[HN Gopher] The Windows 95 user interface: A case study in usabi...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       The Windows 95 user interface: A case study in usability
       engineering (1996)
        
       Author : ksec
       Score  : 337 points
       Date   : 2026-02-28 22:19 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (dl.acm.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (dl.acm.org)
        
       | leonidasv wrote:
       | Past discussion:
       | 
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12330899
        
         | tomhow wrote:
         | Thanks! Macroexpanded...
         | 
         |  _The Windows 95 User Interface: A Case Study in Usability
         | Engineering (1996)_ -
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12330899 - Aug 2016 (72
         | comments)
        
       | VerifiedReports wrote:
       | Look how crisp, professional, and usable it all is.
       | 
       | This is a very good write-up. There's no way this level of
       | testing and dedication could have resulted in the execrable
       | shitshow that is Windows today.
       | 
       | Mac OS is going backward with accelerating speed, too. They had
       | just started to recover from Jony Ive when they put a packaging
       | designer in charge of UI... resulting in the "Liquid Glass"
       | debacle, and all the other incompetent UI changes that
       | accompanied Tahoe's rollout.
        
         | virtue3 wrote:
         | I hate liquid glass with a burning passion. I've never
         | understood why people get so irritated at design changes until
         | now.
        
           | titzer wrote:
           | Sadly, it won't be the last time you'll feel that angry
           | passion.
        
           | Telaneo wrote:
           | Welcome to the club. We all hate it here.
        
           | josephg wrote:
           | Ugh I couldn't agree more. The new macos feels like a step
           | backwards on many fronts. I'm going to delay updating my mac
           | for as long as I can.
           | 
           | I wonder if its nearly time to say goodbye to the apple
           | ecosystem. Those framework laptops look snazzy.
        
         | gedy wrote:
         | I like to jest that packaging designer would of course wrap
         | things in clear plastic...
        
         | titzer wrote:
         | To be fair, Apple has always had a penchant for removing
         | important features because they don't like how they look. I
         | cannot count how many times I got a CD/DVD stuck in a Mac, and
         | due to a lack of physical eject button and the software eject
         | button _not working_ , resorted to the emergency eject
         | sequences. Just put a button to eject the disk, ffs.
        
           | bigstrat2003 wrote:
           | Apple has long been a "style over substance" company,
           | unfortunately. Not always (I mean, you couldn't accuse the
           | Apple II of being stylish for example), but certainly since
           | the year 2000 at least. It has often meant that their
           | products were less pleasant to use because someone refused to
           | add functionality that wasn't as sleek-looking.
        
             | bitwize wrote:
             | The Apple II was more stylish than any other personal
             | computer in 1977.
             | 
             | In the mid-1980s, the Apple IIc and IIGS were built to
             | Apple's "Snow White" design language and looked slicker
             | than most contemporaries.
        
           | fainpul wrote:
           | Apple was very early to remove floppy disk drives, then later
           | DVD drives from their computers, even when those media were
           | still commonly used. At least that fixed your problem of the
           | stuck DVD :)
        
         | socalgal2 wrote:
         | Ranting on UI, I think I might blame MS for this but I feel
         | like many shortcuts for customization in apps and OS are a net
         | negative.
         | 
         | The first example I remember was ~2003ish when MS Office did a
         | big redesign and got much bigger toolbars. That they were big
         | is a matter of taste but that's not where I'm going with this.
         | No, the issue was that they made too easy to ACCIDENTALLY mess
         | up the UI. They added all kinds of customization (which is
         | fine) but then made it so just dragging a little too long an a
         | button would let you move the button somewhere else. So,
         | grandpa drags the button, possible off the bar, deleting it,
         | and now for all intents and purposes the app is unusable to
         | him. IMO, the customization options should be buried deeper
         | where they can't happen by accident.
         | 
         | This "ACCIDENTAL" modification is all the rage now. On iPhone,
         | holding on the lock screen puts the phone in "edit the lock
         | screen mode". Several family members have asked why the image
         | they put on the lock screen was gone. It was because they "butt
         | edited the screen". Put the phone in their pocket and it felt a
         | press and went into edit mode and edited the lock screen.
         | AFAIK, almost no one needs this shortcut. It would be fine to
         | just go into Settings->Wallpaper->Lockscreen or something like
         | that. But, I'm just guessing (1) some UX designer needed
         | something todo (2) someone working on lockscreen options got
         | tired of doing the Settings->Wallpaper->Lockscreen dance and
         | put in a shortcut that no-one but them needs.
         | 
         | This same issue is all over the place. The iPhone's lockscreen
         | while charging mode has the same issue. The user (me) picks the
         | clock face I want. And, one of 10 times I reach for the phone
         | from the charging stand I accidently touch the screen which
         | changes the face. I NEVER NEED THIS. Again, this should be
         | buried in Settings->Lockscreen->Clock Face. The shortcut a net
         | negative.
         | 
         | There are many more.
        
           | Telaneo wrote:
           | Apparently, the idea of an edit mode is some foreign concept
           | for a lot of people.
        
             | wtallis wrote:
             | There are a _lot_ of UI concepts that are foreign to
             | younger developers, simply because they grew up using web
             | apps and smartphones. I think computer science departments
             | need to make a class on human-computer interaction a
             | mandatory part of the curriculum, and those classes need to
             | require students to sit down with and actually _use_ a
             | variety of UIs from two, three, four decades ago. There 's
             | a ton of value in being conversant in the basic building
             | blocks and paradigms of multiple UI systems, and in knowing
             | what problems have been solved in the past so we don't keep
             | _badly_ reinventing the same features or failing to learn
             | from the mistakes of the past.
             | 
             | There are a lot of things in older UIs that I think every
             | developer should have hands-on experience with, eg. using
             | nested menus in classic Mac OS; using an MDI application on
             | Windows 9x; using the file browser and dock on NeXTSTEP;
             | using X11 with focus follows mouse; anything with pie
             | menus. Not because those things are necessarily the right
             | choices for today's GUIs, but because there are valuable
             | lessons to be learned from them, and reading an article
             | like this or studying an old HIG document doesn't have the
             | same impact.
        
           | noinsight wrote:
           | > Put the phone in their pocket and it felt a press and went
           | into edit mode and edited the lock screen.
           | 
           | This is why I hate the flashlight and camera buttons on the
           | lock screen - which you can activate without unlocking. When
           | you have your hands in your pockets during cold weather
           | you'll suddenly be "filming"... I never use the camera on my
           | phone anyway. Thankfully at some point they added support for
           | removing them.
        
         | phendrenad2 wrote:
         | GUIs used to be designed by power users, who would start with
         | an advanced design and strip it down to a simple version the
         | average user could use. Now GUIs are designed by average users
         | who have no idea what to do with advanced features, because
         | they're stuck thinking about the GUI as an average user does.
         | 
         | Power users understand many different levels. Beginner/average
         | -> professional -> advanced -> power user. But the average
         | designers nowadays only understand two things: average, and
         | everything beyond that. This is why professional, advanced, and
         | obscure features are all just one long-press away - they
         | literally have no idea which category each feature falls into,
         | so they're all equally valid.
        
       | hnthrowaway0315 wrote:
       | I think Windows 95/2000 and the contemporary MacOS (including the
       | then future MacOS X) have the best UI in everything I used in my
       | 30+ years of tech life.
       | 
       | I sincerely hope that one day we could go back to that road. If
       | you want that achieved, please support me to join Apple/Microsoft
       | to become the UI boss, fire all flat-design people and hire a
       | small team to implement the older UI, then give a few passionate
       | talks on EDX and conferences so people who supported flat UI
       | magically support the older UI. They always follow whoever the
       | lead is like headless flies.
       | 
       | LOL.
        
         | VerifiedReports wrote:
         | Yep. I always cite XP as being Windows's peak, but I forgot
         | that it shipped with their insulting Fisher-Price motif enabled
         | by default. Step 1 was to switch the UI to "classic"
         | (essentially Windows 95) mode, and all was well.
         | 
         | Windows 95 is a great case study because with that release,
         | Microsoft did more for GUIs than Apple did through the entire
         | decade of the '90s... and beyond.
         | 
         | All of it is now out the window (pun invited). It's a race to
         | the bottom between Microsoft and Apple, with Microsoft having a
         | HUGE head-start. But Apple has really stepped up to the plate
         | with Tahoe, crippling it with big enough UI blunders to keep
         | them in the enshittification game.
        
           | cosmic_cheese wrote:
           | I really liked XP (and 7) because for me, having a capable
           | theming engine built in that didn't take a ton of extra
           | resources or cause instability (unlike Stardock's
           | WindowBlinds) was a real value add. There were some
           | absolutely gorgeous third party XP/Vista/7 themes on sites
           | like DeviantArt that worked extremely well within the limits
           | of the engine, had a unique look and feel, and were just as
           | usable as the "classic" theme.
           | 
           | When MS gutted the theming engine with the release of Windows
           | 8 (flat rectangles only) I was devastated.
        
             | DaiPlusPlus wrote:
             | The engine itself isn't gutted - it's full of functionality
             | that was never lost. MS just (correctly) reasoned that
             | transparency effects in the UI - introduced in Vista simply
             | to show-off the capabilities of the DWM compositor -
             | ultimately detract from a good UI.
        
               | cosmic_cheese wrote:
               | From what I remember it lost the ability to render
               | rounded window corners, because while Windows 8 msstyle
               | themes existed they all had the hideous boxed corners
               | that clashed hard with many looks.
               | 
               | I don't agree that transparency is always a detractor.
               | Judicious use can be a net positive, but it doesn't work
               | for all themes and there should be an option to turn it
               | off. Personally I didn't find the W7 variation of Aero to
               | be bad at all.
        
               | DaiPlusPlus wrote:
               | > From what I remember it lost the ability to render
               | rounded window corners,
               | 
               | ...I'm guessing you haven't used Windows 11?
               | 
               | --------
               | 
               | By "rounded corners" are you referring to rounded-off
               | corners in the nonclient area (such that the hWnd's rect
               | is not clipped at all)? If so, then no: those would be
               | rendered using a 9-grid[1] and have always been
               | supported.
               | 
               | If you're referring to how so many fan/community-made
               | msstyles for Windows 10 retain the sharp corners, I
               | understand that's not a limitation of DWM or msstyles,
               | just more that you need to do a _lot_ of legwork when
               | defining nontrivial corners in an msstyles theme; it can
               | be done (there are plenty of examples online, e.g. look
               | for Windows XP 's style ported to Windows 10), it's just
               | that most people don't go that far.
               | 
               | -----
               | 
               | [1] In msstyles, the 9-grid defines how a rectangular
               | bitmap is stretched/scaled/tiled to fill a larger area;
               | it's very similar to how CSS image borders are defined
               | with `border-image-slice`.
        
               | cosmic_cheese wrote:
               | I'm speaking specially about Windows 8/8.1. Obviously 11
               | and the new Fluent design language it brought don't
               | suffer the same issue.
               | 
               | Whatever the case, rounded corners on the titlebars and
               | window chrome were common in XP/Vista/7 custom msstyles
               | but were nowhere to be seen for 8/8.1 custom msstyles. It
               | was one of the most frustrating aspects of that era of
               | Windows for me.
        
               | DaiPlusPlus wrote:
               | Hmm, yes; I think you're right. I honestly don't know the
               | explanation behind that, sorry.
        
           | pndy wrote:
           | XP in early betas released had that slightly upgraded 9x
           | interface called Watercolor [1] and if they'd keep it, surely
           | majority would pick it up over plastic Luna.
           | 
           | Early experiments with totally new theme were rather
           | unpleasant [2] and Watercolor was abandoned in favor of more
           | familiar 9x looking theme as an option. W11 still comes with
           | that old 9x widgets look - slightly flattened because of that
           | trend but it's still there buried beneath for compatibility
           | reasons. And I'm pretty sure they won't escape with that like
           | Apple did with Aqua away from Platinum.
           | 
           | [1] - https://betawiki.net/wiki/Watercolor
           | 
           | [2] - https://betawiki.net/wiki/Windows_XP_build_2416#Gallery
        
             | jonhohle wrote:
             | I always installed Watercolor on a new computer. It's still
             | beautiful and definitely the look they should have chosen
             | and played to their strengths.
             | 
             | I think they were so caught off guard by how incredible Mac
             | OS X _looked_, that they didn't realize it wasn't just
             | veneer, but a genuine evolution and improvement of how Mac
             | OS _worked_. This became Apple's competitive advantage for
             | over a decade as Microsoft chased different styles while
             | consistently botching how it would impact usability.
        
         | imiric wrote:
         | After nearly 30 years of tech life myself, I've come to the
         | realization that the best UIs are not graphical. They _can_
         | have graphical elements mostly for visualization purposes, but
         | all of them should be as minimal and unobtrusive as possible.
         | Any interactivity should be primarily keyboard-driven, and
         | mouse input should be optional.
         | 
         | Forcing users to click on graphical elements presents many
         | challenges: what constitutes an "element"; what are its
         | boundaries; when is it active, inactive, disabled, etc.; if it
         | has icons, what do they mean; are interactive elements visually
         | distinguishable from non-interactive elements; and so on.
         | 
         | A good example of bad UI that drives me mad today on Windows 11
         | is something as simple as resizing windows. Since the modern
         | trend is to have rounded corners on _everything_ , it's not
         | clear where the "grab" area for resizing a window exists
         | anymore. It seems to exist outside of the physical boundary of
         | the window, and the actual activation point is barely a few
         | pixels wide. Apparently this is an issue on macOS as well[1].
         | 
         | Like you, I do have a soft spot for the Windows 2000 GUI in
         | particular, and consider it the pinnacle of Microsoft's
         | designs, but it still feels outdated and inneficient by modern
         | standards. The reason for this is because it follows the visual
         | trends of the era, and it can't accomodate some of the UX
         | improvements newer GUIs have (universal search, tiled/snappable
         | windows, workspaces, etc.).
         | 
         | So, my point is that eschewing graphics as much as possible,
         | and relying on keyboard input to perform operations, gets rid
         | of the graphical ambiguities, minimizes the amount of trend
         | following making the UI feel timeless, and makes the user feel
         | more in command of their experience, making them more efficient
         | and quicker.
         | 
         | This UI doesn't have to be some inaccessible CLI or TUI,
         | although that's certainly an option for power users, but it
         | should generally only serve to enable the user to do their work
         | as easily as possible, and get out of the way the rest of the
         | time. Unfortunately, most modern OSs have teams of designers
         | and developers that need to justify their salary, and a UI that
         | is invisible and rarely changes won't get anyone promoted. But
         | it's certainly possible for power users to build out this UI
         | themselves using some common and popular software. It takes a
         | bit of work, but the benefits far outweigh the time and effort
         | investment.
         | 
         | [1]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46579864
        
           | Telaneo wrote:
           | > Forcing users to click on graphical elements presents many
           | challenges: what constitutes an "element"; what are its
           | boundaries; when is it active, inactive, disabled, etc.; if
           | it has icons, what do they mean; are interactive elements
           | visually distinguishable from non-interactive elements; and
           | so on.
           | 
           | There are standards and common conventions for a lot of this
           | in the Windows 9X/2000 design language, and even in basic
           | HTML. These challenges could have been solved (for values of)
           | by using them consistently, and I think we might have been
           | there for a little while, at least within the Windows bubble.
           | The fact that we threw all of those out the window with new
           | and worse design, then did that again a few more times just
           | to make sure all the users learned to never bother actually
           | learning the UI, since it will just change on them anyway,
           | doesn't entail that this is an unsolvable problem (well, it
           | might be now, but I doubt it was back in 1995).
           | 
           | > Like you, I do have a soft spot for the Windows 2000 GUI in
           | particular, and consider it the pinnacle of Microsoft's
           | designs, but it still feels outdated and inneficient by
           | modern standards. The reason for this is because it follows
           | the visual trends of the era, and it can't accomodate some of
           | the UX improvements newer GUIs have (universal search,
           | tiled/snappable windows, workspaces, etc.).
           | 
           | I fail to see why any of these features couldn't be
           | implemented within the design constraints of the Windows
           | 9X/2000 design language. There are certainly technical
           | constrains, but I can't see any design constrains. They were
           | never implemented at the time, and those features didn't
           | become relevant until we'd gone through several rounds of
           | different designs, so we never had the opportunity to see how
           | it would work out.
        
