[HN Gopher] Why AI systems don't learn - On autonomous learning ...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Why AI systems don't learn - On autonomous learning from cognitive
       science
        
       Author : aanet
       Score  : 169 points
       Date   : 2026-03-17 21:42 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (arxiv.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (arxiv.org)
        
       | aanet wrote:
       | by Emmanuel Dupoux, Yann LeCun, Jitendra Malik
       | 
       | "he proposed framework integrates learning from observation
       | (System A) and learning from active behavior (System B) while
       | flexibly switching between these learning modes as a function of
       | internally generated meta-control signals (System M). We discuss
       | how this could be built by taking inspiration on how organisms
       | adapt to real-world, dynamic environments across evolutionary and
       | developmental timescales. "
        
         | dasil003 wrote:
         | If this was done well in a way that was productive for
         | corporate work, I suspect the AI would engage in Machievelian
         | maneuvering and deception that would make typical sociopathic
         | CEOs look like Mister Rogers in comparison. And I'm not sure
         | our legal and social structures have the capacity to absorb
         | that without very very bad things happening.
        
           | marsten wrote:
           | Agents playing the iterated prisoner's dilemma learn to
           | cooperate. It's usually not a dominant strategy to be
           | entirely sociopathic when other players are involved.
        
             | ehnto wrote:
             | You don't get that many iterations in the real world
             | though, and if one of your first iterations is particularly
             | bad you don't get any more iterations.
        
               | cortesoft wrote:
               | But AI will train in the artificial world
        
               | ehnto wrote:
               | They still fail in the real world, where a single failure
               | can be highly consequential. AI coding is lucky it has
               | early failure modes, pretty low consequence. But I don't
               | see how that looks for an autonomous management agent
               | with arbitrary metrics as goals.
               | 
               | Anyone doing AI coding can tell you once an agent gets on
               | the wrong path, it can get very confused and is usually
               | irrecoverable. What does that look like in other
               | contexts? Is restarting the process from scratch even
               | possible in other types of work, or is that unique to
               | only some kinds of work?
        
               | naasking wrote:
               | > You don't get that many iterations in the real world
               | though
               | 
               | True, for iterations between the same two players, but
               | humans evolved the ability to communicate and so can
               | share the results of past interactions through a network
               | with other agents, aka a reputation. Thus any interaction
               | with a new person doesn't start from a neutral prior.
        
           | gotwaz wrote:
           | Not just CEOs, Legal and social structures will also be run
           | by AI. Chimps with 3 inch brains cant handle the level of
           | complexity global systems are currently producing.
        
           | AdieuToLogic wrote:
           | > If this was done well in a way that was productive for
           | corporate work, I suspect the AI would engage in Machievelian
           | maneuvering and deception that would make typical sociopathic
           | CEOs look like Mister Rogers in comparison.
           | 
           | Algorithms do not possess ethics nor morality[0] and
           | therefore cannot engage in Machiavellianism[1]. At best,
           | algorithms can simulate same as pioneered by ELIZA[2], from
           | which the ELIZA effect[3] could be argued as being one of the
           | best known forms of anthropomorphism.
           | 
           | 0 - https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/ethics-and-
           | moralit...
           | 
           | 1 -
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavellianism_(psychology)
           | 
           | 2 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA
           | 
           | 3 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA_effect
        
             | qsera wrote:
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA_effect
             | 
             | >As Weizenbaum later wrote, "I had not realized ... that
             | extremely short exposures to a relatively simple computer
             | program could induce powerful delusional thinking in quite
             | normal people."...
             | 
             | That pretty much explain the AI Hysteria that we observe
             | today.
        
               | reverius42 wrote:
               | ELIZA couldn't write working code from an English-
               | language prompt though.
               | 
               | I think the "AI Hysteria" comes more from current LLMs
               | being actually good at replacing a lot of activity that
               | coders are used to doing regularly. I wonder what
               | Weizenbaum would think of Claude or ChatGPT.
        
               | qsera wrote:
               | >ELIZA couldn't write working code from an English-
               | language prompt though.
               | 
               | Yea, that is kind of the point. Even such a system could
               | trick people into delusional thinking.
               | 
               | > actually good at replacing a lot of activity that
               | coders are used to...
               | 
               | I think even that is unrealistic. But that is not what I
               | was thinking. I was thinking when people say that current
               | LLMs will go on improving and reach some kind of real
               | human like intelligence. And ELIZA effect provides a
               | prefect explanation for this.
               | 
               | It is very curious that this effect is the perfect thing
               | for scamming investors who are typically bought into such
               | claims, but under ELIZA effect with this, they will do
               | 10x or 100x investment....
        
