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Notes

1 For the following discussion, see the brilliant work of W. Jaeger, Paideia (Oxford, Three Volumes, 1965), particularly Volume III (The Conflict of Cultural Ideals in the Age of Plato), 132-262.

2 Jaeger, III, 46-155.

3 Timaeus, in Jaeger, III, 208.

4 For the Hellenistic era, see P. Green, From Alexander to Actium (California, 1990).

5 Green, pp. 135-267; 545-683; M. Hadas, A History of Greek Literature (Columbia, 1950), pp. 186-225, 275-286; A History of Latin Literature (Columbia, 1952), pp. 353-380.

6 See Green, pp 545-683.

7 Green, pp. 497-525, 586-602.

8 Jaeger, III, 261-262.

9 Jaeger, III, 252-253.

11 See the discussion in J.M Mayeur et al., ed., Histoire du christianisme (DescIée, Thirteen Volumes, 1990-2002), I, 7-58; Also, R. MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire (Yale, 1984), pp. 1-42; G. Barrois, Jesus Christ and the Temple (St. Vladimir’s, 1980).

22 Jaeger, III, 221.

33 For early development, see Mayeur, I and II, passim, but especially II, 937-951; III, 1103-1239; MacMullen; M. Sordi, The Christians and the Roman Empire (Routledge, 1994); K. Donfried & P. Richardson, ed., Judaism and Christianity in First-Century Rome (Eerdmans, 1998); R. Fox, Pagans and Christians (Knopf, 1986); R. Fletcher, The Barbarian Conversion (U. of California, 1999), pp. 66- 96.

44 Sordi, pp. 73-86, 195; Mayeur, I, 522-527; J. Quasten, Patrology (Christian Classics, Four Volumes, 1992), I, 161, 228-229, 254, 279, 282-283, 288.

55 Mayeur, I, 267-437, 777-815.

66 For the Fathers, their connection with ancient paideia, and regional differences in the growth of theology, see Quasten, all four volumes; Also, W. Jaeger, Early Christianity and Greek Paideia (Harvard, 1961); M. Laistner, Christianity and Pagan Culture in the Later Roman Empire (Cornell, 1951); Sordi, pp. 79, 86, 163, 192; Mayeur, I, 509-895; II, 41-125; C. Dawson, The Making of Europe (World Publishing, 1970), pp. 58-72.

77 St. Justin Martyr in Quasten, I, 209-210.

88 P. Brown, “The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity”, Journal of Roman Studies, LXI (1971-1972), pp. 79-101.

99 For lengthy discussions of all of these themes, see Mayeur, I and II, and Quasten, I and II, passim; also, P. Hughes, A History of the Church (Sheed & Ward, Three Volumes, 1949) I, 96-156.

1010 See M. Goodman, The Roman World: 44 B.C--AD 180 (Routledge, 1997), especially, pp. 81-139; Also, K. Galinsky, Augustan Culture (Princeton, 1996).

1111 A. Jones, The Later Roman Empire (Johns Hopkins, Two Volumes, 1986) I, 3-76; II, 767-872; Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity (Harcourt, 1971), pp. 9-80.

1212 See Sordi, passim; also, Mayeur, I, 227-266; II, 9-39, 155-185.

1313 For this, and the following discussion, see Sordi, pp. 23-133, 194-205; R. Wilken, The Christians as the Romans Saw Them (Yale, 1984); Brown, pp. 22-80; Donfried & Richards; MacMullen, pp. 68-74; Barrois; Mayeur, I, 189-366; II, 155-185.

1414 Mayeur, I, 292-366; Hughes, I, 77-93; H. Jonas, The Gnostic Religion (Beacon, 1963).

1515 On pagan-Christian literary duels, see Hadas, Latin Literature, pp. 334-445; Greek Literature, pp. 244-298.

1616 Wilken, pp. 68-94.

1717 Wilken, pp. 94-126; Sordi, pp. 38-55.

1818 Quasten, I, 186-253.

1919 St. Augustine, The City of God, I, 32; Also, Hadas, Latin Literature, p. 213.

2020 A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire (U. of Wisconsin, Two Volumes, 1980), I, 69-78; Brown, pp. 22-80; Wilken, pp. 48-68, 94-105, 164-196; Sordi, pp. 57-58, 69, 96-133, 160-162, 180-205; Jones, I, 71-76, 119-123.

2121 Wilken, pp. 164-196; Sordi, pp. 96-133, 180-205; Vasiliev, I, 69-78; Brown, pp. 22-80; Mayeur, II, 337-353; E. Michael Jones, The Jewish Revolutionary Spirit (Fidelity, 2008), pp. 57-90.

11 Brown, Late Antiquity, pp. 22-33; Mayeur, II, 155-185.

22 For a discussion of Christian and pagan attitudes in the era of the “great change”, see Mayeur, II, 189-227, 824-825; Brown, Late Antiquity, pp. 114-135; Prudentius, A Reply to the Address of Symmachus, in M. Hadas, ed., A History of Rome (Garden City, 1956), pp. 276-277; Sordi, pp. 133-145, 171-194; Jones, II, 873-1024; Quasten, III, 309-345.

33 Quasten, III, 326-327; also, see Jones, I, 80-88.

44 Mayeur, II, 86-89, 253-254.

55 Ibid.; 83, 90, 102-103, 220-221, 225, 254-335; Jones, I, 86-88.

66 Quasten, III, 206.

77 Mayeur, III, 1103-1239.

88 Randers-Pehrson, Barbarians and Romans (U. of Oklahoma, 1983), pp. 132-155; Mayeur, II, 229-248; 435-451.

99 Randers-Pehrson, pp. 122-124; R. Mathisen, Ecclesiastical Factionalism and Religious Controversy in Fifth-Century Gaul (Catholic U., 1989), 1-43; Mayeur, II, 412-434.

1010 Frend, The Rise of the Monophysite Movement (Cambridge, 1972); Mayeur, II, 499-550, III, 9-196; IV, 93-165; J. Herrin, The Formation of Christendom (Princeton, 1987, 307-343.

1111 Mayeur, II, 233-239; Hughes, II, 1-13.

1212 Mayeur, II, 189-337.

1313 Mayeur, II, 289-398; 489-550; III, 485-543; Hughes, I, 227-230; Jones, I, 87-88, 165-166, 212-213, 220; II, 883-894.

1414 Hughes, I, 196; Mayeur, II, 249-335.

1515 Herrin, pp. 119-127; Richards, pp. 151-154; Mayeur, III, 389-481.

1616 Quasten, IV, 350.

1717 Mayeur, II, 553-717; Hughes, I, 176-186; Vasiliev, I, 241-244; D. Geanakoplos, ed., Byzantium (U. of Chicago, 1984), pp. 73-86, 131-144.

1818 Jones, II, 954-970; Mayeur, II, 229-248, 435-550.

1919 On the social order, see Jones, II, 767-1068.

2020 Randers-Pehrson, pp. 83-93; Quasten, III, 426-428; Mayeur, II, 481-497; K. Holum, Theodosian Empresses (U. of California, 1982).

2121 Hadas, Latin Literature, p. 455; St. Augustine, City of God, Book I, 32; similarly, Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 14.6.18; J. Randers-Pehrson, pp. 54-155.

2222 Hughes, I, 217-236; P. Phan, ed. Social Thought, (Message of the Fathers of the Church, Vol. 20, M. Glazier, 1984); J. Chrysostom, On Wealth and Poverty (St. Vladimir’s, 1984); Quasten, III, 424-482; IV, 144-150, 535-537.

2323Quasten, II, 205-207; H. Jedin and J. Dolan, History of the Church (Crossorads, Ten Volumes, 1981), II, 394-401; see, also, St. Gregory of Nyssa, in Quasten, III, 271.

2424 Quasten, IV, 114-126; 475-476; Hughes, II, 2-18; Mayeur, II, 435-479.

2525 Jones, I, 80-91, 118-119, 151, 166, 362, 432, 480, 491-498, 745-759, 791; II, 902-929; R. Van Dam, Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul (U. of California, 1985), pp. 141-157; Randers-Pehrson, pp. 56-57; J. Richards, The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages (Routledge & Keagan, 1979, pp. 7-55; Mathisen, pp. 1-27; Brown, Late Antiquity, 130-135; Mayeur, II, 557-584.

2626 For all the following, see Jones, I, 217-317; Herrin, pp. 19-53; H. Wolfram, History of the Goths (U. of California, 1988), pp. 117-171; Randers-Pehrson, pp. 34-115.

2727 Vasiliev, I, 195; Mayeur, IV, 9-28; Herrin, pp. 205-206.

2828 J. Russell, The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity (Oxford, 1994), pp. 107-145; Brown, p. 90.

2929 On Islam’s development, see I. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies (Cambridge, 1988, pp. 11-237.

3030 Following these struggles is much of the story of Mayeur, II, 249-550; III, 9-196, 389-481; IV, 9-165; Hughes, I, 185-305; II, 118-126; Also, Quasten, III and IV, passim.

3131 E. Mersch, The Whole Christ (Dennis Dobson, 1936), pp. 209-440.

3232 See Jaeger, W. Early Christianity and Greek Paideia (Harvard, 1961).

3333 Quasten, IV, 463-558; Mayeur, II, 453-479.

3434 See all of Frend; Mayeur, II, 499-550; III, 9-196, 389-481, 592-608; Hughes, I, 250-292; J. M. Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (Oxford, 1986), pp. 9-29.

3535 For all of the following, see Mayeur, IV, 9-60; Herrin, pp. 206-280.

3636 M. Maccarone, Il Primato del Vescovo di Roma nel Primo Millennio (Libreria Editrice Vatican, 1991), pp. 219-251, 275-362; Mayeur, I, 579-670, II, 771-798; Hughes, I, 98- 261

3737 Maccarone, pp. 261-274; Richards, pp. 101-185; Mayeur, III, 147-196; Hughes, I, 248-290.

3838 Follow this discussion in Richards, pp. 181-215; Herrin, pp. 206-219, 250-259; Maccarone, pp. 363-430; Mayeur, IV, 40-53, 642-645.

3939 Richards, Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, p. 277.

4040 For Greek influence in general, see Richards, pp. 249-285; Mayeur, IV, 642-648.

4141 Richards, pp. 167-180, 259, 269-285; See also, J. Richards, Consul of God (Routledge & Kegan, 1980); Mayeur, IV, 607-642.

4242 Richards, Popes and Papacy, p. 281.

4343 Richards, Popes and Papacy, pp. 139-161.

4444 Ibid., pp. 181-182.

4545 Maximus, Opuscula theologica et polemica, 12, translation from “Maximus of Constantinople”, Catholic Encyclopedia (Robert Appleton, Fifteen Volumes, 1911), X, 80; see, also, Maccarone, pp. 363-430; St. Maximus Confessor (Newman Press, 1956, pp. 3-28, 76-77; Mayeur, V, 40-53, 198-208, 642-644; Herrin, pp. 255-259.

4646 Richards, Popes and Papacy, pp. 249-285.

4747 Translation, Catholic Encyclopedia, X, 80; Mayeur, IV, 40-53; Hussey, pp. 14-15, 19-22.

4848 Maximus, as cited in Mayeur, IV, 48; Geanakoplos, p. 138.

4949 Richards, Popes and Papacy, pp. 181-215; Herrin, pp. 207-280. See also Vasiliev, I, 222-231.

5050 For Iconoclasm, see Mayeur, IV, 93-165; Herrin, pp. 307-465; Richards, Popes and Papacy, p. 216-232; Vasiliev, I234-299; Ostrogorsky, pp. 147-209; Hughes, II, 120, 23-126, 166-168; Hussey, p. 30-68.

5151 See Mayeur, IV, 147-155.

5252 Herrin, pp. 181-206; Vasiliev, I, 199-229, 300-374; II, 403; Ostrogorsky, pp. 210-315; Mayeur, IV, 167-296.

5353 On the general situation in the West, see Randers-Pherson; Hughes, II, 44-108; Herrin, pp. 19-53.

5454 On the situation in Gaul, see: Randers-Pehrson, pp. 116-131, 251-275; Herrin, pp. 68-70, 105-115; E. James, The Franks (Blackwell, 1988), pp. 34-77; Van Dam. pp. 115-178; and Mathiesen in general.

