[HN Gopher] EU Inc.: A new harmonised corporate legal regime
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       EU Inc.: A new harmonised corporate legal regime
        
       Author : guidoiaquinti
       Score  : 105 points
       Date   : 2026-03-18 17:42 UTC (5 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (commission.europa.eu)
 (TXT) w3m dump (commission.europa.eu)
        
       | Gormo wrote:
       | It's funny that the EU pretends not to be a sovereign entity or a
       | state in its own right, but then sets up legal frameworks like
       | this. Even in the US, you can't set up a corporation at the
       | federal level: apart from a handful of entities chartered via
       | special acts of Congress, a business entity must exist under the
       | laws of a particular state.
        
         | dmitrygr wrote:
         | They surely became a sovereign entity when they started fining
         | member states (who are allegedly sovereign) for attempting to
         | own their own border policy:
         | https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/current/migra...
        
           | matthewmacleod wrote:
           | That obviously makes no sense. A club isn't a sovereign
           | entity just because it has rules. Hungary is free to leave
           | the EU and set a border policy that conflict with EU law if
           | it wishes - but if it wants to remain part of that
           | organisation, particularly one that has open borders thorough
           | The Schengen area, then of course it needs to follow the
           | rules.
        
             | dmitrygr wrote:
             | As UK showed, leaving EU is hard and EU will fight you on
             | it as well as seek to penalize you
        
               | dlahoda wrote:
               | Sounds like EU deliberately evil?
        
               | okanat wrote:
               | EU didn't fight UK. UK fought EU to not lose their
               | exorbitantly privileged status and benefits while leaving
               | the club itself. They wanted to have their cake and eat
               | it too. When they realized and decided that they will get
               | none of the benefits, the finalization of the exit took
               | merely weeks. EU is a huge privilege / opportunity for
               | smaller countries. EU-6 doesn't need the other ones to be
               | the second biggest market. If Hungarians want out, it can
               | be done by the end of 2026 and you can enjoy being a
               | proper vassal to neo-Soviets by 2027.
        
               | joe_mamba wrote:
               | _> EU-6 doesn't need the other ones to be the second
               | biggest market. _
               | 
               | That's where you're wrong. Where would German industry be
               | today without the labor, suppliers, export market and
               | cheap energy imports from the other non-EU-6 members?
               | Especially after they denuclearized and derussified their
               | energy sector and nuked their birthrates, and so rely on
               | importing energy and workers from everyone to stay
               | afloat. You can't claim you don't need them while you're
               | importing their energy, labor, resources, doctors, etc.
               | You can't treat your country like an economic zone, while
               | ignoring all the economic transactions.
        
               | okanat wrote:
               | Germany had its biggest boom when there was no Schengen
               | agreement. Most of the German labor came from Turkey, not
               | from the smaller and less developed EU countries. Its
               | immigration policy was targetted and more selective even.
               | Germany doesn't import much energy from less developed EU
               | countries either:
               | https://www.iea.org/countries/germany/energy-mix#where-
               | does-... most of them come from EU-6 and UK which makes
               | sense since those countries have technology and resources
               | to produce extra capacity. It's the same deal with France
               | with its former and current colonies. They truly do not
               | need to be in a union with the less developed countries
               | to get those benefits. Same for Canada, Canada doesn't
               | need to enter a union with a less developed country to
               | get lots of immigration.
               | 
               | I'm not saying that Germany (or other EU-6) doesn't need
               | immigration. I'm an immigrant in Germany and I do support
               | it for qualified and even non-qualified jobs. However, it
               | is not a clear cut benefit to be in a union with emigrant
               | source countries either.
               | 
               | The current setup of EU is a toxic relationship for both
               | sides though, it is a benevolent colonization setup.
               | Allowing smaller post-Soviet countries without
               | significantly investing and improving their economies and
               | industries and their political stability before
               | ascension, ended up very badly for the other ones. EU-6
               | siphoned out all the labor, younger population and
               | educated classes of post-Soviet countries, so now their
               | populations are mostly old, resented people, the biggest
               | businesses owned by EU-6 for only cheap labor. Those
               | populations are really susceptible to authoritarian
               | overtakes and the authoritarian governments like Hungary
               | and Slovakia of today and Poland of past can block
               | significant decisions with the veto right.
               | 
               | EU is very beneficial for smaller countries however at a
               | significant cost for both sides in a bad way. It worked
               | best when the candidate / new member nation was already a
               | significantly developed and industrialized part of Soviet
               | Union like Baltics or Poland (for the most part, they are
               | not 100% clear yet).
        