               | ACCount37 wrote:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_effect
               | 
               | >It's part of the history of the field of artificial
               | intelligence that every time somebody figured out how to
               | make a computer do something--play good checkers, solve
               | simple but relatively informal problems--there was a
               | chorus of critics to say, 'that's not thinking'.
               | 
               | That pretty much explains the "it's not real AI" hysteria
               | that we observe today.
               | 
               | And what is "AI effect", really? It's a coping mechanism.
               | A way for silly humans to keep pretending like they are
               | unique and special - the only thing in the whole world
               | that can be truly intelligent. Rejecting an ever-growing
               | pile of evidence pointing otherwise.
        
               | qsera wrote:
               | >there was a chorus of critics to say, 'that's not
               | thinking'.
               | 
               | And they were always right...and the other guys..always
               | wrong..
               | 
               | See, the questions is not if something is the "real ai".
               | The questions is, what can this thing realistically
               | achieve.
               | 
               | The "AI is here" crowd is always wrong because they
               | assign a much, or should I say a "delusionaly" optimistic
               | answer to that question. I think this happens because
               | they don't care to understand how it works, and just go
               | by its behavior (which is often cherry-pickly optimized
               | and hyped to the limit to rake in maximum investments).
        
               | ACCount37 wrote:
               | Anyone who says "I understand how it works" is completely
               | full of shit.
               | 
               | Modern production grade LLMs are entangled messes of
               | neural connectivity, produced by inhuman optimization
               | pressures more than intelligent design. Understanding the
               | general shape of the transformer architecture does NOT
               | automatically allow one to understand a modern 1T LLM
               | built on the top of it.
               | 
               | We can't predict the capabilities of an AI just by
               | looking at the architecture and the weights - scaling
               | laws only go so far. That's why we use evals. "Just go by
               | behavior" is the industry standard of AI evaluation, and
               | for a good damn reason. Mechanistic interpretability is
               | in the gutters, and every little glimpse of insight we
               | get from it we have to fight for uphill. We don't
               | understand AI. We can only observe it.
               | 
               | "What can this thing realistically achieve?" Beat an
               | average human on a good 90% of all tasks that were once
               | thought to "require intelligence". Including tasks like
               | NLP/NLU, tasks that were once nigh impossible for a
               | machine because "they require context and understanding".
               | Surely it was the other 10% that actually required "real
               | intelligence", surely.
               | 
               | The gaps that remain are: online learning, spatial
               | reasoning and manipulation, long horizon tasks and
               | agentic behavior.
               | 
               | The fact that everything listed has mitigations (i.e.
               | long context + in-context learning + agentic context
               | management = dollar store online learning) or training
               | improvements (multimodal training improves spatial
               | reasoning, RLVR improves agentic behavior), and the
               | performance on every metric rises release to release?
               | That sure doesn't favor "those are fundamental
               | limitations".
               | 
               | Doesn't guarantee that those be solved in LLMs, no, but
               | goes to show that it's a possibility that cannot be
               | dismissed. So far, the evidence looks more like "the
               | limitations of LLMs are not fundamental" than "the
               | current mainstream AI paradigm is fundamentally flawed
               | and will run into a hard capability wall".
        
               | qsera wrote:
               | Mm..You seem to be consider this to be some mystical
               | entity and I think that kind of delusional idea might be
               | a good indication that you are having the ELIZA effect...
               | 
               | >We don't understand AI. We can only observe it.
               | 
               | Lol what? Height of delusion!
               | 
               | > Beat an average human on a good 90% of all tasks that
               | were once thought to "require intelligence".
               | 
               | This is done by mapping those tasks to some
               | representation that an non-intelligent automation can
               | process. That is essentially what part of unsupervised
               | learning does.
        