5555 James, pp. 78-88, 121-129; Herrin, p. 105; C. Dawson, The Making of Europe, p. 94.

5656 James, pp. 129-137, 144-145; P. Riché, The Carolingians (U. of Pennsylvania, 1993), pp. 1-33.

5757 On pilgrimages and the cult of relics, see Quasten, IV, 558-563; Van Dam, pp. 177-300.

5858 Van Dam, p. 300.

5959 Fletcher, pp. 130-159; James, pp. 129-137; Dawson, pp. 171-181.

6060 On Benedictine monasticism and its impact in Britain, see Bede, Ecclesiastical History of England (Harvard, 1930); Dawson, pp. 98, 174-186; Richards, Consul of God, pp. 228-256; Fletcher, pp. 107-121; Hughes, II, 68-108.

6161 Herrin, pp. 78, 270; Dawson, p. 182; Bede, Books IV and V; Hughes, II, 68-108; Mayeur, III, 941-958; IV, 607-642.

6262 Bede, Books IV and V; Dawson, pp. 181-184.

6363 Riché, pp. 34-84; Dawson, pp. 187-201; Fletcher, pp. 193-213; Mayeur, IV, 648-682.

6464 On St. Isidore, Visigoths, and Carolingians, see Herrin, pp. 220-249, 428, 438-440; Riché, p. 66; Mayeur, IV, 612-616, 670-682.

6565 For the emergence of this alliance, see Richards, Popes and Papacy, pp. 216-232; Riché, pp. 51-84; Herrin, pp. 355-360; pp. 370-381.

6666 Riché, p. 83.

6767 Herrin, pp. 382-476; Riché, pp. 85-140; Dawson, pp. 187-201; Mayeur, IV, 656-682; Hughes, II, 127-166.

6868 Fletcher, p. 236; on Boniface’s work, see Hughes, II, 127-131; Mayeur, IV, 630-691.

6969 Fletcher, pp. 204-213, 242-244; Herrin, pp. 352-359; Riché, pp. 39-66.

7070 C. Dawson, Religion and the Rise of Western Culture (Image, 1991), p. 65; Mayeur, IV, 683-765; Hughes, II, 149-151; P. Riché, L’empire carolingien (Hachette, 1973).

7171 Riché, Carolingians, pp. 145-149; Fichtenau, p. 163.

7272 For all of the following, see Mayeur, IV, 93-165; Vasiliev, I, 271-374; Ostrogorsky, p. 210-315; Geanakoplos, p. 158.

7373 Brown, Late Antiquity, p. 17.

7474 Catholic Encyclopedia, X, 80; Hughes, I, 298; Mayeur, V, 40-53, 198-208, 642-644.

7575 Gregory of Nazianzen, in Dawson, The Making of Europe, p. 109.

7676 Quasten, IV, 342-462, 512-523.

7777 Ibid., IV, 512-523.

7878 Mathisen, pp. 69-140, 235-272; Mayeur, III, 237-246; Quasten, IV, 494-558.

7979 Mayeur, V, 876.

1 For the following, see A. Kazhdan and A. W. Epstein, Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (U. of California, 1990); Ostrogorsky, pp. 272-276, 286-288, 305, 320; Vasiliev, I, 330-374; Mayeur, IV, 167-348; V, 7-56.

2 Mayeur, IV, 48n, 167-348; Hussey, pp. 102-110.

3 See R. Cholij, Clerical Celibacy in East and West (Fowler Wright, 1989); Mayeur, IV, 60-91; Hughes, I, 303-305; II, 166-181.

4 See Mayeur, IV, 715-718, 781-787; Hughes, II, 181-200; Hussey, pp. 69-101.

5 Kazhdan and Epstein, 14, 31, 90-92, 157, 206-207, 236-237; Mayeur, V, 451-459.

6 Vasiliev, I, 351-361; Ostrogorsky, pp. 316-350; Geanakoplos, pp. 229-248.

7 Riché, The Carolingians, pp. 285-359, 333-334; Dawson, Making of Christendom, pp. 108, 124, 197; G. Duby, The Three Orders (U. of Chicago, 1982), 34, 49, 66, 111, 130.

8 Ostrogorsky, pp. 183-186.

9 Fletcher, 213-227, 327-368.

10 Riché, The Carolingians, pp. 38-39; Herrin, pp. 432-480.

11 Fletcher, pp. 220-221.

12 Ibid., pp. 364-368.

13 Riché, The Carolingians, pp. 144-280; H. Fichtenau, Living in the Tenth Century (Chicago, 1991), pp. 381-439, on social disorder; Hughes, II, 181-208.

14 Fichtenau, p. 382.

15 Ibid., p. 384.

16 Ibid., p. 389.

17 Ibid., p. 384.

18 Fichtenau, pp. 81-245.

19 Fichtenau, 388-389.

20 Ibid.

21 Riché, Carolingians, pp. 174, 185; Hughes, II, 161-163; G. Tellenbach, The Church in Western Europe From the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 23, 34, 69, 118, 202, 331; Mayeur, IV, 753-754.

22 Tellenbach, pp. 1-74; Hughes, II, 181-208; Mayeur, IV, 767-852.

23 Fichtenau, pp. 3-82, 181-245.

24 Ibid., p. 384.

25 Ibid., p. 389.

26 Ibid., p. 413.

27 Ibid., p. 395.

28 Fichtenau, p. 388.

29 Ibid., pp. 255-261.

30 Fletcher, pp. 224-225; on missionary work, see Mayeur, IV, 869-939.

31 Fletcher, pp. 228-284, 369-416; Fichtenau, pp. 245-262, 303-333.

32 G. Duby, France in the Middle Ages (Blackwell, 1991), pp. 84-105; The Three Orders, pp. 128-146; Tellenbach, pp. 127-141.

33 On monasticism, reform, and the peace movement, see Tellenbach, pp. 101-184; C. Dawson, Religion and the Rise of Western Culture, pp. 120-139; B. Rosenwein, Rhinoceros Bound: Cluny in the Tenth Century (U. of Pennsylvania, 1982); Mayeur, IV, 852-866; V, 57-175, 367-450; Hughes, II, 206-208.

34 Odo of Cluny, De Vita Geraldi, i. 8, in Rosenwein, front page.

35 Dawson, Religion, p. 123.

36 Dawson, Religion, pp. 120-139

37 Rosenwein, pp. 57-100; See, also, Duby, The Three Orders, 19, 54, 97, 139-146, 175-177, 192-206; Mayeur, V, 57-175, 367-450.

38 Duby, The Three Orders, pp. 21-125.

39 For the imperial revival, see J. Bernhardt, Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany (Cambridge, 1993); K. Leyser, Communications and Power in Medieval Europe (Hambledon, 1994); F. Rapp, Le Saint Empire Romain Germanique (Tallandier, 2000); P. Riché, Les Grandeurs de l’an mille (Bartillat, 1999); Tellenbach, pp. 50-74; Mayeur, IV, 767-866; Hughes, II, 191-224.

40 Bernhardt, pp. 45-135; Mayeur, IV, 793-815.

41 Riché, Grandeurs, pp. 241-311; Hughes, II, 196-197.

42 Riché, Grandeurs, p. 289.

43 Riché, Grandeurs, pp. 257-258.

44 Riché, Grandeurs, pp. 272-273.

45 Ibid., p. 303.

46 Riché, Grandeurs, pp. 304-305.

47 Riché, Grandeurs, p. 308.

48 Ibid., p. 310.

49 Tellenbach, pp. 47-50; C. Wickham, Early Medieval Italy (U. of Michigan, 1992), pp.168-193; W. Ullmann, A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages (Methuen, 1982), pp. 116-141; P. Partner, The Lands of St. Peter (U. of California, 1972), pp. 77-109; Mayeur, IV, 767-866; Hughes, II, 181-208.

50 Tellenbach, pp. 141-145; Hughes, II, 181-208; Mayeur, IV, 767-866.

51 Tellenbach, pp. 141-205; Dawson, Religion, pp. 120-139; Ullmann, pp. 129-141; Partner, pp. 110-117; Mayeur, V, 57-100; Hughes, II, 208-224.

52 On the second wave of reform and the “Gregorian Revolution”, see Tellenbach, pp. 184-252; Dawson, Religion, pp. 120-139; Partner, pp. 106-158; Ullmann, pp. 142-172; Mayeur, V, 57-100; Hughes, II, 224-233.

53 Hussey, pp. 111-183; Mayeur, V, 27-56, 349-363; Hughes, II, 239-248.

54 Dawson, Religion, pp. 135-136; Hughes, II, 217.

55 Dawson, Religion, pp. 134-135.

56 On Innocent, see J. Powell, ed., Innocent III: Vicar of Christ or Lord of the World? (Catholic U, 1994), pp. 1-33, 178-184; Ullmann, pp. 201-150; Partner, pp. 229-265; Hughes, II, 331-382; Mayeur, V, 519-876; on Gregory, Hughes, III, 1-22; Mayeur, VI, 13-23.

57 On crusading and the crusading ideal, see J. Riley-Smith, A Short History of the Crusades (Yale, 1987); Mayeur, V, 277-308; Hughes, II, 248-258, 298-303, 318-322, 369-373; M. Barber, The Two Cities (Routledge, 1992), pp. 119-140.

58 Riley-Smith, pp. 91-98, 106-107, 142-145; Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals, pp. 105-106.

59 Riley-Smith, pp. 56-60; Also, A. Forey, The Military Orders (U. of Toronto, 1992), pp. 6-17; Mayeur, V, 302-308; Hughes, II, 298-300; Dawson, Religion, pp. 140-160; G. Duby, The Chivalrous Society (U. of California, 1980).

60 Powell, pp. 19-33, 105-113; Mayeur, V, 524-531.

61 Powell, pp. 19-33, 55-78; Mayeur, V, 524-531, 737-876.

62 Powell, p. 59; also, pp. 55-78; Mayeur, V, 575-638.

63 Powell, pp. 37-104, 153-172.

64 Ibid., pp. 51-52, 73-94, 153-178; Mayeur, V, 575-638; Hughes, II, 361-369.

65 For survival and revival of learning, see the classic works: E. Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages (Harper & Row, 1963); C. Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Meridian, 1970); also, W. Berschin, Greek Letters and the Latin Middle Ages (Catholic U., 1988); D. Wagner, ed., The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages (Indiana U., 1986); H. Waddell, The Wandering Scholars (U. of Michigan, 1992; M. Clanchy, Abelard: A Medieval Life (Blackwell, 1999); G. Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society, 980-1420 (U. of Chicago, 1981); Hughes, II, 266-291, 412-435; Mayeur, V, 427-450, 795-818; Barber, Two Cities, pp. 441-488.

66 C. Haskins, The Rise of Universities (Cornell, 1957); Mayeur, V, 795-818; Dawson, Religion, pp. 191-198.

67 Mayeur, V, 141-175; Hughes, II, 258-266.

68 Powell, pp.6, 17, 71-72, 114-120; J. Moorman, A History of the Franciscan Order (Franciscan Herald, 1968), pp. 3-80; Mayeur, V, 767-793; Hughes, II, 352-361; W. Hinnebusch, A History of the Dominican Order (Alba House, Volume One, 1965); Barber, Two Cities, pp. 85-192.

69 Mayeur, V, 782-785; VI, 13-23; Moorman, pp. 83-304; Riley-Smith, pp. 176-177.

70 Hughes, III, 1-22; Mayeur, VI, 13-23; Hussey, pp. 220-242; Barber, Two Cities, pp. 111-112.

71 G. de Lagarde, La naissance de l’esprit laique au déclin du moyen age (Nauwelaerts, Five Volumes, 1958), II (Secteur social de la scolastique), 55, and passim.

72 Lagarde, II, 62-63.

73 Lagarde, II, 320-321; on corporate life, see Dawson, Religion, pp. 161-180; D. Waley, The Italian City-Republics (Longman, 1988); Barber, Two Cities, pp. 251-270.

74 Duby, Age of the Cathedrals, pp. 98-135; Mayeur, V, 367-516.

75 Lagarde, II, passim; Mersch, pp. 486-530.

76 Dante, Divine Comedy: Il Paradiso, XXX, XXXI.

77 On apocalyptic and millenarian ideas in the Middle Ages in general, see R. Emmerson and B. McGinn, eds., The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages (Cornell, 1992); N. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (Oxford, 1979); Barber, Two Cities, pp. 168-192; Lagarde, V, 25-29; Mayeur, VI, 327-337; R. Swanson, Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215- c. 1515 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 191-234.

22 Riché, Grandeurs, pp. 8-26.

33 For the above, see Mayeur, V, 220, 222, 291, 390, 440, 441, 472, 546, 548, 717, 819-870; VI, 327-337; Hughes, III, 35-36; Emmerson and McGinn, pp. 72-102; Moorman, pp. 114-116, 188-204; Cohn, pp. 108-110.

