[HN Gopher] OpenAI's cash burn will be one of the big bubble que...
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       OpenAI's cash burn will be one of the big bubble questions of 2026
        
       Author : 1vuio0pswjnm7
       Score  : 478 points
       Date   : 2025-12-30 21:44 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.economist.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.economist.com)
        
       | dredmorbius wrote:
       | Archive/Paywall: <https://archive.is/rHPk3>
        
         | bariswheel wrote:
         | thank you!
        
       | laweijfmvo wrote:
       | why does the article used words like burn and incinerate,
       | implying that OpenAI is somehow making money disappear or
       | something? They're spending it; someone is profiting here, even
       | if it's not OpenAI. Is it all Nvidia?
        
         | zaphar wrote:
         | Because that's normal language idioms in financial analysis
         | reporting?
        
         | popalchemist wrote:
         | Because typically one expect a return on investment with that
         | level of spending. Not only have they run at a loss for years,
         | their spending is expected to increase, with no path to
         | profitability in sight.
        
           | bdangubic wrote:
           | not that I disagree but would it be fair to say though that
           | we have seen this before where it turned out OK? say Uber?
           | Amazon?
        
             | oh_my_goodness wrote:
             | To become the next Uber, do I just need to run huge losses?
        
               | bdangubic wrote:
               | I wouldn't but path to success can clearly come from
               | running 10-digit losses for a loooong time, no?
        
               | oh_my_goodness wrote:
               | I think you're saying that just running up huge losses
               | _is_ sufficient to create a successful company? But that
               | you personally wouldn 't want to run up huge losses? Not
               | sure.
        
               | bdangubic wrote:
               | nah, I am saying that many (super) successful businesses
               | ran in red financially for a very long time. I would not
               | run a business that way but I am also (fortunately) not a
               | CEO of a multibillion dollar company
        
             | jcranmer wrote:
             | IIRC, current estimates are that OpenAI is losing as much
             | money a year as Uber or Amazon lost in their entire
             | lifetime of unprofitability. Also, both Uber and Amazon
             | spent their unprofitable years having a clear roadmap to
             | profitability. OpenAI's roadmap to profitability is "???"
        
               | bdangubic wrote:
               | I have lived through Amazon's rags to riches and there
               | was never a clear plan to profitability. Vast majority of
               | people were questioning sanity of anyone investing in
               | Amazon.
               | 
               | I am not saying OpenAI is Amazon but am saying I have
               | seen this before where masses are going "oh business is
               | bad, losses are huge, where is path to profitability..."
        
               | esafak wrote:
               | Your recollection is hazy. Bezos chose not to be
               | profitable in order to grow the company, and reap greater
               | rewards in the future.
               | https://www.youtube.com/shorts/wjLs22dNOCE
        
               | tptacek wrote:
               | I don't know either way but _every_ company does this, it
               | 's not saying anything meaningful to say that a new
               | company is taking an "investment year" or two or ten.
               | 
               | I do know that in the late aughts, people were writing
               | stories about how Amazon was a charity run on behalf of
               | the American consumer by the finance industry.
        
               | mrwrong wrote:
               | and those stories were in the short run correct, since
               | Amazon and Uber succeeded by massively undercutting
               | existing businesses. reel customers in with charity, then
               | turn the screws. what business is ChatGPT undercutting?
        
               | bdangubic wrote:
               | all of them :)
        
             | toxic72 wrote:
             | To my knowledge Amazon never debt financed their ops like
             | this
        
               | oh_my_goodness wrote:
               | Amazon did borrow money, for a long time.
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | Where did their financing come from then?
        
               | samx18 wrote:
               | They had a cash-cow called AWS to keep the retail
               | business afloat
        
               | bdangubic wrote:
               | not right away
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | Somebody must not be old enough to remember Amazon before
               | AWS. Maybe you also don't remember that Amazon started
               | selling books before becoming the world's largest fencing
               | for selling stolen merch. They used to be the butt of
               | many jokes for losing so much money for so many years
               | while they expanded warehouses.
        
               | andy81 wrote:
               | Amazon paid no dividends, that's their big debt
               | financing.
        
         | simonw wrote:
         | Your burn is the money you spend that exceeds the money you
         | earn, see also "burn rate".
        
         | wat10000 wrote:
         | "Burn rate" is a standard financial term for how much money a
         | startup is losing. If you have $1 cash on hand and a burn rate
         | of $2 a year, then you have six months before you either need
         | to get profitable, raise more money, or shut down.
        
         | lexicality wrote:
         | I suspect most of it is going to utilities for power, water and
         | racking.
         | 
         | That being said, if I was Sam Altman I'd also be stocking up on
         | yachts, mansions and gold plated toilets while the books are
         | still private. If there's $10bn a year in outgoings no one's
         | going to notice a million here and there.
        
           | slashdave wrote:
           | How many gold toilets do you need? I mean, I don't even own
           | one.
        
             | lexicality wrote:
             | Tragically I don't make CEO money so I also don't have one
             | but I presume you'd want to have _at least_ one per mansion
             | and another one in the office. Maybe a separate one for
             | special occasions.
        
         | nutjob2 wrote:
         | > They're spending it
         | 
         | That's what the words mean in this context.
        
       | andsoitis wrote:
       | In a parallel universe, governments invest in the
       | compute/datacenters (read: infra), and let model makers compete
       | on the same playing field.
        
         | websiteapi wrote:
         | why would they do that? not to mention governments are already
         | doing that indirectly by taking equity stakes in some of the
         | companies.
        
           | candiddevmike wrote:
           | Same reason they should own access lines: everyone needs
           | rackspace/access, it should be treated like a public service
           | to avoid rent seeing. Having a data center in every city
           | where all of the local lines terminate into could open the
           | doors to a lot of interesting use cases, really help with
           | local resiliency/decentralization efforts, and provide a
           | great alternative to cloud providers that doesn't break the
           | bank.
        
             | websiteapi wrote:
             | should the government own all types of "public services"?
             | e.g. search index, video serving infra, etc?
        
               | toxic72 wrote:
               | Public ownership of public services hmm?
        
               | paulryanrogers wrote:
               | Smells like socialism. Around here we privatize the
               | profits and only socialize the costs. Like the impending
               | bailout of the most politically connected AI companies.
        
         | simonw wrote:
         | If that did happen, how would the government then issue those
         | resources?
         | 
         | OpenAI ask for 1m GPUs for a month, Anthropic ask for 2m, the
         | government data center only has 500,000, and a new startup
         | wants 750,000 as well.
         | 
         | Do you hand them out to the most convincing pitch? Hopefully
         | not to the biggest donor to your campaign.
         | 
         | Now the most successful AI lab is the one that's best at
         | pitching the government for additional resources.
         | 
         | UPDATE: See comment below for the answer to this question:
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46438390#46439067
        
           | 3eb7988a1663 wrote:
           | National HPC labs have been over subscribed for decades with
           | extensive queueing/time sharing allocation systems.
           | 
           | It would still likely devolve into most-money-wins, but it is
           | not an insurmountable political obstacle to arrange some sort
           | of sharing.
           | 
           | Edit: I meant to say over _subscribed_ , not over
           | provisioned. There are far more jobs in the queue than can be
           | handled at once
        
             | simonw wrote:
             | Huh, TIL - thanks for the correction.
             | 
             | https://www.ornl.gov/news/doe-incite-program-
             | seeks-2026-prop...
             | 
             | > The Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory
             | and Experiment, or INCITE, program has announced the 2026
             | Call for Proposals, inviting researchers to apply for
             | access to some of the world's most powerful high-
             | performance computing systems.
             | 
             | > The proposal submission window runs from April 11 to June
             | 16, 2025, offering an opportunity for scientific teams to
             | secure substantial computational resources for large-scale
             | research projects in fields such as scientific modeling,
             | simulation, data analytics and artificial intelligence.
             | [...]
             | 
             | > Individual awards typically range from 500,000 to
             | 1,000,000 node-hours on Aurora and Frontier and 100,000 to
             | 250,000 node-hours on Polaris, with the possibility of
             | larger allocations for exceptional proposals. [...]
             | 
             | > The selection process involves a rigorous peer review,
             | assessing both scientific merit and computational
             | readiness. Awards will be announced in November 2025, with
             | access to resources beginning in 2026.
             | 
             | Not sure OpenAI/Anthropic etc would be OK with a six month
             | gap between application and getting access to the
             | resources, but this does indeed demonstrate that government
             | issued super-computing resources is a previously solved
             | problem.
        
           | pear01 wrote:
           | Well, people bid for USA government resources all the time.
           | It's why the Washington DC suburbs have some of the country's
           | most affluent neighborhoods among their ranks.
           | 
           | In theory it makes the process more transparent and fair,
           | although slower. That calculus has been changing as of late,
           | perhaps for both good and bad. See for example the Pentagon's
           | latest support of drone startups run by twenty-year-olds.
           | 
           | The question of public and private distinctions in these
           | various schemes are very interesting and imo, underexplored.
           | Especially when you consider how these private LLMs are
           | trained on public data.
        
         | wat10000 wrote:
         | That seems like a terrible idea. Data centers aren't a natural
         | monopoly. Regulate the externalities and let it flourish.
        
           | amelius wrote:
           | Don't forget that the internet exists because of government
           | agencies.
        
             | Mountain_Skies wrote:
             | Cool. Time for the government to seize Amazon.
        
             | wat10000 wrote:
             | I'm not sure how that's relevant here.
        
         | echelon wrote:
         | That's malinvestment. Too much overhead, disconnected from long
         | term demand. The government doesn't have expertise, isn't lean
         | and nimble. What if it all just blows over? (It won't? But who
         | knows?)
         | 
         | Everything is happening exactly as it should. If the "bubble"
         | "pops", that's just the economic laws doing what they naturally
         | do.
         | 
         | The government has better things to do. Geopolitics, trade,
         | transportation, resources, public health, consumer safety,
         | jobs, economy, defense, regulatory activities, etc.
        
         | aucisson_masque wrote:
         | I'd rather stay far away from this parallel universe.
         | 
         | Why would you want my money to be used to build datacenter that
         | won't benefit me ? I might use a LLM once a month, many people
         | never use it.
         | 
         | Let the one who use it pay for it.
        
           | inerte wrote:
           | That's like every government initiative. Same as healthcare?
           | School? I mean if you don't have children why do you pay
           | taxes... and roads if you don't drive? I mean the examples
           | are so many... why do you bring this argument that if it
           | doesn't benefit you directly right now today, it shouldn't be
           | done?
        
             | magpi3 wrote:
             | Healthcare, schools, roads, generative AI. One of these
             | things is not like the others.
        
               | inerte wrote:
               | We gave incentives to broadband, why not generative AI?
        
               | wat10000 wrote:
               | Last-mile services like roads, electricity, water, and
               | telecommunications are natural monopolies. Normal market
               | forces fail somewhat and you want some government
               | involvement to keep it running smoothly.
               | 
               | This is not at all true of generative AI.
        
             | zdragnar wrote:
             | There are arguments aplenty that schooling and a minimum
             | amount of healthcare are public goods, as are roads built
             | on public land (the government owns most roads after all).
             | 
             | What is the justification for considering data centers
             | capable of running LLMs to be a public good?
             | 
             | There are many counter examples of things many people use
             | but are still private. Clothing stores, restaurants and
             | grocery stores, farms, home appliance factories, cell phone
             | factories, laundromats and more.
        
               | wahnfrieden wrote:
               | a distinction: the data centers have become the means of
               | production, unlike clothing from a store
        
               | zdragnar wrote:
               | How is that distinct from any of my other examples which
               | listed factories? Very few factories in the US are
               | publicly owned; citing data centers as places of
               | production merely furthers the argument that they should
               | remain private.
        
               | reverserdev wrote:
               | Libraries with books are likely considered public goods
               | right?
               | 
               | Why not an LLM datacenter if it also offers information?
               | You could say it's the public library of the future
               | maybe.
        
               | zdragnar wrote:
               | Not all libraries are publicly owned or accessible. Most
               | are run by local municipalities because they wouldn't
               | exist otherwise.
               | 
               | Data centers clearly can exist without being owned by the
               | public.
        
               | bjt wrote:
               | So can bookstores.
        
             | llmslave2 wrote:
             | I have no idea why you're being downvoted because you're
             | right. The entire point of taxation is to spread the cost
             | among everyone, and since everyone doesn't utilise every
             | government service every tax payer ends up paying for stuff
             | they don't use. That like, the whole point...
        
           | 3eb7988a1663 wrote:
           | You are already paying for several national lab HPC centers.
           | These are used for government/university research - no idea
           | if commercial interests can rent time on them. The big ones
           | are running weather, astronomy simulations, nuclear
           | explosions, biological sequencing, and so on.
        
             | nine_k wrote:
             | Many more people materially benefit from e.g. good weather
             | forecasts than form video slop generation.
        
             | serf wrote:
             | >The big ones are running weather, astronomy simulations,
             | nuclear explosions, biological sequencing, and so on.
             | 
             | these things constitute public goods that benefit the
             | individual regardless of participation.
        