               | qsera wrote:
               | Do yourself a favor and watch this video podcast shared
               | by the following comment very carefully..
               | 
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47421522
        
               | ACCount37 wrote:
               | Frankly, I don't buy that LeCun has that much of use to
               | say about modern AI. Certainly not enough to justify an
               | hour long podcast.
               | 
               | Don't get me wrong, he has some banger prior work, and
               | the recent SIGReg did go into my toolbox of dirty ML
               | tricks. But JEPA line is rather disappointing overall,
               | and his distaste of LLMs seems to be a product of his
               | personal aesthetic preference on research direction
               | rather than any fundamental limitations of transformers.
               | There's a reason why he got booted out of Meta - and it's
               | his failure to demonstrate results.
               | 
               | That talk of "true understanding" (define true) that he's
               | so fond of seems to be a flimsy cover for "I don't like
               | the LLM direction and that's all everyone wants to do
               | those days". He kind of has to say "LLMs are
               | fundamentally broken", because if they aren't, if better
               | training is all it takes to fix them, then, why the fuck
               | would anyone invest money into his pet non-LLM research
               | projects?
               | 
               | It is an uncharitable read, I admit. But I have very
               | little charity left for anyone who says "LLMs are
               | useless" in year 2026. Come on. Look outside. Get a
               | reality check.
        
               | qsera wrote:
               | My opinions on the matter does not come from any experts
               | and is coming from my own reason. I didn't see that video
               | before I came across that comment.
               | 
               | >"LLMs are useless" in year 2026
               | 
               | Literally no one is saying this. It is just that those
               | words are put into the mouths of the people that does not
               | share the delusional wishful thinking of the "true
               | believers" of LLM AI.
        
               | ACCount37 wrote:
               | To be honest, I would prefer "I over-index on experts who
               | were top of the line in the past but didn't stay that
               | way" over "my bad takes are entirely my own and I am
               | proud of it". The former has so much more room for
               | improvement.
               | 
               | >Literally no one is saying this.
               | 
               | Did you not just advise me to go watch a podcast full of
               | "LLMs are literally incapable of inventing new things"
               | and "LLMs are literally incapable of solving new
               | problems"?
               | 
               | I did skim the transcript. There are some very bold
               | claims made there - especially when LLMs out there roll
               | novel math and come up with novel optimizations.
               | 
               | No, not reliably. But the bar we hold human intelligence
               | to isn't that high either.
        
               | qsera wrote:
               | >my bad takes are entirely my own and I am proud of it"
               | 
               | Sure, but the same could apply to you as well.
               | 
               | >"LLMs are literally incapable of inventing new things"
               | and "LLMs are literally incapable of solving new
               | problems"?
               | 
               | You keep proving that you have trouble resolving closely
               | related ideas. Those two things that you mention does not
               | imply that they are "useless". They are a better search
               | and for software development, they are useful for reviews
               | (at least for a while). But it seems that people like you
               | can only think in binary. It is either LLMs are god like
               | AI, or they are useless.
        
             | naasking wrote:
             | > Algorithms do not possess ethics nor morality[0] and
             | therefore cannot engage in Machiavellianism[1].
             | 
             | Conjecture. There are plenty of ethical frameworks grounded
             | in pure logic (Kant), or game theory (morality as evolved
             | co-operation). These are both amenable to algorithmic
             | implementations.
        
           | tim333 wrote:
           | I was kind of worried by them going Machiavellian or evil but
           | it doesn't seem the default state for current ones, I think
           | because they are basically trained on the whole internet
           | which has a lot of be nice type stuff. No doubt some
           | individual humans my try to make them go that way though.
           | 
           | I guess it would depend a bit whos interests the AI would be
           | serving. If serving the shareholders it would probably reward
           | creating value for customers, but if it was serving an
           | individual manager competing with others to be CEO say then
           | the optimum strategy might be to go machiavellian on the
           | rivals.
        
             | estearum wrote:
             | > I think because they are basically trained on the whole
             | internet which has a lot of be nice type stuff.
             | 
             | Is this not just because their goals are currently to be
             | seen as "nice"?
             | 
             | Surely they can be not-nice if directed to, and then the
             | question is just whether someone can accidentally direct
             | them to do that by e.g. setting up goals that can be more
             | readily achieved by being not-nice. Which... is how many
             | goals in the real world are, which is why the very concept
             | and danger of Machiavellianism exists.
        
         | iFire wrote:
         | https://github.com/plastic-labs/honcho has the idea of one
         | sided observations for RAG.
        