44 See Fichtenau, pp. 3-29, for its earlier manifestation.

55 On eleventh century economic growth, the thirteenth century downturn, and the consequent moral problems, see Barber, Two Cities, pp. 60-82; Mayeur, V, 756-766.

66 Mayeur, V, 712-734.

77 Hussey, pp. 184-219; Riley-Smith, pp. 119-130.

88 Riley-Smith, pp. 1-240, passim; Mayeur, V, 293-308, 349-363; Vasiliev, II, 375-487; Ostrogorsky, pp. 351-417; Fletcher, pp. 483-524.

99 Hughes, III, 1-32; Ostrogorsky, pp. 450-465; Vasiliev, II, 656-676; Riley-Smith, pp. 177, 185-186, 201; Mayeur, VI, 141-207; Hussey, pp. 220-242.

1010 See Hughes, III, 122-124; Moorman, pp. 123-154.

1111 Hughes, II, 412-413.

1212 See the fears of John of Salisbury and others, in Dawson, Religion, pp. 181-198; Haskins, Universities, pp. 29, 40-42; Renaissance, pp. 341-367; Waddell, pp. 122-125; Curtius, p. 53; On the problem in general, Mayeur, V, 442-450, 808-817.

1313 On faith and reason, Abelard and St. Bernard, see Clanchy, pp. 37-38, 110, 264-325; E. Gilson, Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages (Scribner’s, 1938); Mayeur, V, 442-450, 808-817.

1414 On the omnibus condemnation, see Mayeur, V, 814-817, 836-843; Hughes, II, 412-434.

1515 For Nominalism and its problems, see Hughes, III, 119-123; 225-228; E. Gilson, Unity of Philosophical Experience (Scribner’s, 1965), pp. 61-121; Lagarde, Vol. IV (Defense de l’Empire) and V (Critique des structures ecclésiales), passim.

1616 Hughes, III, 220; also, Mayeur, VI, 337-340, 520-549; P. Pourrat, Christian Spirituality (Newman, Four Volumes, 1953), II, 100-251; Oakley, pp. 276-285.

1717 Moorman, on intellectuals and mystics, pp. 240-277; Mayeur, VI, 520-549; Hughes, III, 208-229.

1818 Moorman, pp. 307-319; Mayeur, VI, 39-42, 277-285, 323-337, Hughes, III, 125-134.

1919 Ostrogorsky, pp. 466, 474, 511-514, 520; Vasiliev, II, 665-670, 697-698; Mayeur, VI, 549-563; also, D. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium. 1261-1453 (Cornell, 1985).

2020 On the class consciousness of the nobility, see D. Crouch, The Birth of Nobility (Pearson, 2005); Duby, Cathedrals, pp. 191-274; Three Orders, pp. 271-356, and on John of Salisbury, pp. 263-268; also, see the differences indicated in A. Havercamp, Medieval Germany (Oxford, 1992), pp. 79-94, 200-221, 334-351; Duby, France, pp. 155-181, 253-268; Waley, pp. 1-87.

2121 Moorman, pp. 339-349; Mayeur, V, 784-785, VI, 13-23; Hughes, III, 125-134.

2222 Mayeur, V, 200-239, 575-615; Ullmann, pp. 173-250; Partner, pp. 159-202.

2323 Hughes, II, 276; Dawson, Religion, p. 202; Mayeur, V, 196-200.

2424 Ullmann, Papacy, 227-250, 267-268; Barber, pp. 195-224; on benefices and provisions, see Oakley, pp. 30-31, 47-52, 78, 218-220, 225-227, 241, 272, 290-294, 308-309.

2525 Tellenbach, pp. 185-353; Ullmann, pp. 142-200; Mayeur, V, 69-134; Hughes, II, 209-274.

2626 Tellenbach, pp. 185-353; Hughes, II, 209-239; Dawson, Religion, pp. 120-138, 199-217; on Normans in Sicily, Barber, pp. 225-250; Mayeur, V, 179-239.

2727 See Barber, Two Cities, pp. 195-224; Mayeur, V, 204-239; Hughes, II, 303-322, 383- 395.

2828 Lagarde, I (Bilan de XIII Siècle), 146-168 on the rediscovery of Roman Law; on divergence of interpretation, see, pp. 146-263; Hughes, III, 107-112; Mayeur, VI, 276-285.

2929 Lagarde, I, 244.

3030 Lagarde. I, 162; also, pp. 146-263 on the law, Aristotle, and different schools of thought; Hughes, III, 107-112; Mayeur, VI, 276-285.

3131 Lagarde, I, 241.

3232 Partner, pp. 203-228; 253-257; Havercamp, pp. 223-267; Waley, pp. 90-157; Ullmann, pp. 251-278; Powell, pp. 135-149; D. Abulafia, Frederick II (Oxford, 1988).

3333 Lagarde, I, 197, 199.

3434 Lagarde, I, 199-200.

3535 Ibid., 195-196.

3636 Mayeur, V, 701-712; VI, 849-882; E. M. Jones, pp. 93-131.

3737 See M. Lambert, The Cathars (Blackwell, 1998); E. Peters, Inquisition (U. of California, 1989); A. Roach, The Devil’s World (Pearson, 2005), pp. 34-167; Powell, pp. 121-149; Mayeur, V, 451-472; Hughes, II, 340-351, 375-376, 406-411; Barber, Two Cities, pp. 168-194.

3838 Haskins, Renaissance, pp. 153-192; Waddell, pp. 70-242; Duby, The Three Orders, pp. 285-292; Curtius, p. 115, 106-127; Lagarde, II, 30-39, 42-44.

3939 Hughes, II, 389-406, III, 22-56; Waley, pp. 145-156, Ullmann, pp. 251-278; Partner, pp. 266-326; Riley-Smith, pp. 167-173; Mayeur, V, 542-543, 627-633; VI, 575-583.

4040 Riley-Smith, pp. 167-173, 206- 209.

4141 For Boniface and reactions to him, see Mayeur, VI, 43-53, 271-278, 329-337; Hughes, III, 56-86; Moorman, pp. 193-196; R. Brentano, Rome Before Avignon (University of California, 1990), pp. 93-169; Lagarde, I, 231-263.

4242 Duby, France, pp. 182-229, 253-268; The Three Orders, 346-353; Mayeur, V, 420, 617-638; Riley-Smith, pp. 94-102, 157-161, 173-176.

4343 Mayeur, VI, 591-600; Hughes, III, 51-101; Lagarde, I, 231-263; Duby, France, pp. 261-268; M. Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge, 1993).

4444 Lagarde. I, 261-262.

4545 Duby, France, pp. 269-287; Mayeur, VI, 591-608.

4646 R. Horrox, The Black Death (Manchester U., 1994), pp. 227-351; apocalyptic conclusions in Cohn, pp. 87, 131-132, 136, 140, 144; Emmerson and McGinn;

Swanson, pp. 53, 128, 199-206, 220, 280 Oakley, pp. 115, 117, 120, 217, 233, 244, 270-276: Hughes, III, 183-186, 342-361; Riley-Smith, pp. 224-230, 232-233.

4747 L. von Pastor, History of the Popes (Herder, Forty Volumes, 1906) I, 72; For the Avignon Papacy, see Ibid, I, 57-116; Mayeur, VI, 27-87, Hughes, III, 155-228; G. Mollat, The Popes at Avignon (Harper, 1963); Oakley, pp. 38-55.

4848 Oakley, p. 165.

4949 von Pastor, I, 91-92.

5050 For Church-Empire quarrels of the fourteenth century, see Mayeur, VI, 585-591; Hughes, III, 134-155; Rapp, pp. 240-251, Lagarde, III, IV, passim; Ullmann, pp. 285-290; Partner, pp. 299-321; Mollat, pp. 190-228.

5151 Moorman, pp. 307-338; Hughes, III, pp. 125-155; Mayeur, VI, 271-285, 569-591, 685-694; Lagarde, IV, 3-14.

5252 Lagarde, III (Defensor Pacis), pp. 61-357; Mayeur, VI, 271-319; Hughes, III, 145-153; Oakley, pp. 169-170.

5353 Lagarde, III, 235, 224; also, 374.

5454 Lagarde, IV and V, passim; Mayeur, VI, 281-285; Hughes, III, 119-155; Oakley, pp. 131-174.

5555 Lagarde, II, passim; Mayeur, VI, 271-298.

5656 Lagarde, V, 164.

5757 Lagarde, V, 264; Mayeur, VI, 281-285, 290-293.

5858 Lagarde, IV, 253.

5959 Ibid.

6060 Ibid., 260-261, 261-262, 252-253.

6161 Rapp, pp. 252-280; Mayeur, VI, 685-694; Hughes, III, 143-144, 308-309.

6262 Oakley, pp. 175-212 Swanson, pp. 272-274, and passim; Mayeur, VI, 285-286, 344-345, 674-679; Hughes, III, 309-312.

6363 For the political and social atmosphere, see S. Waugh, England in the Reign of Edward III (Cambridge, 1991).

6464 Lagarde, V, 280.

6565 Partner, pp. 326-367; Ullmann, pp. 279-305; Mayeur, VI, 726-730; Hughes, III, 188-207; Mollat, pp. 67-189.

6666 von Pastor, I, 123-124.

6767 von Pastor, I, 117-207, for the whole history of the Schism; Also, Oakley, pp. 55-70; Swanson, 2, 46, 149-150, 154, 180, 203, 296, 309; Mayeur, VI, 89-116; Hughes, III, 229-305; Partner, pp. 366-395; Ullmann, pp. 292-305.

6868 von Pastor, I, 146.

6969 Ibid., 140.

7070 Mayeur, VI, 107-108

7171 For the varied plans, see R. Swanson, Universities, Academics, and the Great Schism (Cambridge, 2002); Mayeur, VI, 289-293; Hughes, III, 229-305; von Pastor, I, 117-207.

7272 von Pastor, I, 200-201.

7373 Perhaps, since his designation as such may only have provided a needed clarification given confusion over the numbering of popes by the name of John earlier in the Middle Ages.

7474 Hughes, II, 294.

78 von Pastor, I, 145.

79 For the following, see Mayeur, VI, 355-395, 414-447, 465-499, 707-719, 744-751, 762-766, 795-811; VII, 143-207, 215-435 passim; Hughes, III, 386-497; Oakley, pp. 54, 65-71, 73, 75-79, 127, 213-259, 285-312; Swanson, pp. 14, 45, 49, 50, 341 and passim; Moorman, pp. 481-585; von Pastor, 1-VII (Martin V through Leo X), passim.

80 Mayeur, VII, 397-400; Oakley, pp. 261-270, on St. Vincent Ferrer’s life.

81 Mayeur, VI, 479-489.

82 On the Renaissance, see Mayeur, VII, 467-520, 617-673; Hughes, III, 361-385; Oakley, pp. 103-104, 133, 251-259, 258, 313, 317-318; Swanson, pp. 160, 174-177; J. Hale, The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance (Atheneum, 1994); P. Grendler, Schooling in Renaissance Italy (Johns Hopkins, 1989); Berschin. pp. 243-280; J. Plumb, The Italian Renaissance (Harper, 1965); On Petrarch, see J. Plumb, ed., Renaissance Profiles (Harper, 1961), pp. 1-17; von Pastor, I, 1-56.

83 J.H. Plumb, The Italian Renaissance, p. 26; also, “Vittorino da Feltre”, Catholic Encyclopedia, XV, 490; Mayeur, VII, 228-229, 507, 629-632; Oakley, pp. 255-258; Hale, p. 194; Swanson, pp. 55, 177, 241, 250-251.

84 Oakley, pp. 100-113; Swanson, pp. 79, 90, 100, 112, 174, 340; Mayeur, VI, 526-527; Hughes, III, 215-225; On the Devotio, Gerson, and systematic spirituality, see, also, Pourrat, II, 252-336.

85 Mayeur, VI, 362-395, 541-542; Hughes, III, 492-496; Oakley, pp. 113, 123, 125, 231-239, 243-248; Swanson, pp. 65-67, 142-143,175; on St. Catherine, see Pourrat, II, 286-290.

86 See Mayeur, VII, 120, 337-341, 490; J. Rao, “The Theatines and the Question of Catholic Renewal” on “For the Whole Christ” (www. jcrao.freeshell.org).

87 von Pastor, I, 355-356; for the whole discussion of the “low road”, see von Pastor, Volumes 1-VII, passim; Mayeur, VII, 121-207; Hughes, III, 386-497; Oakley, pp. 71-259 and passim; Swanson, passim.