               | joe_mamba wrote:
               | _> Germany had its biggest boom when there was no
               | Schengen agreement. _
               | 
               | I'm talking about the state of the German economy of
               | today, how it's deeply tied to non-Eu-6 countries in a
               | big way. Their past economic success of a lone wolf, is
               | irrelevant today when they're struggling. Different
               | times. China wasn't even on the radar as a competitor
               | back then and German cars were all the rave worldwide
               | back then. Times have changed.
               | 
               |  _> Its immigration policy was targetted and more
               | selective even._
               | 
               | So why doesn't it want to be as selective anymore today?
               | You know, like back their economic boom days you
               | mentioned before.
               | 
               |  _> They truly do not need to be in a union with the less
               | developed countries to get those benefits._
               | 
               | Then what's the point of the EU if they can get
               | everything they need without a union? Why doesn't Germany
               | and France just leave the EU and take their money with
               | them?
               | 
               | Because you only focus on the argument of the German EU
               | integration being all about importing cheap labor with
               | your argument, but my argument is beyond that. For
               | example, countless suppliers to Germany economy are in
               | Poland, Romania, Slovakia, etc. And such trade and IP
               | collaboration NEEDS an union. Same for defence parts for
               | French companies that are now made in post-communist
               | countries.
               | 
               |  _> The current setup of EU is a toxic relationship for
               | both sides though, it is a benevolent colonization
               | setup._
               | 
               | It wasn't always like that though. Only in the last 10 or
               | so years did the EU start to be authoritarian towards
               | member states.
               | 
               |  _> EU-6 siphoned out all the labor, younger population
               | and educated classes of post-Soviet countries_
               | 
               | True, but guess what, for the first time ever, more post-
               | Communist EU migrants are now leaving Germany and
               | returning home, than the number migrating to Germany from
               | post-Communist members. Reasons are many, but it seems
               | like the days of Germany (and others) being the lands of
               | milk and honey are over.
               | 
               |  _> Those populations are really susceptible to
               | authoritarian overtakes_
               | 
               | And German population _ISN 'T_?! They just prefer a
               | different flavor of authoritarianism, one with nicer PR,
               | where the jackboots are eco friendly, as they take you to
               | court for "hateful" Tweets, stuff that doesn't happen in
               | the post-Communist states.
               | 
               |  _> authoritarian governments like Hungary and Slovakia
               | of today and Poland_
               | 
               | Why are they considered authoritarian? Because they do
               | what their voters want and not what the EU wants?
               | 
               |  _> can block significant decisions with the veto right._
               | 
               | Good? Shouldn't nations be able to have a say themselves
               | from EU decisions that might negatively impact them?
               | 
               | I didn't hear many people calling the Austrian regime
               | autocratic for constantly vetoing Romania and Bulgaria's
               | Schengen memberships, despite those countries having met
               | the criterias long before.
               | 
               | So the "autocratic" label keeps being applied very
               | inconsistently across the EU. Dare I say hypocritical.
        
               | Rexxar wrote:
               | It was only hard because UK wanted to stop immediately to
               | participate to budget while continuing to benefit from
               | already agreed multi-years policies.
        
               | surgical_fire wrote:
               | How, exactly, did the EU penalize the UK for leaving?
               | 
               | Please, elaborate, I'll be waiting.
        
               | gman83 wrote:
               | The EU will fight you? If Texas tried to secede from the
               | US, the government would send in the military. The EU
               | "fought" them by not giving them a sweetheart trade deal
               | on their way out the door?
        
               | matthewmacleod wrote:
               | Of course leaving the EU is hard. Membership has a
               | significant effect on regulation and governance. The fact
               | that something is hard also doesn't mean you aren't free
               | to do it.
               | 
               | It being "fought" or countries being "penalised" is a
               | matter of opinion but not one I share.
        
               | victorbjorklund wrote:
               | It was super easy for UK to leave EU? No one tried to
               | stop them. The "hard" part was that they wanted to keep
               | some benefits of the membership after canceling the
               | membership.
        