             | imiric wrote:
             | > There are standards and common conventions for a lot of
             | this in the Windows 9X/2000 design language, and even in
             | basic HTML. These challenges could have been solved (for
             | values of) by using them consistently [...]
             | 
             | The thing is that GUIs naturally have to evolve to cater to
             | their user base. The "office" metaphor was useful in the
             | 1980s and 90s for making computing familiar to people who
             | were used to "desktops", "folders", "files", etc. Some of
             | these terms still exist today, but the vast majority of
             | users can't relate to it, so it's meaningless to them.
             | 
             | This is why GUIs will always have to change and adapt to
             | trends, which will always cause friction for existing
             | users.
             | 
             | My point is that by minimizing the amount of graphical
             | elements (note: not completely eliminate them), we minimize
             | the amount of this friction. The difficult thing is, of
             | course, maintaining the appropriate balance of all elements
             | while optimizing for usability, which is ultimately very
             | subjective.
             | 
             | But consider that CLIs are effectively timeless. The
             | friction comes from their lack of discoverability, arcane
             | I/O, every program can have a different UI, etc. And yet
             | this interface has persisted and has largely remained the
             | same for decades. Most programs rarely change their CLI, so
             | the user only needs to learn a few commands to be
             | productive.
             | 
             | So I think that the most usable UI is somewhere in the
             | middle. It should avoid the constant churn of GUIs, and be
             | more accessible than CLIs. This is possible to build for
             | power users, but it can also be made approachable for less
             | technical users.
             | 
             | > I fail to see why any of these features couldn't be
             | implemented within the design constraints of the Windows
             | 9X/2000 design language.
             | 
             | That's true. But then again, what exactly is the Windows
             | 9x/2000 design language, and what makes it better than the
             | modern Windows GUI? Is it the basic Start Menu? The task
             | panel with blocks for each window instead of icons? The
             | square instead of round windows? The lack of smooth
             | transitions, transparency, and graphical effects? The
             | overall brutalist theme?
             | 
             | We can certainly add all the features I mentioned to
             | Windows 9x/2000, and we had some of them even back then via
             | 3rd party tools, but isn't that essentially what modern
             | Windows has become? There are ways to revert some Windows
             | 11 features today with alternative shells and such, so is
             | that the ideal UI then?
             | 
             | When I think of Win2k, I think of the overall simplicity.
             | This is mostly due to nostalgia than for any practical
             | reasons. I'm sure that I couldn't stand using its barebones
             | UI today, as much as I would enjoy the simplicity for a
             | brief moment.
        
               | Telaneo wrote:
               | > The thing is that GUIs naturally have to evolve to
               | cater to their user base. The "office" metaphor was
               | useful in the 1980s and 90s for making computing familiar
               | to people who were used to "desktops", "folders",
               | "files", etc. Some of these terms still exist today, but
               | the vast majority of users can't relate to it, so it's
               | meaningless to them.
               | 
               | We still 'dial' with our phones, even though phones
               | haven't had dials in over 50 years by this point. Nobody
               | would even explain phones using that metaphor anymore.
               | Even just having a foundation of common terminology is
               | helpful in teaching people new systems.
               | 
               | > This is why GUIs will always have to change and adapt
               | to trends, which will always cause friction for existing
               | users.
               | 
               | I fail to see the connection.
               | 
               | > My point is that by minimizing the amount of graphical
               | elements (note: not completely eliminate them), we
               | minimize the amount of this friction. The difficult thing
               | is, of course, maintaining the appropriate balance of all
               | elements while optimizing for usability, which is
               | ultimately very subjective.
               | 
               | This is true in today's world, but not necessarily in a
               | world where the UI language of computers is stable and
               | users can trust their computers to not change render
               | their understanding of the system from underneath them.
               | If all buttons had the same hints to tell a user 'I'm a
               | button', in the same way default HTML links tell users
               | 'I'm a link', then we could trust users to have this
               | understanding.
               | 
               | > But consider that CLIs are effectively timeless. The
               | friction comes from their lack of discoverability, arcane
               | I/O, every program can have a different UI, etc. And yet
               | this interface has persisted and has largely remained the
               | same for decades. Most programs rarely change their CLI,
               | so the user only needs to learn a few commands to be
               | productive.
               | 
               | It's remained true in a small niche of power users, while
               | for the rest of the world, this environment might as well
               | not exist (beyond the functionality it provides to them
               | after it's been filtered through several layers). CLIs
               | are irrelevant dead-end in the story of user accessible
               | design; one that there's probably some lessons to take
               | from, but not one to entertain in any serious manner.
               | 
               | > That's true. But then again, what exactly is the
               | Windows 9x/2000 design language, and what makes it better
               | than the modern Windows GUI? Is it the basic Start Menu?
               | The task panel with blocks for each window instead of
               | icons? The square instead of round windows? The lack of
               | smooth transitions, transparency, and graphical effects?
               | The overall brutalist theme?
               | 
               | Yes.
               | 
               | > We can certainly add all the features I mentioned to
               | Windows 9x/2000, and we had some of them even back then
               | via 3rd party tools, but isn't that essentially what
               | modern Windows has become? There are ways to revert some
               | Windows 11 features today with alternative shells and
               | such, so is that the ideal UI then?
               | 
               | The classic theme survived up until Windows 7, and I'll
               | give that a pass, since although there still are holes
               | where the newer design language of Windows peeks through,
               | it's stayed mostly consistent, and even managed to add
               | new features without breaking the design language to fit
               | them.
               | 
               | Then that died with Windows 8, and there's been no hope
               | for consistency in UI language since. The dream of a
               | casual user being able to learn a UI and stick to it is
               | dead, since even if they do, it will just change out from
               | underneath them. That's why they don't even bother. Heck,
               | even I barely bother.
               | 
               | > I'm sure that I couldn't stand using its barebones UI
               | today, as much as I would enjoy the simplicity for a
               | brief moment.
               | 
               | I disagree. I don't use many modern UI features, and the
               | few that I do use, like snappable windows, are things I
               | can imagine working within the old design language. I
               | still write documents using a copy of Word 2000 in a
               | Win2K VM every now and then, and when I don't use that, I
               | use LibreOffice, a program many people refuse to use
               | because it looks ancient to them. That's a feature for
               | me. It not changing and thus not breaking my workflow is
               | a huge feature that nothing in Windows 11 can even hope
               | to compare with.
        
           | cosmic_cheese wrote:
           | The issue with this type of design is that it completely
           | tanks discoverability. Every visual UI element trimmed is
           | another pit of confusion for less-technical computer users.
           | 
           | Modern UIs aren't great with discoverability, either however
           | and are not an example that should be followed.
        
             | zzo38computer wrote:
             | > The issue with this type of design is that it completely
             | tanks discoverability.
             | 
             | There are still ways to help, such as having a menu bar,
             | and having good documentation. (Documentation is more
             | important, in my opinion; but both are helpful.)
        
             | imiric wrote:
             | That's not necessarily the case. In fact, if implemented
             | well, keyboard/command-driven UIs can be much easier to
             | discover than GUIs.
             | 
             | Consider the "Command Palette" and similar features that
             | are part of many UIs (VS Code, Obsidian, Vim, Emacs, etc.).
             | It allows the user to search _all_ possible actions using
             | natural language, and see or assign key bindings to them,
             | so that they can get to their most commonly used actions
             | faster. This search can be global for the entire program,
             | or contextual for the current view.
             | 
             | It is far easier to search for what you want to do, than to
             | learn to what action every GUI element is associated with,
             | or to navigate arbitrarily nested menu hierarchies. This
             | does require the user to be familiar with the domain
             | language somewhat in order to know what to search for, but
             | this too can be simplified, actions can have different
             | names, etc. It also makes the program more accessible for
             | speech navigation, screen readers, and so on.
        
           | zzo38computer wrote:
           | > After nearly 30 years of tech life myself, I've come to the
           | realization that the best UIs are not graphical. They can
           | have graphical elements mostly for visualization purposes,
           | but all of them should be as minimal and unobtrusive as
           | possible. Any interactivity should be primarily keyboard-
           | driven, and mouse input should be optional.
           | 
           | I agree, that the interactivity should be primarily keyboard-
           | driven. However, mouse input is useful for many things as
           | well; if there are many things on the screen, the mouse can
           | be a useful way to select one, even if the keyboard can also
           | be used (if you already know what it is, you can type it in
           | without having to know where on the screen it is; if you do
           | not know what it is, you can see it on the screen and select
           | it by mouse).
           | 
           | > Forcing users to click on graphical elements presents many
           | challenges: what constitutes an "element"; what are its
           | boundaries; when is it active, inactive, disabled, etc.; if
           | it has icons, what do they mean; are interactive elements
           | visually distinguishable from non-interactive elements; and
           | so on.
           | 
           | At least older versions of Windows had a more consistent way
           | of indicating some of these things, although sometimes they
           | did not work very well, often they worked OK. (The
           | conventions for doing so might have been improved, although
           | at least they had some that, at least partially, worked.)
           | 
           | > A good example of bad UI that drives me mad today on
           | Windows 11 is something as simple as resizing windows. ...
           | it's not clear where the "grab" area for resizing a window
           | exists anymore
           | 
           | I had just used ALT+SPACE to do stuff such as resize, move,
           | etc. I have not used Windows 11 so I don't know if it works
           | on Windows 11, but I would hope that it does if Microsoft
           | wants to avoid confusing people. (On other older versions of
           | Windows, even if they moved everything I was able to use it
           | because most of the keyboard commands still work the same as
           | older versions of Windows, so that is helpful (for example,
           | you can still push ALT+TAB to switch between full-screen
           | programs, ALT+F4 to close a full-screen program, etc; I don't
           | know whether or not there is any other way to do such things
           | like that). However, many of the changes will cause confusion
           | despite this, or will cause other problems, that they removed
           | stuff that is useful in favor of less useful or more
           | worthless stuff.)
        
         | BrenBarn wrote:
         | > I think Windows 95/2000 and the contemporary MacOS (including
         | the then future MacOS X) have the best UI in everything I used
         | in my 30+ years of tech life.
         | 
         | Agreed. I do wonder how much of it is personal, in that that UI
         | hit at a certain formative time in my life. But ever since then
         | it's been the benchmark that I evaluate all other UIs by. The
         | lack of a "classic" mode in Win10 was one thing that motivated
         | me to switch fully to Linux. To make the switch, I spent a good
         | amount of time trawling the themes to find one that mimicks the
         | look of Win95/95/2000. (The one I use is a KDE theme called
         | "Reactionary".)
        
           | giantrobot wrote:
           | > I do wonder how much of it is personal, in that that UI hit
           | at a certain formative time in my life. But ever since then
           | it's been the benchmark that I evaluate all other UIs by.
           | 
           | I know some of my preferences for UIs are informed by what I
           | first really learned how to use. But I also have preferences
           | that are informed by decades of heavy computer use.
           | 
           | I despise UI widgets that just look like the window
           | background with no borders or shadows. I can't stand massive
           | amounts of useless white space. UI widgets don't require
           | oxygen to survive so they don't need to fucking "breath" that
           | much. I also despise mystery meat UIs that change their
           | arrangement because I clicked one button more often than
           | another.
           | 
           | Everything that increases my cognitive load and doesn't allow
           | me to build up muscle memory in a UI is supremely
           | frustrating. I might like the "look" of Mac System 7, it was
           | a great intersection of functional and whimsical in my
           | opinion. The consistent behaviors and learnable interface go
           | beyond subjective visual appeal however.
        
       | lateforwork wrote:
       | Designers tend to be less open to feedback than developers. That,
       | I think, helps explain why flat UI persists even though it has
       | shown usability drawbacks. It also helps explain why overall
       | usability feels like it's declining ever year -- for instance,
       | macOS Tahoe seems noticeably worse in usability compared to macOS
       | Sequoia. Does anyone think Apple is going to rush out a release
       | that fixes the excessive rounding of window corners? Don't hold
       | your breath.
        
         | cosmic_cheese wrote:
         | On the topic of flat design specifically, developers are likely
         | just as culpable. Back when it was just starting to catch on,
         | by my observation some of the quickest to adopt it were solo
         | developers because it's way easier to build a passable looking
         | app with flat UI since that doesn't require any design talent.
        
           | lunar_rover wrote:
           | A passable looking modern flat UI has a lot behind it, just
           | like skeuomorphism and anything in between.
           | 
           | Unless something like
           | https://kde.org/announcements/plasma/5/5.12.0/spectacle-
           | noti... is what you consider to be passable looking of
           | course.
        
             | VorpalWay wrote:
             | That looks perfectly functional to me? It only looks a bit
             | ugly because the screenshot appears to have been of a very
             | small part of the screen that got blurry when it was blown
             | up to a larger size.
             | 
             | I'll take function over for every day. (I daily drive KDE,
             | it works fine and doesn't get in my way. Most of the time
             | I'm either in my editor or the terminal emulator anyway.)
        
               | cogman10 wrote:
               | This is also a plasma 5 example. Plasma 6 cleaned it up.
               | 
               | But I also agree. KDE is pretty close to my ideal for a
               | desktop environment. It's pretty close to a windows 7
               | feel which is perfect for me.
        
             | maxloh wrote:
             | For reference, Windows' notification look this way: https:/
             | /www.lifewire.com/thmb/I4VO9qHrzphTHsZHU5eI73sLL9k=/7...
             | 
             | The screenshot you posted is likely from KDE Plasma. The
             | project don't have much funding to hire a UI/UX designer
             | IMHO.
        
         | delecti wrote:
         | I don't think openness to feedback is the main metric, but
         | rather ability to objectively measure outcomes. It's just
         | harder to objectively measure usability than the presence or
         | absence of a bug or performance problem.
        