88 Mayeur VI, 708-709; von Pastor, II, 104-137; Oakley, pp. 113-114, 122, 239-243; Hughes, III, 340-342.

89 J. Jungmann, The Mass of the Roman Rite (Benziger, Two Volumes, 1950), I, 103-141; Oakley, pp. 82-130; Swanson, pp. 92-190.

90 Mayeur, VI, 117-139; VII, 77-142; Hughes, III, 321-340.

91 von Pastor, Vols. 1-VII passim; Mayeur, VII, 77-142, 309-491; Hughes, III, 386-497; Ullmann, pp. 306-332; Partner, pp. 396-446; Oakley, pp. 71-79.

92 Lagarde, V, 306, 308; Oakley, pp. 71-79; Hughes, III, 333-334.

93 See, especially, von Pastor, I, 282-361; Mayeur, VI, 117-139; VII, 77-142; Hughes, III, 306-342; Oakley, pp. 67-79, 170-174, 203-242.

94 von Pastor, II, 49.

95 On the problems of late medieval crusading, see Riley-Smith, pp. 208-240; Hughes, III, 342-361; Mayeur, VI, 883-889; von Pastor, I-VII.

1919 J. Gill, The Council of Florence (Cambridge, 1959), especially pp. 131-304; also, Vasiliev, 643, 647, 672-674; Ostrogorsky, pp. 562-564; Hussey, pp. 260-296; Mayeur, VI, 821-848; Hughes, III, 346-350; von Pastor, I, 312-325. The date of the Council’s closure is uncertain

2020 Mayeur, VI, 821-839.

2121 Ibid., 300-301; also, 609-627.

2222 Gill, pp. 225-226.

2323 Gill, p. 224.

2424 Gill, especially pp. 131-304, 349-411; see, also, La Civiltà Cattolica , II, 5 (1854), 178.

2525 J.H. Plumb, Renaissance Profiles, p. 102; see, also, von Pastor, II; Hughes, III, 356-360; Reilly-Smith, pp. 235-236.

2626 Plumb, Renaissance Profiles, p. 101, 104-105; Reilly-Smith, pp. 235-236.

2727 Oakley, pp. 310-311, 130-174; Mayeur, VI, 103-116, 290-293, 360-395; Hughes, III, 225-228; Lagarde, III, 358-377; V, 290-337; J. Farthing, Thomas Aquinas and Gabriel Biel (Duke, 1988); F. Copleston, A History of Philosophy (Paulist Press, Nine Volumes, 1983), III, 122-180, 203, 231-247, 331.

2828 On Huss and the Hussites, see Mayeur, VI, 342-352; VII, 443-466 Hughes, III, 306-343; von Pastor, I, 161-163; Oakley, pp. 68-69, 178-212, 294-301; Cohn, pp. 205-222; E. M. Jones, pp. 149-200.

2929 See von Pastor, II, 441-445; III, 213-239; Oakley, pp. 178-212.

3030 On these negative features in general, see Hughes, III, 361-385; von Pastor, I, 1-56, II, 165-214, and I-VII, passim; Dawson, pp. 42-63; Oakley, pp. 251-259; Swanson, pp. 175-177; Mayeur, VII, 507-513, 617-673; Plumb, P. Partner, Renaissance Rome (U. of California, 1971), especially pp. 201-226; E. Wind, Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance (Norton, 1968); E. Cassirer, ed., The Renaissance Philosophy of Man (U. of Chicago, 1948); J. Bentley, Politics and Culture in Renaissance Naples (Princeton, 1987).

3131 On Erasmus, see L. Halkin, Erasmus (Blackwell, 1994); on the Reuchlinstreit, see Mayeur, VII, 619, 845-846; E.M. Jones, pp. 225-255; E. Cameron, The European Reformation (Oxford, 1991), pp. 105-106; von Pastor, VII, 319-325.

3232 Hughes, III, 221, 222-224, 227.

3333 On Plethon, see Vasiliev, pp. 637-639, 699-700; on Ficino and the Academy, Mayeur, VII, 623-624; Hale, pp. 581-582; Copleston, III, 207-216; also, 248-291.

3434 Plumb, The Italian Renaissance, pp. 115-116. For literal New World problems, see the Epilogue to the present work.

3535 For the situation in Germany, politically, spiritually, and intellectually, see Rapp, pp. 252-354; Cohn, pp. 223-234; Mayeur, VII, 309-328; Cameron, pp. 9-93.

3636 For Luther, see Mayeur, VII, 681-721; Hughes, III, 497-530; Cameron, pp. 99-110, 268-174; R. Bainton, Here I Stand (Abingdon, 1950); M. Edwards, Jr., Luther’s Last Battles (Cornell, 1983); C. Dawson, The Dividing of Christendom (Image, 1967), pp. 64-78.

3737 Hughes, III, 529.

3838 On the development and politicization of the Early Reformation, see Cameron, pp. 197- 422; Mayeur, VII, 723-841; VIII, 281-322, 353-663; Dawson, pp. 64-118; L. Abray, The People’s Reformation (Cornell, 1985).

3939 Hughes. III, 471-472; see Halkin, pp. 146-159, and Mayeur, VII, 857-865, on the debate of Erasmus and Luther.

4040 Hughes, III, 468-469.

4141 Hughes, 470-471.

4242 Jedin and Dolan, V, 168, 169; Cameron, pp. 197-423, and on municipal government tyranny, pp. 210-263; Dawson, pp. 79-92; on spread and radicalization, see A. Friesen, Thomas Muentzer (U. of California, 1990); Mayeur, VII, 723-841, VIII, pp. 15-53, 119- 221; M. Powicke, The Reformation in England (Oxford, 1961); D. Loades, Mary Tudor (Blackwell, 1989); J. Hurstfield, Elizabeth and the Unity of England (Harper & Row, 1960); E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars (Yale, 1992).

4343 On Zwingli, see G. Potter, Zwingli (Cambridge, 1984); on Calvin, A. McGrath, A Life of John Calvin (Blackwell, 1990); W. Bouwsma, John Calvin (Oxford, 1988); Also, Mayeur, VII, 723-841, VIII, 55-117.

4444 For the growth of the anti-Roman argument, see Halkin, pp. 64-296; Peters, pp. 122-154; H. Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition (Yale, 1997), pp. 305-320; J. Israel, The Dutch Republic (Oxford, 1995), pp. 161, 185, 210; Edwards, passim; G. Strauss, Luther’s House of Learning. Indoctrination of the Young in the German Reformation (Books Demand, 1978); Bouwsma, pp. 60, 215; Jedin & Dolan, V, 546-566; Mayeur, VIII, 15-221-322, 353-518.

4545 Partner, Renaissance Rome, pp. 29-33; Von Pastor, IX, 306-467; X, 1-31.

4646 H. Jedin, Geschichte des Konzils von Trient (Herder, Four Volumes, 1977), I (Der Kampf um das Konzil), passim.

4747 For the hope of the reformers, see W. Hudson, Marcello Cervini and Ecclesiastical Government in Tridentine Italy (Northern Illinois, 1992); also, von Pastor, Volumes VIII-XVII, especially XI, 133-181; Mayeur, VII, 332-333.

4848 J. Rao, “The Theatines”, passim.

4949 P. Paschini, P., San Gaetano Thiene, Gian Pietro Carafa, e le origini dei chierici regolari teatini (Rome, 1926) p. 40.

5050 G.M. Monti, ed., Ricerche su Papa Paolo IV Carafa (Benevento, 1923). p. 70.

5151 Ibid., p. 62

5252 Ibid., pp. 63-64, 68.

5353 Monti, p. 69.

5454 Ibid., pp. 156-157.

5555 Monti, pp. 59, 64.

5656 Ibid., pp. 58, 61, 65, 163-164, 327.

5757 Ibid., p. 42.

5858 Ibid., pp. 59, 65, 70-72.

5959 Monti, pp. 163-164.

6060 Ibid., p. 326.

6161 Monti, p. 72.

6262 von Pastor, Volumes XIV and XV on Carafa as Paul IV; Mayeur, VIII, 227-279, 519- 560; Jedin and Dolan, V, 431-488.

6363 On the Catholic Reformation, see Mayeur, VIII, 223-279, 353-1183; IX, 209-349, 615-1088; Jedin and Dolan, V, 431-645; Dawson, Dividing, pp. 119-134, 156, 165; R. Po-Chia Hsia, The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540-1770 (Cambridge, 1998); von Pastor, Volumes XVI-XXVIII; Jedin, Das Konzil von Trient. For insights into the missionary experience, see L. D’Olwer, Fray Bernardino de Sahagun (U. of Utah, 1987).

6464 W. Bangert, Storia della Compagnia di Gesù (Marietti, 1990); J. Lacouture, Jésuites (Seuil, Two Volumes, 1991); J. Tellechea Idígoras, Ignatius of Loyola, The Pilgrim Saint (Loyola, 1994); A. Lynn Martin, The Jesuit Mind (Cornell, 1988); Jedin and Dolan, V, 446-456.

6565 On the whole French experience, see J. Neale, The Age of Catherine de Medici (Harper, 1962); D. Nugent, Ecumenism in the Age of the Reformation: The Colloquy of Poissy (Harvard, 1974); M. Holt, The French Wars of Religion (Cambridge, 1995); F. Baumgartner, Change and Continuity in the French Episcopacy (Duke, 1986); H. Phillips, Church and Culture in Seventh Century France (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 1-99; J. Bergin, Cardinal de la Rochefoucauld (Yale, 1987); J. Bergin, Cardinal Richelieu (Yale, 1985); A. Lloyd Moote, Louis XIII: The Just (U. of Caifornia, 1989), pp. 45, 116- 272; G. Treasure, Mazarin (Routledge, 1995), pp. 10-21, 38, 77. 90-96, 128, 175,187, 218-219, 285-300; Mayeur, VIII, 403-474, IX, 113-138, 837-1033; Philips, pp. 9-99; D. Van Kley, The Religious Origins of the French Revolution (Yale, 1996), pp. 40, 51-53; Jedin

and Dolan, V, 535-574, VI, 3-24, 75-106.

96 Riley-Smith, pp. 241-251; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 109-160.

97 Mayeur, VIII, 787-853; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 279-325.

98 J. Israel, Enlightenment Contested (Oxford, 2009), pp. 63-93; Dawson, Dividing of Christendom, pp. 200-207.

99 Mayeur, VIII, 323-350; IX, 539-612; Jedin and Dolan, V, 615-645; VI, 135-136, 329- 342.

100 Mayeur, VIII, 341-348; IX, 501-537; J. Cracraft, The Church Reform of Peter the Great (Stanford, 1971), especially, pp. 1-62; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 183-207; N. Zernov, The Russians and their Church (S.P.C.K., 1968), 93-133.

101 On Lutheran developments, see Mayeur, VIII, 15-53; IX, 409-419; on the other Protestant denominations, IX, 419-499; on religious thought, and practice, IX, 875-894, 931-1157.

102 Mayeur, IX, 415-419, 875-894, 1121-1133; R. Gawthrop, Pietism and the Making of Eighteenth Century Prussia (Cambridge, 1993); Jedin and Dolan, VI, 509-546; J. Israel, Enlightenment Contested, pp. 136-137, 168, 176, 309, 654, 656; H.M. Scott, ed., Enlightened Absolutism (U. of Michigan, 1990), pp. 150, 175, 270.

103 Mayeur, IX, 415-499, 882-887; Scott, pp. 265-288; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 439-443, 509-546; Gawthorpe, passim.

104 On the birth of the Enlightenment, its radical variant, and its first opposition, see Mayeur, IX, 931- 1033, 1089-1169; Also, Philips, pp. 189-235; Jedin, VII, 399-440; Copleston, Volume 4; P. Gay, The Enlightenment (Norton, Two Volumes, 1996); U. Im Hof, The Enlightenment (Blackwell, 1994); J. Israel, Radical Enlightenment (Oxford, 2002), pp. 3-443; Enlightenment Contested, pp. 3-42.

105 J. Israel, The Dutch Republic, 889-933; Radical Enlightenment, pp. 159-443; Enlightenment Contested, pp. 43-51, 225-263, 436-470, 545-696; Phillips, pp. 135- 170; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 329-380; Copleston, Vols. IV and V, passim.

106 Israel, Radical Enlightenment, pp. 447-562; Enlightenment Contested, 9, pp. 61-93, 436-470, 663-696.

107 Israel, Radical Enlightenment, pp. 447-501, 515-561; Enlightenment Contested, pp. 201-222, 344-405; Mayeur, IX, 157-206, 488-499, 931- 1033, 1089-1169; M. Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment (U. of California, 2006), pp. 1-57; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 329-380.

