[HN Gopher] Molly guard in reverse
___________________________________________________________________
Molly guard in reverse
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molly-guard
Author : surprisetalk
Score : 204 points
Date : 2026-03-20 14:33 UTC (1 days ago)
(HTM) web link (unsung.aresluna.org)
(TXT) w3m dump (unsung.aresluna.org)
| jiehong wrote:
| Oh! Then perhaps the long press required for the iPhone's action
| button to trigger is a Molly guard!
|
| Also, perhaps `rm` should be molly guarded to move things to the
| trash on all systems by default, and delete only if forced to by
| a flag.
|
| Note: I'd have expected Molly to be a cat, because they tend to
| be pretty good at disrupting things in my experience.
| denkmoon wrote:
| rm has mollyguarding, that's why every invocation of rm you see
| on the internet is followed by -f
| yjftsjthsd-h wrote:
| I think that may be a combination of (IMHO unfortunate)
| factors:
|
| * Yes, on some systems rm is aliased to rm -i by default.
|
| * Some _scripts_ will use rm -f because normal rm returns an
| error if the target already doesn 't exist but -f doesn't
| care.
|
| * Finally, sometimes files are just ... I think it's being
| marked read-only that does it? I've hit this while trying to
| rm a git checkout; you actually do need to add -f sometimes
| to succeed. So if you just add -f then it'll always work.
| Modified3019 wrote:
| Seeing long presses implemented for those intermittent and
| irreversible actions in games is something I've always
| appreciated. I often end up making errant inputs, especially on
| keyboards.
|
| A guard I often make for myself is removing/disabling the
| delete key on my keyboard, and setting FN+Backspace to Delete
| with whatever control software is involved. I often then
| repurpose the delete key location to F2, which is typically
| used to "Edit" a spreadsheet cell or file name.
| bookofjoe wrote:
| Red team demur: I HATE the iPhone's long press requirement to
| restart from off.
|
| To me, a button that forces me to wait for an unknown and
| indeterminate period of time before functioning is a FAIL.
| yjftsjthsd-h wrote:
| > Also, perhaps `rm` should be molly guarded to move things to
| the trash on all systems by default, and delete only if forced
| to by a flag.
|
| Not _all_ systems, but some (RHEL, I think?) default alias rm=
| 'rm -i', yes
| fragmede wrote:
| disk space is cheap these days alias to mv to trash for an
| extra layer of protection.
| jiehong wrote:
| I do wish those were a thing on flat touch sensitive induction
| cooktops! (For all those pesky water droplets causing the cooktop
| to error out and turning itself off)
| gib444 wrote:
| I get annoyed even at the thought of those things! Had to use a
| few while travelling. Ugh!
| hyperhello wrote:
| "Mollyguarding" sounds like a great derogation of unnecessary
| safety measures. Stop mollyguarding me!
| Shadowmist wrote:
| I've been looking for this!
| evanjrowley wrote:
| I'm reminded of this legendary HN comment:
| https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16530398
| cortesoft wrote:
| I am confused by the second guy who was curious and punched the
| plastic lid... it says you have to hold the button down for 30
| seconds, how did that happen?
| charles_f wrote:
| The guard itself ends up pushing the button
| JoshTriplett wrote:
| There's a great piece of software called "molly-guard", which
| intercepts calls to "poweroff" and "reboot" and similar. It
| checks if it's being invoked via an SSH session, and if so, it
| asks you to type the name of the system you're shutting down.
| That way, you never accidentally shut down a remote server when
| you meant to shut down your own system (or a different server).
| magicalhippo wrote:
| Another fun one is disabling the network interface on a remote
| server. An acquaintance did that by mistake on a cloud VM
| running some core services, and the cloud provider had no
| virtual console for some reason. Ended up having to write off
| the VM and restore from backup. Fun day at the office.
| adrian_b wrote:
| Long ago, I succeeded once to cut my own access through SSH
| to a remote server, after some firewall changes. That of
| course has required a long trip to the server, for physical
| access.
|
| However that was good, because after that I have always been
| extra careful at any changes that could affect the firewall
| in any way. (That is not restricted to changes in firewall
| rules, because there are systems where the versions of the
| firewall program and of the kernel must be correlated, so an
| inconsistent update may make the firewall revert to its
| default state of denying all connections.)