             | fdr wrote:
             | The biggest run classified nuclear stockpile loads, at
             | least in the US. They cost about half a billion apiece. And
             | are 30 (carefully cooled and cabled) megawatts.
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Capitan_(supercomputer)
             | 
             | No chance they're going to take risks to share that
             | hardware with anyone given what it does.
             | 
             | The scaled down version of El Capitan is used for non-
             | classified workloads, some of which are proprietary, like
             | drug simulation. It is called Tuolumne. Not long ago, it
             | was nevertheless still a top ten supercomputer.
             | 
             | Like OP, I also don't see why a government supercomputer
             | does it better than hyperscalers, coreweave, neoclouds, et
             | al, who have put in a ton of capital as even compared to
             | government. For loads where institutional continuity is
             | extremely important, like weather -- and maybe one day, a
             | public LLM model or three -- maybe. But we're not there
             | yet, and there's so much competition in LLM infrastructure
             | that it's quite likely some of these entrants will be bag
             | holders, not a world of juicy margins at all...rather,
             | playing chicken with negative gross margins.
        
           | nialv7 wrote:
           | if datacenters are built by the government, then i think it's
           | fair to assume there will be some level of democratic control
           | of what those datacenters will be used for.
        
             | quantified wrote:
             | What's the democratic control of existing resources? I
             | would make the opposite assumption, it would be captured by
             | the wealthiest interests.
        
               | shimman wrote:
               | This is literally the current system... adding more
               | democratic controls is a good thing, the alternative is
               | that only rich control these systems and would you look
               | at it only the rich control these systems.
               | 
               | Uncanny really.
        
             | nine_k wrote:
             | Certainly! Your congress representatives would be voting on
             | how to allocate its computing power. (Do you remember who
             | did you vote for last time?)
        
           | GaryBluto wrote:
           | Sure. Same for healthcare and education right? If you don't
           | have a child or need medical attention, why should you pay
           | for them?
        
         | cambrianentropy wrote:
         | In a completely alternate dimension, a quarter of the capital
         | being invested in AI literally just goes towards making sure
         | everyone has quality food and water.
        
           | dmitrygr wrote:
           | Without capital invested in the past we wouldn't have almost
           | anything of modern technology. That has done a lot more for
           | everyone, including food affordability, than actually simply
           | buying food for people to eat once.
        
           | marcellus23 wrote:
           | I'd rather live in a universe where that money is taken out
           | of the military budget.
        
             | serf wrote:
             | you'll never win that argument, but I absolutely agree.
             | 
             | people have no idea about how big the military and defense
             | budgets worldwide are next to _any_ other example of a
             | public budget.
             | 
             | throw as many pie charts out as you want; people just can't
             | see the astronomical difference in budgets.
             | 
             | I think it's based on how the thing works; a good defense
             | works until it doesn't -- the other systems/budgets in
             | place have a bit more of a graceful failure. This concept
             | produces an irrationality in people that produces windfalls
             | of cash availability.
        
           | GaryBluto wrote:
           | As we all know, throwing money at a problem solves it
           | completely. Remember how Live Aid saved Ethiopia from
           | starvation and it never had any problems again?
        
         | paulcole wrote:
         | Do you like this idea?
        
         | Zigurd wrote:
         | Prediction: on this thread you'll get a lot of talk about how
         | government would slow things down. But when the AI bubble
         | starts to look shaky, see how fast all the tech bros line up
         | for a "public private partnership."
        
         | nutjob2 wrote:
         | That sounds like a nightmare.
        
         | andy99 wrote:
         | That could make sense in some steady state regime where there
         | were stable requirements and mature tech (I wouldn't vote for
         | it but I can see an argument).
         | 
         | I see no argument why the government would jump into a hype
         | cycle and start building infra that speculative startups are
         | interested in. Why would they take on that risk compared to
         | private investors, and how would they decide to back that over
         | mammoth cloning infra or whatever other startups are doing?
        
           | Mountain_Skies wrote:
           | Given where we are posting, the motive is obvious: to
           | socialize the riskiest part of AI while the investors retain
           | all the potential upside. These people have no sense of shame
           | so they'll loudly advocate for endless public risk and
           | private rewards.
        
         | JoshTriplett wrote:
         | In a better parallel universe, we found a different innovation
         | without using brute-force computation to train systems that
         | unreliably and inefficiently compute things and still leaves us
         | able to understand what we're building.
        
         | zozbot234 wrote:
         | Datacenters are not a natural monopoly, you can always build
         | more. Beyond what the public sector itself might need for its
         | own use, there's not much of a case for governments to invest
         | in them.
        
         | JumpCrisscross wrote:
         | > _governments invest in the compute /datacenters (read:
         | infra), and let model makers compete on the same playing field_
         | 
         | Hmm, what about member-owned cooperatives? Like what we have
         | for stock exchanges.
        
         | sc68cal wrote:
         | Socialized losses, private profits
        
       | mvkel wrote:
       | The fact is nobody has any idea what OpenAI's cash burn is.
       | Measuring how much they're raising is not an adequate proxy.
       | 
       | For all we know, they could be accumulating capital to weather an
       | AI winter.
       | 
       | It's also worth noting that OpenAI has not trained a new model
       | since gpt4o (all subsequent models are routing systems and prompt
       | chains built on top of 4), so the idea of OpenAI being stuck in
       | some kind of runaway training expense is not real.
        
         | micromacrofoot wrote:
         | they're paying million dollar salaries to engineers and
         | building data centers, it's not a huge mystery where their
         | expenses are
        
         | wahnfrieden wrote:
         | wasn't 4.5 new
        
           | FergusArgyll wrote:
           | Yes it was, op didn't read the reporting closely enough. It
           | said something to the effect of "Didn't pretrain a new
           | broadly released, generally available model"
        
             | mvkel wrote:
             | That's what I meant, though. That's the expensive part.
        
           | Taek wrote:
           | Wasn't 4.5 before 4o?
        
         | Imustaskforhelp wrote:
         | Didn't they create Sora and other models and literally burned
         | so much money with their AI video app which they wanted to make
         | a social media but what ended up happening was that they burned
         | billions of dollars.
        
           | rozap wrote:
           | I wonder about what happens to people who make these
           | hilariously bad business decisions? Like the person at
           | Twitter who decided to kill Vine. Do they spin it and get
           | promotoed? Something else?
           | 
           | I'd love a blog or coffee table book of "where are they now"
           | for the director level folks who do dumb shit like this.
        
             | bravetraveler wrote:
             | Building fiefdoms elsewhere, or whatever. _" Have you heard
             | about the new hire from XYZ?"_
        
         | computerphage wrote:
         | Why do you think they have not trained a new model since 4o?
         | You think the GPT-5 release is /just/ routing to differently
         | sized 4o models?
        
           | wahnfrieden wrote:
           | they're incorrect about the routing statement but it is not a
           | newly trained model
        
         | ta9000 wrote:
         | How are they updating the data then? Wouldn't the cutoff date
         | be getting further away from today?
        
           | MagicMoonlight wrote:
           | They're just feeding a little bit of slop in every so often.
           | Fine tuning rather than training a new one.
        
           | 3eb7988a1663 wrote:
           | RAG? Even for a "fresh" model, there is no way to keep it up
           | to date, so there has to be a mechanism by which to reference
           | eg last night's football game.
        
         | yojo wrote:
         | They have not _successfully_ trained a new model since 4o. That
         | doesn't mean they haven't burned a pile of cash trying.
         | 
         | I know sama says they aren't trying to train new models, but
         | he's also a known liar and would definitely try to spin
         | systemic failure.
        
           | sod22 wrote:
           | lol the typical AI boosters are down voting you.
        
           | osiris970 wrote:
           | Gpt-5.2 was new pretrain run i believe
        
         | slashdave wrote:
         | > they could be accumulating capital to weather an AI winter
         | 
         | Doubtful. This would be the very antithesis of the Silicon
         | Valley way.
        
         | ajross wrote:
         | > The fact is nobody has any idea what OpenAI's cash burn is.
         | 
         | Their investors surely do (absent outrageous fraud).
         | 
         | > For all we know, they could be accumulating capital to
         | weather an AI winter.
         | 
         | If they were, their investors would be freaking out (or
         | complicit in the resulting fraud). This seems unlikely. In
         | point of fact it seems like they're playing commodities market-
         | cornering games[1] with their excess cash, which implies
         | strongly that they know how to spend it even if they don't have
         | anything useful to spend it on.
         | 
         | [1] Again c.f. fraud
        
           | andrewflnr wrote:
           | > For all we know, they could be accumulating capital to
           | weather an AI winter.
           | 
           | Right, this is nonsense. Even if investors wanted to be
           | complicit in fraud, it's an insane investment. "Give us money
           | so we can survive the AI winter" is a pitch you _might_ try
           | with the government, but a profit-motivated investor will...
           | probably not actually laugh in your face, but tell you they
           | 'll call you and laugh about you later.
        
         | reissbaker wrote:
         | The GPT-5 series is a new model, based on the o1/o3 series.
         | It's very much inaccurate to say that it's a routing system and
         | prompt chain built on top of 4o. 4o was not a reasoning model
         | and reasoning prompts are _very_ weak compared to actual RLVR
         | training.
         | 
         | No one knows whether the base model has changed, but 4o was not
         | a base model, and neither is 5.x. Although I would be kind of
         | surprised if the base model hadn't also changed, FWIW: they've
         | significantly advanced their synthetic data generation pipeline
         | (as made obvious via their gpt-oss-120b release, which
         | allegedly was entirely generated from their synthetic data
         | pipelines), which is a little silly if they're not using it to
         | augment pretraining/midtraining for the models they actually
         | make money from. But either way, 5.x isn't just a prompt chain
         | and routing on top of 4o.
        
           | doug_durham wrote:
           | Prior to 5.2 you couldn't expect to get good answers to
           | questions prior to March 2024. It was arguing with me that
           | Bruno Mars did not have two hit songs in the last year. It's
           | clear that in 2025 OpenAI used the old 4.0 base model and
           | tried to supercharge it using RLVR. That had very mixed
           | results.
        
             | brokencode wrote:
             | That just means their pretraining data set was older. You
             | can train as many models as you want on the same data.
             | 
             | I'm sure all these AI labs have extensive data gathering,
             | cleanup, and validation processes for new data they train
             | the model on.
             | 
             | Or at least I hope they don't just download the current
             | state of the web on the day they need to start training the
             | new model and cross their fingers.
        
         | super256 wrote:
         | I think you are messing up things here, and I think your
         | comment is based on the article from semi analysis. [1]
         | 
         | It said: OpenAI's leading researchers have not completed a
         | successful full-scale pre-training run that was broadly
         | deployed for a new frontier model since GPT-4o in May 2024,
         | highlighting the significant technical hurdle that Google's TPU
         | fleet has managed to overcome.
         | 
         | However, pre-training run is the initial, from-scratch training
         | of the base model. You say they only added routing and prompts,
         | but that's not what the original article says. They most likely
         | still have done a lot of fine tuning, RLHF, alignment and tool
         | calling improvements. All that stuff is training too. And it is
         | totally fine, just look at the great results they got with
         | Codex-high.
         | 
         | If you got actually got what you said from a different source,
         | please link it. I would like to read it. If you just messed
         | things up, that's fine too.
         | 
         | [1] https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/tpuv7-google-takes-
         | a-s...
        
         | orbital-decay wrote:
         | _> It's also worth noting that OpenAI has not trained a new
         | model since gpt4o (all subsequent models are routing systems
         | and prompt chains built on top of 4)_
         | 
         | At the very least they made GPT 4.5, which was pretty clearly
         | trained from scratch. It was possibly what they wanted GPT-5 to
         | be but they made a wrong scaling prediction, people simply
         | weren't ready to pay that much money.
        
           | brokencode wrote:
           | People would have paid it if it was actually significantly
           | better. It was a huge cost increase for a pretty minor
           | performance increase.
        
         | nl wrote:
         | > It's also worth noting that OpenAI has not trained a new
         | model since gpt4o (all subsequent models are routing systems
         | and prompt chains built on top of 4), so the idea of OpenAI
         | being stuck in some kind of runaway training expense is not
         | real.
         | 
         | This isn't really accurate.
         | 
         | Firstly, GPT4.5 _was_ a new training run, and it is unclear how
         | many other failed training runs they did.
         | 
         | Secondly "all subsequent models are routing systems and prompt
         | chains built on top of 4" is completely wrong. The models after
         | gpt4o were all post-trained differently using reinforcement
         | learning. That is a substantial expense.
         | 
         | Finally, it seems like GPT5.2 _is_ a new training run - or at
         | least the training cut off date is different. Even if they didn
         | 't do a full run it must have been a very large run.
        
         | stevenjgarner wrote:
         | Well we do know their consumption of energy is not
         | insignificant and comes at great cost.
        
         | louiereederson wrote:
         | i'm sure openai and their investors know what the cash burn is.
         | it's also been well reported by The Information with no
         | pushback from the company or investors. they have also reported
         | that openai is forecasting $9b in training compute spending for
         | 2025, up from $3b last year. this more or less lines up with
         | Epoch's estimate that training compute has reliably grown by
         | ~4x per year. the vast majority of that is just from building
         | bigger data centers rather than chip performance improvements.
         | you obviously need to grow revenue pretty quickly to absorb
         | that.
         | 
         | https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openai-says-business...
         | 
         | https://epoch.ai/blog/training-compute-of-frontier-ai-models...
        