108 Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment, pp. 1-79; Israel, Radical Enlightenment, pp. 511, 521-522; Enlightenment Contested, pp. 205-210, 363, 453, 752, 762, 769; C. Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (Viking, 1972).

109 R. van Dülmen, The Society of the Enlightenment (St. Martin’s, 1992); Im Hof, pp. 105-167.

110 Jedin and Dolan, VI, xix, 266f, 364, 369, 371, 482f. 527, 541; Israel, Radical Enlightenment, pp. 541-562; Enlightenment Contested, pp. 164-222; Copleston, VI, 101-134.

111 Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment, pp. 80-232; Israel, Enlightenment Contested, pp. 51-60, 135-163, 225-239, 295-405.

112 On Voltaire and Anglomania, Israel, Enlightenment Contested, pp. 60, 84-85, 344-345, 360-364, 369, 683-684 735, 751-780; Radical Enlightenment, pp. 85, 400, 515-527; on Madison, see Gay, II, The Science of Freedom, 558-568.

113 On Britain, her colonies, Locke, and the new United States, Mayeur, IX, 157-206, 438-466; X, 216-298, 479-538; Israel, Radical Enlightenment, pp. 117, 265-270, 356, 372, 619; Enlightenment Contested, pp. 52-53, 137-163; Jedin and Dolan, VII, 171-177; Gay, I, The Rise of Modern Paganism, pp. 168-171.

114 Federalist n. 10.

115 On radicalization of the moderate Enlightenment, see Mayeur, IX, 956-1169; X, 179-298.

116 Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment, pp. 80-232.

117 Im Hof, pp. 139-145, 257-269; Israel, Radical Enlightenment, pp. 468-469, 563-720; Enlightenment Contested, pp. 51-60, 699-871.

118 Israel, Radical Enlightenment, pp. 565-720; Enlightenment Contested, pp. 344-405, 699-871.

119 Israel, Enlightenment Contested, pp. 699-871; D. Goodman, The Republic of Letters (Cornell, 1994).

120 For this and all the following, see Copleston, VI, passim; also, Blum, pp. 27-152.

121 Blum, p. 99.

122 Blum, pp. 57-132

123 R. Darnton, The Literary Underground of the Old Regime (Harvard, 1982), pp. 1-40, 68-69, and passim; Blum p. 199; R. Darnton and D. Roche, eds., Revolution in Print (U. of California, 1989); S. Schama, Citizens (Knopf, 1989), pp. 213-214, 226, 279, 293, 298, 726-875.

124 Gawthrop, p. 284; on rational Christianity, see Im Hof, pp. 168-174.

125 See, for example, Jedin, Konzil, I, 138-164.

126 Bangert, p. 201.

1 On Trent, see Mayeur, VIII, 235-246; on problems, IX, 11-349; Jedin and Dolan, V, 462-498; Jedin, Konzil, especially, Vol. IV (Dritte Tagungsperiode und Abschluss) for the ecclesiology battle.

2 Jedin, Konzil IV/1, 4, 5, 111, 289; IV/2, 170, 172-175, 181-182, 207.

3 On Church-State problems in general, see Mayeur, VIII, 519-663, 693-853, 1122-125; IX, 11-349, 615-834; X, 25-246; Jedin and Dolan, V, 632-645; VI, 57-75, 107-172, 443-508; Jedin, Konzil, IV/2, 122-189.

4 Jedin, Konzil, IV/2, 122-189; Jedin and Dolan, V, 632-645; VI, 57-75, 107-172, 443-508.

5 Jedin, Konzil, IV/2. 143, 257, 281, 307; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 232-325. See the Epilogue to this work for further comments on the encounter with “new worlds”.

6 Mayeur, IX, 11-58; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 135-160, 443-489, 558-582.

7 Van Kley, p. 20; Mayeur, IX, 113-138; Jedin and Dolan, V, 510-516; VI, 329-342.

8 Van Kley, pp. 15-31.

9 Ibid., p. 33.

10 Van Kley, pp. 1-74.

11 Ibid.

12 Van Kley, 1-74, pp. 35-36, also 12, 32, 39-55, 81-85; Philips, pp. 31, 1-74, 100-114; Mayeur, IX, 113-138; Lloyd Moote, pp. 45-48, 61-76, 178-272.

13 Van Kley, p. 32; Lloyd Moote, pp. 178-272.

14 Lloyd Moote, pp. 199-272.

15 Philips, p. 114.

16 Van Kley, pp. 50-55; Philips, pp. 110-114.

17 Philips, pp. 300-302.

18 Van Kley, pp. 48-49.

19 Mayeur, VIII, 556-558; IX, 143-152; Jedin and Dolan, V, 616-619.

20 W. Bouwsma, Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty. Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter-Reformation (California, 1968). For a connection with the American Pilgrim Fathers, see p. 626; Jedin and Dolan, V, 616-619.

21 On Trent and the grace issue, see Jedin, Konzil. I, 104-268.

22 Jedin and Dolan, V, 535-545.

23 Jedin and Dolan, V, 535-545.

24 Israel, Dutch Republic, pp. 637-676, 982-983, 1038-1066.

25 On Jansenism, see Mayeur, IX, 351-407; Mersch, pp. 531-555; Philips, pp. 189-205; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 24-57.

26 Van Kley, pp. 59-248; M. Antoine, Louis XV (Fayard, 1989), 567-907; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 381-428.

27 Van Kley, pp. 94-97, 104-189.

28 Ibid., pp. 294-297 as one example.

29 Mayeur, VIII, 247-279, 1061-1119; IX, 931-1033, 1089-1157; Jedin and Dolan, V, 546-555; VI, 93-106; Philips, pp. 100-261.

30 Jedin and Dolan, V, 546-555; VI, 93-106.

31 Jedin and Dolan, V, 546-555; VI, 93-106; von Pastor, XXII, 189-194.

32 Jedin and Dolan, V, 615-617, Bangert, pp. 113-123; Von Pastor, XXII, 399-402; XXIII, 205.

33 Phillips, pp. 100-188; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 95.

34 Phillips, pp. 100-101, 135-170, 171, 185-186.

35 Van Kley, pp. 234-248, Israel, Enlightenment Contested, pp. 751-780.

36 Van Kley, pp. 234-248; Israel, Enlightenment Contested, pp. 751-780.

37 Phillips, pp. 1-99.

38 On the new pastoral work, see Mayeur, VIII, 857-1028; IX, 309-349; X, 247-298; Jedin and Dolan, V, 441-442, 499-534.

11 Mayeur, X, 1-88, 179-298; Jedin and Dolan,VI, 443-582.

39

40 Jedin and Dolan, VI, 90, 125, 167, 440, 442.

41 H.M. Scott, Enlightened Absolutism, p. 59.

42 Jedin and Dolan, VI, 443-590.

43 Jedin and Dolan, VI, 232-435, 443-582.

44 For the attack on the Jesuits, see Mayeur, IX, 755-1157; X, 179-191; on consequences for the missions, see IX, 7555-834; X, 89-178; Van Kley, pp. 72-367; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 235-435, 443-582; on rivalries and the missions, see, 276-317; Im Hof, pp. 174-180; Lacouture, pp. 325-365, 400-477; Bangert, pp. 387-489.

45 Van Kley, pp. 94-97, 104-289.

46 Ibid.; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 303-317.

47 Phillips, pp. 240-252; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 303-317; Bangert, pp. 357-369; von Pastor, XXXIV, 66-92.

48 Phillips, p. 247; pp. 240-252; on China, see Israel, Radical Enlightenment, pp. 588-589, Enlightenment Contested, pp. 590-696.

49 On the background, see Scott, pp. 1-53; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 443-582.

50 Mayeur, IX, 11-206; X, 7-88, also, 179-298; Scott, pp. 1-74.

51 Scott, pp. 55-288.

52 Jedin and Dolan, VI, 443-508; T. Blanning, Joseph II (Longman, 1994), 27-101, 161-208; C. Ingrao, The Hapsburg Monarchy (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 150-219; Scott, pp. 55-74, 145-243.

53 Jedin and Dolan, VI, 161-172, 238-270; W, Hargreaves-Mawdsley, Eighteenth-entury Spain (Rowman & Littlefield, 1979); in Italy in general, see F. Venturi, Italy and the Enlightenment (N.Y.U., 1972); Scott, pp. 55-118.

54 Scott, p. 104.

55 Jedin and Dolan, VI, 443-582; von Pastor, Vols. XXXIV-XL; see XXV, 196-200 on Muratori as historian; also, Mayeur, IX, 151, 237, 276, 1121, 1127, 1146; X, 32-48.

56 Jedin, VI, 443-582; von Pastor, Vols. XXXIV, XXXV, 294-476; XXXVI, 143-504.

57 Van Kley, pp. 156-159, 300-301; Bangert, pp. 387-439; von Pastor, Vols. XXXVI, 143-504; XXXIV, XXXVII, and XXXVIII, passim.

58 Scott, pp. 55-243.

59 Ibid., pp. 189-288; Jedin and Dolan, VI, 475.

60 Jedin and Dolan, VI, 481; Blanning, pp. 39, 44, 45, 100, 162; Ingrao, pp. 166, 189, 199.

61 Mayeur, IX, 113-183, 301-410; X, 7-88, 179-288; Van Kley, pp. 114-122, 139-142; Schama, pp. 210-211; J.W. Merrick, The Desacralization of the French Monarchy in the Eighteenth Century (Louisiana State, 1990); Antoine, passim.

62 Venturi, pp. 351-376; Schama, pp. 183-247.

2525 Van Kley, pp. 72-248; Schama, pp. 96-121.

2626 See Van Kley and Schama, passim; also, P. Chaunu, M. Foisil, and F. de Noirfontaine, Le basculement religieux de Paris au xviii siècle (Fayard, 1998); Antoine, pp. 229-351, 567-907.

2727 Van Kley, pp. 141-176, 203-210, 262-270; Schama, pp. 96-182.

2828 Chaunu, pp. 153-311; Antoine, pp. 567-907; Schama, pp. 96-182.

29 29 Van Kley, pp. 75-76, 234-248, 252, 299-301; Chaunu, pp. 312-470; Schama, pp. 107-110.

3030 Van Kley, p. 288.

3131 Van Kley, pp. 288-289; pp. 281-290.

3232 See D. Jordan, The Revolutionary Career of Maximilen Robespierre (Free Press, 1985), especially, pp. 63-79, 117-147; Blum, pp. 153-181; Schama, pp. 472-572, 619-675.

3333 Schama, p. 705; also, pp.690-792; on the radical revolution and the Church, see M. Vovelle, The Revolution Against the Church (Ohio State, 1991); on the Vendée, see R. Secher, La Vendée-Vengé (Perrin, 1986); J. Tulard, La contre-révolution (Perrin, 1990).

3434 On the appeal and possible problems of the United States, see Mayeur, X, 479-512; von Pastor, XL; M. Jacob and J. Jacob, The Origins of Anglo-American Radicalism (Humanities, 1984); Venturi, pp. 377-437.

3535 J.J. Norwich, A History of Venice (Knopf, 1982), pp. 632-633.

3636 For the situation by the 1790’s, see Mayeur, X, 301-477, 539-621; Jedin and Dolan, II, 3-50; Schama, pp. 619-875.

3737 Schama, pp. 139-144, 288-368.

3838 Blum, pp. 182-281; Schama, pp. 805-875.

3939 On the Napoleonic “settlement”, see Mayeur, X, 627-690; M. Broers, Europe Under Napoleon (Arnold, 1996), pp. 50-222, 249-265; M. Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (St. Martin’s, 1994), pp. 77-93; J. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men (Basic Books, 1980), pp. 54-123. R.R. Palmer, The Improvement of Humanity (Princeton, 1985), pp. 208-220 for an example of the problems of reaction.

4040 Broers, pp. 1-23; Lyons, pp. 5-76; Billington, pp. 22-23.

4141 Broers, pp. 261-274; Lyons, pp. 294-300; Billington; D. Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1997); T. Lentz, Napoléon "Mon Ambition Était Grande" (Découvertes Gallimard, 1998); L. de Bourriene, The Complete Memoirs (Halcyon, Sixteen Volumes, 2011); R. Gildea, Barricades and Borders (Oxford, 1987), pp. 34-54.