         | titzer wrote:
         | It's all just rearranging deck chairs at this point.
         | 
         | I feel like UX designers don't realize that their job should
         | have a natural tailing off as we discover and lock in the good
         | ideas and discard the bad. Even if the ideas aren't that great,
         | users can at least get good at however it does work, if it
         | stays constant. Instead, we just get more dice rolls, eyecandy,
         | and frustration.
         | 
         | I for one hate the power dynamic that OS and website designers
         | have over me. They can just sneak into my house and rearrange
         | my furniture on a whim. Even if it sucks, I would adapt to it
         | if it stayed constant! Instead I both hate it and can't learn
         | it, because everything is different _and_ keeps changing when I
         | least expect it.
         | 
         | At this point my brain has given into learned helplessness and
         | won't retain much of anything at all, but it's next-level
         | figured out that it's useless.
         | 
         | Designers seem to have a bad track record, and it's getting
         | worse.
         | 
         | Sorry, designers.
        
           | josephg wrote:
           | Part of the problem is that each generation of designers want
           | to leave their mark on the product - often by undoing the
           | work of the last generation of designers. They're not
           | entirely wrong. Design has fashions, like clothes. I enjoy
           | that the industrial design of laptops and phones changes
           | every few years. But good UX isn't good because its
           | fashionable. Good UX doesn't go out of date. They've gotta
           | learn to stop fixing it when its not broken.
           | 
           | Eg, MacOS's new system preferences panel is worse than the
           | old one. And its stupid putting the windows start menu in the
           | middle of the screen, where you can't as easily click it with
           | the mouse.
        
         | userbinator wrote:
         | Once the windows become actually circles, or maybe some point
         | along that path, they'll go back to square corners and
         | congratulate themselves on how much better and innovative they
         | are. It's just a stupid trend to keep rounding things more and
         | more... I hope.
        
         | maxloh wrote:
         | I think you might be confusing flat design with UI density.
         | While they emerged as trends during a similar period, they are
         | distinct concepts. You can have small flat elements or large
         | skeuomorphic ones.
        
       | casey2 wrote:
       | Usability is the wrong metric, paint by numbers is more "usable"
       | (sic accessible) than a canvas but you'd be depressed watching
       | your son graduate art school and that's all he can do.
       | 
       | If you do want to optimize for usability you have to make sure
       | you aren't making the system more consumptive at the same time.
       | The prime example from the article is trading a moment where the
       | user must take initiative with a menu. More useable less useful.
       | Lower the floor not the ceiling etc. Windows (and iOS) did make
       | genuine improvements to OSs but because of decisions like these
       | most users are locked out of enjoying them.
        
       | ginko wrote:
       | Notice how they moved the ok & cancel buttons to the bottom right
       | since it's the more logical location to put them.
       | 
       | Meanwhile gtk now puts those on opposite sides of the window
       | title bar by default.
        
         | zahlman wrote:
         | Separating them is good for avoiding misclicks.
         | 
         | Decades ago, MacOS properly had the close box for windows on
         | the opposite side from minimize etc. widgets; now the one
         | destructive window action could be reasonably safe without
         | confirmation. Then Windows started gaining popularity and
         | nobody ever did it the right way by default again. A pity for
         | the sharp minds at Xerox PARC.
        
           | Affric wrote:
           | Command Q and Command W are still beside each other though
        
           | ginko wrote:
           | I don't mind ok and cancel being on opposite sides. It's
           | mainly ok not being bottom-right that bothers me.
        
       | kgwxd wrote:
       | Everything since this style of design feels like a cartoon
       | version, with ridiculous non-sense that only gets in the way.
        
       | linguae wrote:
       | Steve Jobs is famous for his 1996 quote about Microsoft not
       | having taste (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiOzGI4MqSU). I
       | disagree; as much as I love the classic Mac OS and Jobs-era Mac
       | OS X, and despite my feelings about Microsoft's monopolistic
       | behavior, 1995-2000 Microsoft's user interfaces were quite
       | tasteful, in my opinion, and this was Microsoft's most tasteful
       | period. I have fond memories of Windows 95/NT 4/98/2000, Office
       | 97, and Visual Basic 6. I even liked Internet Explorer 5. These
       | were well-made products when it came to the user interface. Yes,
       | Windows 95 crashed a lot, but so did Macintosh System 7.
       | 
       | Things started going downhill, in my opinion, with the Windows XP
       | "Fisher-Price" Luna interface and the Microsoft Office 2007
       | ribbon.
        
         | moron4hire wrote:
         | I'm a huge fan of the book "Design for the Real World" by
         | Victor Papanek. One of the things that he talked about is the
         | importance of using materials honestly: not trying to pass
         | plastic off as wood, using the given material to it's best
         | ability (even if it _is_ plastic).
         | 
         | I've always thought the Windows 3.1 to Win2K era were exactly
         | that. The medium is pixels on a screen, the mouse and keyboard.
         | And there is no artifice, it's just the bare essentials.
        
         | lateforwork wrote:
         | > _1995-2000 Microsoft 's user interfaces were quite tasteful_
         | 
         | Only because they copied NeXTSTEP. Those 3D beveled controls
         | originated in NeXTSTSP. In Windows, ctl3d.dll added raised and
         | sunken 3D-looking buttons, beveled text boxes, group boxes with
         | depth, a light-source illusion using highlight and shadow, all
         | copied from NeXTSTEP.
        
           | DaiPlusPlus wrote:
           | That's an odd way to spell Motif.
        
             | gnerd00 wrote:
             | please recall that 8bit color was the common capability for
             | CRT displays at that time. Simple one bit display was also
             | common. Any smooth transitions in gray or color had to use
             | dithering, or be very clever in the way they chose the
             | palate.
             | 
             | Certainly some historic credit goes to Motif, but, there
             | are "levels to this game" .. Motif did not jump out as "wow
             | that looks good" IMHO. Obviously NeXT was extreme in a
             | different way.. sort of like a symphony orchestra more than
             | an office machine.
             | 
             | It is genuinely entertaining to see people defend the dull
             | and pedestrian UI in Windows 95.
        
             | lateforwork wrote:
             | Motif 1.0 shipped in 1990. NeXTSTEP in 1988 had 3D beveled
             | controls. So I believe I got the spelling right :)
        
             | steve1977 wrote:
             | Motif was also 3D, but the actual look of Windows 95/NT 4.0
             | clearly took some inspiration from NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP,
             | for example the window decorations.
        
               | DaiPlusPlus wrote:
               | I accept that's possible - if not likely (and everyone
               | steals from each other!) - but even-so it only amounts to
               | to the gunmetal-grey default colours and use of a 1px
               | bevel/inset effect; because NS and NT3/NT4's UX/UI design
               | and concepts are just so different otherwise.
               | 
               | ...but I'm not personally convinced: instead, consider
               | the demonstrable fact that similar engineering teams,
               | working on similar problems, will independently come to
               | substantially similar solutions; my favourite example to
               | point to is how eerily-similar the Eurofighter Typhoon,
               | Saab Gripen, and Dassault Rafale all look - even entirely
               | indistinguishable at an air-show in-person - despite
               | having zero shared pedigree - therefore it's possible
               | that - given the constraints of desktop graphics hardware
               | of the late-1980s/early-1990s - that a user-friendly
               | desktop UI built around the concept of floating
               | application windows - will all be similar in one way or
               | another.
               | 
               | -------
               | 
               | My pet-theory for why that "Windows 95 1px bevel" look is
               | so prevalent is because it suits working with premade UI
               | graphics rasters/bitmaps using indexed-colors: for
               | example, imagine a Windows-style Property Sheet dialog:
               | prior to Windows 95, software would manually draw all of
               | the elements of that dialog directly to the framebuffer
               | (i.e. using unbuffered graphics) which was slow - ugly -
               | and is the cmputer-equivalent of using a lavatory in a
               | cramped bathroom actively undergoing renovations without
               | any drywall/plastering). Even if there was enough vram
               | for double-buffering it's still going to be slow:
               | painting each and every button, checkbox (with the
               | checkmark!) and tab header. So instead, many individual
               | UI graphics elements could be prerendered (at design-
               | time, hopefully by an actual artist), but not as single
               | bitmaps for the entire dialog - but as an indexed color
               | bitmap for each control type, so no slow/expensive
               | draw/painting is required: only a simple blitbit for each
               | checkbox, for example. Using an indexed-color bitmap
               | based on a 4 or 8 colors palette (face, 3D light, 3D
               | dark, transparent/BG; etc) means a single blob only a few
               | hundred bytes in size can represent a chisel-cut bevelled
               | checkbox - while integrating with whatever the user's
               | preferred color scheme is.
               | 
               | ----
               | 
               | ....of course now we'll just build a UI in Electron, to
               | hell with memory usage or integrating with the user's OS
               | appearance settings. Le sigh.
        
               | steve1977 wrote:
               | As mentioned, Windows 95 uses more or less the same
               | window decorations as NeXTSTEP - although with different
               | semantics. What is minimize in NeXTSTEP is maximize in
               | Windows 95 IIRC.
               | 
               | https://www.operating-
               | system.org/betriebssystem/bsgfx/apple/...
               | 
               | It could be coincidence of course, but...
               | 
               | > my favourite example to point to is how eerily-similar
               | the Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab Gripen, and Dassault Rafale
               | all look - even entirely indistinguishable at an air-show
               | in-person - despite having zero shared pedigree
               | 
               | Considering that France/Dassault was initially part of
               | the Eurofighter / European Fighter Aircraft (EFA)
               | project, I'm not sure if that's the best example to make
               | your point.
        
         | PunchyHamster wrote:
         | I think there is distinction there between look and
         | functionality.
         | 
         | They were functionally just fine; good even compared to some
         | modern abominations.
         | 
         | But the look was just plain and ugly, even compared to some
         | alternatives at the time.
         | 
         | > Things started going downhill, in my opinion, with the
         | Windows XP "Fisher-Price" Luna interface and the Microsoft
         | Office 2007 ribbon.
         | 
         | Yeah I just ran it with 2000-compatible look; still ugly but at
         | least not wasting screen space
        
           | layer8 wrote:
           | Windows 95 was a vast improvement in looks over 3.x. Of
           | course tastes differ, but I found it very aesthetic, not ugly
           | at all, and used the classic look until Windows 7 EOLd.
        
         | DaiPlusPlus wrote:
         | By your timeline, it means Microsoft only had institutional
         | taste for about 3-4 years. A tiny fraction of the company's
         | lifetime.
         | 
         | (If it helps, I do agree with you about those years being the
         | most... design-coordinated: when Office felt like part of
         | Windows)
         | 
         | (I like to think that Visual Studio 2026 proves that the
         | company can still do good desktop UI design; but it doesn't
         | help that every major first-party product is now using their
         | own silo'd UI framework; wither MFC and CommonControls, I
         | guess)
        
           | derefr wrote:
           | I think there was a period from Windows 3.1 to somewhere
           | during Windows 98 (maybe right up until the release of Office
           | 97?) where both first-party and third-party Windows apps were
           | all expected to be built entirely in terms of the single
           | built-in library of Win32 common controls; and where Windows
           | was expected to _supply_ common controls to suit every need.
           | 
           | This was mostly because we were just starting to see
           | computers supporting large bitmapped screen resolutions at
           | this point; but VRAM was still tiny during this period, and
           | so drawing to off-screen buffers, and then compositing those
           | buffers together, wasn't really a thing computers could
           | afford to do _while_ running at these high resolutions.
           | 
           | Windows GDI + COMCTL32, incl. their control drawing routines,
           | their damage tracking for partial redraw, etc., were
           | collectively optimized by some real x86-assembly wizards to
           | do the absolute minimum amount of computation and blitting
           | possible to overdraw just what had changed each frame, right
           | onto the screen buffer.
           | 
           | On the other hand, what Windows _didn 't_ yet support in this
           | era was DirectDraw -- i.e. the ability of an app to reserve a
           | part of the screen buffer to draw on itself (or to "run
           | fullscreen" where Windows itself releases its screen-buffer
           | entirely.) Windows apps were windowed apps; and the only way
           | to draw _into_ those windows was to tell Windows GDI to draw
           | for you.
           | 
           | This gave developers of this era three options, if they
           | wanted to create a graphical app or game that did something
           | "fancy":
           | 
           | 1. Make it a DOS app. You could do whatever you wanted, but
           | it'd be higher-friction for Windows users (they'd have to
           | essentially exit Windows to run your program), and you'd have
           | to do all that UI-drawing assembly-wizardry yourself.
           | 
           | 2. Create your own library of controls, that ultimately draw
           | using GDI, the same way that the Windows common controls do.
           | Or license some other vendor's library of controls. Where
           | that vendor, out of a desire for their controls to be as
           | widely-applicable as possible, probably designed them to
           | blend in with the Windows common controls.
           | 
           | 3. Give up and just use the Windows common controls. But be
           | creative about it.
           | 
           | #3 is where games like _Minesweeper_ and _Chip 's Challenge_
           | came from -- they're both essentially just Windows built-in
           | grid controls, where each cell contains a Windows built-in
           | button control, where those buttons can be clicked to
           | interact with the game, and where those buttons' image labels
           | are then collectively updated (with icons from the program's
           | own icon resources, I believe?) to display the new game
           | state.
           | 
           | For better or worse, this period was thus when Microsoft was
           | a _tastemaker_ in UI design. Before this period, early
           | Windows just looked like any other early graphical OS; and
           | after this period, computers had become powerful enough to
           | support redrawing arbitrary windowed UI at 60Hz through APIs
           | like DirectDraw. It was only in this short time where compute
           | and memory bottlenecks, plus a hard encapsulation boundary
           | around the ability of apps to draw to the screen, forced
           | basically every Windows app /game to "look like" a _Windows_
           | app /game.
           | 
           | And so, necessarily, this is the period where all the best
           | examples of what we remember as "Windows-paradigm UI design"
           | come from.
        
             | sillywalk wrote:
             | > On the other hand, what Windows didn't yet support in
             | this era was DirectDraw -- i.e. the ability of an app to
             | reserve a part of the screen buffer to draw on itself (or
             | to "run fullscreen" where Windows itself releases its
             | screen-buffer entirely.) Windows apps were windowed apps;
             | and the only way to draw into those windows was to tell
             | Windows GDI to draw for you.
             | 
             | > This gave developers of this era three options, if they
             | wanted to create a graphical app or game that did something
             | "fancy":
             | 
             | > 1. Make it a DOS app.
             | 
             | This vaguely reminds me of WinG[0][1] - the precursor to
             | DirectDraw. It existed only briefly ~ 1994-95.
             | 
             | My vague "understanding" of it was to make DOS games easier
             | to port to Windows. They'd do "quick game graphics stuff"
             | on Device Independent Bitmaps, and WinG would take care of
             | the hardware details.
             | 
             | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinG
             | 
             | [1] https://www.gamedeveloper.com/programming/a-whirlwind-
             | tour-o...
        