       | adriand wrote:
       | This article doesn't add anything to what we know already. It's
       | still an open question what happens with the labs this coming
       | year, but I personally think Anthropic's focus on coding
       | represents the clearest path to subscriber-based success (typical
       | SaaS) whereas OpenAI has a clear opportunity with advertising.
       | Both of these paths could be very lucrative. Meanwhile I expect
       | Google will continue to struggle with making products that people
       | actually want to use, irrespective of the quality of its models.
        
         | esel2k wrote:
         | Where does google struggle to make products people don't want
         | to use? Is it a personal opinion?
        
           | _ache_ wrote:
           | Bart was a flop. Google search is losing market share to
           | other LLM providers. Gemini adoption is low, people around me
           | prefer OpenAI because it is good enough and known.
           | 
           | But on the contrary, Nano Banana is very good, so I don't
           | know. And in the end, I'm pretty confident Google will be the
           | AI race winner, because they got the engineers, they tech
           | background and the money. Unless Google Adsense die, they can
           | continue the race forever.
        
             | agentifysh wrote:
             | what are you talking about Gemini adoption has tripled in a
             | few months alone and have around 18% of marketshare and its
             | accelerating.
        
               | robkop wrote:
               | I've heard too many rumors that much of that adoption is
               | from copying ms i.e. bundling gemini into their office
               | suite
        
               | woooooo wrote:
               | Gemini adoption via search is legit, though. I had a
               | question, I got an answer, its not forced, fake adoption
               | in that case.
        
               | krige wrote:
               | It's hardly legit for everyone. I had a question, I got
               | an incorrect answer I didn't ask for, scrolled past it
               | and got actual results.
        
               | woooooo wrote:
               | Fair
        
               | andrekandre wrote:
               | gemini is in basically everything from google now, from
               | google docs to firebase to android studio so i wouldn't
               | be surprised...
        
             | bee_rider wrote:
             | If Google is producing very good models and they aren't
             | gaining much traction, that seems like a pretty bad sign
             | for them, right? If they were failing with bad models, the
             | solution would be easy: math and engineer harder, make
             | better models (I mean, this is obviously very hard but it
             | is a clear path). Failing with good models is... confusing,
             | it indicates there's some unknown problem.
        
               | sod22 wrote:
               | It's irrelevant, Google needs to focus on performance
               | enhancements that the enterprise market segment demands -
               | who only operate in the air of objectivity.
               | 
               | If they can achieve that they will cut off a key source
               | of blood supply to MSFT+OAI. There is not much money in
               | the consumer market segment from subscribers and entering
               | the ad-business is going to be a lot tougher than people
               | think.
        
             | bloppe wrote:
             | > Gemini adoption is low, people around me prefer OpenAI
             | because it is good enough and known.
             | 
             | Gemini is built into Android and Google search. People may
             | not be going to gemini.google.com, but that does not mean
             | adoption is low.
        
             | raw_anon_1111 wrote:
             | I mean it's a simple Google search to show that Google
             | isn't loosing much market share to ChatGPT and most ChatGPT
             | users still use Google.
             | 
             | https://searchengineland.com/nearly-all-chatgpt-users-
             | visit-...
             | 
             | But even more importantly, it obviously isn't losing money
             | from advertisers to ChatGPT. You can look at their
             | quarterly results.
        
           | wg0 wrote:
           | Anti Gravity is a flop. I mean it uses Gemini under the hood.
           | 
           | But you cannot use it with an API key.
           | 
           | If you're on a workspace account, you can't have normal
           | individual plan.
           | 
           | You have to have the team plan with $100/month or nothing.
           | 
           | Google's product management tier is beyond me.
        
             | glial wrote:
             | OK, but Gmail, Google Maps, Google Docs, and Google Search
             | etc are ubiquitous. `Google' has even become a verb. Google
             | might take a shotgun approach, but it certainly does create
             | widely used products.
        
               | wg0 wrote:
               | That doesn't negate my original point.
        
               | nateb2022 wrote:
               | I will add that there's also Gemini in Chrome. With
               | Chrome being the largest browser by market share, that's
               | a powerful de facto default.
        
               | andrekandre wrote:
               | > With Chrome being the largest browser by market share,
               | that's a powerful de facto default.
               | 
               | where art thou anti-trust enforcement...
        
               | raw_anon_1111 wrote:
               | Every personal computer user except Chromebook users went
               | out of their way to download Chrome. What exactly do you
               | want "anti trust" to do?
        
               | andrekandre wrote:
               | maybe not allow google to bundle gemini with chrome?
        
               | raw_anon_1111 wrote:
               | So should we also not allow OpenAI to bundle the OpenAI
               | model with the ChatGPT app
               | 
               | Absolutely no one besides ChromeOS users are forced to
               | use Chrome.
        
               | wyre wrote:
               | Anti-trust doesn't have to involve force, but
               | monopolistic behavior.
               | 
               | Google has spent over a decade advertising Chrome on all
               | their properties and has an unlimited budget and active
               | desire to keep Chrome competitive. Mozilla famously needs
               | Google's sponsorship to stay solvent. Apple maintains
               | Safari to have no holes in their ecosystem.
               | 
               | Stop being silly defending trillion dollar companies that
               | are actively making the internet worse, it's not
               | productive or funny.
        
         | doctaj wrote:
         | What Google AI products do people not want to use? Gemini is
         | catching up to chatpt from a MAU perspective, ai overviews in
         | search are super popular and staggeringly more used than any
         | other ai-based product out there, a Google ai mode has decent
         | usage, and Google Lens has surprisingly high usage. These
         | products together dwarf everyone else out there by like 10x.
        
           | ajross wrote:
           | > ai overviews in search are super popular and staggeringly
           | more used than any other ai-based product out there
           | 
           | This really is the critical bit. A year ago, the spin was
           | "ChatGPT AI results are better than search, why would you use
           | Google?", now it's "Search result AI is just as good as
           | ChatGPT, why bother?".
           | 
           | When they were disruptive, it was enough to be different to
           | believe that they'd win. Now they need to _actually be
           | better_. And... they kinda aren 't, really? I mean, lots of
           | people like them! But for Regular Janes at the keyboard, who
           | cares? Just type your search and see what it says.
        
           | famouswaffles wrote:
           | >Gemini is catching up to chatpt from a MAU perspective
           | 
           | It is far behind, and GPT hasn't exactly stopped growing
           | either. Weekly Active Users, Monthly visits...Gemini is
           | nowhere near. They're comfortably second, but second is still
           | well below first.
           | 
           | >ai overviews in search are super popular and staggeringly
           | more used than any other ai-based product out there
           | 
           | Is it ? How would you even know ? It's a forced feature you
           | can not opt out of or not use. I ignore AI overviews, but
           | would still count as a 'user' to you.
        
             | websiteapi wrote:
             | we're curious what your source is
        
               | famouswaffles wrote:
               | Monthly Visits (chatGPT #5, Gemini #26):
               | https://www.similarweb.com/blog/research/market-
               | research/mos...
               | 
               | Search Traffic:
               | https://x.com/Similarweb/status/2003078223135990246
        
               | websiteapi wrote:
               | doesn't seem accurate since gemini has many entry points
        
               | famouswaffles wrote:
               | Entry points ? The visits are accurate for the website
               | and app. If you're talking about AI overviews, then
               | that's meaningless for reasons I've already explained.
        
               | RandallBrown wrote:
               | I do understand why it makes it very hard to compare but
               | it's certainly not meaningless. Google's AI overviews are
               | pretty much the only way that I use AI.
        
               | famouswaffles wrote:
               | I mean we're all talking about how Google is 'catching
               | up' and 'taking over' Open AI right ? In that case, it
               | genuinely is meaningless. AI Overviews, even if it had
               | the usage OP assumes, is not a threat to Open AI or
               | chatGPT. People use chatGPT for a lot of different
               | things, and AI overviews only handles (rather poorly in
               | my opinion) a small, limited part of the kind of things
               | it gets used for. I use AI mode a lot. It's better than
               | Overviews in every conceivable way, and it's still not a
               | chatGPT replacement.
               | 
               | https://cdn.openai.com/pdf/a253471f-8260-40c6-a2cc-
               | aa93fe9f1...
        
               | RandallBrown wrote:
               | I guess I use Google's AI that's built into their search
               | engine the same way I've used ChatGPT or Claude. I ask it
               | a question and it provides me an answer. I can then
               | interact with it further if I want or look through the
               | rest of the search results.
        
               | tim333 wrote:
               | I use Google's AI much more often that OpenAI's but the
               | URL I use is usually google.co.uk and so wouldn't appear
               | if your numbers.
        
               | empiko wrote:
               | ChatGPT - 5.8b visits - -5.2% MoM
               | 
               | Gemini - 1.4b visits - +14.4% MoM
               | 
               | Yeah, ChatGPT is still more popular, but this does not
               | show Gemini struggling exactly.
        
           | madeofpalk wrote:
           | Is Gemini, as a chatbot, a product that sustains current
           | valuations and investment?
        
             | tim333 wrote:
             | It's hard to say with Google because they make most of
             | their money from ads and you can't really tell if people
             | who clicked were there for normal search or Gemini. They
             | seem to be doing ok though, profits up 66% from a couple of
             | years ago.
        
           | tim333 wrote:
           | >Google Lens has surprisingly high usage
           | 
           | I use it several times a day just to change text in image
           | form to text form so you can search it and the like.
           | 
           | It's built into chrome but they move the hidden icon about
           | regularly to confuse you. This month you click the url and it
           | appears underneath, helpfully labeled "Ask Google about this
           | page" so as to give you little idea it's Google Lens.
        
         | IshKebab wrote:
         | I don't. Google has at least a few advantages:
         | 
         | 1. Google books, which they legally scanned. No dubious
         | training sets for them. They also regularly scrape the entire
         | internet. And they have YouTube. Easy access to the best
         | training data, all legally.
         | 
         | 2. Direct access to the biggest search index. When you ask
         | ChatGPT to search for something it is basically just doing what
         | we do but a bit faster. Google can be much smarter, and because
         | it has direct access it's also faster. Search is a huge use
         | case of these services.
         | 
         | 3. They have existing services like Android, Gmail, Google
         | Maps, Photos, Assistant/Home etc. that they can integrate into
         | their AI.
         | 
         | The difference in model capability seems to be marginal at
         | best, or even in Google's favour.
         | 
         | OpenAI has "it's not Google" going for it, and also AI brand
         | recognition (everyone knows what ChatGPT is). Tbh I doubt that
         | will be enough.
        
           | ok123456 wrote:
           | Google's most significant advantage in this space is its
           | organizational experience in providing services at this
           | scale, as well as its mature infrastructure to support them.
           | When the bubble pops, it's not lights-out or permanently
           | degraded performance.
        
           | Al-Khwarizmi wrote:
           | And they have hardware as well, and their own cloud platform.
           | 
           | In my view Google is uniquely well positioned because,
           | contrary to the others, it controls most of the raw materials
           | for Ai.
        
         | johnnyanmac wrote:
         | What "we" know already is hard to add to, as a forum that has a
         | dozen AI articles a day on every little morsel of news.
         | 
         | >whereas OpenAI has a clear opportunity with advertising.
         | 
         | Personally, having "a clear opportunity with advertising" feels
         | like a last ditch effort for a company that promised the moon
         | in solving all the hard problems in the world.
        
         | what wrote:
         | Probably more people use googles AI than anything else. Every
         | search result has an LLM generated summary at the top.
        
         | Davidzheng wrote:
         | There are other avenues of income. You can invade other
         | industries which are slow on AI uptake and build an AI-from-
         | ground competitor with large advantages over peers. There are
         | hints of this (not AI-from-ground but with more AI) with
         | deepmind's drug research labs. But this can be a huge source of
         | income. You can kill entire industries which inevitably cannot
         | incorporate AI as fast as AI companies can internally.
        
       | gip wrote:
       | There is no doubt that OpenAI is taking a lot of risks by betting
       | that AI adoption will translate into revenues in the very short
       | term. And that could really happen imo (with a low probability
       | sure, but worth the risk for VCs? Probably).
        
         | Alconicon wrote:
         | Apparently we all have enough money to put it into OpenAI.
         | 
         | Some players have to play, like google, some players want to
         | play like USA vs. China.
         | 
         | Besides that, chatting with an LLM is very very convincing.
         | Normal non technical people can see what 'this thing' can
         | already do and as long as the progress is continuing as fast as
         | it currently is, its still a very easy to sell future.
        
           | bigyabai wrote:
           | > Some players have to play, like google
           | 
           | I don't think you have the faintest clue of what you're
           | talking about right now. Google authored the transformer
           | architecture, the basis of every GPT model OpenAI has
           | shipped. They aren't obligated to play any more than OpenAI
           | is, they do it because they get results. The same cannot be
           | said of OpenAI.
        
         | agentifysh wrote:
         | It's mathematically impossible what OpenAI is promising. They
         | know it. The goal is to be too big to fail and get bailed out
         | by US taxpayers who have been groomed into viewing AI as a cold
         | war style arms race that America cannot lose.
        
           | senshan wrote:
           | > It's mathematically impossible what OpenAI is promising
           | 
           | Citation is needed
        
             | testing22321 wrote:
             | Don't that have to make more money in the next 10 years
             | than any company ever has... and that is just to break
             | even.
             | 
             | It's going to crash, guaranteed
        
               | senshan wrote:
               | It is the term "mathematically impossible" that caught my
               | attention. Since it is about the future promise of
               | OpenAI, one could debate the likelihood or "statistically
               | improbable", but "mathematically impossible" implies some
               | calculation, proof and certainty. Hence my curiosity.
        