| kqr wrote:
| I can warmly recommend the nohup-sleep-disable-cancel
| pattern for this, as a dead man's switch for danngerous
| changes.
|
| https://entropicthoughts.com/locking-yourself-out-with-
| firew...
| learn_more wrote:
| I previously managed a firewall via scripts which would
| automatically revert your update in 20 seconds unless
| interrupted. So if you botched it and lost access, you just
| had to sit tight for 20 seconds.
| tinyhitman wrote:
| > cloud provider had no virtual console for some reason.
|
| Azure still hasn't got this. It has serial and does
| screenshots of the console, but no access to my knowledge.
| amluto wrote:
| Last I checked, if you non-forcibly reboot a GCE instance
| via console or API and it does not shut itself down in a
| timely manner, there was literally no way to force it to
| turn off or hard-reboot so that your block storage
| instances get released. IIRC the last time I encountered
| this the process timed out eventually after some silly long
| wait.
| amluto wrote:
| Hah, I once did "netplan try" on a prototype production
| machine. The new config wasn't quite right (although not
| catastrophic in any respect) so I told it to roll back. Bye
| bye new machine.
|
| Fortunately this was an exercise and we had BMC access, so no
| big deal. Except that we got yet another datapoint suggesting
| that netplan is not a high quality piece of software.
| kqr wrote:
| I once accidentally rebooted the reverse proxy for _all_ our
| production traffic. We got some very quiet two minutes while it
| came back up.
|
| After that we installed molly-guard with a check for the number
| of active connections. Made it painless to reboot standby
| proxies and difficult to reboot active ones.
|
| (We also instituted pairing on production proxy maintenance.
| I'm not a fan of pair programming but pair maintenance is
| great.)
|
| I like telling junior hires about this incident because it
| teaches them that (a) anyone can make mistakes, (b) even
| serious mistakes usually aren't that dangerous, (c) you can
| learn a lot from mistakes with the right mindset, (d) we cannot
| prevent mistakes but with the right system design we can reduce
| their consequences.
| tetha wrote:
| > (We also instituted pairing on production proxy
| maintenance. I'm not a fan of pair programming but pair
| maintenance is great.)
|
| It's a great opportunity to share knowledge and techniques
| and I very much recommend doing so. It's an important way to
| get people familiar and comfortable with what the
| documentation says. Or, it's less scary to failover a
| database or an archiving clutser while the DBA or an archive
| admin is in a call with you.
|
| Also reminds me of an entirely funny culture shock for a new
| team member, who was on a team with a much worse work culture
| and mutual respect beforehand. Just 2-3 months after she
| joined, we had a major outage and various components and
| clusters needed to be checked and put back on track. For
| these things, we do exactly this pilot/copilot structure if
| changes to the system must go right.
|
| Except, during this huge outage, two people were sick, two
| guys had a sick kid, one guy was on a boat on the northern
| sea, one guy was in Finland and it was down to 3 of the
| regulars and the junior. Wonderful. So we shoved her the
| documentation for one of the procedures and made her the
| copilot of her mentor and then we got to work, just calmly
| talking through the situation.
|
| Until she said "Wait". And some combined 40 - 50 years of
| experience stopped on a dime. There was a bit of confusion of
| how much that word weighed in the team, but she did correctly
| flag an inaccuracy in procedure we had to adress, which saved
| a few minutes of rework.
| saaspirant wrote:
| I was using my company dev machine via Windows RDP remotely
| during Covid and installed Glasswire which by default blocks
| all traffic so I lost access. No one was there to uninstall
| it so I continued development in my personal machine.
| itayd wrote:
| best molly-guard depicited in "The Good Place":
| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etJ6RmMPGko
| fainpul wrote:
| Just please don't start adding molly-guards to your software. The
| concept only makes sense in the physical world, e.g. where the
| "important button", that you might never have to press, needs to
| be in reach all the time. In software, there are better
| solutions.
| fragmede wrote:
| my favorite Debian package is Mollyguard so when you shut down
| a server remotely via SSH it just checks the second time to
| make sure you really wanted to shut down that server and not
| your laptop.