       | beernet wrote:
       | The paper's critique of the 'data wall' and language-centrism is
       | spot on. We've been treating AI training like an assembly line
       | where the machine is passive, and then we wonder why it fails in
       | non-stationary environments. It's the ultimate 'padded room'
       | architecture: the model is isolated from reality and relies on
       | human-curated data to even function.
       | 
       | The proposed System M (Meta-control) is a nice theoretical fix,
       | but the implementation is where the wheels usually come off.
       | Integrating observation (A) and action (B) sounds great until the
       | agent starts hallucinating its own feedback loops. Unless we can
       | move away from this 'outsourced learning' where humans have to
       | fix every domain mismatch, we're just building increasingly
       | expensive parrots. I'm skeptical if 'bilevel optimization' is
       | enough to bridge that gap or if we're just adding another layer
       | of complexity to a fundamentally limited transformer
       | architecture.
        
       | jdkee wrote:
       | LeCun has been talking about his JEPA models for awhile.
       | 
       | https://ai.meta.com/blog/yann-lecun-ai-model-i-jepa/
        
         | Xunjin wrote:
         | In this podcast episode[0] he does talk about this kind of
         | model and how it "learns about physics" through experience
         | instead of just ingesting theorical material.
         | 
         | It's quite eye opening.
         | 
         | 0. https://youtu.be/qvNCVYkHKfg
        
           | aurareturn wrote:
           | The way I see it, the "world models" he wants to train
           | require a magnitude more compute than what LLM training
           | requires since physical data is likely much more unstructured
           | than internet data.
           | 
           | He raised $1b but that seems way too little to buy enough
           | compute to train.
           | 
           | My bet is that OpenAI or Anthropic or both will eventually
           | train the model that he always wanted because they will use
           | revenue from LLMs to train a world model.
        
       | zhangchen wrote:
       | Has anyone tried implementing something like System M's meta-
       | control switching in practice? Curious how you'd handle the
       | reward signal for deciding when to switch between observation and
       | active exploration without it collapsing into one mode.
        
         | robot-wrangler wrote:
         | > Curious how you'd handle the reward signal for deciding when
         | to switch between observation and active exploration without it
         | collapsing into one mode.
         | 
         | If you like biomimetic approaches to computer science, there's
         | evidence that we want something besides neural networks.
         | Whether we call such secondary systems emotions, hormones, or
         | whatnot doesn't really matter much if the dynamics are useful.
         | It seems at least possible that studying alignment-related
         | topics is going to get us closer than any perspective that's
         | purely focused on learning. Coincidentally quanta is on some
         | related topics today: https://www.quantamagazine.org/once-
         | thought-to-support-neuro...
        
           | t-writescode wrote:
           | Or possibly "in addition to", yeah. I think this is where it
           | needs to go. We can't keep training HUGE neural networks
           | every 3 months and throw out all the work we did and the
           | billions of dollars in gear and training just to use another
           | model a few months.
           | 
           | That loops is unsustainable. Active learning needs to be
           | discovered / created.
        
             | exe34 wrote:
             | if that's the arguement for active learning, wouldn't it
             | also apply in that case? it learns something and 5 minutes
             | later my old prompts are useless.
        
               | t-writescode wrote:
               | That depends on the goals of the prompts you use with the
               | LLM:
               | 
               | * as a glorified natural language processor (like I have
               | done), you'll probably be fine, maybe
               | 
               | * as someone to communicate with, you'll also probably be
               | fine
               | 
               | * as a *very* basic prompt-follower? Like, natural
               | language processing-level of prompt "find me the
               | important words", etc. Probably fine, or close enough.
               | 
               | * as a robust prompt system with complicated logic each
               | prompt? Yes, it will begin to fail catastrophically,
               | especially if you're wanting to be repeatable.
               | 
               | I'm not sure that the general public is that interested
               | in perfectly repeatable work, though. I think they're
               | looking for consistent and improving work.
        
               | naasking wrote:
               | I don't think old prompts would become useless. A few
               | studies have shown that prompt crafting is important
               | because LLMs often misidentify the user's _intent_.
               | Presumably an AI that is learning continuously will
               | simply get better at inferring intent, therefore any
               | prompts that were effective before will continue to be
               | effective, it will simply grow its ability to infer
               | intent from a larger class of prompts.
        
           | fallous wrote:
           | The question is does this eventually lead us back to genetic
           | programming and can we adequately avoid the problems of over-
           | fitting to specific hardware that tended to crop up in the
           | past?
        
       | tranchms wrote:
       | We are rediscovering Cybernetics
        
         | walterbell wrote:
         | Biological Computer Laboratory (1958-1976),
         | https://web.archive.org/web/20190829234412/http://bcl.ece.il...
        