               | CharlieDigital wrote:
               | I've seen some calculation I think from an HSBC analyst
               | that it would take a monthly subscription of $200/mo.
               | from some large portion of the US population for some
               | insane number of years to break even.
        
               | Aurornis wrote:
               | > from some large portion of the US population
               | 
               | What a silly calculation.
               | 
               | OpenAI's customer base is global. Using US population as
               | the customer base is deliberately missing the big
               | picture. The world population is more than 20X larger
               | than the US population.
               | 
               | It's also obvious that they're selling heavily to
               | businesses, not consumers. It's not reasonable to expect
               | consumers to drive demand for these services.
        
               | johnnyanmac wrote:
               | >OpenAI's customer base is global.
               | 
               | I'd be willing to bet that, like many US websites,
               | OpenAI's users are at lest 60% American. Just because
               | there's 20x more people out there doesn't mean they have
               | the same exposure to American products.
               | 
               | For instance, China is an obvious one. So that's 35%+ of
               | the population already mostly out of consideration.
               | 
               | >It's also obvious that they're selling heavily to
               | businesses, not consumers.
               | 
               | I don't think a few thousand companies can outspend 200m
               | users paying $200 a month. I won't call it a
               | "mathematical impossibility", but the math also isn't
               | math-ing here.
        
               | Marsymars wrote:
               | Even if you grant that OpenAI might be as successful as
               | Apple at international expansion and support, that's
               | still only a non-US market about double the size of the
               | US market.
        
               | consp wrote:
               | > OpenAI's customer base is global.
               | 
               | Since when is English everyone's _primary_ language?
        
               | eisfresser wrote:
               | ChatGPT is totally fluid in German and French (i.e.),
               | their market size is my no means limited to the
               | anglosphere.
        
           | doctorpangloss wrote:
           | on the one hand, i understand you are making a stylized
           | comment, on the other hand, as soon as i started writing
           | something reasonable, i realized this is an "upvote lame
           | catastrophizing takes about" (checking my notes) "some
           | company" thread, which means reasonable stuff will get
           | downvoted... for example, where is there actual scarcity in
           | their product inputs? for example, will they really be paying
           | retail prices to infrastructure providers forever? is that a
           | valid forecast? many reasonable ways to look at this. even if
           | i take your cynical stuff at 100% face value, the thing about
           | bailouts is that they're more complicated than what you are
           | saying, but your instinct is to say they're not complicated,
           | "grooming" this and "cold war" that, because your goal is to
           | concern troll, not advance this site's goal of curiosity...
        
             | krupan wrote:
             | They've already spent so much money that even if they get
             | any new hardware at a deep discount they will have a very
             | hard time breaking even
        
           | bloppe wrote:
           | Bailing out OAI would be entirely unnecessary (crowded field)
           | and political suicide (how many hundreds of billions that
           | could have gone to health care instead?)
           | 
           | If it happens in the next 3 years, tho, and Altman promises
           | enough pork to the man, it could happen.
        
             | johnnyanmac wrote:
             | This administration has "committed political suicide"
             | dozens of times this year. What's one more to add to the
             | pile?
        
             | jjulius wrote:
             | >Bailing out OAI would be ... political suicide (how many
             | hundreds of billions that could have gone to health care
             | instead?)
             | 
             | Not that I have an opinion one way or another regarding
             | whether or not they'd be bailed out, but this particular
             | argument doesn't really seem to fit the current political
             | landscape.
        
           | Aurornis wrote:
           | > The goal is to be too big to fail and get bailed out by US
           | taxpayers
           | 
           | I know this is the latest catastrophizion meme for AI
           | companies, but what is it even supposed to mean? OpenAI
           | failing wouldn't mean AI disappears and all of their
           | customers go bankrupt, too. It's not like a bank. If OpenAI
           | became insolvent or declared bankruptcy, their intellectual
           | property wouldn't disappear or become useless. Someone would
           | purchase it and run it again under a new company. We also
           | have multiple AI companies and switching costs are not that
           | high for customers, although some adjustment is necessary
           | when changing models.
           | 
           | I don't even know what people think this is supposed to mean.
           | The US government gives them money for something to prevent
           | them from filing for bankruptcy? The analogy to bank bailouts
           | doesn't hold.
        
             | liamconnell wrote:
             | > Someone would purchase it and run it again under a new
             | company.
             | 
             | That happened a long time ago! Microsoft already owns the
             | model weights!
        
             | johnnyanmac wrote:
             | >I know this is the latest catastrophizion meme for AI
             | companies, but what is it even supposed to mean?
             | 
             | Someone else put it succintly.
             | 
             | "When A million dollar company fails, it's their problem.
             | When a billion dollar company fails, it's _our_ problem "
             | 
             | In essence, there's so much investment in AI that it's a
             | significant part of the US GDP. If AI falters, that is
             | something that the entire stock market will feel, and by
             | effect, all Americans. No matter how detached from tech
             | they are. In other words, the potential for the another
             | great depression.
             | 
             | In that regard, the government wants to avoid that. So they
             | will at least give a small bailout to lessen the crash. But
             | more likely (as seen with the Great Financial Crisis), they
             | will likely supply billions upon billions to prop up
             | companies that by all business logic deserved to fail.
             | Because the alternative would be too politically damaging
             | to tolerate.
             | 
             | ----
             | 
             | That's the theory. These all aren't certain and there are
             | arguments to suggest that a crash in AI wouldn't be as bad
             | as any of the aforementioned crashes. But that's what
             | people mean by "become too big to fail and get bailed out".
        
               | zozbot234 wrote:
               | The closest analogy is the dot-com crash and there really
               | wasn't any bailout for that, despite the short term GDP
               | impact. And billion-dollar companies were involved back
               | in the day too, like Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Ebay etc.
               | etc.
        
               | OGEnthusiast wrote:
               | OpenAI isn't a publicly-traded company though, how will
               | it going to zero affect the stock market?
        
               | johnnyanmac wrote:
               | OpenAI collapses and MSFT tanks. Microsoft shareholders
               | aren't quite that dumb.
               | 
               | And that's ignoring the dominoes of other AI firms being
               | pulled out of because OpenAi falters.
        
               | OGEnthusiast wrote:
               | > Microsoft shareholders aren't quite that dumb.
               | 
               | If they aren't dumb, why are they investing in MSFT now
               | then if it's a bubble that's doomed to fail? And even in
               | the worst case scenario, a 10-15% decline in the S&P 500
               | won't trigger the next Great Depression. (Keep in mind
               | that we already had a ~20% drawdown in public equities
               | during the interest rate hikes of 2022/2023 and the
               | economy remained pretty robust throughout.)
        
               | johnnyanmac wrote:
               | Like I said, they aren't "that" dumb. They are playing a
               | risky game, but when they see the number go down rapidly
               | they will pull. Which will make the line go down even
               | faster.
               | 
               | >And even in the worst case scenario, a 10-15% decline in
               | the S&P 500 won't trigger the next Great Depression
               | 
               | Only if you believe the 10% decline won't domino and that
               | the S&P500 is secluded from the rest of the global
               | economy. I wish I shared your optimism.
               | 
               | > and the economy remained pretty robust throughout.
               | 
               | Yeah and we voted the person who orchestrated that out.
               | We don't have the money to pump trillions back in a 2nd
               | time in such a short time. Something's gonna give, and
               | soon.
        
               | OGEnthusiast wrote:
               | > Only if you believe the 10% decline won't domino and
               | that the S&P500 is secluded from the rest of the global
               | economy. I wish I shared your optimism.
               | 
               | So your hypothesis is that a 10% decline in the S&P 500
               | will trigger the next Great Depression, i.e. years of
               | negative GDP growth and unemployment? I agree that it
               | could cause a slight economic slowdown, but I don't think
               | AI and tech stocks are a large enough part of the economy
               | to cause a Great Depression-style catastrophe.
        
               | johnnyanmac wrote:
               | >So your hypothesis is that a 10% decline in the S&P 500
               | will trigger the next Great Depression, i.e. years of
               | negative GDP growth and unemployment?
               | 
               | Yup. I won't say it's the only factor, nor biggest. But
               | I'm focusing on this topic and not 40+ years of
               | government economic abandonment of the working class.
               | It's the straw that will break the camel's back.
        
               | samiv wrote:
               | The problem is that the non AI economy is already in the
               | toilet. The consumer and commodities markets are all
               | flashing red. Consumer debt is all time high. Inflation
               | is still punishing the bottom end of workers severely and
               | the ACA cuts will cause a lot of financial stress (unless
               | people of course discountinue their plans)
               | 
               | An expected outcome from a AI blowout is the uncertainty
               | and everyone holding onto their assets and credit recalls
               | plus interest rate hikes.
               | 
               | During the great depression it wasn't the stock market
               | collapse that caused it as much as it was the credit
               | crunch that followed. Prior to the blowout people
               | literally bought stocks on credit.
        
               | KaiserPro wrote:
               | Its about "animal spirits"
               | 
               | The stock market isn't rational, its a room full of
               | people talking loudly, and moving to various tables.
               | 
               | All it takes is someone outside the room to shout
               | something that triggers panic, and most of the people in
               | the room will run for the exit.
        
               | eek2121 wrote:
               | Multiple publicly traded companies, including Microsoft,
               | have invested significant amounts of money in OpenAI.
        
             | calvinmorrison wrote:
             | > If OpenAI became insolvent or declared bankruptcy, their
             | intellectual property wouldn't disappear or become useless
             | 
             | Yes but with all stock growth being in AI companies it
             | would tank the market for one. Secondly, all of those
             | dollars they are using are backed by creditors who would
             | have a default. short of another TARP (likely IMO, the US
             | NEEDS to keep pumping AI to compete with China) .... it
             | could scare investors off too..
             | 
             | Plus with the growth in AI effecting the overall makeup of
             | the stockmarket, something like this hurts every Americans
             | 401k
        
             | jordanb wrote:
             | I think what Altman is looking at is becoming so
             | codependent with NVidia and Microsoft that they'll all go
             | down together, meaning the US government would have to deal
             | with the biggest software company and the biggest chip
             | company both imploding together.
             | 
             | If you look at the financial crisis, the US government
             | decided to bail out AIG, after passing on Bear Sterns,
             | because big banks like Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley
             | (and even Jack Welch's General Electric) all had huge
             | counterparty risk with AIG.
        
           | throw-12-16 wrote:
           | Unlikely, Elon bought the presidency and owns a competitor.
        
         | senshan wrote:
         | Correction: OpenAI _investors_ do take that risk. Some of the
         | investors (e.g. Microsoft, Nvidia) dampen that risk by making
         | such investment conditioned on boosting the investor 's own
         | revenue, a stock buyback of sorts.
        
       | Avicebron wrote:
       | On the radio they mentioned that the total global chocolate
       | market is ~100B, I googled it when I was home and it seems to be
       | about ~135B. Apparently that is ... all chocolate, everywhere..
       | OpenAI's valuation is about 500B. Maybe going up to like 835B.
       | 
       | I'd love to see the rationale that OpenAI (not "AI" everywhere)
       | is more valuable than chocolate globally.
       | 
       | ... so crash early 2026?
        
         | NewJazz wrote:
         | Wait, aren't you comparing revenue and market cap?
         | 
         | People take old things for granted often. Explains the Coolidge
         | effect, and why plenty of people cheat.
        
           | vegabook wrote:
           | yes. stock v flow error again ("company X cap bigger than
           | country Y GDP" another all too common version).
        
         | kyyt wrote:
         | I love AI, and ChatGPT has been transformative for me. But
         | would I give it up for chocolate? I honestly don't think I
         | could.
        
         | cameronh90 wrote:
         | Ignoring that those numbers aren't directly comparable, it did
         | make me wonder, if I had to give up either "AI" or chocolate
         | tomorrow, which would I pick?
         | 
         | Even as an enormous chocolate lover (in all three senses) who
         | eats chocolate several times a week, I'd probably choose AI
         | instead.
         | 
         | OpenAI has alternatives, but also I do spend more money on
         | OpenAI than I do on chocolate currently.
        
           | hervature wrote:
           | I am just trying to help you write better. Your writing says
           | "if I had to give up either AI or chocolate [...] I would
           | probably choose AI". However, your language and intent seems
           | to be that you would give up chocolate.
        
           | NewJazz wrote:
           | If you really wanted to know you could stop eating chocolate
           | or stop using ai and see if you break. Or do both at
           | different times and see how long you last without one or the
           | other.
        
           | Marsymars wrote:
           | It's a bit of a weird comparison, AI vs a luxury sweet.
           | 
           | Maybe instead of the chocolate market, look at the global
           | washing machine market of $65 billion.
           | 
           | I'd rather give up both AI and chocolate than my washing
           | machine.
        
         | CryptoBanker wrote:
         | I spend a lot more time using AI for work than I do eating
         | chocolate
        
       | GannaIlinykh wrote:
       | Burn rate often gets treated as a hard signal, but it is mostly
       | about expectations. Once people get used to the idea of cheap
       | intelligence, any slowdown feels like failure, even if the
       | technology is still moving forward. That gap is usually where
       | bubbles begin.
        
       | password54321 wrote:
       | Not sure why they put so much investment into videoSlop and
       | imageSlop. Anthropic seems to be more focused at least.
        