| fainpul wrote:
| "Are you sure?" type guards are not suitable for actions
| which the user does regularly. If a user repeats this action
| regularly, they quickly automate the thought process (i.e.
| don't give it any thought anymore) and it becomes useless.
| selfhoster11 wrote:
| Which is why that's not what it does. It asks you to input
| the hostname instead, just like deleting a repo in Github
| does.
| fainpul wrote:
| I know how it works. Please don't nit-pick. It's an
| interruption that forces the user to confirm. That's what
| I meant.
|
| I discussed this also here:
|
| https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46845740
| fragmede wrote:
| It's not nitpicking. The nature of the interruption being
| different is material. I've lost files to automatically
| answering yes to rm -i y/n confirm. Typing the hostname
| itself is different enough to get me, at least to stop
| and go wait, hold on. And snap me out of doing the wrong
| one. Especially an SSH gateway machine.
| sixhobbits wrote:
| Reminds me of this Matt Levine
|
| >> At 08:56 a 'Trade Limit Warning' pop-up alert appeared
| within PTE. This presented the trader with 711 warning
| messages, consisting of hard block and soft block messages,
| listed in a single alert where only the first 18 lines of
| alerts were immediately visible unless the person who
| received the alert scrolled down. The trader did not
| appreciate their inputting error and overrode all of the
| soft warnings in the pop-up.
|
| > You get 711 alerts, you only see 18 of them, you are like
| "ehh 18 alerts is pretty much the normal number," you
| override them all without reading.
| kqr wrote:
| I agree. Fortunately, molly-guard the software can be
| configured with automated checks to allow safe actions
| (e.g. shutting down servers that don't receive significant
| traffic) without pestering the user.
|
| This means a properly configured mollly-guard is invisible
| for routine actions but kicks in only when a genuine
| mistake is suspected because the operation would cause some
| sort of meaningful loss. That way, users aren't trained to
| ignore it.
| fainpul wrote:
| > can be configured with automated checks to allow safe
| actions (e.g. shutting down servers that don't receive
| significant traffic)
|
| That's clever. This is what I meant when I wrote, that
| software allows for better solutions.
| hrmtst93837 wrote:
| Spend a week with a self-service admin dashboard and you'll
| learn why software needs molly guards too, because one-click
| disasters are common online.
| fainpul wrote:
| > In software, there are better solutions.
|
| You missed the point. Most things can be solved better. For
| example with undo or "fake undo" based on a delayed action or
| many other solutions, depending on the individual problem.
| Just asking "are you sure?" or forcing the user to jump
| through some hoops is the laziest and least user friendly
| way.
| 0xbadcafebee wrote:
| In _DevOps_ (and _Lean_ , _TPS_ ) the more advanced form of this
| is the _Poka-Yoke_ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poka-yoke).
| Poka-yokes don't just add safety, they also guide the human away
| from making a mistake.
|
| The canonical example is the automatic shift knob in a car. The
| shift knob is designed to 1) prevent you from accidentally
| shifting all the way back into reverse without pressing the shift
| button, and 2) prevents you from leaving park or neutral without
| depressing the brake pedal. This way you don't damage the
| drivetrain or accidentally cause the car to roll
| forward/backward.
|
| Poka-yoke is a form of defensive design
| (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_design). For a beautiful
| example of defensive design, see the average electric kettle. If
| water boils over the top it won't short the device, if it boils
| dry it'll stop operating, the handle and body are plastic to
| prevent burning yourself, the handle is ergonomic to make
| carrying 1.5L of sloshing boiling water not cause you to spill
| it, the cord is detached from the kettle so you don't yank the
| cord and spill the boiling water, the switches are located on the
| bottom away from hot steam, and the lids usually lock while in
| operation, again to prevent damage from spillage or steam. It's
| the simplest and safest possible way to boil water, and it's $20.
| vharuck wrote:
| My favorite example of poka-yoke is when the pieces and
| hardware in build-it-yourself furniture kits won't fit anywhere
| except the correct places: two screws only have the same width
| if they're interchangeable, wood bars refuse to go in unless
| facing the right direction, etc.