             | joe_mamba wrote:
             | Yeah, I don't get why Hungary is doing this. Just do like
             | Italy, Grece, Romania, Croatia, etc do, and waive those
             | migrants though, since they'll all go to places like
             | Austria, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, etc, they won't stay in
             | Hungary anyway, and this way you still get to cash those EU
             | cheques and migration becomes someone else's problem.
             | Malicious compliance FTW. If the holier-than-thou EU want
             | no border checks, then fine, let them enjoy it. Hope EU
             | leaders also have no locked doors or security at their
             | place of living in Brussels to match the openness and
             | inclusivity towards unvetted strangers of their border
             | policies. Otherwise it's just hypocrisy.
        
               | surgical_fire wrote:
               | Are you really conflating the idea of Schegen with
               | "keeping unlocked doors to your house"?
               | 
               | Very quick way to show you are not willing to engage in
               | ideas in good faith.
        
               | joe_mamba wrote:
               | _Sigh_ , another person that doesn't know, or refuses to
               | acknowledge that Schengen means border free travel only
               | for member states and visa holders, while still having to
               | enforce borders and immigration rejections for non-
               | members or those with no visas, but yet is accusing
               | others of bad faith argumentation. Can you get more
               | hypocritical than this?
        
             | TacticalCoder wrote:
             | > Hungary is free to leave the EU ...
             | 
             | And Poland and Italy and the Netherlands and Luxembourg
             | etc. are all free to voice their opinion as being members
             | of the club.
             | 
             | The EU is walking on thin ice: it doesn't exist since very
             | long (at least not in that form) and the EUR is a very
             | young currency that is _already_ in serious trouble, with
             | most members of the eurozone deeply indebted (and one that
             | already partially defaulted on its public debt, Greece).
             | 
             | The hubris of people who think the EU can bully every
             | single country into submission is insane. Many people
             | aren't happy at all with what's going on in the EU. The EU
             | screwed big times on nuclear (and recently acknowledged
             | they fucked up on nuclear), became dependent on Russia for
             | cheap energy (the US warned them this had potential to
             | SNAFU and SNAFU it did) and now has one of the highest
             | energy price in the world. Making it extremely hard for EU
             | industries to compete with the rest of the world.
             | 
             | There are also many people in the EU who believe that
             | massively importing people from Africa and poor middle-
             | eastern countries (I'm not saying all middle eastern
             | countries are poor: I'm saying middle-eastern countries
             | migration into the EU is mostly from poor middle-eastern
             | countries) won't raise the living standard of the EU.
             | 
             | The entire _" we decide which size cucumbers should have,
             | we decide to break encryption to protect the kids, we
             | decide to flood the continent with migrants, etc. and you
             | STFU or you can get out"_ is not an acceptable posture.
             | 
             | Also please let me laugh at the Schengen borders area: we
             | saw how quickly those borders were closed during several
             | occasion, including Covid. But lastly there have been
             | police controls filtrating cars at the borders in Germany:
             | got controlled twice last summer in Germany. So much for
             | the free movement of people.
             | 
             | My bet is the EUR is going to die a quick death (one of the
             | most stupid currency every invented: cannot work with
             | different fiscal laws and different productivity in the
             | various eurozone countries). And my second bet is that this
             | is going to put a lot of pressure on the entire EU thing.
             | 
             | The EU is not doing well. The US and China's GDPs grew like
             | crazy since the 2008 financial crisis while inflation-
             | adjusted the EU barely moved.
             | 
             | At some point people should do well to wonder if the EU
             | construct ain't the root cause of the problem.
        
           | surgical_fire wrote:
           | Hungary can leave the EU if it wants. Article 50 exists for
           | this.
           | 
           | If it wants to stay in the EU it has to adhere to the bloc
           | rules. It is not forced to stay in the EU (and, in fact,
           | getting rid of Orban would not be such a bad idea). Hungexit
           | when?
        
             | RobotToaster wrote:
             | Why leave when you can just keep breaking the rules and
             | wait for the EU to kick you out?
        
             | maartenh wrote:
             | Elections are happening soon (April). It's not clear at all
             | Orban will win this round of elections, see e.g.
             | https://apnews.com/article/hungary-orban-magyar-rival-
             | rallie...
        