             | canucker2016 wrote:
             | Sometimes the "any clickable area => make it a Windows
             | control/button" works and sometimes it doesn't.
             | 
             | I talked with the programmer for the 16-bit Windows
             | calculator app, calc.exe.
             | 
             | Any naive programmer with a first-reading of Charles
             | Petzold's Programming Windows book would assume each button
             | in the calculator app was an actual Windows button control.
             | 
             | Nope.
             | 
             | All those calculator buttons, back when Windows first
             | shipped, used up too many resources.
             | 
             | So the buttons were drawn and the app did hit-testing to
             | see if a button was mouse-clicked. see
             | https://www.basicinputoutput.com/2017/08/windows-
             | calculator-... for a pic of the 16-bit Windows calculator
             | app.
        
         | okanat wrote:
         | > Microsoft Office 2007 ribbon
         | 
         | Ribbon also has a similar research behind it, just like Windows
         | 95. For what they designed it, allowing beginners to discover
         | all the functionality that's available, it works perfectly.
         | 
         | I think most of the complaints from the tech circles are
         | completely unfounded in reality. Many non-tech people and
         | younger ones actually prefer using Ribbon. I also like it since
         | it is very tastefully made for Office. 2010 was my favorite
         | Office UI. It actually doesn't get rid of shortcuts either.
         | Most of the Office 2003 ones were preserved to not break the
         | workflow of power users.
         | 
         | Where Ribbon doesn't work is when you take out the contextual
         | activation out of it. Most companies copied it in a very stupid
         | way. They just copied how it looks. The way it is implemented
         | in Sibelius, WinDBG or PDFXChange is very bad.
        
           | derefr wrote:
           | > I think most of the complaints from the tech circles are
           | completely unfounded in reality. Many non-tech people and
           | younger ones actually prefer using Ribbon.
           | 
           | Well, yes, but that observation doesn't prove the point you
           | think it does.
           | 
           | People who were highly experienced with previous non-ribbon
           | versions of Office, disliked the ribbon, because the ribbon
           | is essentially a "tutorial mode" for Office.
           | 
           | The ribbon reduces cognitive load _on people unfamiliar with
           | Office_ , by boiling down the use of Office apps to a set of
           | primary user-stories (these becoming the app's ribbon's
           | tabs), and then preferentially exposing the most-commonly-
           | desired features one might want to engage with during each of
           | these user stories, as bigger, friendlier, more self-
           | describing buttons and dropdowns under each of these user-
           | story tabs.
           | 
           | The Ribbon works great as a _discovery_ mechanism for
           | functionality. If an app 's toplevel menu is like the index
           | in a reference book, then an app Ribbon is like a set of
           | Getting Started guides.
           | 
           | But a Ribbon does nothing to accelerate the usage of an app
           | for people who've already come to grips with the app, and so
           | already knew where things were in the app's top-level menu,
           | maybe having memorized how to activate those menu items with
           | keyboard accelerators, etc. These people don't _need_ Getting
           | Started guides being shoved in their face! To these people, a
           | Ribbon is just a second index to _some random subset_ of the
           | features they use, that takes longer to navigate than the
           | primary index they 're already familiar with; and which,
           | unlike the primary index, isn't organized into categories in
           | a way that's common/systematic among other apps for the OS
           | (and so doesn't respond to expected top-level-menu keyboard
           | accelerators, etc, etc.)
           | 
           | I think apps like Photoshop have since figured out what
           | people really want here: a UI layout ("workspace") _selector_
           | , offering different UI layouts for new users ("Basic"
           | layout) vs. experienced users ("Full" layout); and even
           | different UI layouts for users with different high-level use-
           | cases such that they have a known set of applicable user-
           | stories. A Ribbon is perfect for the "Basic" layout; but in a
           | "Full" layout, it can probably go away.
        
             | ink_13 wrote:
             | This is it. Ultimately the best interfaces are designed for
             | experts, not beginners. "Usability" at some point became
             | confused with "approachability", probably because like in
             | so many other areas, growth was prioritized over retention.
             | It's OK if complex software is hard to use at first if that
             | enables advanced users to work better.
             | 
             | Really, the most efficient interfaces are the old-style
             | pure text mode mainframe forms, where a power user can tab
             | through fields faster than a 3270-style terminal emulator
             | can render them.
        
               | Affric wrote:
               | So why care about wysiwyg when we have LaTeX?
        
               | jmusall wrote:
               | But what if most of your users aren't "experts"? I think
               | it's a good thing that computers are usable by a majority
               | of the population today.
        
             | agumonkey wrote:
             | I forgot the early release but ribbon seemed to have fuller
             | keyboard shortcut and could be hidden entirely. Leaving
             | power users with more space and faster command triggers
             | isn't it ?
        
               | mpyne wrote:
               | Yes, the ribbon also showed you the appropriate keyboard
               | shortcut. My last job in the Navy involved a _lot_ of
               | converting mail merge-style Word docs to PDF for digital
               | signature and so I became very adept at using keyboard
               | shortcuts in Word and it was all right there in the
               | ribbon.
               | 
               | It was _different_ from Word 2003, but that was about all
               | the bad you could say for it from the  'power user'
               | perspective.
        
             | idle_zealot wrote:
             | > I think apps like Photoshop have since figured out what
             | people really want here: a UI layout ("workspace")
             | selector, offering different UI layouts for new users
             | ("Basic" layout) vs. experienced users ("Full" layout); and
             | even different UI layouts for users with different high-
             | level use-cases such that they have a known set of
             | applicable user-stories. A Ribbon is perfect for the
             | "Basic" layout; but in a "Full" layout, it can probably go
             | away.
             | 
             | In the linked case study on Windows 95 they specifically
             | tried this, creating a separate beginner mode for the
             | Windows shell. Their conclusion was that it was a bad idea
             | and scrapped it because it doesn't allow for organic
             | learning and growth of a beginner into a power user on
             | account of the wall between modes. Instead they centralized
             | common tasks into the Start menu. I'm not sure how you
             | would translate that learning to the design of Office or
             | Photoshop though. Maybe something like Ribbon, but as a
             | fixed "press here to do common actions" button in the app?
             | Then next to that "start button" put the full power user
             | index of categorized menu buttons?
        
               | VorpalWay wrote:
               | I think PrusaSlicer does this in a reasonable way.
               | (Context: this is software for preparing files for 3D
               | printers.)
               | 
               | It has three modes: Simple, Advanced, Expert. They are
               | all the same UI _design_ , all it does is hide some less
               | common settings to not overwhelm users. Each level is
               | also associated with a colour, and next to each setting
               | is a small dot with that colour: this allows you to
               | quickly scan for the more common settings even if you
               | showed all of them at Expert. At Expert there are easily
               | over a thousand different settings organised into a
               | 2-level hierarchy.
               | 
               | Docs on this feature:
               | https://help.prusa3d.com/article/simple-advanced-expert-
               | mode...
               | 
               | I wrote a blog post that has some screenshots from the
               | settings pages (5th image for example):
               | https://vorpal.se/posts/2025/jun/23/3d-printing-with-
               | unconve...
        
             | benrutter wrote:
             | I really like this take! A couple years ago I wrote a
             | throwaway blog about learning curves in user design[0] but
             | the thought has stayed with me a lot since then.
             | 
             | It's especially tricky because things are contextual. I use
             | Helix as an editor which has a steeper learning curve than,
             | say, VSCode, but is way faster once you're up and running
             | with it.
             | 
             | But by contrast, I also really like LazyGit, which is a lot
             | quicker to learn than the git CLI, but since all I do is
             | branch, commit an push, makes my workflow a lot more
             | efficient.
             | 
             | There's such a complex series of trade offs, especially if
             | products want to balance bith. I always feel a little sad
             | how much interfaces have skewed towards user friendliness
             | over power. Sometimes it feels like we've ended up in a
             | world of hurdy-gurdies with no violins.
             | 
             | [0] https://benrutter.codeberg.page/site/posts/learning-
             | curves/
        
             | omnibrain wrote:
             | > people who've already come to grips with the app
             | 
             | They would, or should, be using keyboard shortcuts anyway.
        
           | cosmic_cheese wrote:
           | Ribbon has some good elements to it, but other elements are
           | questionable at best. Sizing of buttons for example feels
           | completely arbitrary and not connected to frequency of use or
           | anything else obvious.
           | 
           | I think the best parts of it could be replicated by just
           | combining tabs and traditional toolbars, but that's not
           | complex enough of a concept to need a dedicated moniker.
        
           | rkagerer wrote:
           | The Ribbon is a disaster. Compared to conventional toolbars,
           | it fails across several metrics.
           | 
           | When it first came out, I did studies of myself using it vs.
           | the older toolbared versions of Word and Excel, and found I
           | was quantifiably slower. This was after spending enough time
           | to familiarize myself with it and get over any learning
           | curve.
           | 
           | EFFICIENCY
           | 
           | The biggest problem is it introduced more clicks to get
           | things done - in some cases twice as many or more. Having to
           | "tab" to the correct ribbon pane introduces an extra click
           | for every task that used to be one click away, unless the
           | button happens to be on the same tab. Unfortunately the
           | grouping wasn't as well thought out as it could have been. It
           | was designed with a strong bias for "discoverability" over
           | efficiency, and I found with many repetitive tasks that I
           | commonly carried out, I was constantly having to switch back
           | and forth between tabs. That doesn't even get into the extra
           | clicks required for fancier elements like dropdowns, etc. And
           | certain panes they couldn't figure out where to put are
           | clearly "bolted" on.
           | 
           | KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
           | 
           | At the same time, Microsoft de-emphasized keyboard
           | accelerators. So where the old toolbar used to hint you the
           | keyboard shortcut in a tooltip every time you rested your
           | mouse over a button, the new one doesn't - making it unlikely
           | users will ever learn the powerful key combos that enable
           | more rapid interaction and reduce RSI caused by mousing
           | (repetitive strain injury). In my case this manifests as
           | physical pain, so I'm very aware of wasteful gestures.
           | 
           | SCREEN REAL ESTATE
           | 
           | The amount of text in the button captions on the ribbon is
           | also excessive. It really isn't a toolbar at all, more of a
           | fancy dropdown menu that's been pivoted horizontally instead
           | of vertical. It turned the menu bar, which used to be a nice,
           | compact, single line, into something that now takes up ~4x as
           | much vertical screen real estate. As most users' monitors are
           | in landscape orientation, vertical space is scare to start
           | with; congratulations you just wasted more of those precious
           | pixels, robbing me of space to look at what I really care
           | about which is the document or whatever thing I'm actually
           | working on.
           | 
           | DISCOVERABILITY
           | 
           | You used to be able to get a good sense of most software's
           | major functionality by strolling through all the menu
           | options. Mastery (or at least proficiency) was
           | straightforward. With the more dynamic paradigm Microsoft
           | adopted along with the Ribbon, there's lots of functionality
           | you don't even see until you're in a new situation (or that's
           | hidden to the responsive window layout, which is ironic -
           | instead of making the thing more compact, they made portions
           | of it disappear if your window is too small). I grant some
           | may argue this has benefits for not appearing as overwhelming
           | to new users (although personally I've always found clean,
           | uniform, well thought out menus to be less jarring than the
           | scattered and more artistically inclined ribbon). But easing
           | the learning curve had the trade off of making those users
           | perceptually stuck in "beginner" mode. They can't customize
           | the ribbon as meaningfully (I used to always tailor the
           | toolbar by removing all the icons I already knew the keyboard
           | shortcuts for, adding some buttons that were missing like
           | Strikethrough, and move it to the same row as the menu bar to
           | maximize clientarea space)
           | 
           | In my case, after trying out the new versions for a year, I
           | made an intentional decision to go back to the 2003 versions
           | of Word and Excel, and never look back (forward?). They are
           | my daily drivers. These days, I barely touch modern versions
           | of Word and Excel, except for the very rare instance I
           | actually need a specific new feature (i.e. a spreadsheet with
           | more than 65k rows). If someone asks me to use the new
           | version, I simply refuse (which has never been a showstopper
           | - my work quality is preeminent, and once you get past policy
           | bureaucracy it turns out clients/employers don't care what
           | tool I use to get it done).
           | 
           | The whole point of a toolbar was always to be a place you
           | could pin commands you want instant access to, just a click
           | away. The ribbon shredded that paradigm, and in my opinion
           | took us a marked step backward in computing. It fails across
           | several metrics, compared to regular toolbars. I wanted to
           | blog about it at the time in hopes of convincing the world it
           | was a mistake, but didn't have the free time. 20 years later,
           | I'm curious if more people share these sentiments and
           | acknowledge its shortcomings.
        
             | zzo38computer wrote:
             | > So where the old toolbar used to hint you the keyboard
             | shortcut in a tooltip every time you rested your mouse over
             | a button, the new one doesn't
             | 
             | Although it is bad that it does not display the keyboard
             | shortcuts, you can push ALT and then it will tell you which
             | letter to push next. (I just guessed that pushing ALT might
             | do something (possibly display a menu?), and I was correct
             | (it did not display another menu, but it did help).) This
             | is not quite as good as using the other keys such as CTRL,
             | or numbered function keys, but it is possible.
             | 
             | (I do not use those programs on my own computer, but on
             | some other computers I sometimes have to, and this helps,
             | although not as well as it would to use menus and other
             | stuff instead. However, in some cases I was able to use it
             | because of knowledge of older versions of Microsoft Office;
             | many of the keyboard commands are the same.)
             | 
             | I think the menu bar is much better, and toolbars should
             | not be needed for most things. With the menu bar it will
             | underline the letters to push with ALT and also will tell
             | you what other keys to use (if any) for that command. (One
             | thing that a toolbar is helpful for is to display status of
             | various functions that can change, such as the current
             | font. Due to that, you might still have a toolbar, but you
             | do not need to put everything in the toolbar. Perhaps
             | combine the toolbar with the status bar to make it
             | compact.)
             | 
             | (Something else that would improve these word processing
             | software would be the "reveal codes" like Word Perfect. A
             | good implementation of reveal codes would avoid some of the
             | problems of WYSIWYG. For spreadsheet software, arranging
             | the grid into zones, and assigning properties (including
             | formatting and formulas) to zones, and making references
             | work with zones, etc, would be helpful, but I don't know
             | that any existing software does that.)
             | 
             | In my own software I do try to make the display compact so
             | that there is more room for other stuff, instead of needing
             | to put all of the commands and other stuff taking up too
             | much space in the screen. Good documentation is helpful to
             | make it understandable; this would work much better than
             | trying to design the software to not need documentation,
             | since then the lack of doumentation makes it difficult to
             | understand.
        
           | tombert wrote:
           | The thing that bothers me more than ribbon itself is how much
           | the performance started degrading once they introduced it.
           | 
           | I got MS Office 97 working in Wine recently, and it's still
           | shockingly capable. There are lots of formatting options, it
           | can read my system TTF fonts, and it's since it's nearly
           | thirty-year-old software, it runs ridiculously fast on modern
           | computers.
           | 
           | I don't feel like MS has added many more features to Office
           | that I actually care about, but I feel like the software has
           | gotten progressively slower.
        
             | quacked wrote:
             | Forget modern computers. I booted up my dad's COMPAQ from
             | 1998, running Windows 2000, and was blown away by the speed
             | and logical layout of the applications. I have to grit my
             | teeth using W11 File Explorer because of what I recently
             | re-experienced.
        