4242 On liberalism and its relationship with radicalism and Christianity in the nineteenth century, see Mayeur, X, 705-792; XI, 11-345; Billington, pp. 191-207; Lyons, pp. 278- 293; P. Manent, An Intellectual History of Liberalism (Princeton, 1995); Blackbourn, pp. 130-131.

4343 I. Newbould, Whiggery and Reform, 1830-1841: The Politics of Government (Macmillan, 1990); E. L. Woodward, The Age of Reform, 1815-1870 (Oxford, 1962); T.S. Ashton, The Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1969).

4444 C. Dickens, Hard Times (Norton, 2001), p. 5.

4545 Ibid., p. 6.

4646 Ibid.

4747 Dickens, pp. 6-7.

4848 Dickens, p. 7-8.

4949 On Romanticism and its fallout, see Mayeur, X, 19-24, 627-633, 705-908; XI, 11-13; M. Cranston, The Romantic Movement (Blackwell, 1994); on Romanticism and Catholicism, see J. Fitzer, ed., Romance and the Rock (Augsburg Fortress, 1989).

5050 Cranston, pp. 21-47; Blackbourn, pp. 3-44; Copleston, VI, 135-149.

5151 Billington, pp. 146-190.

5252 M. Leroy, Le mythe jésuite de Béranger a Michelet (Presses Universitaire, 1992), pp. 106-107.

5353 Mayeur, X, 393-477, 705-906; XI, 35-43, 113-366, 934-984; Jedin and Dolan, VII, 50-115, 189-257; J. Rao, Removing the Blindfold (Remnant, 1999), pp. 13-20; P. Raggi, La nona crociata (Tonini, 1992); J. Guenel, La dernière guerre du pape (Presses Universitaire, 1998).

5454 Mayeur, X, 670-792; Jedin and Dolan, VII, 85-104, 115-189; Rao, Blindfold; Blackbourn, pp. 91-137; J. Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 1-104; A. Gough, Paris et Rome: Les Catholiques Français et le Pape au XIX Siècle (l’Atelier, 1985), pp. 19-83; R. Absalom, Italy Since 1800 (Longman, 1995), pp. 1-25; A. Pellicciari, L’altro Risorgimento (Piemme, 2000), pp. 13-60; G. Cholvy and Y-M. Hilaire, Histoire Religieuse de la France Contemporaine (BHP, Three Volumes, 1985), I, passim; J-F Chiappe, La France et le Roi (Perrin, 1994), pp. 51-283; T. Chapman, The Congress of Vienna (Routledge, 1998).

5555 J. de Maistre, On the Generative Principle of Constitutions, XXII, in On God and Society (Regnery, 1967), pp. 31-32.

5656 J. de Maistre, On God and Society; Fitzer, pp. 187-223; Billington, pp. 125-364; J. Meinvieille, De Lamennais à Maritain (La Cité Catholique, 1949); Cranston, pp. 94-97; Mayeur, X, 427-477, 628-906; Jedin and Dolan, VII, 261-292.

5757 For anticlerical activity in the first part of the century, see Leroy, pp. 5-111; on Montlosier, pp. 40-50; Mayeur, X, 627-906.

5858 Mayeur, X, 866.

5959 Billington, p. 123.

6060 Mayeur, X, 893.

6161 Mayeur, X, 779-906; XI, 113-345.

6262 Blackbourn, pp. 146-147; Sperber, pp. 161-162; Jedin and Dolan, VII, 294-349.

6363 Mayeur, XI, 299-345; Jedin and Dolan, VIII, 3-79; G. Goyau, L’Allemagne religieuse: Le Catholicisme (Paris, Four Volumes, 1905).

6464 Mayeur, XI, 301-345; Jedin and Dolan, VIII, 3-79.

63 On the basic problem, Mayeur, XI, 171-345; Jedin and Dolan, VIII, 83-120; Sperber, pp. 143, 148-238; A. Pellicciari, Risorgimento da Riscrivere (Ares, 1998), pp. 9-80 and passim; L’Altro Risorgimento (Piemme, 2000).

64 La Civiltà Cattolica, II, 11 (1855), 336.

65 Mayeur, X, 864.

66 On the Catholic response, see Mayeur, X, 837-908; XI, 5-43; Billington, pp. 208-364; F. Bowman, Le Christ des Barricades: 1789-1848 (Cerf, 1987).

67 On liberals, conservatives, and opponents of both, see Mayeur, XI, 15-43, 171-345; Sperber, pp. 148-238; J.M. Thompson, Louis Napoleon and the Second Empire (Noonday, 1955), pp. 76-136; G. Bordonove, Napoleon III (Pygmalion, 1998), pp. 66-118; A.C. Jemolo, Chiesa e Stato in Italia dalla unificazione agli anni settanta (Einaudi, 1977), pp. 3-46; Rao, Blindfold, passim; Gildea, pp. 80-264.

68 Mayeur, XI, 15-43, 113-136, 171-345. 463-729; R. Aubert, Pie IX (Histoire de l’Église, Bloud et Gay, XXI, 1952) pp. 54-57, 193-211, 250-252; A. Simon, L’hypothèse libérale en Belgique (Wetteren, 1956), p. 169; Le parti catholique belge 1830-1945 (Brussels, 1958).

69 Mayeur, XI, 15-43, 113-136, 171-223; Simon, p. 169; Rao, Blindfold, pp. 186-196.

70 Mayeur, XI, 116; also, 15-43, 113-136, 299-314; Aubert, pp. 193-211

71 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 2 (1850), 688n; I, 7 (1851), 232; Minghetti, III, 17-18; see also Mayeur, XI, 35-43, 171-345. 463-729.

72 Aubert, p. 228; on intransigents and their enemies, see Jemolo, pp. 3-46; Gough, pp. 85-131, 221-308; Pelliciari, Risorgimento da Riscrivere, pp. 73-80, 235-236, 246; L’altro Risorgimento, pp. 56-60, 157-163, 171-177, all on the liberal fraud; Mayeur, XI, 15-43, 264-366, 501-569; Rao, Blindfold, passim.

73 La Civiltà Cattolica, II, 9 (1855), 390.

74 L. Veuillot, Mélanges (Paris, Oeuvres completes, iii series, 1933), XI, 120-121; XIII, 176.

75 F. Veuillot, Louis Veuillot (Paris, 1913), p. 6.

76 La Civiltà Cattolica, VI, 1 (1865), 287-288; Jedin and Dolan, VIII, 218-247.

77 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 7 (1851), 533.

78 Ibid.,VI, 2 (1865), 41, 42, 43; I, 2 (1850), 535; on Möhler, see Fitzer, pp. 74-121; Mayeur, XI, 5, 114, 125, 303, 659.

79 La Civiltà Cattolica, IV, 3 (1859), 176, 548; IV, 10 (1861), 25, 315; V, 2 (1862), 449; III, 12 (1858(, 432; I, 2 (1850), 369, 536; VI, 2 (1865), 42; I, 2 (1850), 533; III, 3 (1856), 688; II, 9 (1855), 134; I, 4 (1850), 256-257; Taparelli, Carteggi, ed. P. Pirri, (Biblioteca della storia italiana recente, xiv, 1932). p. 115; see Mersch, pp. 556-573.

80 Mayeur, XI, 113-168, 349-366; Cholvy and Hilaire, I, 153-196

81 Mayeur, XI, 15-43, 113-136; C. Butler, The Vatican Council (Newman, 1962), pp. 44-62.

82 Mayeur, XI, 15-43, 113-136, 349-366.

83 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 8 (1851), 270; II, 10 (1855), 314.V, 7 (1863), 267.

84 Ibid., I, 4 (1850), 467, 578.

85 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 1 (1850), 41; III, 12 (1858), 432; L. Veuillot, I, 334; III, 304.

86 Ibid., I, 4 (1851), 29; II, 4 (1853), 258.

87 L. Veuillot, I, 537.

88 G. Gentile, ed., La politica dei gesuiti nel secolo XVI e nel XIX (Milan, 1911), p. 96.

89 La Civiltà Cattolica, II, 9 (1855), 135, 134; IV, 3 (1859), 414-426.

90 L. Veuillot, V, 358; VI, 149-166; VII, 124-129, 367-373; IX, 300-302; XI, 19-21.

91 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 9 (1852), 17-18.

92 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 2 (1850), 265; I, 5 (1851), 17-18, I, 9 (1852), 484n; A. Perego, Forma statale e politica finanziaria nel pensiero di Luigi Taparelli d’Azeglio (Milan, 1956), p 242.

93 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 6 (1851), 497-498; III, 5 (1857), 17.

94 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 2 (1850), 265; I, 5 (1851), 412; I, 2 (1850), 406.

95 La Civiltà Cattolica, III, 1 (1856), 387; VI, 1 (1865), 222-223; VI, 5 (1866), 9-10.

96 L. Veuillot, III, 381; 1, 429; IV, 272-275; V, 493-502.

97 Ibid., III, 374; X, 454-460; XIII, 15-18; XII, 413-415.

98 Ibid., IV, 314; V, 15-22; IV, 353-363.

99 Louis Veuillot, X, 44.

100 Ibid., XIII, 189; III, 374; II, 353; III, 197-201; I, 246-250.

101 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 3 (1850), 19-24, 221-224; II, 4 (1853), 31-35; II, 10 (1855), 5-16, 241-256; III, 3 (1856), 369-378.

102 Previous footnote; Also, I, 2 (1850), 36-48; L. Taparelli d’Azeglio, Esame critico degli ordini rappresentativi nella società moderna (Civilta Cattolica, Two Volumes, 1854).

103 L. Veuillot, V, 339-340; L. Taparelli d’Azeglio, Un carteggio inedito, pp. 87-88; La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 6 (1851), 506-507.

104 L. Veuillot, IV, 363; V, 339-340.

105 La Civiltà Cattolica, VI, 1 (1865), 222-223.

106 La Civiltà Cattolica, II, 3 (1853), 423; I, 9 (1852), 467-484.

107 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 2 (1850), 135; II, 3 (1853), 618.

108 L. Veuillot, XII, 359.

109 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 7 (1851), 263; 255.

110 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 1 (1850), 273n.

111 Ibid., IV, 6 (1860), 666; also, III, 7 (1857), 19-35.

112 L. Veuillot, VII, 131.

113 La Civiltà Cattolica, II, 3 (1853), 618.

114 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 2 (1850), 391; I, 4 (1851), 29, I, 6 (1851), 497-498; II, 4 (1853), 29; III, 5 (1857), 17; V, 10 (1863, 43.

115 L. Veuillot, III, 164.

116 Ibid., V, 331; La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 11 (1852), 438; I, 2 (1850), 540-541.

117 Il Cimento, V, 12 (1855), 1079, 1080; on racial engineering, La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 2 (1850), 540-541; II, 9 (1855), 383-384.

118 L. Veuillot, I, 163-166.

119 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 11 (1852), 607; II, 1 (1853), 407-408; III, 2 (1856), 650-651.

120 L. Veuillot, III, 306.

121 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 10 (1852), 230.

122 L. Veuillot, III, 304.

123 Ibid., IX, 384.

124 Ibid., XII, 236.

125 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 1 (1850), 647-648; V, 8 (1863), 134-149.

126 L. Veuillot, I, 459, 462; VI, 372; also, I, 427-430, 529-541; V, 168-261.

127 Ibid., I, 538.

128 Ibid., I, 459.

129 Ibid., X, 45-46.

130 L. Dimier, Les mâitres de la contre-revolution (Paris, 1917), pp. 287-288.

131 La Civiltà Cattolica, II, 11 (1855), 176.

132 L. Veuillot. XI, 423.

133 Ibid., V, 276; VI, 435.

134 Montalembert, Correspondance inédite, 1852-1870 (Paris, 1970) pp. 215, 225, 339; Taparelli, Carteggi, 509, 538n; Montalembert, Correspondance inédite, 305.

135 Taparelli, Carteggi, 623; La Civiltà Cattolica II, 1 (1853), 129-147, 257-269; I, 11 (1852), 496.

136 Taparelli, Carteggi, 646, 371; Also, 364, 499, 509, 538n, 645n; Montalembert, Correspondance inédite, pp. 215, 225; Carteggio Montalembert-Cantù, pp. 107, 112-116, 166.

137 Taparelli, Carteggi, 371.

138 La Civiltà Cattolica, V, 10 (1864), 48-58.

139 H. Schauf, Die Ekkesiologie des Konzilstheologen Clemens Schrader, S.J. (Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1959), p. 11; La Civiltà Cattolica, V, 9 (1864), 385-402, 663-676; V, 10 (1864), 27-38.