             | joe_mamba wrote:
             | _> If it wants to stay in the EU it has to adhere to the
             | bloc rules._
             | 
             | What are you supposed to do when the bloc rules imposed
             | upon you now, are not the ones that were agreed upon when
             | you joined? Imagine your landlord or employer changes your
             | contract without your consent and just tells you to walk if
             | you don't like it. It wouldn't be legal anyway, but it
             | would also be a dick move. I'm old enough to see how the EU
             | of today is not the same it was just 20 years ago.
             | 
             | @dosinga False. All those examples you gave, require
             | bilateral agreement to be legal. At least in Europe. You
             | can't unilaterally change a contract for both parties.
        
               | dosinga wrote:
               | Employers and landlords do that sort of thing all the
               | time. Rent goes up, job descriptions change, return to
               | office is suddenly required. And yeah, you can get a
               | different job or a different home if you don't like it.
        
               | victorbjorklund wrote:
               | You are free to leave EU just like any other agreement.
        
               | layer8 wrote:
               | States joining the EU agree to transfer some of their
               | competences to the EU, in exchange for the benefits that
               | being a member brings. They participate democratically in
               | the EU decisions like every other member state. They even
               | have veto powers in some cases. If they feel that it
               | isn't worth it anymore, they are free to leave.
        
             | woodpanel wrote:
             | Oh we all saw the true colors of the glorious and open and
             | free-to-leave EU when Brits wanted to leave.
        
               | victorbjorklund wrote:
               | Yes, they were free to leave. No one stopped them from
               | leaving the free trade area and having the exact same
               | status as any other random country in the world. Or did
               | you mean that Uk wanted to leave EU but keep all the good
               | benefits? Like canceling Netflix and bitching about not
               | being able to watch the latest series.
        
               | woodpanel wrote:
               | sure. It did just take 3 simple elections over many
               | years, with open antagonizing, fearmongering and
               | interference by the EU until they accepted defeat.
        
               | riffraff wrote:
               | Yes we did, the UK just left.
        
         | layer8 wrote:
         | It's a mix, some competences lie more with the EU, some remain
         | more, or exclusively, with the member states: https://en.wikipe
         | dia.org/wiki/Competences_of_the_European_Un.... Importantly,
         | foreign policy and defense lies more with the member states. In
         | addition, proposals by the European Commission must be approved
         | by the Council (consisting of executives of all member states)
         | in a qualified majority (at least 55% of member states and
         | representing at least 65% of the total EU population) or in
         | some cases unanimously.
        
         | mrtksn wrote:
         | EU is not a sovereign entity or a state but it needs to be and
         | this is one step in that direction. EU eurocrats worked with
         | the people affected of this and put together a proposal and the
         | elected officials of each member state will vote on this.
         | 
         | Anyway, I don't know about the exact wiring of this but an
         | alternative can be to create a virtual country with its own
         | law, sign a trade agreement with the country to give it full
         | access to the EU market and even some special rights and
         | achieve the same effect of getting rid of the regulations and
         | bureaucracy. These arrangements can be very interesting, like
         | the City of London which is like a country inside London that
         | is actually a corporation. Very weird things are possible.
        
         | riffraff wrote:
         | You could setup a European company (SE) for 20 years or so,
         | this is a new kind that solves some of the issues that one had.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societas_Europaea
        
         | oytis wrote:
         | You can easily hire a person from Ohio to work for your company
         | incorporated in California without having a separate legal
         | entity in Ohio. Not the case in EU.
        
         | skissane wrote:
         | > Even in the US, you can't set up a corporation at the federal
         | level:
         | 
         | This is only because the drafters of the US constitution didn't
         | think to list corporations law as an enumerated power of
         | Congress - I don't think they omitted it out of an ideological
         | conviction, simply because nobody thought of it at the time.
         | That said, given SCOTUS' expansive reading of the interstate
         | commerce clause, there's a decent chance SCOTUS would let them
         | get away with a federal corporations law, but they've never had
         | the political will to attempt a general federal incorporation
         | law
         | 
         | The drafters of the Australian constitution did list
         | corporations law as a power of the federal government-but they
         | were working over a century later, and they studied the US
         | system intently to try to identify what worked and what
         | mistakes to avoid. However, it took until 1989 for a federal
         | corporations law to be enacted, and then the High Court ruled
         | in 1990 that the new federal corporations law was
         | unconstitutional, because the corporations power in the
         | constitution only authorised federal regulation of existing
         | domestic corporations, not the act of incorporating them -
         | however, this was fixed by a federal-state agreement
         | voluntarily ceding corporations law power to the Commonwealth
         | (this is another innovation the Australian constitution has
         | compared to the US - the ability of the federal level to gain
         | new enumerated powers without constitutional amendment, by the
         | states voluntarily agreeing to cede them)
        