             | Sophira wrote:
             | I imagine Office 365 is to Office 97 as FIFA 23 is to FIFA
             | 97, in that it's still essentially the same idea and can
             | never be otherwise, but the later versions are designed to
             | draw new people in.
        
             | cosmic_cheese wrote:
             | I've said before that I don't think there's anything
             | missing in Office 2000 for upwards of 90% of users' word
             | processor/spreadsheet/etc needs, and this is supported by
             | the popularity of the somewhat spartan GSuite apps (Docs is
             | basically WordPad with realtime collab tacked on, not even
             | a full Word 2000 equivalent for example).
        
           | BobbyTables2 wrote:
           | It's also stupid in terms of screen real estate.
           | 
           | Earlier Word/CorelDraw/etc had a thin toolbar with lots of
           | functionality. Barely occupied any space at just 800x600
           | resolution.
           | 
           | Nowadays, the ribbon and all other junk occupy a huge portion
           | of the screen, even at 1920x1080.
           | 
           | It's amazing how little screen area today actually shows the
           | useful part of a document.
           | 
           | Instead of the Ribbon, a thin context sensitive toolbar would
           | have been more useful.
        
             | etbebl wrote:
             | You know the ribbon can be collapsed so that it behaves
             | more like a drop-down menu, right?
        
               | dingaling wrote:
               | It doesn't really act that way, as (1) it can't be
               | accessed with keyboard shortcuts and (2) it's difficult
               | to scan for the desired feature as it's a visual jumble
               | of buttons and text. Oh, and it might not be visible!
               | Sometimes features can only be found in pop-out dialogs.
               | 
               | Having used Office products for 30+, my most-used feature
               | of the Ribbon is Search, because I don't have time to
               | waste hunting through a poorly-organised heap.
        
               | saratogacx wrote:
               | To your (1), if you tap Alt all of the alt keys current
               | available show up next to their associated buttons. (Top
               | level menu). Hit the letter for where you want to go and
               | it than will show you the next set of alt keys (available
               | items on the ribbon itself). You can also use the arrows
               | to move around the menus or tabs when in this mode. It
               | isn't obvious but the ribbon, as office implemented it,
               | is very keyboard accessible.
        
               | M95D wrote:
               | But then, you have to learn the sortcuts (if there are
               | any) or click first to open it, then click
               | button/funciton, which is 50% slower.
               | 
               | Also, classic button bars were customizable. You could
               | add/remove/group buttons in any order you like. And there
               | were lots and lots of buttons that were not present in
               | any of the default toolbars. The ribbon is fixed AFAIK.
        
             | omnibrain wrote:
             | > It's also stupid in terms of screen real estate.
             | 
             | You can't really blame MS that around the same time screen
             | manufacturers started to switch to 16:9 for cost reasons
             | and cheap laptops all only offered a 1366x786 resolution.
        
               | moron4hire wrote:
               | The whole "UIs got smaller because the aspect ratio got
               | more rectangular" thing never really made sense to me
               | because 786 > 600. The screens got bigger in _both_
               | dimensions, regardless of them getting bigger in one more
               | than they got bigger in the other.
        
               | Arainach wrote:
               | Pixels aren't physical space. The number of square inches
               | remained similar.
               | 
               | A wider aspect ratio means that a horizontal line takes
               | up a larger percentage of the overall screen and is more
               | costly.
        
           | vjvjvjvjghv wrote:
           | I think the ribbon is terrible. When you are looking for
           | something, you can't just look in one direction but you have
           | to scan up and down. Then it may be text or just an image.
           | And the thing you are looking for may be on some other ribbon
           | page.
           | 
           | I much prefer menus with toolbars that have only the most
           | used functions.
        
           | bediger4000 wrote:
           | _allowing beginners to discover all the functionality_
           | 
           | How many beginners were there in 2007? Hardly any, PC and
           | "Word" penetration was pretty close to 100%. We are still
           | stuck with "beginners have to figure this out" interfaces in
           | 2026.
        
             | linmob wrote:
             | As long as new humans are still being born, there's always
             | going to be beginners - with a few years delay, once they
             | enter school or a work place. ;-)
        
           | wolpoli wrote:
           | > For what they designed it, allowing beginners to discover
           | all the functionality that's available, it works perfectly.
           | 
           | Sure, but where are the beginners are we talking about? In
           | 2007, Microsoft office had long reached dominance in the
           | workplace and school such that the only beginners are
           | students learning word prcessing for the first time.
        
             | lunar_rover wrote:
             | The beginners are long time workspace and school users who
             | were requesting features already in the product.
        
           | omnibrain wrote:
           | > 2010 was my favorite Office UI.
           | 
           | Mine too. Office 2010 was what made me switch back to Windows
           | after using Linux and OpenOffice for years. I found the
           | ribbons to be perfect for my use of Office. They usually
           | automatically focused on the task at hand. Everything else
           | was just a click away. Advanced stuff stayed in the menu.
           | And, at least for me, it helped discoverability of features.
        
           | jaffa2 wrote:
           | The ribbon doesnt work for because the options change and
           | visibility is decided by how big my windows is.
        
           | h2zizzle wrote:
           | I don't buy it. My generation used pre-Ribbon Office, from
           | elementary school onward, just fine. It wasn't made for
           | children; it was made for Boomers who couldn't grok the menu-
           | based interface. Not old people; prime workforce-aged Boomers
           | who were intimidated by computers, but who were being dragged
           | kicking-and-screaming into the Information Age by their jobs.
           | It was just another example of the infantilization of
           | interfaces provided to that generation whenever they whined
           | about not wanting to learn, or being scared by, something
           | new. Everyone else just got dragged along with them.
        
         | beloch wrote:
         | People need to go back and use Win 3.1 or MacOS 7.x to realize
         | what a leap forward Win95 was. MacOS 7.x didn't even have
         | preemptive multitasking! The start menu and task bar made their
         | debut and immediately anchored the whole UI. Since then,
         | Windows has made incremental advances (with the occasional step
         | backwards), but no change has been nearly so radical. OS X
         | would not have been possible without the influence of win95.
         | We're still living in the Win95 age.
        
           | cosmic_cheese wrote:
           | OS X inherited its multitasking model from NeXTSTEP, which
           | predates Win95 by several years.
        
           | LtWorf wrote:
           | You have to use windows 95 with a computer from 1995 to
           | realise how painfully slow it was compared to windows 3.
        
             | hollandheese wrote:
             | Windows 3.11 loads in less than a blink of an eye on my
             | Pentium MMX, while Windows 98 takes at least a minute to
             | boot. This is with a 8 GB CF card as the HDD too, so the
             | I/O is going as fast as possible.
        
               | M95D wrote:
               | It's because of drivers and PnP and especially USB. When
               | you load Win3.1, WinNT4 and lower, drivers load without
               | scanning for hardware presence. It's just a disk to
               | memory copy. In Win95, the first PnP OS, it scans for PnP
               | hardware at every boot. That's slow.
               | 
               | To prove my point, you could try loading some of the USB
               | drivers for DOS or one of the ISA PnP configuration
               | utilities (such as ICU - Intel Configuration Utility),
               | see how fast it boots then!
               | 
               | Also, if you left the network config untouched, it
               | defaults to TCPIP+DHCP, and when DHCP doesn't respond
               | (cable unplugged), it's another 30s delay. Win311 didn't
               | have TCPIP unless you install it manually. It also asks
               | you to configure it during installation - less likely to
               | select DHCP if you don't have it. And then, in Win311,
               | network is started by DOS (NET START in autoexec.bat),
               | not by Windows.
        
               | LtWorf wrote:
               | Besides the boot (which windows 3 didn't even do so I
               | don't see why we are comparing it), from clicking on the
               | start menu the 1st time after boot, to the start menu
               | actually appearing on screen it would take 1-2 minutes to
               | populate on windows 95, while on windows 3 on the same
               | machine there would be no such issue.
        
               | M95D wrote:
               | This is not true. Win95 start menu appears instantly. I
               | dare you to prove me wrong.
               | 
               | You are probably thinking of Win98 menu where they added
               | IE.
        
               | LtWorf wrote:
               | I am thinking of windows 95 with a computer from 1995, in
               | the year 1995. If you use it on a vm today... yeah thanks
               | for not proving anything.
        
               | M95D wrote:
               | I'm not using a vm. I have an early 2000s computer
               | running several old OSs. In Win98 I replaced the shell
               | with the one from Win95 because it's faster. See 98lite:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_remastering#98lite
        
               | LtWorf wrote:
               | I am not a great mathematical genius but I suspect that
               | "early 2000s" came several years after 1995. Correct?
        
           | zzo38computer wrote:
           | I have used both Windows 3.1 and Windows 95. Windows 95 does
           | have some significant benefits (e.g. you can start Windows
           | programs from the DOS prompt (I seem to remember that you
           | cannot do this in Windows 3.1 and in Windows 95 you can, but
           | I am not sure if I remember correctly), and the WIN+R
           | shortcut, and some others), but also many problems (although
           | some can be avoided by changing stuff in the registry; I had
           | done that to force it to display the file name extensions for
           | all file names, rather than hiding them even if you tell it
           | to display them; I also dislike their decision to use spaces
           | in file names).
        
             | quietbritishjim wrote:
             | You could change the option to hide file extensions in the
             | explorer settings windows; no registry tweak was needed.
             | 
             | Not wanting spaces in file names is certainly a bold
             | opinion! I think you'll find yourself in a very small
             | minority there.
        
               | h2zizzle wrote:
               | I don't have strong feelings either way, but I can see
               | the perspective that underscores should suffice, and that
               | introducing white space into filenames makes certain file
               | and data management tasks more difficult and
               | unpredictable.
        
               | zzo38computer wrote:
               | > You could change the option to hide file extensions in
               | the explorer settings windows; no registry tweak was
               | needed.
               | 
               | The is a setting in Explorer, but it does not affect all
               | file types; some (such as .lnk) are not affected by that
               | setting and hide the extension anyways.
        
         | AnotherGoodName wrote:
         | I'll also give the opinion that Apple consistently creates some
         | absolutely crap designs and when they do this, release
         | something really really mind mindbogglingly stupid that it
         | should be embarrassing they are instead met with applause on
         | the "amazing design". It's a tiresome pattern repeated for
         | decades now.
         | 
         | eg. The 'breathing status light' that lit up the room at night
         | due to extreme brightness which meant every macbook of the era
         | had stickers or tape over the LED with endless Q&A's of "How do
         | i turn the annoying light off? You can't!". This crap design
         | was met by articles extolling the subtle sign wave and off
         | white hue. I kid you not. https://avital.ca/notes/a-closer-
         | look-at-apples-breathing-li...
         | 
         | Apple today seem to have acknowledged their mistake here and
         | taken away status lights completely (also a crappy design
         | hailed as amazing since they've just gone to the other extreme)
         | which highlights the fact that no matter what they do they're
         | hailed as being amazing at design, even when it's contradictory
         | from their own previous 'amazing designs'.
         | 
         | Apple doesn't just get a pass on crappy design. It gets endless
         | articles praising the virtues of everything they do even when,
         | if you think about what they did for even a second you'd
         | realize, "that's actually just plain crap design".
        
           | gerdesj wrote:
           | I recently had to get printing working for a family member on
           | an Apple tablet. I'm not an Apple jockey so it took me a
           | while to sort out and I've being using computers since 1980
           | and consulting since 1995.
           | 
           | You tap an icon that looks like the outline of a rectangle
           | with an arrow pointing up. Then you tap the name of the
           | printer. Then you tap another rectangle with an up arrow and
           | then tap the word "Print".
           | 
           | I may have got the precise steps wrong but it really is that
           | abstruse to print something on a tablet. Never mind that
           | mDNS/Bonjour has done its thing - the steps to actually
           | indicate that you want to print is frankly weird.
           | 
           | What on earth is that box with an up arrow actually supposed
           | to mean? Why does the interface switch from icons to text?
        
             | 1bpp wrote:
             | Android uses the 'share' icon to represent the same thing,
             | which is maybe a little more legible, but still feels like
             | shoving way too many actions under a confusing modal they
             | shouldn't be in. Even worse when apps implement a _custom_
             | share dialog.
        
               | toast0 wrote:
               | I usually see the Android share icon with the word share.
               | Apple doesn't often present words with icons, so if you
               | don't already know what the icon means, it's difficult to
               | find out.
               | 
               | Arguably, it's a bit off that you share a document with a
               | printer in order to print it, but I feel like printing is
               | no longer so common as to require a dedicated button
               | everywhere; and printing from a phone still seems like a
               | novelty to me (but I do use it; it feels odd, but useful
               | and I know lots of people have no computer to print from)
        
             | crooked-v wrote:
             | It's supposed to be the "Share" menu, but that stopped
             | meaning anything very fast because they just crammed
             | everything into it for lack of other UX for system
             | services.
             | 
             | Macs have the problem multiple times over, because now they
             | have the normal menu bar and toolbar, _and_ a Share menu
             | that just gets arbitrary stuff dumped into by App Store
             | apps, _and_ the Services menu that shows up in some
             | contexts but not others, _and_ the Quick Actions menu that
             | shows up in some contexts but not others, _and_ some
             | services can just add things directly to right click menus.
        
               | xattt wrote:
               | Apple UI designers wanted to avoid the Android hamburger
               | so much that they doubled-down on the share menu to
               | duplicate hamburger menu functionality.
               | 
               | I guess printing it to paper is a form of sharing so they
               | may have the last laugh.
        
               | zozbot234 wrote:
               | Windows Explorer supports its own equivalent to the
               | "Share" menu, dubbed "Send To". It was there already in
               | the original Windows 9x. Printers are generally not
               | listed though, there is a separate "Print" option
               | instead.
        
               | hakfoo wrote:
               | There's a very reasonable argument behind that, though.
               | 
               | "Sending" a file to another disc or on the network is
               | non-transformative. At the far end, it's still a _file_.
               | 
               | But "printing" is inherently transformative-- you're
               | expecting to get something clearly _not_ a file (print-
               | to-file pseudo-printers excepted).
               | 
               | I can see the desire for minimalism-- having seperate
               | rows for "share/send" and "print" is, well, two seperate
               | rows. But if you offer adaptable and configurable
               | interfaces, I could see suppressing one or both depending
               | on context or user preferences. (You have no external
               | drives or registered share-recipients? No "Send
               | To/Share")
        
               | opan wrote:
               | Obligatory:
               | 
               | https://retrohacker.substack.com/p/bye-cups-printing-
               | with-ne...
        
               | benj111 wrote:
               | Maybe I've been in Linux land too long but sending a file
               | to a printer seems pretty obvious to me. Yes it's
               | transformative in a way, but you could equally argue that
               | my word document with A4 layout is a digital version of a
               | document, and the print out is equivalent.
               | 
               | To me there seems to be more difference between sending
               | and share. One is pushing something somewhere, the other
               | implies making it available for someone/thing to pull.
               | 
               | I'm not particularly saying you're wrong btw. We are
               | talking metaphors, and there's no 'correct' way to do it.
        