         | QuesnayJr wrote:
         | It's striking how cybernetics has gone from dated to timely.
        
         | internet_points wrote:
         | I've tried figuring out what the big deal about cybernetics
         | was, but I always come away with a feeling of it being a bit
         | wish-washy. Is it a bit like Philosophy in that it birthed
         | individual fields that were inspired by and made applications
         | of the thoughts, models and ideas laid out by its forebears? Or
         | were there actual proofs, discoveries or applications in the
         | field itself?
         | 
         | (I guess one could call projects like
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cybersyn an "application"
         | of its ideas, though cut off before one could see the results.)
        
           | tryauuum wrote:
           | bookmarking in case someone posts an answer
        
       | Frannky wrote:
       | Can I run it?
        
       | Animats wrote:
       | Not learning from new input may be a feature. Back in 2016
       | Microsoft launched one that did, and after one day of talking on
       | Twitter it sounded like 4chan.[1] If all input is believed
       | equally, there's a problem.
       | 
       | Today's locked-down pre-trained models at least have some
       | consistency.
       | 
       | [1] https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35890188
        
         | Earw0rm wrote:
         | Incredible to accomplish that in a day - it took the rest of
         | the world another decade to make Twitter sound like 4chan, but
         | thanks to Elon we got there in the end.
        
           | TeMPOraL wrote:
           | This has little to do with the bot, and everything with this
           | being the heyday of Twitter shitstorms; we didn't have any
           | social immunity to people getting offended about random
           | things on-line, and others getting recursively offended, and
           | then "adults" in news publishing treating that seriously and
           | converting random Twitter pileups into stock movements.
           | 
           | In a decade since then, things got marginally better, and
           | such events wouldn't play out so fast and so intensely in
           | 2026.
        
             | giancarlostoro wrote:
             | > In a decade since then, things got marginally better, and
             | such events wouldn't play out so fast and so intensely in
             | 2026.
             | 
             | Are you saying the internet would not do it again, or
             | Microsoft would not do the same approach? Because I think
             | the internet would absolutely do it again.
        
               | TeMPOraL wrote:
               | I'm saying that the Internet would try, but it would be
               | less of a deal, because idiots feigning offense on the
               | Internet are not new anymore, people got a bit bored of
               | it over the past decade, so it doesn't command as much
               | attention anymore.
        
               | giancarlostoro wrote:
               | Ah I understand now. Thanks for the clarification! I
               | agree.
        
         | vasco wrote:
         | That one 4chan troll delayed the launch of LLM like stuff by
         | Google for about 6 years. At least that's what I attribute it
         | to.
        
         | bsjshshsb wrote:
         | Yes I like that /clear starts me at zero again and that feels
         | nice but I am scared that'll go away.
         | 
         | Like when Google wasn't personalized so rank 3 for me is rank 3
         | for you. I like that predictability.
         | 
         | Obviously ignoring temperature but that is kinda ok with me.
        
         | armchairhacker wrote:
         | I think models should be "forked", and learn from subsets of
         | input and themselves. Furthermore, individuals (or at least
         | small groups) should have their own LLMs.
         | 
         | Sameness is bad for an LLM like it's bad for a culture or
         | species. Susceptible to the same tricks / memetic viruses /
         | physical viruses, slow degradation (model collapse) and no
         | improvement. I think we should experiment with different
         | models, then take output from the best to train new ones, then
         | repeat, like natural selection.
         | 
         | And sameness is mediocre. LLMs are boring, and in most tasks
         | only almost as good as humans. Giving them the ability to learn
         | may enable them to be "creative" and perform more tasks beyond
         | humans.
        
         | moffkalast wrote:
         | Yeah deep learning treats any training data as the absolute god
         | given ground truth and will completely restructure the model to
         | fit the dumbest shit you feed it.
         | 
         | The first LLMs were utter crap because of that, but once you
         | have just one that's good enough it can be used for dataset
         | filtering and everything gets exponentially better once the
         | data is self consistent enough for there to be non-
         | contradictory patterns to learn that don't ruin the gradient.
        
         | shevy-java wrote:
         | > Back in 2016 Microsoft launched one that did, and after one
         | day of talking on Twitter it sounded like 4chan.[1] If all
         | input is believed equally, there's a problem.
         | 
         | Well it shows that most humans degrades into 4chan eventually.
         | AI just learned from that. :)
         | 
         | If aliens ever arrive here, send an AI to greet them. They will
         | think we are totally deranged.
        