140 L. Veuillot, III, 424.

141 Ibid., 379-380.

142 Ibid., III, 382-383, 459; Also, 161-165; on l’Ére nouvelle, see Meinvielle, pp. 252-253.

143 Billington, pp. 287-305, 367-385.

144 Syllabus of Errors, n. 58.

145 E. Gilson, ed., The Church Speaks to the Modern World (Image, 1954), pp. 1-28, 205-240; S. Kalyvas, The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe (Cornell, 1996), pp. 257-264; Mayeur, XI, 441-497; Aubert, p. 487; Jedin and Dolan, VIII, 208-334.

146 Rao, Blindfold, pp. 39-71, 138-148, 179-182; Launay, pp. 95-106.

147 Montalembert, Correspondance inédite, p. 305.

148 C. Schrader, in Der Papst und die Modernen Ideen, ii, 1865), front page; A. Pélage, Quanta Cura, (Paris, 1865), pp. 83-85; N. Blakistone, ed., The Roman Question (London, 1962), p. 307; Rao, Blindfold, pp. 196-198.

149 L. Veuillot, Correspondance, viii, 214; also, 210-212.

150 Gough, pp. 221-308; Mayeur, XI, 501-544.

151 Blackbourn, pp. 270-310; Mayeur, XI, 659-729.

152 Mayeur, XI, 463-729; Jedin and Dolan, VIII, 272-283; IX, 3-134, 190-256; Blackbourn, 224-310; S. Beller, Francis Joseph (Longman, 1996), pp. 80-156; M. Invernizzi, Il movimento cattolico in Italia (Mimep-Docete, 1995); Kalyvas, pp. 1-113; E. Fattorini, I cattolici tedeschi dall’intransigenza alla modernità (1870-1953), pp. 3-39; P. Palazzini, Pio IX e gli inizi della gioventù cattolica (Circolo S. Pietro, 1979), E. Bader, Karl v. Vogelsang: Die geistige Grundlegung der christlichen Sozialreform (Herder, 1990); S. Agócs, The Troubled Origins of the Italian Catholic Labor Movement, 1878-1914 (Wayne State, 1988)

153 Kalyvas, p. 62.

154 Kalyvas, pp. 97-98.

155 Ibid., p. 62.

156 Kaylvas, p. 225.

157 Ibid., p. 225.

158 Ibid., pp. 258-259.

159 Kalyvas, p. 191.

160 Ibid.

161 Ibid., p. 194.

162 Kalyvas, p. 200.

163 Ibid., p. 202.

164 Invernizzi, p. 22.

165 La Civiltà Cattolica, I, 9 (1852), 229-235, 244-246; II, 11 (1855), 268.

166 L. Veuillot, XI, 337.

167 Ibid., XIII, 448.

168 Ibid., XII, 401.

169 Ibid., I, 327.

170 Ibid., IV, 2-3; also, XII, 416-420.

171 Ibid., V, 186-187.

172 Ibid., II, 350; XII, 360-361.

173 Veuillot, XI, 333.

174 Ibid.

175 Ibid., XI, 333.

176 Ibid., XI, 34; XII, 359-360; XI, 333; V, 497.

177 L. Veuillot, VIII, 366-367.

178 L. Veuillot,VIII, 364.

179 Ibid., 364, 369.

180 Ibid., 369.

181 L. Veuillot., XI, 339-340.

182 Ibid., XI, 339-340.

183 Mayeur, XI, 441-792; Billington, pp. 386-509; Copleston, Volume VII; see, also, J. Thayer, Italy and the Great War (University of Wisconsin, 1964), and P. Blom, The Vertigo Years: Europe, 1900-1914 (Basic Books, 2008).

184 Leroy, pp. 115-396 for the basic examples; also, pp. 368-396.

185 La Civiltà Cattolica, IV, 4 (1859), 680-681.

186 H. Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (Norton, 1965).

187 On modern thought and its influence on Catholics in the first half of the century, see Mayeur, XI, 45-112, 251-262, 367-462, 597-609, 763-770; XII, 87-258; Jedin and Dolan, IX, 420-455.

188 See the discussion throughout Gough, especially pp. 85-131, 151-219.

189 Fitzer, pp. 268-288; Butler, pp. 235-247.

190 E. Poulat, Histoire, dogme et critique dans la crise moderniste (Casterman, 1962), pp. 270-296; E. Poulat, Intégrisme et catholicisme intégral. Un réseau secret international antimoderniste: la «Sapinière», 1909-1921, (Casterman, 1969); Mayeur, XI, 349-366, 441-462; Jedin and Dolan, VIII, 208-334; IX, 307-334, 455-480.

191 Chiappe, France et le roi, pp. 405-605; Kalyvas, pp. 114-166; J.F. Chiappe, Le comte de Chambord (Perrin, 1990); Mayeur, XI, 501-544.

192 Butler, pp. 121-122, 348-416, 63-488; Mayeur, XI, 15-43, 113-136; Jedin, IX, Mersch, pp. 556-573; H.E. Manning, The Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost (London, 1865); Unity in Diversity the Perfection of the Church (London, 1860).

193 See Butler, passim; G. Romanato, Pio X (Rusconi, 1992), pp. 227-291; Rao, in “School Days”, (www.jcrao.freeshell.org); Mayeur, XI, 112-136, 501-587.

194 Kalyvas, p. 236.

195 Ibid., p. 237.

196 Kalyvas, p. 40.

197 Ibid., p. 248.

198 Kalyvas, p. 232.

199 Ibid.

200 Ibid., p. 40.

201 Ibid.

202 Ibid., p. 45.

203 Ibid., p. 46.

204 Ibid., p. 40.

205 Jedin and Dolan, IX, 481-494 on the Roman Question and Italy.

206 Mayeur, XI, 486, 496, 533, 535, 536, 542; Jedin and Dolan, IX, 190-245; Invernizzi, pp. 15-58; Chiappe, pp. 581-628; P. Pierrard, Les Chrétiens et l’affaire Dreyfus (L’Atelier, 1998), pp. 120-121, 198-199, 202-207; H. Petit, L’Église, le Sillon et l’Action Française (NEL, 1998), pp. 19-52; J.M. Mayeur, La Séparation des Églises et de l’État (Ouvrières, 1991); Choly and Hilaire, II, 67-169; E. Weber, L’Action française (Fayard, 1985), pp.19-108; E. Vatré, Charles Maurras (NEL, 1978); Y. Chiron, La vie de Maurras (Goedfroy de Bouillon, 1999); Meinvielle, pp. 173-176 on Lamennais, Sillon, and Americanism.

207 On the United States, see Mayeur, XI, 854-932, XII, 833-924; Jedin and Dolan, IX, 150-166; Archbishop Ireland, in Fitzer, pp. 291-313; T. McAvoy, The Americanist Heresy in Roman Catholicism (Notre Dame, 1963); M. Marty, Pilgrims in their Own Land: 500 Years of Religion in America (Penguin, 1984); J. Rao, Americanism and the Collapse of the Church in the United States (Tan, 1994); On Sarpi and Puritans, Bouwsma, p. 626.

208 Mayeur, XI, 230-236, 441-462, 577-580; Jedin and Dolan, IX, 307-334, 420-480; see the selection from Parochial and Plain Sermons in M. Davies, ed., Newman Against the Liberals (Davies, 1978); on Modernism and its critics, see Poulat, La crise moderniste, Integrisme; D. Sarascella, Modernismo (Bibliographica, 1995); P. Coulin et al., Le Modernisme (Beauchesne, 1980); Choly and Hilaire, II, 67-169.

209 Jedin and Dolan, IX, 331f, also 3-25; See also M. Launay, La papauté à l’aube du xx siècle (Cerf, 1997), pp. 13-110, 133-145; Jemolo, pp. 47-79; Mayeur, XI, 463-497, 611-636.

210 Mayeur, XI, 441-487; Launay, pp. 111-129; Jemolo, pp. 47-79.

211 Jedin and Dolan, IX, 324-334.

212 Mayeur, XI, 611-636; Jedin and Dolan, IX, 233-242; Gilson, The Church Speaks, pp. 315-330.

213 Launay, pp. 183-186; Invernizzi, pp. 23-58; Kalyvas, pp. 217-221; Jemolo, pp. 80-160; Jedin and Dolan, IX, 481-494.

214 Petit, p. 145, passim; Jemolo, pp. 80-160; Mayeur, XI, 486, 496, 533, 535, 536, 542; Romanato, pp. 227-291; Jedin and Dolan, IX, 96-107, 473-480, 507-517.

215 Launay, pp. 147-212; Invernizzi, pp. 47-58; Romanato, pp. 227-291; Mayeur, XI, 456-497; Poulat, La crise moderniste, pp. 103-267; Intégrisme; Jedin and Dolan, IX, 381-480.

216 Mayeur, XII, 13-18.

217 Launay, pp. 191-193; Petit, pp. 64-66; Chiron, pp. 245-268; Jedin and Dolan; IX, 473-480.

218 Jedin and Dolan, IX, 418-517; X, 569-579.

219 Jedin and Dolan, IX, 331-334; Rao, Americanism; See, also, McAvoy on the aftermath.

220 R. Rolland, Mémoires (Paris, 1956); K. Kraus, Die Letzten Tage der Menschheit (Suhrkamp, 2008); E. Jünger, In Stahlgewitter (Klett-Cotta, 2008).

221 Ad Beatissimi Apostolorum (11/1,1914); Benedict XV, in Invernizzi, pp. 97-108; G. Rumi, ed., Benedetto XV e la pace—1918 (Morcelliana, 1990); Jemolo, pp. 161-182.

222 La Civiltà Cattolica, (1920), I, 6-7.

223 Mayeur, XII, 13-86, 297-345; Jedin, X, 22-96, 177-228 See Ad beatissimi Apostolorum; Achille Ratti: Pape Pie XI, (Collection de l’École Française de Rome, École Française, 1996), pp. 279-420; T. McLaughlin, ed., The Church and the Reconstruction of the Modern World (Image, 1957); Jemolo, pp. 161-282; J. Chélini, L’Église sous Pie XII (Fayard, 1983); P. Blet, Pie XII et la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (Perrin, 1997); Jedin and Dolan, X, 21-96.

224 Mayeur, XII, 297-616, 745-786, 964-972; Jedin and Dolan, X, 505-564, 569-613, 672-752; A. Riccardi, Il Vaticano e Mosca (Laterza, 1993), pp. vii-24; A. Wenger, Catholiques en Russie (Desclée, 1998); Achille Ratti, pp. 499-527, 549-761, 811-824, 893-907; K. von Klemperer, Ignaz von Seipel (Princeton, 1972), pp. 214, 412-416, 420; B. Bennassar, Franco (Perrin, 1995); Rumi, pp. 151-169; Blet, pp. 134-158.

225 Achille Ratti, pp. 125-157, 825-853; Jedin and Dolan, X, 410-436.

226 Mayeur, XII, 301-305, 964-972; Jedin and Dolan, X,177-228; Achille Ratti, pp.197- 213, 591-673, 873-892; Jemolo, pp. 183-282; Chélini, pp. 21-59.

227 La Civiltà Cattolica, (1921), III, 245-248; IV, 289-296; (1922), I, 101; (1923), IV, 486.

228 In addition to the previous footnote, see see Rumi, pp. 65-82, 129-150; Achille Ratti, pp. 857-892.

229 See, for example, G. Hosking, Russia and Russians (Harvard, 2001), pp. 364-365.

230 Z. Sternhell, The Birth of Fascist Ideology, From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution (Princeton, 1994); E. Jünger, Auf dem Marmorklippen (Ullstein, 1994).

231 See J. Rao, “Catholicism, Liberalism, and the Right: A Sketch From the 1920’s”, in Faith and Reason (Spring, 1983), pp. 9-31.

232 See Mayeur, XII, 347-391, 451-522; Jedin and Dolan, X, 569-600; Jemolo, pp. 183-282; Achille Ratti, pp. 359-395, 529-548, 605-640.

233 La Civiltà Cattolica, (1922), III, 363.

234 Ibid., (1921), IV, 5-6.

235 La Civiltà Cattolica, (1921), II, 3-13, 391; IV, 6; 1922, II, 485-495, III, 133-146, 217-229; IV, 97-110, 201, 205-214.

236 Ibid., (1922), IV, 509.

237 La Civiltà Cattolica, (1922), IV, 291-301, 511-512; (1923), II, 218, IV, 289-298; (1924), III, 97-110, 193-206; (1925), IV, 215-230; (1926), I, 25-32; (1927), I, 97-106; II, 491-504; III, 15-20.