       | dmitrygr wrote:
       | > The objective is to enable innovative companies to operate
       | under a single, harmonised set of EU-wide rules, covering
       | relevant aspects of corporate, insolvency, labour and tax law.
       | 
       | A good idea in theory
       | 
       | > legal framework provides faster (within 48 hours), cheaper
       | (maximum EUR 100) and fully digital company registration,
       | simplified procedures throughout the company life cycle
       | 
       | Did not expect this
       | 
       | .
       | 
       | If they deliver, this might actually make startups in europe a
       | bit more common
        
         | echelon wrote:
         | > If they deliver, this might actually make startups in europe
         | a bit more common
         | 
         | Just in time for AI to make startups no longer possible for
         | labor capital to undertake as financial capital alone (plus the
         | hyperscalers) take the reigns.
         | 
         | Once there's a $1M Claude Code button to implement an entire
         | business, it's over. Engineeers and business folks and the
         | startup hustle are over.
         | 
         | I was hoping open source would save us, but it's not keeping
         | pace with the leading edge of foundation models. Plus the
         | hyperscalers own all of the infrastructure to run and scale
         | anyhow. Piddly RTX cards are nothing in the face of this.
         | 
         | This is tech (and humanity's) final "embrace, extend,
         | extinguish".
         | 
         | This is the last few years of startups.
        
           | tfourb wrote:
           | Brick and mortar stores, as well as service oriented
           | businesses do exist and will continue to do so for the
           | foreseeable future. Tech is not the entirety of business.
        
           | nradov wrote:
           | Nah. Very few start-ups succeed or fail because of speed of
           | writing code, or lack thereof. And there is huge opportunity
           | in areas where LLMs are barely helpful at all: for example
           | new low-cost guided missiles (disruptive innovation in
           | military affairs).
        
       | jjmorrison wrote:
       | The only antidote to bureaucracy is more bureaucracy.
        
         | johannes1234321 wrote:
         | Well, this part of bureaucracy tries to provide a single
         | bureaucracy instead of 27 different ones.
        
           | woadwarrior01 wrote:
           | I think the question really is: What's better? One giant
           | bureaucracy or 27 smaller (and competing) bureaucracies?
        
             | ronsor wrote:
             | Well, we've proven the 27 smaller, competing bureaucracies
             | are creating plenty of their own issues. It's not like the
             | US where 50 states (and yet more territories) actually
             | compete on simplifying corporate law and offering strategic
             | advantages.
             | 
             | Corporate law is inherently somewhat bureaucratic; better
             | simplify it and unify it if proven necessary.
        
             | okanat wrote:
             | Bureaucracies are not in competition though. They are
             | intended monopolies. For a prospective company they are
             | investment options, larger countries usually have larger
             | bureaucracies but also larger labor markets.
        
           | brainwad wrote:
           | The second such attempt - there's also Societas Europaea.
        
       | sherlock_h wrote:
       | Even if it falls short on the ideal implementation via a
       | regulation rather than a directive (the former mandating all
       | states to adhere to a single implementation and the latter
       | defining a framework that can be implemented by member states)
       | this is still a huge accomplishment and a step in the right
       | direction.
       | 
       | And all done as a grass roots effort from a few dedicated and
       | motivated folks like Andreas Klinger.
        
       | jongjong wrote:
       | I don't like the limited liability construct. There needs to be
       | full liability shared between all stakeholders.
        
         | krisknez wrote:
         | Who does this?
        
           | jacquesm wrote:
           | That's the point: nobody except for dentists and lawyers. But
           | it should be the norm.
        