         | InfiniteLoup wrote:
         | I was always curious about how Tay worked technically, since it
         | was build before the Transformers era.
         | 
         | Was it based on a specific scientific paper or research?
         | 
         | The controversy surrounding it seemed to have polluted any
         | search for a technical breakdown or a discussion, or the
         | insights gained from it.
        
           | Kye wrote:
           | https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2016/03/25/learning-tays-
           | in...
           | 
           | https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.08989
        
           | mapmeld wrote:
           | People have tried to suss this out on the ML subreddit, and
           | it is confusing. _Most_ of the worst messages from Tay were
           | just people discovering a  "repeat after me: __" function, so
           | it's hard just to figure out which Tay messages to consider
           | as responses of the model.
           | 
           | There seems to have been interest in a model which would pick
           | up language and style of its conversations (not actually
           | learning information or looking up facts). If you haven't
           | trained an LSTM model before - you could train on
           | Shakespeare's plays and get out ye olde English in a
           | screenplay format, but from line to line there was no
           | consistency in plot, characters, entrances and exits, etc. in
           | a way which you'd expect after GPT-2. Twitter would be good
           | for keeping a short-form conversation. So I believe Tay and
           | the Watson that appeared on Jeopardy are more from this
           | 'classical NLP' thinking and not proto-LLMs, if that makes
           | sense.
        
         | armoredkitten wrote:
         | Exactly. The notion of online learning is not new, but that
         | approach cedes _a lot_ of control to unknown forces. From a
         | theoretical standpoint, this paper is interesting, there are
         | definitely interesting questions to explore about how we could
         | make an AI that learns autonomously. But in most production
         | contexts, it 's not desirable.
         | 
         | Imagine deploying a software product that changes over time in
         | unknown ways -- could be good changes, could be bad, who knows?
         | This goes beyond even making changes to a live system, it's
         | letting the system react to the stream of data coming in and
         | _make changes to itself._
         | 
         | It's much preferable to lock down a model that is working well,
         | release that, and then continue efforts to develop something
         | better behind the scenes. It lets you treat it more like a
         | software product with defined versions, release dates, etc.,
         | rather than some evolving organism.
        
       | est wrote:
       | "don't learn" might be a good feature from a business point of
       | view
       | 
       | Imagine if AI learns all your source code and apply them to your
       | competitor /facepalm
        
       | utopiah wrote:
       | I remember a joke from few years ago that was showing an "AI"
       | that was "learning" on its "own" which meant periodically
       | starting from scratch with a new training set curated by a large
       | team of researchers themselves relying on huge teams (far away)
       | of annotators.
       | 
       | TL;DR: depends where you defined the boundaries of your "system".
        
         | p_v_doom wrote:
         | I think from a proper systemic view that joke is more correct
         | than not. AI is just the frontend of people ...
        
       | krinne wrote:
       | But doesnt existing AI systems already learn in some way ? Like
       | the training steps are actually the AI learning already. If you
       | have your training material being setup by something like claude
       | code, then it kind of is already autonomous learning.
        
         | LovelyButterfly wrote:
         | Most, if not all, commercially available AI models are doing
         | offline learning. The cognition is a skill that is only
         | possible on online learning which is the autonomous part the
         | authors refer to, that is, learning by observing, interacting.
         | 
         | In that sense the "autonomous" part you said simply meant that
         | the data source is coming from a different place, but the model
         | itself is not free to explore with a knowledge base to deduce
         | from, but rather infer on what is provided to it.
        
           | reverius42 wrote:
           | > The cognition is a skill that is only possible on online
           | learning which is the autonomous part the authors refer to,
           | that is, learning by observing, interacting.
           | 
           | This is the "Claude Code" part, or even the ChatGPT (web
           | interface/app) part. Large context window full of relevant
           | context. Auto-summarization of memories and inclusion in
           | context. Tool calling. Web searching.
           | 
           | If not LLMs, I think we can say that those systems that use
           | them in an "agentic" way perhaps have cognition?
        
             | troupo wrote:
             | No, no they don't. Actual learning _survives_ beyond
             | "sufficient context window".
             | 
             | Start a new chat, and the "agentic" system will be as
             | clueless as before
        
               | reverius42 wrote:
               | They can write to the filesystem, and future instances
               | can read it (and write more). The agentic system does not
               | remain as clueless as its LLM's first instantiation.
        