         | SAI_Peregrinus wrote:
         | Because their main use is for advertising/propaganda, which is
         | largely videoSlop & imageSlop even without AI.
        
           | password54321 wrote:
           | Outside of this: https://openai.com/index/disney-sora-
           | agreement/ I don't think there has been much of a win for
           | them even in advertising for image/video slop.
        
             | anomaly_ wrote:
             | It's like half the poster on here live in some parallel
             | universe. I am making real money using generated
             | image/video advertising content for both B2C and B2B goods.
             | I am using Whisper and LLMs to review customer service call
             | logs at scale and identity development opportunities for
             | staff. I am using GPT/Gemini to help write SQL queries and
             | little python scripts to do data analysis on my customer
             | base. My business's productivity is way up since GenAI
             | become accessible.
        
               | bdangubic wrote:
               | that (very vocal) half tried it once and it didn't work
               | :)
        
         | piskov wrote:
         | Because as with the internet 99% of the usage won't be for
         | education, work, personal development, what have you. It will
         | be for effing kitten videos and memes.
        
           | nine_k wrote:
           | Are the posters of effing kitten videos a customer base with
           | a significant LTV?
           | 
           | (The obvious well-paying market would be erotic / furry /
           | porn, but it's too toxic to publicly touch, at least in the
           | US.)
        
             | piskov wrote:
             | Openrouter stats already mention 52% usage is roleplay.
             | 
             | As for photo/video very large number of people use it for
             | friends and family (turn photo into creative/funny video,
             | change photo, etc.).
             | 
             | Also I would think photoshop-like features are coming more
             | and more in chatgpt and alike. For example, "take my
             | poorly-lit photo and make it look professional and suitable
             | for linkedin profile"
        
             | Tcepsa wrote:
             | Also FWIW I understand that the furry community has a
             | strong culture of _commissioning artists for their work_ ,
             | so that's likely to be a headwind against using genAI that
             | isn't explicitly trained only on licensed materials. Sure,
             | there are likely some who would use it regardless, but I
             | expect _the use of genAI_ to generate furry porn to be at
             | least as toxic within that community as the use of genAI
             | _to generate furry porn_ outside of that community.
        
           | candiddevmike wrote:
           | If only 99% of the Internet was kitten videos and memes
        
             | piskov wrote:
             | Well, it sure as hell not all 3blue1brown, crr0ww, Feynman,
             | and alike
        
           | only-one1701 wrote:
           | That's an unusual way of saying uh...adult entertainment
        
             | sph wrote:
             | It's pussies one way or another
        
           | password54321 wrote:
           | It is a matter who will actually _pay_ for compute. Is it
           | people who care about work or entertainment?
           | 
           | Even if developers are 1:1000 of your users, I'm going to
           | guess that ratio shifts a lot when you look at subscribers.
        
         | johnnyfived wrote:
         | But how much more profitable are they? We see revenue but not
         | profits / spending. Anthropic seems to be growing faster than
         | OpenAI did but that could be the benefit of post-GPT hype.
        
         | Alconicon wrote:
         | Because OpenAI stands for AI leader.
         | 
         | If Gemini can create or edit an image, chatgpt needs to be able
         | to do this too. Who wants to copy&paste prompts between ai
         | agents?
         | 
         | Also if you want to have more semantics, you add image, video
         | and audio to your model. It gets smarter because of it.
         | 
         | OpenAI is also relevant bigger than antropic and is known as a
         | generic 'helper'. Antropic probably saw the benefits of being
         | more focused on developer which allows it to succeed longer in
         | the game for the amount of money they have.
        
           | password54321 wrote:
           | >Also if you want to have more semantics, you add image,
           | video and audio to your model. It gets smarter because of it.
           | 
           | I think you are confusing generation with analysis. As far I
           | am aware your model does not need to be good at generating
           | images to be able to decode an image.
        
             | adastra22 wrote:
             | It is, to first approximation, the same thing. The
             | generative part of genAI is just running the analysis model
             | in reverse.
             | 
             | Now there are all sorts of tricks to get the output of this
             | to be good, and maybe they shouldn't be spending time and
             | resources on this. But the core capability is shared.
        
               | kaoD wrote:
               | > The generative part of genAI is just running the
               | analysis model in reverse.
               | 
               | I think that hasn't been the case since DeepDream?
        
           | mbreese wrote:
           | I think you're partially right, but I don't think being an AI
           | leader is the main motivation -- that's a side effect.
           | 
           | I think it's important to OpenAI to support as many use-cases
           | as possible. Right now, the experience that most people have
           | with ChatGPT is through small revenue individual accounts.
           | Individual subscriptions with individual needs, but modest
           | budgets.
           | 
           | The bigger money is in enterprise and corporate accounts. To
           | land these accounts, OpenAI will need to provide coverage
           | across as many use-cases as they can so that they can operate
           | as a one-stop AI provider. If a company needs to use OpenAI
           | for chat, Anthropic for coding, and Google for video, what's
           | the point? If Google's chat and coding is "good enough" and
           | you _need_ to have video generation, then that company is
           | going to go with Google for everything. For the end-game I
           | think OpenAI is playing for, they will need to be competitive
           | in all modalities of AI.
        
           | JumpCrisscross wrote:
           | > _Who wants to copy &paste prompts between ai agents?_
           | 
           | An AI!
           | 
           | The specialist vs generalist debate is still open. And for
           | complex problems, sure, having a model that runs on a small
           | galaxy may be worth it. But for most tasks, a fleet of
           | tailor-made smaller models being called on by an agent seems
           | like a solidly-precedented (albeit not singularity-
           | triggering) bet.
        
             | andrekandre wrote:
             | > But for most tasks, a fleet of tailor-made smaller models
             | being called on by an agent seems like a solidly-
             | precedented (albeit not singularity-triggering) bet.
             | 
             | not an expert by any means, but wouldn't smaller but highly
             | refined models also output more reproducible results?
             | 
             | intuitively it sounds akin to the unix model...
        
               | nubg wrote:
               | But then again the main selling point of using LLMs as
               | part of some code that solves a certain business need is
               | that you don't have to finetune a usecase-specific model
               | (like in the mid 2010s), you just prompt engineer a bit
               | and it often magically works.
        
           | nutjob2 wrote:
           | > Because OpenAI stands for AI leader.
           | 
           | It'll just end up spreading itself too thin and be second or
           | third best at everything.
           | 
           | The 500lb gorilla in the room is Google. They have endless
           | money and maybe even more importantly they have endless
           | hardware. OpenAI are going to have an increasingly hard time
           | competing with them.
           | 
           | That Gemini 3 is crushing it right now isn't the problem.
           | It's Gemini 4 or 5 that will likely leave them in the dust
           | for the general use case, meanwhile specialist models will
           | eat what remains of their lunch.
        
         | jdminhbg wrote:
         | Because for all the incessant whining about "slop," multimodal
         | AI i/o is incredibly useful. Being able to take a photo of a
         | home repair issue, have it diagnosed, and return a diagram
         | showing you what to do with it is great, and it's the same
         | algos that power the slop. "Sorry, you'll have to go to Gemini
         | for that use case, people got mad about memes on the internet"
         | is not really a good way for them to be a mass consumer
         | company.
        
           | tayo42 wrote:
           | Can Claude not do that? I've sent it pictures for simpler
           | things and got answers, usually Id of bugs and plants.
        
             | esafak wrote:
             | Yes, Claude is multi-modal.
        
         | Ginden wrote:
         | Because almost everyone involved in AI race grew up in "winner
         | takes it all" environments, typical for software, and they try
         | really hard to make it reality. This means your model should do
         | everything to just take 90% of market share, or at least 90% of
         | specific niche.
         | 
         | The problem is, they can't find the moat, despite searching
         | very hard, whatever you bake into your AI, your competitors
         | will be able to replicate in few months. This is why OpenAI is
         | striking deal with Disney, because copyright provides such
         | moat.
        
           | sod22 wrote:
           | Striking deals without a proper vision is a waste of
           | resources. And that's the path OAI is on.
        
           | worldsayshi wrote:
           | > your competitors will be able to replicate in few months.
           | 
           | Will they really be able to replicate the quality while
           | spending significantly less in compute investment? If not
           | then the moat is still how much capital you can acquire for
           | burning on training?
        
             | the_gipsy wrote:
             | What does moat even mean anymore
        
             | AlotOfReading wrote:
             | Is that not what distillation is?
        
             | Ginden wrote:
             | There are multiple tech companies with quadrillion-deep
             | pockets.
        
           | thisgetsit wrote:
           | > copyright provides such a moat.
           | 
           | Been saying this since the 2016 Alice case. Apple jumped into
           | content production in 2017. They saw the long term value of
           | copyright interests.
           | 
           | https://arstechnica.com/information-
           | technology/2017/08/apple...
           | 
           | Alice changed things such that code monkeys algorithms were
           | not patentable (except in some narrow cases where true
           | runtime novelty can be established.) Since the transformers
           | paper, the potential of self authoring content was obvious to
           | those who can afford to think about things rather than hustle
           | all day.
           | 
           | Apple wants to sell AI in an aluminum box while VCs need to
           | prop up data center agrarianism; they need people to believe
           | their server farms are essential.
           | 
           | Not an Apple fanboy but in this case, am rooting for their
           | "your hardware, your model" aspirations.
           | 
           | Altman, Thiel, the VC model of make the serfs tend their
           | server fields, their control of foundation models, is a gross
           | feeling. It comes with the most religious like sense of
           | fealty to political hierarchy and social structure that only
           | exists as hallucination in the dying generations. The 50+
           | year old crowd cannot generationally churn fast enough.
        
             | CodingJeebus wrote:
             | Totally agree, people love to talk about how hopelessly
             | behind Apple is in terms of AI progress when they're in a
             | better position to compete directly against Nvidia on
             | hardware than anyone else.
        
               | madeofpalk wrote:
               | Apple's always had great potential. They've struggled to
               | execute on it.
               | 
               | But really, so has everyone else. There's two "races" for
               | AI - creating models, and finding a consumer use case for
               | them. Apple just isn't competing in creating models
               | similar to the likes of OpenAI or Google. They also
               | haven't really done much with using AI technology to
               | deliver 'revolutionary' general purpose user-facing
               | features using LLMs, but neither has anyone else beyond
               | chat bots.
               | 
               | I'm not convinced ChatGPT as a consumer product can
               | sustain current valuations, and everyone is still
               | clamouring to find another way to present this tech to
               | consumers.
        
               | calvinmorrison wrote:
               | I think a major part of it is the shovel selling. Nvidia
               | is selling shovels to OpenAI. OpenAI is selling shovels
               | to endless B2B, Consulting, Accounting, software firms
               | buying into it...
        
             | PeterHolzwarth wrote:
             | My goodness, are you really saying, in effect, "I wish
             | people over 50 would just hurry up and die"?!?
             | 
             | Good lord, expressing that kind of sentiment does _not_
             | make for a useful and engaging conversation here on hacker
             | news.
        
               | Zetaphor wrote:
               | Clutch pearls
        
             | wincy wrote:
             | OpenAIs opsec must be amazing, I had fully expected some
             | version of ChatGPT to be leaked on torrent sites at some
             | point this year. How do you manage to avoid something that
             | could be exfiltrated on a hard disk from escaping your
             | servers in all cases, forever?
        
               | KaiserPro wrote:
               | The model size is probably the thing here. I suspect they
               | took the FAANG remote workstation approach, where VScode
               | runs on a remote machine. After all its not that great
               | having a desktop with 8 monster GPUs under your desk.
               | (x100)
               | 
               | Plus moving all that data about is expensive. Keeping
               | things in the datacenter is means its faster and easier
               | to secure.
        
           | odo1242 wrote:
           | It's also why they bought 40% of the world's RAM supply, too
        
             | aenis wrote:
             | Committed to buying. They dont have the money to actually
             | buy it (at least not yet).
        
         | Cyclone_ wrote:
         | The fact that they do this isn't very bullish for them
         | achieving whatever they define as AGI.
        
           | fastball wrote:
           | You don't expect AGI to be multi-modal?
        
             | madeofpalk wrote:
             | What is AGI?
        
               | fittingopposite wrote:
               | Artificial general intelligence
        
         | dyauspitr wrote:
         | Because those and world models are the endgame, way way more
         | than text is.
        
         | dktp wrote:
         | OpenAI is (was?) extremely good at making things that go viral.
         | The successful ones for sure boost subscriber count
         | meaningfully
         | 
         | Studio Ghibli, Sora app. Go viral, juice numbers then turn the
         | knobs down on copyrighted material. Atlas I believe was a less
         | successful than they would've hoped for.
         | 
         | And because of too frequent version bumps that are sometimes
         | released as an answer to Google's launch, rather than a
         | meaningful improvement - I believe they're also having harder
         | time going viral that way
         | 
         | Overall OpenAI throws stuff at the wall and see what sticks.
         | Most of it doesn't and gets (semi) abandoned. But some of it
         | does and it makes for better consumer product than Gemini
         | 
         | It seems to have worked well so far, though I'm sceptical it
         | will be enough for long
        
           | raw_anon_1111 wrote:
           | Selling a bunch of $20 a month subscriptions isn't going to
           | make a dent in OpenAI losses. Going viral for a day or two
           | doesn't help.
           | 
           | Normal people are already getting tired of AI Slop
        
           | johnnyanmac wrote:
           | Going viral is great when you're a small team or even a
           | million dollar company. That can make or break your business.
           | 
           | Going viral as a billion dollar company spending upward of 1T
           | is still not sustainable. You can't pay off a trillion
           | dollars on "engagement". The entire advertising industry is
           | "only" worth 1T as is:
           | https://www.investors.com/news/advertising-industry-to-
           | hit-1...
        
