity, 314n18
law of association and, 265, 351
racial discrimination by employers and, 160, 162
reparations and, 316–21
segregation and, 294
welfare and, 48
Smith v. Robinson, 330n46
smoking, 398–99
socialism
competition/cooperation dichotomy and, 268–70, 284–85
pay equity and, 213–14
socialized medicine, 58
society, effects of completion/cooperation dichotomy on, 271–73
Society for Children’s Rights to Adequate Parental Support, 214
Society for the Preservation of the Family Farm, 60
sociobiology of sexism, 139–41, 181–83, 254–65. See also biology of women and men
softball, 243–45
South Africa
boycotts and, 126
earnings of Afrikaners versus British, 256
equal pay for equal work legislation, 82
South Camden Citizens in Action v. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 328
Southern Arkansas University, 323, 345
Soviet Union, 140
speech, freedom of. See freedom of speech
sports. See also athletic competitions
basketball, 144, 257, 315n20, 354–55, 358
discrimination against blacks and, 144
football, 226, 242, 250–52, 257, 315, 354–55
intercollegiate athletic programs. See intercollegiate athletic programs
marksmanship as, 44
minority representation in, 354–55, 358
tennis, 259
women’s rights and, 35–37, 138n14, 257–64, 430
stalking, 392
states’ rights, 326–27, 357–58
Statistics Canada, 192, 206, 214
stereotyping, 254
subsidies to agriculture, 68
subsidies to businesses
effect on poverty, 48
as violation of person and property, 58
supervisor harassment, 370–79
supervisor harassment claims, 373–76
supply and demand
effect on job value, 199–200
effect on value of labor, 205, 215–16
productivity and, 311–12
Supreme Court of the United States. See U.S. Supreme Court
Swentek v. U.S. Air, Inc., 366n41
Tall Girls Shops Ltd., 108–09
taxes
affirmative action and, 99
discrimination in public sector and, 300–01
Public Choice School of Economics, 282
tennis, 259
term limits, 38–41
theft, 385–86
Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 325–29
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 249, 368
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 371–79
Title IX of the Educational Amendment
analysis of, 251–54
conclusions concerning court cases, 247–51
court cases concerning, 234–46
policy guidance, 246–47
requirements, 223–34
sociobiology of sexism and, 261–65
titles of marital status, 21–23, 290–91
Toronto Towers Tall Club, 109
trainers, 232–33
tutors, 231
unemployment insurance, 40
unions
coercion by, 297
effects on minority races, 313n15
entry restrictions, 97
equal pay for equal work legislation and, 82
as violation of person and property, 58
universities
discrimination in, 134
entrance exams, 301
Governor’s Scholarship Program of Arkansas. See Governor’s Scholarship Program of Arkansas
intercollegiate athletic programs. See intercollegiate athletic programs
personal safety on campuses, 42–45
racial discrimination, 332–33
sexual harassment and, 389–90
tuition costs for foreign students, 122
women’s liberation movement and, 288, 292
University of California at Berkeley, 354
urban neighborhoods
insurance rates in, 146–49
interest rates in, 149–54
U.S. Constitution
First Amendment, 333–47, 359, 368–70, 407–27
Fourteenth Amendment, 326–33
U.S. House of Representatives, 123
U.S. Supreme Court
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, 335–47
intercollegiate athletic programs, 235, 252
scholarships programs, 328–33
sexual harassment cases, 367, 370–79
state immunity and, 325–33
usury
affirmative action and, 112–13
legislation and, 77
value of jobs
equal pay for work of equal value, 188–201
supply-side economics and, 205
Vancouver Sun, The, 32n
violence. See also coercion
against blacks and women, 295
competition/cooperation dichotomy and, 276–77
discrimination and, 135
of governments, 58–59
racial prejudice and, 161
vouchers for education, 337–38
wage controls, 189n5, 213–14, 216. See also equal pay for equal work legislation
wage discrepancies for women. See also equal pay for equal work legislation
analysis of, 217–20
legislation and, 77
marital status and, 19–20, 166–76, 202–12, 436–44
socialism and, 213–14
supply and demand analysis of, 165–66
viewpoint on discrimination, 128–33
women’s rights in sports and, 262–63n151
wage gap. See wage discrepancies for women
Wal-Mart, 47
Waltz v. Tax Commission, 336, 342n130, 345n147
war against drugs, 126–27n7
War of Northern Aggression. See Civil War
Warth v. Seldin, 330n51
wealth, distribution of, 271–72, 285–86
weapons, the right to carry, 42–45
Whitney v. California, 423n109 Will v. Michigan Department of State Police, 329n42–43
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind, 339–42, 345–46
wolf whistles, 396–97
Women and Words conference, 17
women’s rights
armed forces and, 32–34
hiring practices and, 17–18, 77
See also equal pay for equal work legislation
sexual harassment and, 385, 388, 395
in sports, 257–64
See also intercollegiate athletic programs
women and children first principle, 139
YMCA, 122–23
Young Men’s Hebrew Association, 122–23
Young Women’s Hebrew Association, 122–23