238 La Civiltà Cattolica, (1924), I, 385-398, 517.

239 Ibid., (1923), I, 412-423; 1925, IV, 437, 440.

240 Ibid., (1923), II, 272; Invernizzi, pp. 59-145.

241 La Civiltà Cattolica (1929), I, 293-295, 481-488; III, 97-105, 289-294.

242 Achille Ratti, pp. 359-645; Chiron, pp. 329-392; Petit, pp. 53-252; Weber, pp. 200-231, 72-308.

243 La Civiltà Cattolica, (1928), I, 145-151; II, 142; Chiappe, pp. 628-647.

244 Ibid., (1927), I, 385-398; III, 398.

245 La Civiltà Cattolica, (1927), III, 398.

246 La Civiltà Cattolica, (1927), I, 297-298; Achille Ratti, pp. 95-122.

247 Quotation of Pius XI, in La Civiltà Cattholica (1927), II, 476.

248 La Civiltà Cattolica, (1927), I, 297-298.

249 Petit, pp. 299-342; Jemolo, pp. 183-282.

6868 Mayeur, XII, 36, 39, 403-417, 610-615.

6969 Segretariado da Informacao Nacional, Bulletin (August, 1938), p. 20.

7070 Ibid.

7171 Bundeskommisariat für Heimatdienst, The New Austria (London, 1937), p. 8; L. Teixeira, Profile of Salazar (Lisbon: Segretariado da Propaganda Nacional, 1938), p. 63.

7272 London Times, 2 August, 1934, editorial page.

7373 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, translated by R. Broughton (Faber & Faber, 1940), pp. 26, 29.

7474 A. Ferro, Salazar: Portugal and Her Leader (Faber & Faber, 1939), p. 29.

7575 Teixeira, p. 63.

7676 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, p. 269; Teixeira, p. 58.

7777 Salazar, The Principles and Work of the Revolution (Lisbon: SPN, 1943), p. 14; Doctrine and Action, pp. 154, 156, 157; Texeira, p. 51; Ferro, p. 47; Garnier, p. 109.

7878 Portugal: The New State in Theory and Practice (SPN, 1938), p. 9.

7979 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, p. 229.

8080 Ferro, pp. 247-248.

8181 F. Cotta, Economic Planning in Corporative Portugal (P.S. King & Son, Ltd., 1937), p. 185.

8282 Ferro, p. 29.

8383 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, p. 163.

8484 Bulletin (SIN, July, 1939), p. 5.

8585 Ibid. (March, 1938), p. 14.

8686 G.B. Shepard, Dollfuss (Macmillan, 1961), pp. 99, 187; J. Messner, Dollfuss: An Austrian Patriot (Burnes, Oates, & Washbourne, 1935), pp. 96-99.

8787 Messner, p. 158; Also, 99, 90, 181.

8888 Schuschnigg, p. 90; Messner, pp. 55, 181.

8989 Shepard, p. 187.

9090 Messner, pp. 62-63.

9191 Ibid., p. 162.

9292 Ibid., pp. 28-29, 162, 178; Also, pp. 12 and 145; Gregory, p. 340.

9393 Texeira, p. 50.

9494 Doctrine and Action, pp. 120-121, 195-198; Messner, pp. 68, 113.

9595 Messner, p. 113.

9696 Cotta, p. 13 for the Charter of National Labor.

9797 Ferro, pp. 48-49; Salazar, Road for the Future, p. 148, 157-158; Doctrine and Action, p. 58.

9898 Shepard, pp. 102-103; Schuschnigg, pp. 124, 137-138, 141-142; Dollfuss, p. 108.

9999 Ferro, p. 244.

100100 Teixeira, Portugal: The New State, p. 59.

101101 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, p. 183; Schuschnigg, p. 271.

102102 SPN, Portugal: The New State, p. 7.

103103R. Bowen, German Theories of the Corporative State (McGraw Hill, 1947), p. 85.

104104 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, p. 286.

105105 Teixeira, p. 61.

106106 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, p. 120; Portugal: The New State, p. 11.

107107 SPN, Portugal: The New State, p. 11.

108108 Ferro, p. 145; Schuschnigg, p. 25.

109109 Garnier, p. 206.

110110 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, pp. 92, 247.

111111 Schuschnigg, p. 153.

112112 Salazar…Says, p. 28; Doctrine and Action, pp. 30, 52, 247.

113113 Ferro, p. 28.

114114 The New Austria, p. 5; Salazar, Doctrine and Action, pp. 38, 127.

115115 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, pp. 99-100.

116116 Ibid., p. 251.

117117 Ferro, p. 34.

118118 Ibid., p. 37; Also, Messner, p. 139; The New Austria, p. 22.

119119 Ferro, pp. 100, 255; Schuschnigg, in Messner, p. 56.

120120 Ferro, p. 28.

121121 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, pp. 238, 147; also, 81-84.

122122 Schuschnigg, p. 271.

123123 Messner, p. 135.

124124 Ibid.

125125 Doctrine and Action, p. 101; Portugal: The New State, p. 13.

126126 Ferro, pp. 235-237, 301; Bulletin (May, 1940), p. 9; Doctrine and Action, p. 209.

127127 SPN, Portugal: The New State, pp. 14, 54.

128128 Bulletin (March, 1938), p. 14.

129129 Bulletin, XXVI (May, 1940), pp. 9, 6-7; Also, Salazar, Doctrine and Action, pp. 139-140.

130130 Schuschnigg, pp. 256-257.

131131 Bulletin, XXVI (May, 1940), p. 5; Garnier, pp. 162-164, 168; Teixeira, p. 40.

132132 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, pp. 122, 168, 343.

133133 Ibid., p. 343; Also, pp. 16, 120, 122, 145, 166-167, 196-197, 249, 342; Teixeira, p. 56.

134134 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, pp. 22-23; 160.

135135 SPN, Portugal: The New State, p. 9; Doctrine and Action, p. 23.

136136 Cotta, p. x; Also, Salazar, Doctrine and Action, pp. 145-146, 161, 342.

137137 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, p. 22; Also, pp. 39, 166.

138138 Schuschnigg, p. 270.

139139 Ibid., 213; Messner, p. 130; also, pp. 60, 119, 122, 129, 135, 145, 153.

140140 Ibid., p. 165.

141141 Messner, p. 74.

142142 Ibid., p. 153.

143143 Ibid., pp. 67-68.

144144 Ibid.

145145 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, p. 21; Ferro, p. 17.

146146 Bulletin, I (May, 1937), pp. 8-9; X (February, 1938), pp. 63-64, 77-85; 102-103, 110-111.

147147 Ferro, p. 19; Cotta, pp. 155-160, 169-171.

148148 SPN, Portugal: The New State, pp. 40-41.

149149 Salazar, The Road for the Future, p. 90.

150150 Ferro, pp. 20-21.

151151Ferro, p. 19.

152152 Ibid.; SPN, Portugal: The New State, pp. 40-41.

153153 Portugal: The New State, p. 40; Also, Bulletin (August, 1937), pp. 11-12; Cotta, p. 103; Salazar, Doctrine and Action, pp. 29, 160, 243.

154154 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, p. 103; Messner, p. 139; Salazar, Doctrine and Action, p. 39; Also, Ferro, p. 242.

155155 Salazar, Doctrine and Action, pp. 99-100.

156156 Salazar, p. 253.

157157 Garnier, pp. 7, 83; Salazar, Road for the Future, p. 78.

158158 Mayeur, XII, 259-345; Jedin and Dolan, X, 458-473.

159159 Mayeur, XII, 87-115, 259-297, 617-694.

160160Ibid., 769-779, 813-819; Jedin and Dolan, X, 458-488; Zernov, pp. 134-187; T. Kallistos Ware, The Orthodox Church (Pellican, 1993).

161161 For the entire argument on the missions and personalism, see Mayeur, XII, 116-58, 451-522; Jedin, X, 229-409, 583-600; J. Hellman, Emmanuel Mounier and the New Catholic Left: 1930-1950 (U. of Toronto, 1981); The Knight-Monks of Vichy France: Uriage,1940-1945 (McGill, 1997); Cholvy and Hilaire, III, 19-66; Meinvielle, pp. 89-262, 281-300, 134-142.

162162 Hellmann, Knight Monks, p. 178.

163163 Hellman, Mounier, p. 42.

164164 Courrier de Rome, La ‘Nouvelle Théologie’ (Courrier de Rome, 1994); Mayeur, XII, 168-186, 451-522; Jedin and Dolan, X, 229-336; Hellman, The Knight Monks, p. 56; M. Cointet, L’Église sous Vichy (Perrin,1998), pp. 140-161; Cholvy and Hilaire, III, 19-66, 107-166.

165165 Hellman, Knight Monks, p. 83.

166166 Ibid., p. 59.

167167 Hellman, Mounier, pp. 85, 90.

168168 Ibid., p. 128.

169169 Hellman, Knight Monks, pp. 4-52, 68-92, 139-162.

170170 Hellmann, Knight Monks, p. 65.

171171 Ibid., p. 63.

172172 Ibid,, p. 90.

173173 Ibid., p. 75.

0 On the atmosphere in the Catholic world down to the opening of the Council, see Y. Chiron, Paul VI: Le pape écartelé (Perrin, 1993), pp. 77-168; G.B. Scaglia, La stagione montiniana: Figure e momenti (Studium, 1993); Cholvy and Hilarie, III, 127- 255; Jemolo, pp. 283-310

0 Chélini, pp. 213-311; E. Poulat, Les prêtres-ouvriers: Naissance et fin (Cerf, 1999), pp. 179-375; Cholvy and Hilaire, III, pp. 67-125.

0 Hellman, Knight-Monks, pp. 182-254.

0 Poulat, Les prêtres-ouvrières, p. 408.

0 Ibid., p. 386.

0 Ibid., p. 244.

0 Mayeur, XII, 731-742, 788-813; XIII, 385-398, 427-436.

0 On Latin America, see Mayeur, XII, 941-1022; XIII, 509-577; Jedin and Dolan, X, 672-750; P. Letamendia, Eduardo Frei (Beauchesne, 1989), pp. 13-182.

0 Hellman, The Knight Monks, p. 88; also Meinvielle, pp. 224, 262.

0 Hellman, Mounier, p. 255.

0 Ibid., p. 190.

0 Ibid,, p. 191.

0 Ibid., pp. 192-193.

0 J. Duquesne, quoted in D. Bonneterre, Le mouvment liturgique (Fideliter), p. 39.

0 Bonneterre, p. 38.

0 Cholvy and Hilaire, III, 274.

0 Poulat, Les prêtres-ouvrières, 329, 333.

0 Hellman, The Knight Monks, p. 213.

0 For the union of the Soviet and American “magisterium” see Meinvielle, pp. 216-39, 257, 260, 291.

0 For the Council, see Mayeur, XIII, 21-111; Jedin and Dolan, X, 96-151; Chiron, Paul VI, pp. 168-251; R. Wiltgen, The Rhine Flows into the Tiber (Tan, 1967); M. Davies, Liturgical Revolution (Angelus, Three Volumes, 1987), II (Pope John’s Council).

0 For the below, see Mayeur, XIII, 112-341; Jedin and Dolan, X, 96-177; Chiron, Paul VI, pp. 253-344.

0 For the following, see Davies, Liturgical Revolution, I (Cranmer’s Godly Order) and II (Pope Paul’s New Mass); K. Gamber, The Reform of the Roman Liturgy: Its Problems and Background (Una Voce, 1993); D. von Hildebrand, Liturgy and Personality (Longmans, 1943).

0 On Catholicism and the United States, see Mayeur, XII, 833-932; XIII, 255-341; Jedin and Dolan, X, 642-671.

0 Meinveille, on the problems of the “double magisterium”, pp. 159-169, 292-293.

0 Mayeur, XIII, 255-341, 385-425; Jedin, X, 505-641; Fattorini, pp. 95-113; Jemolo, pp. 311-321; Cholvy and Hilaire, III, 259-495.

0 Mayeur, XIII, 343-379, 509-741; Jedin and Dolan, X, 352-377; 672-804; Letamendia, Frei, pp. 87-232.

0 Hadas, Latin Literature, p. 455.

0 Mayeur, VII, 335; also, 211-466.

0 For the numerous spiritual and intellectual problems of the Age of Discovery, the confusions and seeming contradictions of popes and theologians, and the impact of the revival of speculative thought, see Mayeur, VII, 521-616.

0 See, for example, Mayeur, VII, 377-404.

0 L. Veuillot, V, 276.

0 Bede, I, 15.

0 Mayeur, XI, 350.

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