           | drowsspa wrote:
           | I guess we'd have to see the graph with the evolution of
           | paying customers: I don't see the number of potential-but-
           | not-yet clients being that high, certainly not one order of
           | magnitude higher. And everyone already knows OpenAI, they
           | don't have the benefit of additional exposure when they go
           | viral: the only benefit seems to be to hype up investors.
           | 
           | And there's something else about the diminishing returns of
           | going viral... AI kind of breaks the usual assumptions in
           | software: that building it is the hard part and that scaling
           | is basically free. In that sense, AI looks more like regular
           | commodities or physical products, in that you can't just
           | Ctrl-C/Ctrl-V: resources are O(N) on the number of users, not
           | O(log N) like regular software.
        
         | johnnyanmac wrote:
         | because these are mostly the same players of the 2010's. So
         | when they can't get more investor money and the hard problems
         | are still being cracked, the easiest fallback is the same
         | social media slop they used to become successful 10-15 years
         | prior. Falling back on old ways to maximize engagement and
         | grind out (eventually) ad revenue.
        
         | conception wrote:
         | When they released their first good image model is when they
         | got a new 100 million users in a week.
        
         | mFixman wrote:
         | Because there is only so much programmers and companies will
         | pay for AI coders. The big prizes is AI-generated TikTok.
         | 
         | The entertainment industry is by far the easiest way to tap
         | into global discretionary income.
        
         | andy12_ wrote:
         | Because the general idea here is that image and video models,
         | when scaled way up, can generalize like text models did[1], and
         | eventually be treated as "world models"[2]; models that can
         | accurately model real world processes. These "world models"
         | then could be used to train embodied agents with RL in an
         | scalable way[3]. The video-slop and image-slop generators is
         | just a way to take advantage of the current research in world
         | models to get more out of it.
         | 
         | [1] https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.20328
         | 
         | [2] https://deepmind.google/blog/genie-3-a-new-frontier-for-
         | worl...
         | 
         | [3] https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.24527
        
         | Verdex wrote:
         | I get the allure of the hypothetical future of video slop.
         | Imagine if you could ask the AI to redo lord of the rings but
         | with magneto instead of gandalf. Imagine watching shawshank
         | redemption but in the end we get a "hot fuzz" twist where andy
         | fights everyone. Imagine a dirty harry style police movie but
         | where the protagonist is a xenomorph which is only barely
         | acknowledged.
         | 
         | You could imagine an entirely new cultural engine where entire
         | genres are born off of random reddit "hey have you guys every
         | considered" comments.
         | 
         | However, the practical reality seems to be that you get tick
         | toc style shorts that cost a bunch to create and have a dubious
         | grasp on causality that have to compete with actual tick toc, a
         | platform that has its endless content produced for free.
        
           | ep103 wrote:
           | You and I see the tiktok slop. But as that functionality
           | improves, its going to make its way into the toolchain of
           | every digital image and video editing software in existence,
           | the same way that its finding its way into programming IDEs.
           | And that type of feature build is worth $. It might be a
           | matter of time until we get to the point where we start
           | seeing major Hollywood movies (for example) doing things that
           | were unthinkable the same way that CGI revolutionized cinema
           | in the 80s. Even if it doesn't, from my layman perception, it
           | seems that Hollywood has spent the last ~20 years
           | differentiating itself from the rest of global cinema largely
           | based on a moat built on IP ownership and capital intensive
           | production value (largely around name brand actors and
           | expensive CGI). AI already threatens to remove one of those
           | pillars, which I have to think in turn makes it very
           | valuable.
        
       | geldedus wrote:
       | paywall, no upvote
        
         | Skyy93 wrote:
         | Someone posted already the non-paywall version:
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46438679
        
       | jeffbee wrote:
       | For what I use them for, the LLM market has become a two player
       | game, and the players are Anthropic and Google. So I find it
       | quite interesting that OpenAI is still the default assumption of
       | the leader.
        
         | acoustics wrote:
         | ChatGPT dominates the consumer market (though Nano Banana is
         | singlehandedly breathing some life into consumer Gemini).
         | 
         | A small anecdote: when ChatGPT went down a few months ago, a
         | lot of young people (especially students) just waited for it to
         | come back up. They didn't even think about using an
         | alternative.
        
           | jeffbee wrote:
           | That's pretty nuts. With the models changing so much and so
           | often, you have to switch it up sometimes just to see what
           | the other company is offering.
        
             | adastra22 wrote:
             | How often do you or people you know use a search engine
             | other than google?
        
               | jeffbee wrote:
               | That is different because all of the players I mentioned
               | have credible, near-leading products in the AI model
               | market, whereas nobody other than Google has search
               | results worth a damn. I wouldn't recommend anyone
               | squander their time by checking Kagi or DDG or Bing more
               | than once.
        
               | adastra22 wrote:
               | I don't use google. Believe it or not, I get better
               | results via Bing (usually via DDG, which is a frontend
               | for Bing). But I asked the rhetorical question expecting
               | the answer you gave. These people use ChatGPT only for
               | the same reason you exclusively use Google.
        
               | jeffbee wrote:
               | Right, that's consistent with what I said if you re-read
               | it. Search isn't changing. If you are happy with your
               | search you would be wasting your time to shop around.
        
           | dom96 wrote:
           | When ChatGPT starts injecting ads or forcing payment or doing
           | anything else that annoys its userbase then the young people
           | won't have a problem looking for alternatives
           | 
           | This "moat" that OpenAI has is really weak
        
             | PeterHolzwarth wrote:
             | They took early steps to do so (ads) just recently. User
             | response was as you'd expect.
        
           | throw-12-16 wrote:
           | The consumer market is a loss leader.
        
         | reilly3000 wrote:
         | codex cli with gpt-5.2-codex is so reliably good, it earns the
         | default position in my book. I had cancelled my subscription in
         | early 2024 but started back up recently and have been blown
         | away at how terse, smart, and effective it is. Their CLI
         | harness is top-notch and it manages to be extremely efficient
         | with token usage, so the little plan can go for much of the
         | day. I don't miss Claude's rambling or Gemini's random
         | refactorings.
        
         | gizmodo59 wrote:
         | Only in HN and some reddit subs I even see the name claude. In
         | many countries AI=ChatGPT.
        
           | bjt wrote:
           | And at one point in the 90s, Internet=Netscape Navigator.
           | 
           | I see Google doing to OpenAI today what Microsoft did to
           | Netscape back then, using their dominant position across
           | multiple channels (browser, search, Android) to leverage
           | their way ahead of the first mover.
        
             | jeffbee wrote:
             | That's funny, the way I see it is Microsoft put tens of
             | billions of dollars behind an effort to catch Google on the
             | wrong foot, or at least make Google look bad, but they
             | backed the wrong guy and it isn't quite going to make it to
             | orbit.
        
           | phito wrote:
           | From what I've seen, 99% of people are using the free version
           | of ChatGPT. Those who are using Claude are on the
           | subscription, very often the $100/month one.
        
         | joegibbs wrote:
         | Interestingly Claude is so far down in traffic it's below
         | things like CharacterAI, it's the best model but it's something
         | like 70% ChatGPT, 10% Gemini and Claude is only 1% or so
        
         | aurareturn wrote:
         | What do you use them for?
         | 
         | GPT5.2 Codex is the best coding model right now in benchmarks.
         | I use it exclusively now.
        
       | agentifysh wrote:
       | 2008: US Banks pump stocks -> market correction -> taxpayer
       | bailout
       | 
       | 2026: US AI companies pump stocks -> market correction ->
       | taxpayer bailout
       | 
       | Mark my words. OpenAI will be bailed out by US taxpayers.
        
         | senshan wrote:
         | Not really. It was not about stocks. It was the collapse of
         | insurance companies at the core of 2008 crisis.
         | 
         | The same can happen now on the side of private credit that
         | gradually offloads its junk to insurance companies (again):
         | 
         |  _As a result, private credit is on the rise as an investment
         | option to compensate for this slowdown in traditional LBO
         | (Figure 2, panel 2), and PE companies are actively growing the
         | private credit side of their business by influencing the
         | companies they control to help finance these operations. Life
         | insurers are among these companies. For instance, KKR's
         | acquisition of 60 percent of Global Atlantic (a US life
         | insurer) in 2020 cost KKR approximately $3billion._
         | 
         | https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/global-financial-stabili...
        
         | smj-edison wrote:
         | In 2008 the US government ended up making more money then they
         | spent though (at least with the tarp), because they invested a
         | ton of money after everything collapsed, and thus was extremely
         | cheap. Once the markets recovered, they made a hefty sum
         | selling all the derivatives they got at the lowest point. Seems
         | like the epitome of buy when low and sell when high tbh.
        
         | bjt wrote:
         | I'll take that bet.
         | 
         | Banks get bailed out because if confidence in the banking
         | system disappears and everyone tries to withdraw their money at
         | once, the whole economy seizes up. And whoever is Treasury
         | Secretary (usually an ex Wall Street person) is happy to do it.
         | 
         | I don't see OpenAI having the same argument about systemic risk
         | or the same deep ties into government.
        
           | zozbot234 wrote:
           | Even in a bank bailout, the equity holders typically get
           | wiped out. It's really not that different from a bankruptcy
           | proceeding, there's just a whole lot more focus on keeping
           | the business itself going smoothly. I doubt OpenAI want to be
           | in that kind of situation.
        
         | Ekaros wrote:
         | Even if there is a bailout. Will it happen in time? Once the
         | confidence is lost it is lost and valuations have dropped.
         | Bailout would just mean that who ever gave money would end up
         | as bag holder of something now worth lot less.
         | 
         | Banks needed bailout to keep lending money. Auto industry
         | needed one to keep employing lot of people. AI doesn't employ
         | that many.
         | 
         | I just don't believe bailout can happen before it is too late
         | for it to be effective in saving the market.
        
         | throw-12-16 wrote:
         | I don't think so.
         | 
         | Elon owns a competitor and bought the White House.
        
       | HardCodedBias wrote:
       | OpenAI has #5 traffic levels globally. Their product-market fit
       | is undeniable. The question is monetization.
       | 
       | Their cost to serve each request is roughly 3 orders of magnitude
       | higher than conventional web sites.
       | 
       | While it is clear people see value in the product, we only know
       | they see value at today's subsidized prices. It is possible that
       | inference prices will continue their rapid decline. Or it is
       | possible that OAI will need to raise prices and consumers will be
       | willing to pay more for the value.
        
         | pclmulqdq wrote:
         | It's easy to get product-market fit when you give away dollars
         | for the price of pennies.
        
           | PeterHolzwarth wrote:
           | Yes, but that is the standard methodology for startups in
           | their boost phase. Burn vast piles of cash to acquire users,
           | then find out at the end if a profitable business can be made
           | of it.
        
             | EA-3167 wrote:
             | It's also the standard methodology for a number of scams.
        
               | mjamesaustin wrote:
               | Scams are our entire economy now. Do whatever you can to
               | own a market, then squeeze your customers miserably once
               | you have their loyalty. Cash out, kick the smoking
               | remains of the company to the curb, use your payout to
               | buy into another company, and repeat.
        
               | lotsofpulp wrote:
               | Kind of like paying more and more to Social Security and
               | Medicare and getting less and less.
               | 
               | And the backstop on asset prices at the expense of the
               | currency's purchasing power.
        
             | Analemma_ wrote:
             | Most startups have big upfront capital costs and big
             | customer acquisition costs, but small or zero marginal
             | costs and COGS, and eventually the capital costs can slow
             | down. That's why spending big and burning money to get a
             | big customer base is the standard startup methodology. But
             | OpenAI _doesn 't_ have tiny COGS: inference is expensive as
             | fuck. And they can't stop capex spending on training
             | because they'll be immediately lapped by the other frontier
             | labs.
             | 
             | The reason people are so skeptical is that OpenAI is
             | applying the standard startup justification for big
             | spending to a business model where it doesn't seem to
             | apply.
        
               | famouswaffles wrote:
               | >But OpenAI doesn't have tiny COGS: inference is
               | expensive as fuck.
               | 
               | No, inference is really cheap today, and people saying
               | otherwise simply have no idea what they are talking
               | about. Inference is not expensive.
        
               | cherryteastain wrote:
               | Clearly not cheap enough.
               | 
               | > Even at $200 a month for ChatGPT Pro, the service is
               | struggling to turn a profit, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman
               | lamented on the platform formerly known as Twitter
               | Sunday. "Insane thing: We are currently losing money on
               | OpenAI Pro subscriptions!" he wrote in a post. The
               | problem? Well according to @Sama, "people use it much
               | more than we expected."
               | 
               | https://www.theregister.com/2025/01/06/altman_gpt_profits
               | /
        
               | aurareturn wrote:
               | So just raise the price or decrease the cost per token
               | internally.
               | 
               | Altman also said 4 months ago:                 Most of
               | what we're building out at this point is the inference
               | [...] We're profitable on inference. If we didn't pay for
               | training, we'd be a very profitable company.
               | 
               | https://simonwillison.net/2025/Aug/17/sam-altman/
        
           | rand_r wrote:
           | Only in as much as their product is a pure commodity like
           | oil. Like yes it's trivial to get customers if you sell gas
           | for half the price, but I don't think LLMs are that simple
           | right now. ChatGPT has a particular voice that is different
           | from Gemini and Grok.
        