               | nullpoint420 wrote:
               | Do you need a notebook to remember who you are? The point
               | is to update the model weights so it learns.
        
               | troupo wrote:
               | _Memento_ notebooks are not learning
        
             | LovelyButterfly wrote:
             | > This is the "Claude Code" part, or even the ChatGPT (web
             | interface/app) part. Large context window full of relevant
             | context. Auto-summarization of memories and inclusion in
             | context. Tool calling. Web searching.
             | 
             | From what I've been learning in my uni, this is said pre-
             | programmed. Cognition is really the ability from, out of no
             | context, no knowledge of what you are capable of, to learn
             | something. These tool calling and web searching are, in the
             | end, MCP functions provided by the LLM provider themselves.
             | 
             | It's an entire academic discussion, about how things start.
             | For example babies: they someone have a knowledge base on
             | how to breath, how to cry, but they have absolute no
             | knowledge on how to speak and it learns by the interactions
             | with the parents.
             | 
             | LLMs try as much as they can create this by inference and
             | pre-programmed functions, but they don't have a graph of
             | memories with utility to weight their relevance in the
             | context. As others said, the context window dies as soon as
             | you close the session.
             | 
             | They also don't have the epistemic approach that is to know
             | that another agent knows about something just by observing
             | the environment they were all put in.
        
         | imtringued wrote:
         | If you let the AI train on your prompts it will actually learn
         | indirectly. It is still offline learning though.
        
       | logicchains wrote:
       | There's already a model capable of autonomous learning on the
       | small scale, just nobody's tried to scale it up yet:
       | https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.05780
        
       | lovebite4u_ai wrote:
       | claude is learning very fast
        
       | followin_io82 wrote:
       | good read. thanks for sharing
        
       | himata4113 wrote:
       | Eh, honestly? We're not that far away from models training
       | themselves (opus 4.6 and codex 5.3 were both 'instrumental' in
       | training themselves).
       | 
       | They're capable enough to put themselves in a loop and create
       | improvement which often includes processing new learnings from
       | bruteforcing. It's not in real-time, but that probably a good
       | thing if anyone remembers microsofts twitter attempt.
        
         | tim333 wrote:
         | I was thinking in the same way that the human brain's design
         | came about from evolutionary trial and error, we may be close
         | to a situation where we can do something like that for the
         | artificial neural networks and have the computers improve them
         | by fiddling about.
        
       | shevy-java wrote:
       | The whole AI field is a misnomer. It stole so much from
       | neurobiology.
       | 
       | However had, there will come a time when AI will really learn. My
       | prediction is that it will come with a different hardware; you
       | already see huge strides here with regards to synthetic biology.
       | While this focuses more on biology still, you'll eventually see a
       | bridging effort; cyborg novels paved the way. Once you have real
       | hardware that can learn, you'll also have real intelligence in AI
       | too.
        
       | Garlef wrote:
       | I think restrcicting this discussion to LLMs - as it is often
       | done - misses the point: LLMs + harnesses can actually learn.
       | 
       | That's why I think the term "system" as used in the paper is much
       | better.
        
         | troupo wrote:
         | > LLMs + harnesses can actually learn.
         | 
         | No. No, they don't
        
       | theptip wrote:
       | It's interesting, LeCun seems to have a blind spot around in-
       | context learning. I didn't find one mention in this paper (only
       | skimmed the full paper so far so may have missed), which is odd
       | as it is the way that agents come closest to autonomous learning
       | in the real world.
       | 
       | I would say his core point does still apply; autonomous learning
       | is not solved by ICL. But it seems a strawman to ignore the topic
       | entirely and focus on training.
       | 
       | From what I see on the ground, some degree of autonomous learning
       | is possible; Agents can already be set up to use meta-learning
       | skills for skill authoring, introspection, rumination, etc - but
       | these loops are not very effective currently.
       | 
       | I wonder if this is the myopic viewpoint of a scientist who
       | doesn't engage with the engineering of how these systems are
       | actually used in the real world (ie "my work is done once Llama
       | is released with X score on Y eval") which results in a markedly
       | different stance than the guys like Sutskever, Karpathy, Amodei
       | who have built end-to-end systems and optimized for
       | customer/business outcomes.
        
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