(C) Daily Kos This story was originally published by Daily Kos and is unaltered. . . . . . . . . . . Climate Brief Cop29-and its goals: Mon, Nov 11, 2024 – Fri, Nov 22, 2024 [1] ['This Content Is Not Subject To Review Daily Kos Staff Prior To Publication.'] Date: 2024-11-11 "So instead of a single goal, there are likely to be at least two goals, with a narrative that explains how the gap between the two can be filled. Some parties are referring to this as a “layered” goal" Delegates will be expected to debate the future of climate finance. Developing countries need large injections of cash, to help them cut greenhouse gas emissions and cope with the impacts of extreme weather. Developed countries argue that their taxpayers cannot shoulder the whole burden of providing such investment, and are seeking the recruitment of new donors – major economies and big emitters such as China, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and others – as well as potential new sources of finance. Cop29 will be the 29th conference of the parties to the UN framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC), the parent treaty to the 2015 Paris agreement. It takes place in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, on the shores of the Caspian Sea, where some of the world’s first ever oil wells were dug in the mid-19th century . Azerbaijan has a claim to be the world’s first petrostate, and is still dependent on oil and gas for 90% of its export revenues. NCQG BBC news Guardian UK/Cop29 Who’s who at Cop29? The world leaders and others who will attend Crucial question for summit will be how to help developing countries cope with extreme weather caused by high temperatures Cop29 officially opens on Monday 11 November in Baku, Azerbaijan, and the conference is scheduled to end on 22 November, although it is likely to run later. World leaders – about 100 have said they will turn up – are expected in the first three days, and after that the crunch negotiations will be carried on by their representatives, mostly environment ministers or other high-ranking officials Article List: https://www.theguardian.com/... One of the most contentious issues in climate finance has long been known as “loss and damage”. This refers to the most devastating ravages of extreme weather, so great that no amount of adaptation can help with them. Examples include hurricanes and typhoons, the devastating floods that hit Pakistan in summer 2022, or the droughts afflicting swathes of Africa. A wealth tax on billionaires also has widespread support from activists, though many developed country treasuries are privately hesitant. Brazil has proposed a wealth tax of 2% on billionaires that it says would raise $250bn and only affect about 100 families globally. Levies on frequent flyers could be designed to fall only on the rich, or the minority of the global population who make more than one return flight a year. Aviation accounts for about 3% of global emissions, and continues to grow. Imposing a small charge on shipping could also generate billions, could be easily collected, and is especially relevant as many ships are dirty and inefficient, and carry large quantities of fossil fuel around the world. Adaptation (also sometimes known as resilience) The world has already warmed by 1.1-1.3C above preindustrial levels, and some of the impacts of the current heating are irreversible, so even if we succeed in cutting emissions drastically, we will still need to adapt to the impacts of more extreme weather. The first attempt to turn the UNFCCC’s resolution into action was the 1997 Kyoto protocol , which set targets on emissions cuts for each developed country, stipulating a 5% cut in global greenhouse gases overall by 2012 The Paris agreement Forged at a historic summit in December 2015, this marked the first time developed and developing countries agreed to limit greenhouse gases in order to stay within set temperature limits. The main goal of the Paris agreement is to limit global heating to “well below” 2C above preindustrial levels, while “pursuing efforts” to stay within the lower, safer threshold of 1.5C. Countries set out targets to stay within those limits, in the form of nationally determined contributions (NDCs). NDCs Nationally determined contributions are national plans containing targets on emissions cuts, usually pegged to 2030, and some details on how they will be met. They form the heart of the Paris agreement. In the negotiations leading up to the Paris summit, countries were reluctant to accept “top-down” targets such as those contained in the Kyoto protocol, which set a global goal for emissions reduction then divided up the cuts needed among the developed countries. Instead, they opted for each government offering the emissions reductions it thought feasible. Net zero This basically means reducing greenhouse gas emissions as far as possible and then offsetting any remaining irreducible emissions – for instance, from industrial processes that emit CO 2 , or sectors such as aviation where alternative technologies are not available – by fostering carbon sinks, such as forests. The concept has come under attack from campaigners who argue that some companies and governments are using net zero as a fig leaf by assuming they can offset emissions rather than reduce them. IPCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The body of the world’s leading climate scientists, first convened by the UN and the World Meteorological Organization in 1988, has produced five comprehensive assessment reports since, each increasing in certainty and reinforcing the message that the climate crisis, caused by human actions that increase the levels of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, is accelerating. Cop30 Nations will meet next November in Belém, a city near the mouth of the Amazon in Brazil, for the next iteration of the 30 years of UN climate negotiations. Brazil hosted the Rio conference in 1992 at which the UNFCCC, the UN Convention on Biodiversity and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification were signed. At Cop30, the key task will be a new round of NDCs that measure up to the globally agreed goal of limiting temperature rises to 1.5C above preindustrial levels. It will represent humanity’s last chance of staying within that crucial threshold. www.theguardian.com/... 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