         | robkop wrote:
         | Does that cost to serve multiple stay the same when
         | conventional sites are forced to shovel ai into each request?
         | e.g. the new google search
        
         | doctorpangloss wrote:
         | it's a simple problem really. what is actually scarce?
         | 
         | a spot on the iOS home screen? yes.
         | 
         | infrastructure to serve LLM requests? no.
         | 
         | good LLM answers? no.
         | 
         | the economist can't tell the difference between scarcity and
         | real scarcity.
         | 
         | it is extremely rare to buy a spot on the iOS home screen, and
         | the price for that is only going up - think of the trend of
         | values of tiktok, whatsapp and instagram. that's actually
         | scarce.
         | 
         | that is what openai "owns." you're right, #5 app. you look at
         | someone's home screen, and the things on it are owned by 8
         | companies, 7 of which are the 7 biggest public companies in the
         | world, and the 8th is openai.
         | 
         | whereas infrastructure does in fact get cheaper. so does
         | energy. they make numerous mistakes - you can't forecast retail
         | prices Azure is "charging" openai for inference. but also,
         | NVIDIA participates in a cartel. GPUs aren't actually scarce,
         | you don't actually need the highest process nodes at TSMC, etc.
         | etc. the law can break up cartels, and people can steal
         | semiconductor process knowledge.
         | 
         | but nobody can just go and "create" more spots on the iOS home
         | screen. do you see?
        
           | somewhereoutth wrote:
           | depends if they can monetize that spot. So either ads or
           | subscription. It is as yet unclear whether ads/subscription
           | can generate sufficient revenue to cover costs and return a
           | profit. Perhaps 'enough ads' will be too much for users to
           | bear, perhaps 'enough subscription' will be too much for
           | users to afford.
        
             | doctorpangloss wrote:
             | right now google pays apple almost $30b a year to be
             | default search in safari. google only has one icon on the
             | home screen (YouTube). just originating google searches
             | could be worth tens of billions. so i don't know. there are
             | a bajillion ways to monetize.
        
       | avalys wrote:
       | AI is going to be a highly-competitive, extremely capital-
       | intensive commodity market that ends up in a race to the bottom
       | competing on cost and efficiency of delivering models that have
       | all reached the same asymptotic performance in the sense of
       | intelligence, reasoning, etc.
       | 
       | The simple evidence for this is that everyone who has invested
       | the same resources in AI has produced roughly the same result.
       | OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, Meta, Deepseek, etc. There's no
       | evidence of a technological moat or a competitive advantage in
       | any of these companies.
       | 
       | The conclusion? AI is a world-changing technology, just like the
       | railroads were, and it is going to soon explode in a huge bubble
       | - just like the railroads did. That doesn't mean AI is going to
       | go away, or that it won't change the world - railroads are still
       | here and they did change the world - but from a venture
       | investment perspective, get ready for a massive downturn.
        
         | ares623 wrote:
         | Just in time for a Government guaranteed backstop.
        
         | bee_rider wrote:
         | Massive upfront costs and second place is just first loser.
         | It's like building fabs but your product is infinitely
         | copyable. Seems pretty rough.
        
           | gerdesj wrote:
           | What exactly is "second" place? No-one really knows what
           | first place looks like. Everyone is certain that it will cost
           | an arm, a leg and most of your organs.
           | 
           | For me, I think that, the possible winners will be close to
           | fully funded up front and the losers will be trying to turn
           | debt into profit and fail.
           | 
           | The rest of us self hoster types are hoping for a massive
           | glut of GPUs and RAM to be dumped in a global fire sale. We
           | are patient and have all those free offerings to play with
           | for now to keep us going and even the subs are so far
           | somewhat reasonable but we will flee in droves as soon as you
           | try to ratchet up the price.
           | 
           | It's a bit unfortunate but we are waiting for a lot of large
           | meme companies to die. Soz!
        
             | raw_anon_1111 wrote:
             | First place looks a lot like Google...
        
             | vkou wrote:
             | You and the other hobbyists aren't what's driving
             | valuations. Enterprise subscriptions are.
        
               | ljlolel wrote:
               | OpenAI is 80% consumer subs
        
               | vkou wrote:
               | And do those subs justify their valuation?
               | 
               | They don't, the only thing that can justify it is if they
               | get themselves into every business workflow. That's what
               | the investors are counting on.
        
         | fooblaster wrote:
         | There is a pretty big moat for Google: extreme amounts of video
         | data on their existing services and absolutely no dependence on
         | Nvidia and it's 90% margin.
        
           | fooblaster wrote:
           | And yes, all their competitors are making custom chips.
           | Google is on TPU v7. absolutely nobody is going to get this
           | right on the first try among their competitors - Google
           | didn't.
        
             | CharlieDigital wrote:
             | Bigger problem for late starts now is that it will be hard
             | to match the performance and cost of Google/Nvidia. It's an
             | investment that had to have started years ago to be
             | competitive now.
        
           | nateb2022 wrote:
           | I have yet to be convinced the broader population has an
           | appetite for AI produced cinematography or videos.
           | Independence from Nvidia is no more of a liability than
           | dependence on electricity rates; it's not as if it's in
           | Nvidia's interest to see one of its large customers fail. And
           | pretty much any of the other Mag7 companies are capable of
           | developing in-house TPUs + are already independently
           | profitable, so Google isn't alone here.
        
             | fooblaster wrote:
             | If you think they are going to catch up with Google's
             | software and hardware ecosystem on their first chip, you
             | may be underestimating how hard this is. Google is on TPU
             | v7. meta has already tried with MTIA v1 and v2. those
             | haven't been deployed at scale for inference.
        
               | nateb2022 wrote:
               | I don't think many of them will want to, though. I think
               | as long as Nvidia/AMD/other hardware providers offer
               | inference hardware at prices decent enough to not justify
               | building a chip in-house, most companies won't. Some of
               | them will probably experiment, although that will look
               | more like a small team of researchers + a moderate budget
               | rather than a burn-the-ships we're going to use only our
               | own hardware approach.
        
               | fooblaster wrote:
               | Well, anthropic just purchased a million TPUs from Google
               | because even with a healthy margin from Google, it's far
               | more cost effective because of Nvidia's insane markup.
               | That speaks for itself. Nvidia will not drop their margin
               | because it will tank their stock price. it's half of the
               | reason for all this circular financing - lowering their
               | effective margin without lowering it on paper.
        
               | fragmede wrote:
               | And, don't forget everyone's buying from TSMC in every
               | case!
        
             | Seattle3503 wrote:
             | The video data is probably good for training models,
             | including text models.
        
             | margalabargala wrote:
             | It's in Nvidia's interest to charge the absolute maximum
             | they can without their customers failing. Every dollar of
             | Nvidia's margin is your own lost margin. Utilities don't do
             | that. Nvidia is objectively a way bigger liability than
             | electricity rates.
        
               | bdangubic wrote:
               | it is in every business's best interest to charge the
               | maximum...
        
               | wrs wrote:
               | Utilities and insurance companies are two examples of
               | business regulated to not charge the maximum, for public
               | policy reasons.
        
               | bdangubic wrote:
               | we suggesting that nvidia/google/.. be regulated for like
               | utilities?
        
               | wrs wrote:
               | Just expanding on the above sentence "utilities don't do
               | that". Which is why depending on Nvidia isn't like
               | depending on electricity.
        
             | ralph84 wrote:
             | The value of YouTube for AI isn't making AI videos, it's
             | that it's an incredibly rich source for humanity's current
             | knowledge in one place. All of the tutorials, lectures,
             | news reports, etc. are great for training models.
        
               | Nextgrid wrote:
               | Is that actually a moat? Seems like all model providers
               | managed to scrape the entire textual internet just fine.
               | If video is the next big thing I don't see why they won't
               | scrape that too.
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | And we're probably already starting to see that, given
               | the semirecent escalations in game of cat and also cat of
               | youtube and the likes of youtube-dl.
               | 
               | Reminds me of Reddit's cracking down on API access after
               | realizing that their data was useful. But I'd expect both
               | youtube to be quicker on the gun knowing about AI data
               | collection, and have more time because of the orders of
               | magnitude greater bandwidth required to scrape video.
        
               | jakeydus wrote:
               | And reddit turned around and sold it all for a mess of
               | pottage...
        
               | satvikpendem wrote:
               | Sold being the operative word, rather than giving it away
               | for free.
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | Well, it is available for free either way. They pissed
               | off their user base all for a horse that had already left
               | the stable.
               | 
               | https://academictorrents.com/details/2d056b22743718ac8191
               | 5f2...
        
               | satvikpendem wrote:
               | Look at their stock price. They are doing very well since
               | IPO, and much of it was revenue from selling their data.
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | Google's $60m/yr is the only thing keeping them
               | profitable.
               | 
               | Mozilla's business model isn't really something to
               | emulate, even if the stock market doesn't really see it
               | that way.
        
               | satvikpendem wrote:
               | Not really. Lots of companies have valuable data they
               | sell and have been in business for decades just fine.
               | It's even better for reddit because it's user generated
               | so they don't even have to do anything. The users who
               | left during the API debacle are not the vast majority of
               | users which are generally casual and do not give a single
               | shit about what happened, much as tech people like to
               | think otherwise.
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | The causal users (to say nothing of the the massive
               | uptick in bot traffic) are some of the more useless data
               | from an AI training perspective.
        
               | satvikpendem wrote:
               | Again, this is a techie take. Lots of people for example
               | use ChatGPT for personal therapy and guess which subs
               | their training data comes from, r/relationships etc.
               | Those trying to use them for other means are
               | comparatively less frequent.
        
               | awesome_dude wrote:
               | > Seems like all model providers managed to scrape the
               | entire textual internet just fine
               | 
               | Google, though, has been doing it for literal decades.
               | That could mean that they have something nobody else
               | (except archive.org) has - a history on how the
               | internet/knowledge has evolved.
        
               | jmb99 wrote:
               | Scraping text across the entire internet is orders of
               | magnitudes easier than scraping YouTube. Even ignoring
               | the sheer volume of data (exabytes), you simply will get
               | blocked at an IP and account level before you make a
               | reasonable dent. Even if you controlled the entire IPv4
               | space I'm not sure you could scrape all of YouTube
               | without getting every single address banned. IPv6 makes
               | address bans harder, true, but then you're still left
               | with the problem of actually transferring and then
               | storing that much data.
        
               | earthnail wrote:
               | For now, you actually get pretty far with Tor. Just reset
               | your connection when you hit an IP ban by sending SIGHUP
               | to the Tor daemon.
               | 
               | I did that when I was retraining Stable Audio for fun and
               | it really turned out to be trivial enough to pull of as a
               | little evening side project.
        
               | tucnak wrote:
               | IPv6 doesn't make it "harder," as they would typically
               | ban whole /48 prefixes.
        
             | why-o-why wrote:
             | Given the fact that Apple and Coke but rushed to produce AI
             | slop, and the agreements with Disney, we are going to see a
             | metric fuck-ton of AI-generated cinema in the next decade.
             | The broader population's tastes are absolute harbage when
             | it comes to cinema, so I don't see why you need convincing.
             | 40+ superhero films should be enough.
        
             | Ekaros wrote:
             | I think it will be accepted by broader population. But if
             | generation is easy and cheap I wonder if there is demand.
             | And I mean as total demand in the segment. Will there be
             | enough impressions to go around to actually profit from the
             | content. Especially if storage is also considered.
        
           | loloquwowndueo wrote:
           | In this case the difference between its and it's does alter
           | the meaning of the sentence.
        
           | simonsarris wrote:
           | Google has several enviable, if not moats, at least redoubts.
           | TPUs, mass infrastructure and own their own cloud services,
           | they own delivery mechanisms on mobile (Android) and every
           | device (Chrome). And Google and Youtube are still #1 and #2
           | most visited websites in the world.
        
             | devsda wrote:
             | Don't forget the other moat.
             | 
             | While their competitors have to deal with actively hostile
             | attempts to stop scraping training data, in Google's case
             | almost everyone bends over backwards to give them easy
             | access.
        
               | catoc wrote:
               | 'Actively hostile' as in objecting to your content
               | getting ripped off without permission?
        
               | satvikpendem wrote:
               | It's a matter of perspective. In this scenario both sides
               | see the other as hostile, just as one would look at a war
               | happening as an outside observer.
        
             | xivzgrev wrote:
             | Not to mention security. I'd trust Google more not to have
             | a data breach than open AI / whomever. Email accounts are
             | hugely valuable but I haven't seen a Google data breach in
             | the 20+ years I've been using them. This matters because I
             | don't want my chats out there in public.
             | 
             | Also integration with other services. I just had Gemini
             | summarize the contents of a Google Drive folder and it was
             | effortless & effective
        
               | mootothemax wrote:
               | While I don't disagree with you, for historical purposes
               | I think it's important to highlight why google started
               | its push for 100% wire encryption everywhere all the
               | time:
               | 
               | The NSA and GHCQ and basically every TLA with the ability
               | to tap a fibre cable had figured out the gap in Google's
               | armour: Google's datacenter backhaul links were
               | unencrypted. Tap into them, and you get _everything_.
               | 
               | I've no idea whether Snowdon's leaks were a revelation or
               | a confirmation for google themselves; either way, it's
               | arguably a total breach.
        