| graypegg wrote:
| The example that comes to my mind is lockout tags. [0] It
| usually means temporarily jamming up a specific control marked
| as the lockout/ignition/energizing control while you're working
| on some big and gnarly machine. There's a bunch of regulation
| around the specifics of what that control has to prevent if not
| activated/lockedout, but usually it's a dirt-simple breaker
| switch or hydraulic valve, controlling whatever the main source
| of energy into the machine is. The ones with holes are for
| padlocks that everyone will lock padlocks onto so you have a
| count of who's still "down there".
|
| If you ever URGENTLY needed to start a machine, and you knew it
| was safe to do so, the average shop gremlin could always break
| the tag and start it since they're normally made of craptacular
| plastic or thin sheet metal... but it's easily enough friction
| to make you rethink what you're doing. Never known anyone
| that's ever had to break a tag like that.
|
| [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout
| ErroneousBosh wrote:
| There's a great example I found a while back when I replaced
| the fuse box in one of my Range Rovers.
|
| It has seven plugs (there's space for eight) each of which have
| space for eight pins. The plugs are identical - almost. They're
| different colours, and they have a T- or U-shaped pin that fits
| into a hole in the appropriate flying socket on the engine bay
| wiring harness. The pins are rotated for each plug. [1]
|
| There's no way to fit the fusebox the wrong way round in the
| engine bay because it has three mounting holes with odd
| spacings, and one has an angled slot for a bracket that holds a
| coolant pipe which definitely wouldn't fit if it was wrong.
|
| There's no way to fit the sockets in wrong even without the
| pegs because the wiring harness only allows them to line up
| with the correct plugs.
|
| Even the three high-current screw terminals that feed the body
| ECU under the driver's seat have got little lugs sticking out
| so you can't mix them up, although since they're all unswitched
| feeds fused at 60A it kind of doesn't matter.
|
| There are a lot of nice little bits of design like that. Shame
| they didn't extend that to the ignition coil connectors on
| later V8s, which are the same for both pairs of coil packs. See
| if you can guess what causes a lot of "crank, no start" faults
| when people have been in at the back of the engine.
|
| [1] https://bparts-eu.s3-eu-
| west-1.amazonaws.com/images/62538/bi...
| esafak wrote:
| Funny you say that. As I was using it at a hotel, I was just
| reflecting on how poorly designed the average kettle is, with
| the stationary handle on the top and a spout guard:
| https://stock.adobe.com/video/hot-cup-tea-kettle/189747353
|
| Once the water is boiled, you flip the guard, and get your
| first scalding. Pour the water and get a nice splash of steam
| due to the fixed position of the handle as it rises up past
| your hand. And refilling the kettle is yet another opportunity
| to get scalded, as the handle gets in the way of your efforts
| to remove the lid.
| graypegg wrote:
| Electric kettles are much better designed, and are what the
| parent comment is talking about. This [0] is the canonical
| white-labeled kettle that you can have for 30 of your hard-
| earned canukistanian kopeks, and are the average kettle
| around here. No scalding since the lid's handles are deep
| enough that you can open it on an angle to direct the steam
| away from you. Big handle on the side instead of the top.
| Switch on the bottom away from hot metal casing. And the
| kettle just lifts off the base, so you're not futzing around
| with a cable while pouring hot water.
|
| No idea why these aren't common everywhere.
|
| [0] https://www.canadiantire.ca/en/pdp/black-decker-cordless-
| ele...
| xboxnolifes wrote:
| Thats certainly an iconic kettle look, but I'm not sure I'd
| call it the average kettle. I don't think ive ever seen
| someone actually use a kettle like that. Maybe many decades
| ago.
| donut wrote:
| Sometimes a pop-up appears that I blindly accept because I happen
| to be typing something with spaces. Wish that button was
| protected somehow.
| kqr wrote:
| Such pop-ups should _never_ automatically get focused. The
| increase of them was why I switched away from Windows many
| years ago, and why I like to root my Android devices. It
| baffles me that focus-stealing notifications cannot be turned
| off in most OEM Androids.
| csullivannet wrote:
| I think with power tools on Windows 11 at least it forces the
| privilege escalation window to pop under.
| buf wrote:
| Fun random fact, Eventbrite was first a security company called
| Molly Guard. I spent years cleaning out the 'mg-' prefixes from
| the code.