               | jaffa2 wrote:
               | Good point. Its a mess. Come on apple get someone to fix
               | this
        
             | alexdbird wrote:
             | It's called the Action icon, a generalisation of its
             | original Share meaning. It's used throughout the Apple
             | ecosystem so knowing that's where actions live is not a big
             | expectation.
             | 
             | You've mangled the steps. You only press one Action icon in
             | this sequence, then you select Print, then you need to
             | select the printer and any other options, then you tap
             | Print. Which of these steps do you think 'abstruse'?
             | 
             | Are you suggesting they should use a little icon of a
             | printer, peripheral that takes many wildly different forms,
             | instead of the word Print?
        
               | benj111 wrote:
               | There's a printer icon in windows and *nix. Many icons
               | represent things that have wildly different forms. People
               | and cars look different, but road signs manage to portray
               | these things.
        
               | wtetzner wrote:
               | We've had clear, legible printer icons for decades.
        
           | throwaway290 wrote:
           | I got no problem with that tiny LED or glowing apple logo
           | personally
           | 
           | But liquid glass and insane amount of bugs that arrived with
           | it is killing me.
        
             | AnotherGoodName wrote:
             | Likely you experienced later gens where they toned it down.
             | ~2010 it was one of the brightest LEDs you could purchase.
             | As in they literally put a torch LED on the all white Intel
             | macbooks of the era and it would shine through the laptop
             | bags, pulsating.
        
               | throwaway290 wrote:
               | Maybe...
        
               | tomxor wrote:
               | Not Maybe, I owned a 2009 MBP. Everyone with a macbook
               | from that period that I knew had the same issue, they
               | were absurdly bright, you could not keep it anywhere near
               | a bedroom without putting very thick tape over the light.
               | 
               | It was a poorly thought out design of aesthetics over
               | ergonomics.
        
               | throwaway290 wrote:
               | nope. actually I remember I had that model first and yes
               | I still don't care. simply the least annoying light
               | compared to other bright color leds in a room. doesn't
               | stand close to liquid glass chaos.
               | 
               | loved battery level indicators on old macbooks too, they
               | kind of brought it back with led on magsafe except this
               | new led is more annoying.
        
               | IncreasePosts wrote:
               | There's people who live their lives with the low battery
               | beep on their smoke alarm going off every 5 minutes in
               | their home and don't even register it happening.
        
           | cosmic_cheese wrote:
           | I liked the gentle amber sleep mode breathing power button on
           | my circa-2000 CRT iMac. It wasn't nearly as bright as that of
           | later models and was quite nice.
        
             | LtWorf wrote:
             | I had one from 2010 and the bright light wasn't even the
             | main problem at night.
             | 
             | The charger emitted an annoying high pitch sound so I'd
             | have to unplug it.
             | 
             | And the device turned itself on randomly at night, and the
             | CD-ROM reader and fans would spin up and make noise.
             | 
             | I've now used a macbook air for work and I noticed that
             | even when in "standby" for a week my router had a DHCP
             | lease for it. So they still turn on for no reason, but at
             | least the lack of fans and the fact that I can now use a
             | decent usbc charger means they don't wake me up any more.
        
               | jaffa2 wrote:
               | You can disable it but yes macs will periodically wake up
               | to get emails and notifications even while they are
               | 'sleeping'
        
               | windowsrookie wrote:
               | You can disable "Wake for Network Access" in the battery
               | settings if you want. It's a convenience option that lets
               | MacOS check for new iMessages and other updates while
               | it's asleep. That way all your messages are loaded
               | immediately when you wake the device.
        
               | LtWorf wrote:
               | I didn't even set it up with an apple account and thus I
               | cannot possibly get any messages from iMessages.
        
               | LtWorf wrote:
               | I love how when americans wake up simple factual
               | statements get downvoted because they are somehow seen as
               | personal insults.
               | 
               | Feel free to downvote, this one is meant for it :)
        
           | zzo38computer wrote:
           | Status lights can be helpful, although they should be dim,
           | and should be red or green (or possibly yellow) rather than
           | blue or white (unless you have already used the other colours
           | and now you need more colours).
        
             | f1shy wrote:
             | Red and green, if the color has some meaning, should be
             | avoided. 10% of males have problems with that colors
             | (dyschromatopsia) specially with led colors. For indicators
             | blue and white are very easy to see, even in not optimal
             | lightning. The option to disable them is nice.
             | 
             | > unless you have already used the other colours and now
             | you need more colours
             | 
             | In that case you will end up with Christmas decorations.
             | Better solution is usually placement and form.
        
               | Sharlin wrote:
               | Mixing red and green should be avoided. There's no
               | problem using either alone. Human color vision is the
               | least sensitive to blue light, so a blue indicator led
               | has to be made brighter than an equivalent red or green
               | led to be as visible in bright ambient lighting. But that
               | makes blue leds disastrous in low light, where the
               | opposite is the case (vision is the _most_ sensitive to
               | blue). Of course there never was any reason for blue
               | standby lights except the fact that blue leds had novelty
               | value and looked futuristic compared to boring old red
               | and green leds.
        
           | f1shy wrote:
           | > release something really really mind mindbogglingly stupid
           | that it should be embarrassing
           | 
           | I'm still trying to understand who came with the idea of
           | charging the mouse from under, instead of from a position
           | that would allow to use the mouse while charging...
        
             | Sharlin wrote:
             | Textbook case of form over function. Either an engineering
             | constraint forced by the design and deemed an acceptable
             | trade-off by higher-ups, or maybe more likely, the designer
             | just thought a visible charging port would've ruined their
             | design.
        
               | tavavex wrote:
               | While the exact reason has never been documented, if you
               | look at that mouse's design, you'll see that its first
               | generation had a regular battery compartment on the
               | bottom. When gen 2 arrived, they fully reused the same
               | shell and only replaced that bottom part to now be an
               | integrated battery with a charging port instead of a
               | compartment for AAs. Moving the charging port would've
               | required a brand new design, since every edge of the
               | mouse tapers way too much for a port to be placed
               | anywhere else. They would also probably need to change
               | more of the internal structure, as opposed to just
               | swapping a battery module and changing the bottom lid. In
               | this case the constraint seems to just be about
               | functionality and manufacturing. Apple has made many
               | controversial design decisions that have no functional
               | justifications in the past, yet people keep bringing up
               | the mouse.
        
               | throw_away_623 wrote:
               | The reason people talk about the mouse is that it's one
               | of the worst ideas they ever had.
               | 
               | At the time, I remember someone claimed that the reason
               | was that they were afraid people could leave it plugged
               | in for convenience. Apple thought that would lead to a
               | worse experience because their mouse was designed to be
               | used wirelessly. I think it was actually more related to
               | aesthetic "icks" by the designers, because people would
               | have disconnected the cable if it was in the way.
        
               | alexdbird wrote:
               | Honestly, as a user of the mouse, I think the main reason
               | people talk about the mouse is bike shedding. Charging
               | isn't a problem in actual use, but everyone sure has an
               | opinion on it.
               | 
               | There are plenty of contenders for 'worst ideas they ever
               | had' and this just isn't up there.
        
               | Oreb wrote:
               | I agree, I always found the charging port location to be
               | a total non-issue. The battery life is long, charging is
               | fast, and you get warned that the battery level is low
               | long before the mouse dies.
        
               | alexdbird wrote:
               | In fact, the real crime of the Magic Mouse is how awkward
               | it is to switch it between machines.
        
               | kmeisthax wrote:
               | "If you see a stylus, they blew it"
               | 
               | That's a quote from Steve Jobs about how basically all of
               | their competition (except Google) had made the mistake of
               | trying to ship desktop software on phones. The problem
               | with the stylus is that it's a hardware workaround for a
               | software problem: the sort of cost-reduced engineering
               | you get when a company wants to "have a mobile strategy"
               | without actually putting in the time and effort to make
               | something good.
               | 
               | The Magic Mouse is the exact same kind of "we couldn't
               | care less" cost-reduction. The charging port is on the
               | bottom because that's the only place you can put a
               | charging port with the existing all-glass design. Because
               | they re-used an existing design intended for removable
               | batteries. This is such an uncharacteristically un-Apple
               | move, and one so obviously detrimental to the design of
               | the device, that people (including myself) actually
               | psyopped themselves into thinking Apple had deliberately
               | designed the mouse to enforce wireless usage.
               | 
               | And, to be clear, Apple has never done that.
               | 
               | All their other peripherals with rechargeable batteries
               | in them will let you use them fully wired if you plug
               | them in. In fact, if you somehow engineered a way to move
               | the charging port somewhere less stupid, the Magic Mouse
               | probably would work plugged-in, too.
               | 
               | If you see a charging port on the bottom, they blew it.
        
               | jbverschoor wrote:
               | Yet it is one thing I love very much about my MX anywhere
               | 3. The wire connection is simply more performance and I
               | get to use it when I did not charge. It is also
               | compatible with any non-Bluetooth device.
        
               | specialist wrote:
               | > _it 's one of the worst ideas_
               | 
               | It's _still_ one of the worst ideas. Insult to injury.
        
               | leoc wrote:
               | > I think it was actually more related to aesthetic
               | "icks" by the designers, because people would have
               | disconnected the cable if it was in the way.
               | 
               | A lot of people really will just anxiously leave the
               | cable in the whole time if given the opportunity. I have
               | a wired/wireless Logitech mouse and I confess that I
               | hardly ever remove the cable. Between this, and the space
               | and connector issues of adding a "normal" cable
               | connection as referred to in the grandparent, we have two
               | reasons to think that Apple's decision wasn't all that
               | clearly bad, let alone one of their worst.
        
               | just6979 wrote:
               | Nobody leaves the cables attached. Except wanna be pro
               | gamers who think a couple milliseconds will help them
               | more than practice to "git gud". Every mouse I have is
               | wireless, and I almost never use them plugged in, except
               | for the one on the server that get used so rarely it's
               | self-discharged should probably be wired but I simply
               | don't have any wired ones left. Just plug them in
               | overnight every once in a while, golden.
        
               | V99 wrote:
               | This is not even close to the worst ideas Apple ever had,
               | even if you're only talking about mice.
               | 
               | The original USB mouse (for the first iMac) was round, so
               | you couldn't orient it in your hand without looking at it
               | constantly.
               | 
               | And it came with a very short cord (because there was a
               | port on the right side of the keyboard to plug it into).
               | But then the laptops got updated with USB ports and they
               | were only on the LEFT side of the case.
               | 
               | For at least a year or two you could not buy an Apple
               | mouse for your Apple PowerBook and use it in your right
               | hand, because the cord was too short to go around the
               | case.
               | 
               | Eventually they shipped a "Pro" mouse with revolutionary
               | elongated shape and longer cord. (...and optical
               | tracking, and what looked like zero buttons, which were
               | pretty neat)
        
               | CableNinja wrote:
               | Uhg i totally forgot about their round mouse. Bright
               | colored iMac days!
        
               | moron4hire wrote:
               | While I get the feeling you appreciate the, erhm,
               | efficiency with which Apple modified this product, the
               | problem is that Apple is not supposed to be efficient.
               | They don't need to save money on the engineering process
               | because they are not hurting for money. They sell
               | themselves as being a design-forward company that prides
               | itself on making bold, not expedient, choices. To take a
               | shortcut like that shows a lack of respect for the
               | customer to whom they are charging premium prices for
               | these items.
        
               | benj111 wrote:
               | So if they're reusing the shell, they passed the savings
               | on to customers right?
               | 
               | If this were a PS10 mouse then this excuse might be
               | valid, but it isn't.
        
             | opan wrote:
             | How many generations of that mouse design have there been
             | now? Any changes to it? Wireless charging support could be
             | a nice bandaid on that terrible design.
        
             | sandermvanvliet wrote:
             | Let me introduce you to the world of _devices for keeping
             | small kids asleep_.
             | 
             | For whatever reason they won't work when hooked up to a
             | charger and of course the moment you need them most the
             | batteries have gone dead so you must charge...
             | 
             | At this point I can't help but think that the people who
             | design these things really hate parents
        
             | askvictor wrote:
             | I believe that was intentional, to prevent people using it
             | plugged in, which would mean most people would keep it
             | plugged in all the time, so it wouldn't be a wireless mouse
             | anymore, but also degrade the battery lifespan.
        
               | fainpul wrote:
               | I also believe that was intentional. But the reason was
               | the typical Apple / Jobs hubris of knowing better than
               | the users. The desktop looks cleaner with fewer cables,
               | so they wanted to _enforce_ use without the cable plugged
               | in.
               | 
               | I don't have a source for this, but I'm pretty sure I've
               | read something like that a long time ago.
        
               | treyd wrote:
               | Maybe they should have made the batteries replaceable and
               | make it operable without batteries installed.
               | 
               | Or just ship a wired version for the people who want
               | that.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | That wired hockey puck mouse was an abomination
        
               | chocochunks wrote:
               | It was intentional to recycle the design of the Magic
               | Mouse 1 which used AA batteries. The Magic Touchpad and
               | Keyboard came out the exact same day as the Magic Mouse 2
               | and they don't share the Magic Mouse 2's stupid design.
               | They both have perfectly usable ports on the front and
               | even work when wired without pairing.
        
               | benj111 wrote:
               | Right.... So.... Add some charging circuitry. Is it a
               | problem if people don't use it as a wireless mouse
               | anyway.
               | 
               | Yes it's very apple to force users to use devices how
               | Apple wants, but that isn't a particularly good reason.
        
               | userbinator wrote:
               | Cycling the battery continuously is worse for lifespan.
        
             | userbinator wrote:
             | Where should a cord on a mouse be when it's charging? The
             | same place as any cord on a mouse should be, i.e. the tail,
             | would be the commonsense answer. Indeed this is how all
             | other dual-mode mouses do it.
        
             | specialist wrote:
             | Their laptop touchpads are the only Apple "pointer" input
             | device I've ever liked. (And by extension, the iPhone and
             | iPad.)
             | 
             | I hate myself every time I settle for yet another
             | disposable Microsoft mouse.
             | 
             | Though, I would have killed for an Apple Pencil, back when
             | I was a CAD jockey.
             | 
             | For me, the butterfly keyboard was Apple's mostest worstest
             | user interface design decision.
             | 
             | (Doubly so because it persisted for so long. I love that
             | Apple (and others) try new things. But I don't understand
             | commitment to design failures.)
             | 
             | Source: I've been an Apple partisan since the Apple ][.
             | Even stubbornly resisting Amiga's siren call.
        
               | jaffa2 wrote:
               | > For me, the butterfly keyboard was Apple's mostest
               | worstest user interface design decision.
               | 
               | I really liked the butterfly kb. It was responsive, and
               | you could hit the key cap anywhere and it would
               | register.*
               | 
               | Subsequent mac book keyboards imo are all terrible and
               | suffer from the terrible issue of sponge-ness that means
               | i can literally press a key cap in a slightly off centre
               | location and it Does Not Register. Its like the key
               | movement is separate from the actuation. I have way more
               | mis key and missing letter using later post butterfly kbs
               | than i ever did. The worst part is this is 'normal' and
               | not a fault. You just have to press harder and in the
               | centre.
               | 
               | * except when it was in for work i had 3x top case
               | replaced on my old mbp
        
               | specialist wrote:
               | Ya, you're right. When it worked, it worked well. A point
               | worth remembering, thanks. Alas, they just weren't robust
               | enough, interferring with my work.
        