             | jongjong wrote:
             | Yeah it's interesting. For any activity where rich people
             | care about outcomes, suddenly they want full liability.
             | 
             | We need to say no to diffuse harms and concentrated gains.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | The biggest problem is the privatized gains/societal
               | expenses. That's where the real accidents happen and with
               | liability for shareholders and execs you can bet that a
               | lot of corporate crime would simply never happen in the
               | first place.
        
         | nradov wrote:
         | Well if you want to kill all innovation and economic growth
         | then full shareholder liability is one way to do it.
        
           | jongjong wrote:
           | What kinds of innovations require protecting people from
           | being held liable for harms that they participated in?
           | Economic growth for whom and at whose expense?
        
             | lucketone wrote:
             | Its complicated.
             | 
             | - It would discourage share buying.
             | 
             | - somebody with control packet can do terrible things,
             | while minority stock owners have no impact. Blame
             | attribution might be tricky.
        
         | victorbjorklund wrote:
         | So just use a partnership?
        
         | woodpanel wrote:
         | This take basically defies every entrepreneurial experience as
         | well as commercial history of the last 100s of years.
        
       | pier25 wrote:
       | So this basically makes the Estonian e-residency program
       | obsolete?
        
       | geff82 wrote:
       | Will I be able to freely move between EU countries when I own
       | such a company or will Germany tax 340% of the average profit of
       | the last three years for doing so as they do now? People with
       | German GmbH are essentially unable to move anywhere.
        
         | storus wrote:
         | I think you know the answer already. Another half-baked
         | initiative. I can't imagine countries willingly losing their
         | tax revenues.
        
           | sauercrowd wrote:
           | half baked? disagree, doing EU is hard - it's a bunch of
           | fully sovereign countries trying/having to agree, and we're
           | still figuring out how that could work.
           | 
           | We'll need a bunch of steps like that, to get closer to the
           | efficiencies we're hoping for.
        
         | riffraff wrote:
         | This is a legal framework, not a fiscal one, so presumably no.
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | > 340%
         | 
         | Holy crap.
         | 
         | > People with German GmbH are essentially unable to move
         | anywhere.
         | 
         | Well, that's not entirely true, but I can see how it might
         | complicate things considerably.
        
         | golem14 wrote:
         | You can move _before_ you make a profit however ? Seems quite
         | self defeating for Germany - all the companies that are about
         | to break out will move out just before hitting profitability ?
         | 
         | Noice!
         | 
         | (I'm of course spitballing ;)
        
         | woodpanel wrote:
         | Unfortunately the foundational thinking behind this runs deep
         | in German culture, stemming from the social upheaval of the
         | early 1800s when a foreign colonizer introduced the (already
         | natively sought) end of the estate system as a way to pit
         | Germans against each other (and gain loyalists). The resulting
         | loss of privileges agitated the heirs towards successful
         | entrepreneurs: Labeling them as Traitors, Jews, and people that
         | didn't deserve it. As modern Anti-Semitism was born out of this
         | so was the tendency to see success of others with contempt and
         | failure with glee. Though things have improved, you can still
         | notice it.
         | 
         | Apart from that: How is that de-facto locking in of individuals
         | compatible with the EU's foundational freedom of movement?
        
       | ant6n wrote:
       | I was looking into using tokenize.it to get some of these
       | benefits for a German GmbH. But I guess this eu inc will take
       | years beige it exists.
        
       | kkfx wrote:
       | Another take to deny the need of a POLITICAL union. Anyway a
       | large slice of the issue lay in the many different social
       | security systems, the vastly different inheritance tax regimes
       | (zero inheritance tax for some states, over 80% for others) and
       | so on, having a company that exists as a state unto itself, but
       | with employees from another state subject to its rules, doesn't
       | simplify things; it only complicates them.
       | 
       | What is needed is the arrest of the Commission for a coup d'etat
       | and high treason, with its powers being transferred to the
       | European Parliament.
        
       | igoy_k62 wrote:
       | good read. thanks for sharing
        
       | iknowstuff wrote:
       | Would you invest in e.g. a Croatian startup?
       | 
       | I bet not, because you don't know their laws, and you don't want
       | to litigate in Croatian. You also don't know the tax implications
       | and chance is you will only find out when it's too late.
       | 
       | So if an EU Inc happens, it needs to be based on a shared English
       | law, otherwise it doesn't change much
        
       ___________________________________________________________________
       (page generated 2026-03-18 23:01 UTC)