| davidshepherd7 wrote:
| That page is copied verbatim from
| https://unsung.aresluna.org/molly-guard-in-reverse/ (which is
| linked at the top). The original page also has much better
| formatting.
| batisteo wrote:
| ...and Google-hosted.
| bookofjoe wrote:
| Sorry about that.
|
| Typepad, which hosted my original blog since August 24, 2004,
| on September 1, 2025 gave me 30 days notice that it would
| shut down at midnight September 30, 2025, making my roughly
| 40,000 (not a typo) past posts inaccessible.
|
| I spent a frantic month trying about 10 blog hosts seeking
| one I, a card-carrying Technodolt, could actually use without
| a lot of pain.
|
| The only one that came close was Google's Blogger.
|
| Alas, it's horrible: janky, confusing, and always changing
| something I thought I'd finalized.
|
| Oh well...
| clbrmbr wrote:
| @dang Can a moderator update the link? The original is much
| better and we shouldn't promote the copyposter.
| bookofjoe wrote:
| Full disclosure: I posted the original and it disappeared
| from HN so fast it made my head spin.
|
| Isn't it better that someone gave it a second chance, even if
| only by clicking a link?
| albedoa wrote:
| No, your behavior is weird and hostile actually. Does
| Marcin even know that you lifted the content?
|
| A traditional link blog would highlight a short excerpt so
| that the reader might be encouraged to click through to the
| full piece.
| bookofjoe wrote:
| Yes. I just emailed him, in fact, and he responded with
| details, no hostility!
|
| >your behavior is weird and hostile actually
|
| Look in the mirror.
|
| >A traditional link blog would highlight a short excerpt
| so that the reader might be encouraged to click through
| to the full piece.
|
| Mine is not a "traditional link blog" nor has it ever
| been since its inception on August 24, 2004. You're the
| first person I've known to use the phrase "traditional
| link blog." I like it! Maybe you should start one.
| MYEUHD wrote:
| You made 94 posts in the past 10 days...
| bookofjoe wrote:
| What is your point? As a rule I post to HN around
| 10x/day, pretty much hourly.... Judging by how regularly
| my posts appear at the top of the HN homepage, others
| appear to welcome my contributions.
| bookofjoe wrote:
| I just emailed a screenshot of this discussion to @dang.
|
| I await his response.
| bookofjoe wrote:
| BTW I agree about the formatting being much better. Alas, I'm
| limited to Google's primitive Blogger as a host so that's the
| best I can do.
| dang wrote:
| Changed now from https://bookofjoe2.blogspot.com/2026/02/molly-
| guard.html above. Thanks!
| wibbily wrote:
| Fun: the "Molly" in question is Ed Krol's daughter - he's the guy
| who wrote the _Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog_.
|
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Krol
| AnimalMuppet wrote:
| I was almost that kid.
|
| My dad worked for Sperry Univac. For a while he was working on
| a ground-support trailer for the Sergeant surface-to-surface
| missile. He went in to work one Saturday for some kind of a
| major test. For some reason, he brought my mother and I along
| (maybe to give my mom a break). So this four-year-old (yours
| truly) goes into the trailer, and sees this bright red
| button...
|
| It was not the launch button. It was the emergency shutdown
| button, which would have cost them an hour to bring the trailer
| back online. Someone stopped me before I actually pushed it,
| but still, this did _not_ make me popular. What I remember from
| that day is actually the parking lot, because I spent far more
| time in the parking lot than in the trailer.
| canucker2016 wrote:
| The wikipedia entry lists a reference explaining the history of
| mollyguard, along with a pic of Ed and little Molly, but an HN
| comment has the relevant text excerpt. see
| https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26633835
| meelford wrote:
| I personally know a guy who shut down an oil factory by pressing
| the molly guard button, just because the button looked
| interesting.
| TiredOfLife wrote:
| Does the disk drive or sim card slot ejector really qualify as
| Molly Guard?
| pocksuppet wrote:
| The guard is it being a tiny hole you have to find a tool to
| reach into, instead of a button.
| RadiozRadioz wrote:
| > There is no worse feeling for a programmer than waking up,
| walking up to the machine that was supposed to work through the
| night, and seeing it did absolutely nothing, stupidly waiting for
| hours for a response to a question that didn't even matter.