           | zelphirkalt wrote:
           | I like the status lights on my old X200 a lot (on/off,
           | battery, disk, wlan I believe, and more). It's a shame we
           | don't have them like that any longer in Thinkpads. We only
           | get one or two LEDs indicating on/off status. But such things
           | need to be done right.
        
           | wolvoleo wrote:
           | Yes or the sharp edges on MacBooks cutting into your wrist.
           | That started with the unibody design, the ones before that
           | had a nice soft rounded plastic gasket there
           | 
           | My powerbook was the last apple laptop I really enjoyed.
        
           | h2zizzle wrote:
           | They're the flagship "design here, build there," company, so
           | they got the Pollock treatment.
           | 
           | I'm glad people are finally saying it. Eat your heart out,
           | Nilay.
        
         | Telaneo wrote:
         | MS may not have been as tasteful as MacOS, but the
         | functionality was at least there and it was easy to find and
         | use. That goes a long way to make up for the bland-ish look.
         | 
         | Then we lost even more taste, and eventually the functionality
         | and user friendlyness, on both sides of the isle.
        
         | pcurve wrote:
         | What made system 7 and 8 worse in some respect was when it
         | crashed, it crashed hard without warning
         | 
         | With windows the crash was progressive so you have time to save
         | and prepare.
         | 
         | I also have fond memories of windows 2000. It was rock steady
         | and polished. I preferred it over system 8 and even OS X which
         | had to many Unix conventions.
        
           | analog31 wrote:
           | I once proved to my boss that a font was crashing System 7.
           | And we always unplugged the network when we didn't need it
           | because a crash on one Mac could bring down every other Mac
           | on the network.
        
           | cosmic_cheese wrote:
           | With System 7 or Mac OS 8/8.5/9, if one used it for long
           | enough with a stable software setup you'd eventually get a
           | gut feel for what programs, extension sets, etc were most
           | likely to invite a crash (it wasn't a terrible idea to reboot
           | after a long web browsing session with Netscape for
           | instance). It wasn't surefire, but one _could_ get it into a
           | somewhat stable state. You never stopped hammering [?]S,
           | though.
           | 
           | Windows 2000 was incredible. Running it after having wrestled
           | with 98SE was like getting teleported from a garbage dump to
           | sunny meadow with a fresh ocean breeze. I've never seen
           | machines transform quite as radically as they did when
           | upgrading from something earlier to 2000.
        
           | giantrobot wrote:
           | General protection errors and BSODs say hello, also to hit
           | CTRL + ALT + DELETE to restart.
        
         | throwawaytea wrote:
         | I have good news for you. Even a Linux Mint Mate would make you
         | happy again, let alone some of the windows 95 look alikes.
        
         | ChuckMcM wrote:
         | I think Steve was correct in that Windows 95/98/NT/ME/2000 was
         | _functional_ but it wasn 't particularly _elegant._ But the
         | part I think Steve missed was that elegance may get the  "ohhs
         | and ahhs" but functionality gets the customers. Back when NeXT
         | was a thing a friend of mine who worked there and I (working at
         | Sun) were having the Workstation UX
         | argument^h^h^h^h^h^h^h^hdiscussion. At the time, one component
         | was how there was always like 4 or 5 ways to do the same thing
         | on Windows, and that was alleged to be "confusing and a waste
         | of resources." And the counter argument was that different
         | people would find the ways that work best for them, and having
         | a combinatorial way of doing things meant that there was a
         | probably a way that worked for more people.
         | 
         | The difference for me was "taste" was the goal, look good or
         | get things done. For me getting things done won every time.
        
           | jimbokun wrote:
           | Jobs did understand that. In the same quote he says Microsoft
           | earned their success.
        
           | qalmakka wrote:
           | This. Windows 9x-2000 GUIs were probably the pinnacle of OS
           | UX, but were utterly ugly and boring as UIs. Their looks were
           | unimpressive and boring, but they got the job done and they
           | were easy to use and worked well. Windows 95 was like a 90
           | cents spoon - not particularly appealing, but extremely
           | useful
        
         | jeberle wrote:
         | The "no taste" quote makes no sense given that Susan Kare did
         | the many of the significant icons in Windows 95. She did the
         | same for the Mac.
        
         | jdswain wrote:
         | The windows 95 user interface was 'inspired by' the NeXT user
         | interface, and to some degree the Mac UI. Microsoft had a NeXT
         | computer to copy off, even though they wouldn't develop for it.
        
           | sedatk wrote:
           | Exactly. Windows Cairo was planned to be a competitor to
           | NeXTSTEP, and later, parts of it made it to Windows 95 and
           | NT.
        
         | nextstepfan wrote:
         | Windows 95 is a rip-off of NeXTStep
        
         | JustinGoldberg9 wrote:
         | There's an entire is that loves 90s msft user interface.
         | SerenityOS.
        
           | M95D wrote:
           | SerenityOS was born dead. Let me explain why.
           | 
           | No new OS today will ever be used by any significant number
           | of people without 1) a working web browser and 2) hardware
           | support for laptops, phones, wifi cards... you know... stuff
           | people already have.
           | 
           | SerenityOS might get a working browser. Not very likely, but
           | it might get it. The #2 condition will only be solved if it
           | somehow "imports" Linux drivers or wrap Windows binary
           | drivers in a compatibility layer (like Linux used to have for
           | wifi).
           | 
           | Their policy to not use any external code or libraries is
           | what will finally kill the project. It's simply not possible
           | for them to rewrite any significant portion of drivers
           | needed. Not even Linux can keep up and they have lots of
           | contributors from the hardware industry.
           | 
           | They could probably make SerenityOS a VM-only OS. That could
           | work. Run Linux as a HAL and SerenityOS as a UI on top. But
           | then, why not write a complete Linux userspace to replace
           | Gnu?
        
             | renehsz wrote:
             | SerenityOS serves as a cool side project for those who like
             | to tinker with OS dev. I don't think it was "born" with any
             | other goals in mind. Neither was their browser project, it
             | just happened to turn into something a lot more serious.
        
         | opan wrote:
         | I have some nostalgia for XP, especially the Zune theme
         | (separate download, black+orange recolor of the default), but
         | due to the Classic theme being available in so many versions
         | and often using it either for more performance or easier ricing
         | (can easily swap the colors and fonts via official settings),
         | I'm also nostalgic for the Win95 or so UI. I think 2000 was the
         | oldest I remember actually using, but I used XP a lot and 2000
         | not very much.
         | 
         | In the last decade+ of using GNU/Linux, I've also become very
         | attached to bitmap fonts and simple solid colors, while I've
         | grown to dislike curves and transparency. So sometimes I see a
         | screenshot of some very old Mac OS version I never even used,
         | and it just looks good, sharp, and clean to me, no real
         | nostalgia involved.
         | 
         | I think SerenityOS's vision of a unix-like environment with
         | classic Windows UI is genius. I don't follow the project that
         | closely, but on paper it does seem like a good idea.
        
         | kettlecorn wrote:
         | Microsoft has for short periods in its history put out good UX
         | and design, but fundamentally the company doesn't defend taste
         | and design.
         | 
         | The company treats good design almost like a marketing expense
         | only worth doing if it creates short term brand perception
         | changes. Throughout its history it's had moments of great
         | design when a particular leader creates a culture that promotes
         | it, but inevitably someone higher up rotates out that leader
         | and the culture resets.
         | 
         | That has been the pattern with Windows, Zune / Windows Phone,
         | Xbox, Surface, and many other consumer facing products.
        
         | glenstein wrote:
         | Amazing you say that because I almost posted that comment in
         | response to that same clip in another HN thread, for the same
         | reason. There's a tight integration between style, performance,
         | and design on the Windows 95 and 98 that then now feels more
         | like "true" Windows than anything since.
         | 
         | I think Jobs was right about Microsoft later on, but they
         | certainly had taste during their peak.
        
           | reddalo wrote:
           | Performance started going downhill with Windows XP, and then
           | even more with Windows Vista.
           | 
           | Modern Windows doesn't feel snappy anymore, even thought we
           | have the most powerful computers we've ever had.
           | 
           | Sometimes I use some old Win32 apps, and they feel so
           | responsive and light...
        
         | bartread wrote:
         | I think the interesting larger observation here is the perhaps
         | both Microsoft and Apple peaked in their usability design
         | between the mid-90s and late-aughts (I think Apple stayed at
         | their peak for longer, particularly when you start thinking
         | about the iPhone which, at the time, was streets ahead of what
         | any other company was offering), and have both been on a down
         | trend ever since.
         | 
         | Why is that though? Why does that appear to _have_ to be the
         | case given that neither seems anble to do annything but get
         | worse nowadays? And why hasn't any other player managed to step
         | in and fill that void?
         | 
         | Clearly there are some broader forces and trends at play here.
         | 
         | Is it pressure to monetize in ever more intrusive, user-
         | hostile, and "micro-tiresome" ways? Is it that they don't
         | really have to compete any more, or at least not with
         | eachother?
         | 
         | What _is_ going on here? I don't understand. But I wish I did
         | because then a way out might be easier to discern. Because - I
         | still don't think - Linux on the desktop (taking one aspect of
         | the problem) is still necessarily ready to be the answer -
         | certainly not outside of the technology, engineering, and
         | scientific niches.
        
           | h2zizzle wrote:
           | I think there's something to be said for the loss of
           | institutional knowledge, as that was the time when the first
           | set of Baby Boomers would have been transitioning out of
           | operational roles or the workforce altogether. My experience
           | as a Millennial is that they and older Gen-X, as a cohort,
           | have been quite jealous of their accumulated expertise and
           | generally reticent to pass it along, especially when they'd
           | learned to keep every edge possible in the hyper-competitive
           | job markets of the 80s and 90s. It's possible that a lot of
           | knowledge just disappeared, leaving the younger generations
           | to reinvent the wheel at a cuil over the circumstances that
           | brought about the UX they'd grown up with.
        
         | baq wrote:
         | > Microsoft not having taste
         | 
         | the liquid glass designers (and probably their managers and
         | design vps) should be repeatedly punched in the face with that
         | video
        
           | kmeisthax wrote:
           | What's doubly-insulting about Liquid Glass is that Windows
           | Vista did the glass thing _better_. Aero rivaled mid-2000s
           | Aqua in design chops, and in some ways did a better job of
           | showing off what GPU compositing could do. But most
           | importantly Microsoft actually understood that text on glass
           | needs loads of background protection, damn it.
        
         | frizlab wrote:
         | But did you use 95 when you were young? I was using primarily
         | MacOS at the time and always found windows particularly bad at
         | everything, including UI/UX. I guess we like what we know...
        
         | jgalt212 wrote:
         | > Microsoft Office 2007 ribbon
         | 
         | What a waste screen real estate, IMO. The only reason it's
         | still around is because screens are now 2X bigger, and screen
         | real estate has become cheaper.
        
         | lstodd wrote:
         | I generally agree, only that XP was okay in my opinion after
         | one disabled all fluff so that it looked like 98SE.
         | 
         | It's no wonder XFCE and to lesser extent Mate are popular,
         | XFCE4 does a nice job of being a handy tool and not in-your-
         | face design manifest.
        
         | pjmlp wrote:
         | Agreed, especially since in Europe there was hardly any Apple
         | presence.
         | 
         | It is no accident that to this day Demoscene is all about
         | Spectrum, C64, CPC, MSX, Atari, Amiga, PC and there is hardly
         | any retrogaming/demoscene focus of Apple hardware.
         | 
         | Regarding Windows, I would place Windows 95, NT 4.0, 2000 and 7
         | as my favourite UI flavour ones.
        
         | panzi wrote:
         | 2000 was peak except for them still having those tiny non-
         | resizeable dialogs with long lists in them which you have to
         | scroll horizontally and vertically. WTF? Your typical Linux DE
         | was better at that even back then.
        
         | 1970-01-01 wrote:
         | Steven Jobs conveniently ignored the Start menu when discussing
         | the competition. He probably secretly admired it, as it was a
         | complete success story for Microsoft.
         | 
         | https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0717344B1/en
        
       | khazhoux wrote:
       | This part stands out to me:
       | 
       | > The Windows 95 user interface design team was formed in
       | October, 1992... The number of people oscillated during the
       | project but was approximately twelve. The software developers
       | dedicated to implementing the user interface accounted for
       | another twelve or so people
       | 
       | I still don't understand what happened starting around 2010-ish
       | (from my observations at the time) that we went from being able
       | to handle a company's worth of software with 30 people, to
       | needing 30 people for every individual project. Startups with
       | minor products had team-pages with 15 people.
        
         | tbossanova wrote:
         | Yes and with all these huge and siloed teams you end up with no
         | consistency even within a single app
        
         | titzer wrote:
         | Microsoft had thousands of people working on Windows. Sun
         | Microsystems had thousands of people working on Java.
        
           | zokier wrote:
           | Microsoft had around 5k people in r&d in 1995. And that
           | covered the full wide product range, win95, nt, office,
           | visualc, sql server, and all the other stuff.
        
         | markus_zhang wrote:
         | From what I remember, Windows NT kernel 3.1 team had about 50
         | persons, and when they reached 4.0 it was about 200 persons.
         | And then there are application writers. It was definitely a lot
         | than just a few dozens.
        
         | abanana wrote:
         | Those numbers are UI only. 12 just to design it, another 12 to
         | build it. That's not counting the vastly larger number of
         | developers who built all the various elements of the underlying
         | codebase.
         | 
         | Team bloat is a real issue but I don't think this case is
         | relevant.
        
       | rr808 wrote:
       | Wasn't Windows 95 just a copy of Windows NT, which was the real
       | product.
        
         | gattilorenz wrote:
         | No, Windows NT until 4.0 had the same interface design as
         | Windows 3.x (although there existed a semi-official SP/addon to
         | give NT 3.5 the Chicago interface, making it quite similar to
         | 95), and NT 4.0 came later than 95
        
           | sillywalk wrote:
           | From Raymond Chen's Old New Thing:
           | 
           | How did the Windows 95 user interface code get brought to the
           | Windows NT code base?
           | 
           | https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20251028-00/?p=11.
           | ..
        
         | pndy wrote:
         | Both OS lines were developed concurrently up until XP release
         | where DOS-based 9x was abandoned and NT became the basis for
         | every subsequent product. Plus of course there's that whole
         | part of the story where MS teamed up with IBM and worked on
         | OS/2.
         | 
         | NT got new 9x shell with 4.0 release but a beta package could
         | be installed on 3.51 as well - tho, that could render some
         | compatibility issues.
        
       | WalterBright wrote:
       | Any user interface designer should take a good look at the
       | controls on a commercial airliner. An awful lot of effort goes
       | into making an intuitive, effective user interface. I have
       | disagreements with it, but there's no denying it's very well
       | done.
       | 
       | Designing a programming language is mostly about usability. I'll
       | be giving a talk about that in April at Yale. It's a fun topic!
        
         | socalgal2 wrote:
         | Looking forward to your talk.
         | 
         | I feel like there's a taste issue which is similar to tabs vs
         | spaces or other coding styles. Some languages kind of solve
         | this with auto-formatting but just because they choose a
         | standard doesn't mean their standard is as readable as some
         | other.
         | 
         | In languages one taste issue that comes to mind. Many languages
         | have the invisible scope issue                   foo = bar
         | 
         | In C++ for example, foo could be a local variable, a member of
         | the enclosing class, a local module static, or a global. Some
         | programmers like this, JBlow for example complained that in
         | C++, switching between standalone function, member function, a
         | lambda required too many changes. (foo = bar) isn't an example
         | but the point is he wants that to be frictionless.
         | 
         | Me though, I want the line to be understandable with as little
         | external context as possible. I don't want to have to dig up
         | 10, 50, 100 lines to see if a local foo has been defined or if
         | it's member. So like python or typescript. I like foo has to be
         | this.foo or self.foo if you want it assign the current object's
         | member. Most programmers seem to agree because they end up
         | using mFoo or foo_ or some naming convention to work around the
         | issue but I think I'd prefer the language to enforce it.
         | 
         | I don't know which if any languages make all the different
         | scopes more explicit.
         | 
         | So far I haven't liked Swift though which seems more explicit.
         | Even though it's more explicit in some areas I feel like the
         | majority of my time is typing boilerplate and fixing trivial
         | syntax errors. I know programming requires syntax and, as an
         | example, I include semicolons everywhere in JavaScript even
         | though they are not required. That said, I would like to get
         | all the time back in my life where I compiled some C++ only to
         | be told "error: missing semicolon at end of class definition"
         | or "error: extra semicolon at end of member function
         | declaration". It feels like a language should fix this stuff
         | for the dumb human rather than make the human do random tedious
         | work. I get there might be times where it's ambiguous but I
         | wonder if it's also a language design issue.
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | I think you're going to enjoy my talk!
        
         | gyomu wrote:
         | Ok, except operating a commercial airliner literally takes
         | thousands of hours of training, requires an extremely detailed
         | mental model for how air flight works, and heavily relies on
         | external procedures like checklists to ensure safe operation.
         | 
         | And fatal accidents due to poorly thought out control systems
         | do occur.
         | 
         | https://www.fastcompany.com/1669720/how-lousy-cockpit-design...
         | 
         | Also fwiw using the word "intuitive" is an instant sign of
         | someone not being a great designer.
         | 
         | https://www.asktog.com/papers/raskinintuit.html
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | The 757 cockpit designers did use the word "intuitive" a lot.
           | 
           | The control stick movements, for example, are intuitive.
           | (Early aircraft did not have control sticks!)
           | 
           | For a crazy example, airplane jargon has specific meanings.
           | "Takeoff Power" officially means full power to take off with.
           | Makes intuitive sense, right? Well, one day the pilot needed
           | to abort a landing, and yelled "takeoff power". The copilot
           | heard "take off power" (note the space), chopped the power,
           | and the airliner crashed. The jargon was changed to "full
           | power".
           | 
           | The Air Force, however, had their own jargon and stuck with
           | "Takeoff Power", until one day they had the same accident and
           | changed the jargon.
           | 
           | For another example, the levers for the flaps have a knob on
           | them shaped like a flap. This way, the pilot has tactile
           | feedback that his hands are on the right lever, and he
           | doesn't need to take his eyes off his other tasks.
           | 
           | For a third example, cockpit designers put in a warning horn
           | for a stall warning. It worked great, and so they put in
           | other warning horns, each with a distinct sound.
           | Unfortunately, the pilots would confuse them, and do the
           | wrong thing. So the "horn" is now a voice that says "stall"
           | (or something like that).
           | 
           | Using words for aural indicators still has not percolated out
           | of the aviation industry. You don't have any for your car,
           | for example. Just chimes, beeps, buzzes, and other primitive
           | and hopeless sounds. Oh, lest I forget to mention, the stupid
           | incomprehensible icons.
        
         | user3939382 wrote:
         | My design is a cli as API+control plane which allows out of
         | order and aliased tokens via intent resolution to IR. The GUI
         | and CLI are homoiconic in that one builds the other or vice
         | versa. When you layer on a nice UI library with intuitive
         | controls, now you're cookin' with gas.
        
         | trympet wrote:
         | I tend to agree, but the FMC on Boeing aircraft sure leave
         | something to be desired.. I do not find the menu/tab system
         | very ergonomic (and the non-QWERTY key layout)
        
           | neucoas wrote:
           | Asking for qwerty keyboard in an fmc just screams you have
           | never been in a cockpit. You dont type into the fmc with both
           | hands.
        
       | catskull wrote:
       | Microsoft dumped $100 million on this huge marketing campaign
       | with a simple question: "Where do you want to go today?"
       | 
       | I love it. It really captures the seemingly endless new digital
       | world that was emerging in the 90's and in many ways is still
       | evolving 30 years later.
       | 
       | I love the promo video they made too:
       | https://youtu.be/KNLDLVJZx0o
       | 
       | I love it so much I wrote a blog post inspired by it:
       | https://catskull.net/where-do-you-want-to-go-today.html
       | 
       | Where do you want to go today?
        
         | userbinator wrote:
         | As I've joked about before, their slogan now has turned into
         | "where do we want you to go today?"
        
           | bitwize wrote:
           | That joke's been around since Microsoft tried locking people
           | into Internet Explorer, so ~30 years. Microsoft's been
           | Microsofting for at least that long, Satya hasn't changed
           | that.
        
           | Pikamander2 wrote:
           | 1994: Where do you want to go today?
           | 
           | 2014: Where do we want to go today?
           | 
           | 2024: Here's where we're going today.
        
         | bitwize wrote:
         | When Microsoft first established a web presence, 1994 was
         | probably the year if not 1993, www.microsoft.com showed
         | "Welcome to Microsoft's web site. Where do you want to go
         | today?" followed by a list of destinations throughout their
         | site. They promoted the second of those sentences to their
         | official slogan.
        
         | Ylpertnodi wrote:
         | > Where do you want to go today?
         | 
         | Not fussed. It's my information that i can't keep close to
         | home.
        
       | coldfingerr wrote:
       | Comdex 1996 DELL (or some company) exposed Windows 95 pcs for the
       | public to mess with. Having used only 3.11 before, I was
       | fascinated with the desktop and also felt it very strange that
       | the contents of the UI were so minimal.
       | 
       | Of course I didnt discover anything else: I was afraid of
       | clicking "Start", because I dindt know what that was that going
       | to start, and the computer wasnt mine to brick.
        
       | jedberg wrote:
       | If you want a true lesson on design, check out Ask Tog, starting
       | here:
       | 
       | https://asktog.com/atc/principles-of-interaction-design/
       | 
       | Tog was the original design engineer for the Mac, and arguably
       | one of the first true HCI engineers.
       | 
       | Then read the rest of his website. He goes into where Windows
       | tried to copy Mac and got it horribly wrong.
       | 
       | One of my favorite examples is menu placement. The reason the Mac
       | menus are at the top is because the edges of the screen provide
       | an infinite click target in one direction. So you just go to the
       | top to find what you want. With Windows, the menu was at the top
       | of each Window, making a tiny click target. Then when you
       | maximized the window, the menu was at the top, but with a few
       | pixels of unclickable border. So it _looked_ like the Mac but was
       | infinitely worse.
       | 
       | If you're making a UI, you should read all of Tog's writings.
        
         | bediger4000 wrote:
         | You can generalize this observation to a lot of Microsoft's
         | decisions: a problem exists, so they solve it in a nifty way, a
         | way that makes everything else harder or more error prone. An
         | example: byte order mark. That sure does solve the problem of
         | UTF-16 and UTF-32 byte order determination. It makes every
         | other use of what should be a stream of bytes or words much
         | harder. Concatenate two files? Gotta check for the BOM on both
         | files. Now every app has to look at the first bytes of every
         | "text" file it opens to decide what to do. Suddenly, "text"
         | files have become interpreted, and thus open to allowing
         | security vulnerabilities.
        
         | wmf wrote:
         | AFAIK Windows 3.x flipped a bunch of Mac decisions to avoid
         | being sued and then MS felt that they had to keep those choices
         | forever for backwards compatibility.
        
           | jonhohle wrote:
           | And in my experience, when people moved from Windows to the
           | Mac they're so annoyed that there are differences. When I try
           | to explain that these were present in the Mac long before
           | Windows, people start to understand.
        
         | hakfoo wrote:
         | I understand the Fitt's Law concepts behind a top menu bar, but
         | I wonder if this is a scenario with moving goalposts.
         | 
         | On a 1984 Mac, you had like 512x384 pixels and a system that
         | could barely run one program at a time. There was little to no
         | possible uncertainty as to who owned the menu bar. (Could desk
         | accessories even take control of the menu bar?)
         | 
         | But once you got larger resolutions and the ability to have
         | multiple full-size programs running at once, the menu bar could
         | belong to any of them. Now, theoretically, you should notice
         | which is the currently active window and assume it owns the
         | menu bar, but ISTR scenarios where you'd close the window but
         | the program would still be running, owning the menu bar, or the
         | "active" window was less visually prominent due to task
         | switching, etc.
         | 
         | The Windows design-- placing the menu inside the window it
         | controls-- avoids any ambiguity there. Clicking "File-Save" in
         | Notepad couldn't possibly be interpreted as trying to do
         | anything to the Paintbrush window next to it.
        
           | canucker2016 wrote:
           | The problem with the Mac UI is that the app's menubar can
           | only be accessed by the mouse (can't remember what
           | accessibility-enabled mode would allow).
           | 
           | Under Windows, one can access the app's menubar by pressing
           | the ALT key to move focus up to the menubar and use the
           | cursor keys to navigate along the menubar. If you know the
           | letter associated with the top-level menu (shown as
           | underlined), then ALT-[letter] would access that top-level
           | menu (typically ALT-F would get you to the File menu). So the
           | Windows user wouldn't have to move the mouse at all, Fitt's
           | Law to the max (or is it min? whatever, it's instant access).
           | 
           | For the ultrawide monitors these days (width >= 4Kpx), if you
           | have an app window maximized (or even spanning more than half
           | the screen), accessing the menu via mouse is just terrible
           | ergonomics on any major OS.
        
             | jonhohle wrote:
             | Since OS X 10.3 (2003) Control+F2 moves focus to the Apple
             | menu. The arrow keys can then select any menu item which is
             | selected with Return or canceled with Escape. Command+?
             | will bring you to a search box in the Help menu. Not only
             | that, any menu item in any app can be bound to any keyboard
             | shortcut of the user's choosing not just the defaults
             | provided by the system or application.
        
         | kryptiskt wrote:
         | > So it looked like the Mac but was infinitely worse.
         | 
         | "Infinitely worse"? Some people really need to cool off the
         | hyperbole.
         | 
         | Having each window be a self-contained unit is the far better
         | metaphor than making each window transform a global element
         | when it is selected. As well as scaling better for bigger
         | screens. An edge case like that may well be unfortunate, but it
         | could be the price you pay to make the overall better solution.
        
           | jedberg wrote:
           | The infinitely worse part was when you maximized the window
           | so the menu bar was at the top, but Windows still had the
           | border there, which was unclickable.
           | 
           | So now you broke the infinite click target even though it
           | looked like it should have one.
        
           | jonhohle wrote:
           | That was the point of Tog's conclusion: edges of the screen
           | have infinite target size in one cardinal direction, corners
           | have infinite target size in two cardinal directions. Any
           | click target that's not infinite in comparison, has
           | infinitely smaller area, which I suppose you could conclude
           | is infinitely worse if clickable area is your primary metric.
           | 
           | This wasn't just the menu bar either. The first Windows
           | 95-style interfaces didn't extend the start menu click box to
           | the lower left corner of the screen. Not only did you have to
           | get the mouse down there, you had to back off a few pixels in
           | either direction to open the menu. Same with the applications
           | in the task bar.
           | 
           | The concept was similar to NEXTSTEP's dock (that was even
           | licensed by Microsoft for Windows 95), but missed the
           | infinite area aspect that putting it on the screen edge
           | allowed.
        
         | pixelesque wrote:
         | > So it looked like the Mac but was infinitely worse.
         | 
         | On single monitor setups maybe: but on early OS X multi-monitor
         | setups, you then had the farcical situation where the menu
         | would only be shown on the "primary" display, and the secondary
         | display didn't have any menu at all, so to use menus for
         | windows that were on the secondary display, you had to move the
         | cursor onto the other primary display where the menu was for
         | all windows (or use keyboard shortcuts).
         | 
         | I think 10.6/7 (not sure exactly) was when they started putting
         | the menu bar on both displays rather than just the primary.
        
       | tempodox wrote:
       | Seeing "Windows" and "usability" in the same sentence is a
       | surprising combination to me.
       | 
       | > Perhaps the best testament to our belief in iterative design is
       | that literally no detail of the initial UI design for Windows 95
       | survived unchanged in the final product.
       | 
       | I shudder to imagine the look and feel of that initial UI design.
        
       | ilovefrog wrote:
       | i3 makes a lot more sense they should have just gone with that
        
       | shevy-java wrote:
       | Hmm. I like the simplicity compared to Win10 or the abomination
       | that is Win11. But it is hard to compare 1:1 because the modern
       | UI also improved in some ways, and degraded in other ways.
       | Microsoft does not really seem to understand how to design UIs
       | anymore though, or they simply don't care. I am using Linux most
       | of the time so I don't quite depend on Microsoft anymore, but
       | when I use a MS-specific UI I often wonder why some things are
       | simply not thought through at all. The ribbon interface is an
       | example; my brain can not deal with dynamic willy-nilly changes.
       | It just adds cognitive load. Why isn't it easier to modify the
       | classic interface? In modern HTML/CSS we can filter away things
       | we don't need; I do that with ublock origin all of the time.
        
       | askvictor wrote:
       | I was a good step forward. Perhaps with the exception that you
       | had to click "Start" in order to shut down the computer.
        
       | fishingisfun wrote:
       | the loss of X to close programs is sad. I dont like the new
       | design philosophy of clicking out the card to close things
        
       | NooneAtAll3 wrote:
       | I can't wait until this win95 nostalgia phase stops and my
       | nostalgia for actual good UI begins - WinXP for the win
        
       | abanana wrote:
       | The Windows 3.1 UI example screenshots are a reminder of how
       | primitive 3.1 felt compared to other OSes of the time.
       | 
       | The need for instructions in that Search dialog is appalling from
       | a usability perspective.
       | 
       | When Win95 was released, it was widely seen as Microsoft finally
       | catching up with its rivals. They had at last added features that
       | Mac, NeXTSTEP, Amiga, etc had had for years.
        
       | pjmlp wrote:
       | The current WinUI, WinAppSDK, Windows 11 teams should have a
       | weekend retreat going down that article.
        
       | hughw wrote:
       | "Intermediate users could get around in the hierarchy, but often
       | just barely, and usually saved all of their documents in the
       | default directory for the program they were using."
       | 
       | You should see my Documents folder.
        
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