|
| No, there's one worse feeling. Walking up to the machine that was
| supposed to work throughout the night, and seeing it had a
| surprise update that rebooted the system.
|
| One of my favorite things about ditching Windows.
| bityard wrote:
| This is no longer just a Windows feature. The same thing
| happened to me the other day on MacOS. They recently shipped a
| "background" update to fix a security issue and it quite
| unceremoniously rebooted the machine to apply the update.
| masfuerte wrote:
| And it's why I don't use Ubuntu any more. I don't know if it
| still automatically updates and reboots, but neither do I
| care.
| amarant wrote:
| When did Ubuntu do that? It's been my main OS since 05 and
| I can't recall that ever happening?
| stavros wrote:
| It has never done that.
| clbrmbr wrote:
| I once was a communications contractor for the major NJ power
| utility. One of their long time field techs (let's just refer to
| him as Mr. T) was giving a tour of a substation that was built
| from the looks of it in the 50s. I have, you see, this bad habit
| of leaning on things... well Mr. T, without missing a beat, slid
| his forearm between my hip and a faded green Bakelite knob, the
| kind that goes in and out rather than twisting. He informed me
| that if I had leaned any further I would have shut off half of
| Newark.
| 6031769 wrote:
| Certainly sounds like he pitied the fool.
|
| (sorry)
| stevage wrote:
| I feel like modern tv remotes are the opposite of this principle.
| It is often the case that almost every single button will when
| pushed in some way interrupt the current program, often jumping
| out to a different menu or changing to a different program or
| something. It makes handling the remote or trying to change the
| volume a fraught experience.
| bookofjoe wrote:
| OMG you hit my third rail when it comes to the brain-dead-
| designed Apple TV remote. After using one for many years I
| STILL press the wrong button many times every day, and in the
| dark, since the buttons are NOT backlit, I routinely press an
| unintended button. I think the user interface designer was
| promoted to create the Vision Pro UI/UX which is even more
| dreadful.
| canucker2016 wrote:
| Samsung learned about molly guards the hard way - recall of
| millions of products after accidental fires from people/pets
| activating the front-panel dials.
|
| see https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2024/08/samsung-
| recalls-... Luckily, there's an easy solution
| recently devised that can prevent this safety hazard in homes
| across America, Samsung said. Customers concerned about
| unintentional activations can request free knob locks and covers
| that Samsung confirmed made it much harder to accidentally turn
| on the stove. During the meeting, the CPSC shared data
| showing that across 338 incidents between January 1, 2018, and
| May 30, 2024, stoves from "ten specific manufacturers" were
| involved in fires causing 31 injuries and two deaths.
| Additionally, the CPSC had recorded "two other fatal incidents
| where a range was accidentally turned on when a knob was bumped,
| but the manufacturer is unknown." ...Companies said
| the CPSC data would help them "fully understand the issues" and
| "make sure that reasonable and foreseeable circumstances would be
| addressed" without impacting compliance with the Americans with
| Disabilities Act.
|
| After mentioning this article to relatives, one said they had
| nixed buying one product because of the front dials. Then we
| heard from a relative in another city who bought a house due to a
| newborn baby - one of the additional purchases was a
| oven/stove/range with front panel dials.
| 9dev wrote:
| That's wild. In Europe, we generally only have front-facing
| dials, but either they have a built-in push to recess function,
| or they require some force to turn from their off position, and
| for the most part heat and mode are also two separate knobs
| where you'd need to turn both to engage.
|
| I never heard of any related injuries over here.
| ogogmad wrote:
| This sounded at first like a mouth guard, to stop teeth grinding.
| cynicalsecurity wrote:
| "Reverse Molly guard" is dead man's switch.
| BubbleRings wrote:
| Somebody make a keyboard where every key is a molly guard, where
| only one will open at a time, then make a fun video about it. And
| credit me for this stupid idea. Even though it wasn't my idea.
| 1970-01-01 wrote:
| See also: https://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2013/09/27/final-
| switch-gold...
| jeremyw wrote:
| Lest anyone think it's just little kids that are mesmerized by
| the shiny red button; we were showing a potential graduate
| student around the compsci labs, and he walks over to an
| important server and simply turns it off. He could never quite
| explain his impulse to do so.
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