               | jedberg wrote:
               | When I worked at PayPal back in 2003/4, one of the things
               | we did (and I think we were the first) was encrypt the
               | datacenter backhaul connections. This was on top of
               | encrypting all the traffic between machines. It added a
               | lot of expense and overhead, but security was important
               | enough to justify it.
        
               | guelo wrote:
               | And yet Venmo, a Paypal company, publishes transaction
               | data publicly by default, no need to decrypt anything
               | -\\_(tsu)_/-
        
               | hrimfaxi wrote:
               | Venmo publishes raw unencrypted transaction data? Or are
               | you referring to their social network features?
        
               | matkoniecz wrote:
               | where?
        
               | why-o-why wrote:
               | Is Google even required to inform you of a data breach?
        
               | bjt wrote:
               | They're subject to California law, so yeah.
               | 
               | https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/databreach/reporting
        
               | dilyevsky wrote:
               | Not that I disagree with your assessment but in the
               | spirit of hn pedantry - google had a very significant
               | breach where gmail was a primary target and that was
               | "only" 16 years ago in mid 2009. So bad that it has its
               | own wikipedia page:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Aurora
        
               | charcircuit wrote:
               | >very significant breach
               | 
               | That page says it was only 2 accounts and none of the
               | messages within the mail was accessed. I wouldn't call
               | that very significant.
        
             | DoesntMatter22 wrote:
             | They also have one of the biggest negatives in that they
             | abandon almost everything they build so it's hard to get
             | invested in thier products.
             | 
             | I agree with the rest though
        
               | satvikpendem wrote:
               | They don't abandon their money makers. That's the thing
               | people don't get about the Google graveyard meme, they
               | only cut things that obviously aren't working to make
               | them more money.
        
             | troupo wrote:
             | The biggest moat is amount of money. Google has infinite
             | amounts of money the print out of thin air (ads). They
             | don't need complex entangled schemes with circular debts to
             | prop up their operations.
        
           | stevenjgarner wrote:
           | Agreed. Even xAI's (Grok's) access to live data on x.com and
           | millions of live video inputs from Tesla is a moat not
           | enjoyed by OpenAI.
        
             | chroma205 wrote:
             | >Agreed. Even xAI's (Grok's) access to live data on x.com
             | and millions of live video inputs from Tesla is a moat not
             | enjoyed by OpenAI.
             | 
             | Tesla does not have live video feed from (every) Tesla car.
        
             | johnnyfived wrote:
             | That live data for X is mostly gonna consist of brainrot
             | and egotistical founders and rising vibe coders, that data
             | has to be worth so much less than something like Reddit.
        
           | cdf wrote:
           | On paper, Google should never have allowed the ChatGPT moment
           | to happen ; how did a then non-profit create what was
           | basically a better search engine than Google?
           | 
           | Google suffers from classic Innovator's Dilemma and need
           | competition to refocus on what ought to be basic survival
           | instincts. What is worse is the search users are not the
           | customers. The customers of Google Search are the advertisers
           | and they will always prioritise the needs of the customers
           | and squander their moats as soon as the threat is gone.
        
             | hattmall wrote:
             | Exactly, Google's business isn't search, it's ads. Is
             | ChatGPT a more profitable system for delivering ads? That
             | doesn't appear so, which means there's really no reason for
             | Google to have created it first.
        
               | razodactyl wrote:
               | There was a very negative "immune" response from the
               | users when they perceived suggestions from ChatGPT as
               | ads.
               | 
               | This will be hard for them to integrate in a way that
               | won't annoy users / will be better implemented than any
               | other competitor in the same space.
               | 
               | Or perhaps we just deal with all AI across the board
               | serving us ads.... this makes more sense unfortunately.
        
               | transcriptase wrote:
               | There's a very negative immune response to the idea of
               | Netflix running ads.
               | 
               | And yet they're there, in the form of prominent product
               | placement in all of their original series along with
               | strategic placement in the frame to make sure they appear
               | in cropped clips posted to social media and made into
               | gifs.
               | 
               | Stranger Things alone has had 100-200 brands show up
               | under the warm guise of nostalgia, with Coke alone
               | putting up millions for all the less-than-subtle screen
               | time their products get.
               | 
               | I'm certain AI providers will figure out how to slyly put
               | the highest bidder into a certain proportion of output
               | without necessarily acting out that scene in Wayne's
               | World.
        
               | mahirsaid wrote:
               | I suspect google can last much longer in regards to an AI
               | model chat engine that competes with open AI and other
               | companies, without needing a profit from that particular
               | product in a timely manner. I can's say the same for the
               | others. Google is using it's own money to fund this
               | without mch pressure for immediate profit in a time
               | deadline. They can rely on their other services for
               | revenue and profit for the meantime.
        
             | razodactyl wrote:
             | Think about it in terms of the research they put out into
             | the ether though. The research grows into something viable,
             | they sit back and watch the response and move when it makes
             | sense.
             | 
             | It's like that old concept of saying something wrong in a
             | forum on purpose to have everyone flame you for being wrong
             | and needing to prove themselves better by each writing more
             | elaborate answers.
             | 
             | You catch more fish with bait.
        
             | miohtama wrote:
             | Google allowed this to happen because they listened to
             | their compliance department and were afraid of a backslash
             | if LLM says something that could anger people.
             | 
             | Sergey Brin interview: https://x.com/slow_developer/status/
             | 1999876970562166968?s=20
             | 
             | This attitude also partially explains the black vikings
             | incident.
        
             | gniv wrote:
             | Google had an in-house chatbot that was never allowed to
             | launch. I used to think that they were wrong but now I'm
             | pretty sure they were right to not launch it. Users are
             | very forgiving with a newcomer but not with an established
             | company.
        
           | choudharism wrote:
           | The TAM for video generation isn't as big as the other use
           | cases.
        
             | lokar wrote:
             | YT is also a giant corpus of English via the transcription
        
             | xnx wrote:
             | I agree, but isn't the TAM for video generation all of
             | movies, TV, and possibly video games, or all entertainment?
             | That's a pretty big market.
        
             | dilyevsky wrote:
             | What you're competing for is people's attention and the tam
             | for that is biggest there is
        
           | IncreasePosts wrote:
           | Hasn't it all been scraped by other ai companies already?
        
         | nateb2022 wrote:
         | > AI is going to be a highly-competitive, extremely capital-
         | intensive commodity market
         | 
         | It already is. In terms of competition, I don't think we've
         | seen any groundbreaking new research or architecture since the
         | introduction of inference time compute ("thinking") in late
         | 2024/early 2025 circa GPT-o4.
         | 
         | The majority of the cost/innovation now is training this 1-2
         | year old technology on increasingly large amounts of content,
         | and developing more hardware capable of running these larger
         | models at more scale. I think it's fair to say the majority of
         | capital is now being dumped into hardware, whether that's HBM
         | and research related to that, or increasingly powerful GPUs and
         | TPUs.
         | 
         | But these components are applicable to a lot of other places
         | other than AI, and I think we'll probably stumble across some
         | manufacturing techniques or physics discoveries that will have
         | a positive impact on other industries.
         | 
         | > that ends up in a race to the bottom competing on cost and
         | efficiency of delivering
         | 
         | One could say that the introduction of the personal computer
         | became a "race to the bottom." But it was only the start of the
         | dot-com bubble era, a bubble that brought about a lot of
         | beneficial market expansion.
         | 
         | > models that have all reached the same asymptotic performance
         | in the sense of intelligence, reasoning, etc.
         | 
         | I definitely agree with the asymptotic performance. But I think
         | the more exciting fact is that we can probably expect LLMs to
         | get a LOT cheaper in the next few years as the current
         | investments in hardware begin to pay off, and I think it's safe
         | to assume that in 5-10 years, most entry-level laptops will be
         | able to manage a local 30B sized model while still being
         | capable of multitasking. As it gets cheaper, more applications
         | for it become more practical.
         | 
         | ---
         | 
         | Regarding OpenAI, I think it definitely stands in a somewhat
         | precarious spot, since basically the majority of its valuation
         | is justified by nothing less than expectations of future
         | profit. Unlike Google, which was profitable before the
         | introduction of Gemini, AI startups need to establish
         | profitability still. I think although initial expectations were
         | for B2C models for these AI companies, most of the ones that
         | survive will do so by pivoting to a B2B structure. I think it's
         | fair to say that most businesses are more inclined to spend
         | money chasing AI than individuals, and that'll lead to an
         | increase in AI consulting type firms.
        
           | mark_l_watson wrote:
           | > in 5-10 years, most entry-level laptops will be able to
           | manage a local 30B sized model
           | 
           | I suspect most of the excitement and value will be on edge
           | devices. Models sized 1.7B to 30B have improved incredibly in
           | capability in just the last few months and are unrecognizably
           | better than a year ago. With improved science, new efficiency
           | hacks, and new ideas, I can't even imagine what a 30B model
           | with effective tooling available could do in a personal
           | device in two years time.
        
             | sigbottle wrote:
             | Very interested in this! I'm mainly a ChatGPT user; for me,
             | o3 was the first sign of true "intelligence" (not
             | 'sentience' or anything like that, just actual, genuine
             | usefulness). Are these models at that level yet? Or are
             | they o1? Still GPT4 level?
        
               | logicprog wrote:
               | Not _nearly_ o3 level. Much better than GPT4, though! For
               | instance Qwen 3 30b-a3b 2507 Reasoning gets 46 vs GPT 4
               | 's 21 and o3's 60-something on Artificial Analysis's
               | benchmark aggregation score. Small local models ~30b
               | params and below tend to benchmark far better than they
               | actually work, too.
        
             | torginus wrote:
             | I think having massive amounts of high-bandwidth memory on
             | consumer grade hardware could become a reality via flash.
             | 
             | How Flash in SSDs works is you have tens to hundreds of
             | dies stacked on top of each other in the same package, and
             | their outputs are multiplexed so that only one of them can
             | talk at the same time.
             | 
             | We do it like this because we still can get 1-2 GB/s out of
             | a chip this way, and having the ability to read hundreds of
             | times faster is not justified for storage use.
             | 
             | But if we connected these chips to high speed transcievers,
             | we could get out all the 100s of GBs of bandwidth at the
             | same time.
             | 
             | I'm probably oversimplifying things, and it's not that
             | simple IRL, but I'm sure people are already working on this
             | (I didn't come up with the idea), and it might end up
             | working out and turn into a commercial product.
        
           | airstrike wrote:
           | > One could say that the introduction of the personal
           | computer became a "race to the bottom." But it was only the
           | start of the dot-com bubble era, a bubble that brought about
           | a lot of beneficial market expansion.
           | 
           | I think the comparison is only half valid since personal
           | computers were really just a continuation of the innovation
           | that was general purpose computing.
           | 
           | I don't think LLMs have quite as much mileage to offer, so to
           | continue growing, "AI" will need at least a couple step
           | changes in architecture and compute.
        
             | zozbot234 wrote:
             | I don't think anyone _knows_ for sure how much mileage
             | /scalability LLMs have. Given what we do know, I suspect if
             | you can afford to spend more compute on even longer
             | training runs, you can still get much better results
             | compared to SOTA, even for "simple" domains like
             | text/language.
        
               | airstrike wrote:
               | I think we're pretty much out of "spend more compute on
               | even longer training runs" atp.
        
           | skort wrote:
           | > But I think the more exciting fact is that we can probably
           | expect LLMs to get a LOT cheaper in the next few years as the
           | current investments in hardware begin to pay off
           | 
           | Citation needed!
        
           | visarga wrote:
           | > I don't think we've seen any groundbreaking new research or
           | architecture since the introduction of inference time compute
           | ("thinking") in late 2024/early 2025 circa GPT-o4
           | 
           | It was model improvements, followed by inference time
           | improvements, and now it's RLVR dataset generation driving
           | the wheel.
        
           | snet0 wrote:
           | I haven't read much about it to understand what's going on,
           | but the development of multi-modal models has also felt like
           | a major step. Being able to paste an image into a chat and
           | have it "understand" the image to a comparable extent to
           | language is very powerful.
        
         | phyzix5761 wrote:
         | I, personally, use chatGPT for search more than I do Google
         | these days. It, more often than not, gives me more exact
         | results based on what I'm looking for and it produces links I
         | can visit to get more information. I think this is where their
         | competitive advantage lies if they can figure out how to
         | monetize that.
        
           | aprilthird2021 wrote:
           | I'm genuinely curious. Why do you do this instead of Google
           | Searches which also have an AI Overview / answer at the top,
           | that's basically exactly the same as putting your search
           | query into a chat bot, but it ALSO has all the links from a
           | regular Google search so you can quickly corroborate the info
           | even using sources not from the original AI result (so you
           | also see discordant sources from what the AI answer had)?
        
             | thom wrote:
             | The regular google search AI doesn't do thinky thinky mode.
             | For most buying decisions these days I ask ChatGPT to go
             | off and search and think for a while given certain
             | constraints, while taking particular note of Reddit and
             | YouTube comments, and come back with some recommendations.
             | I've been delighted with the results.
        
               | Marsymars wrote:
               | I wouldn't be surprised if ChatGPT was Pareto optimal for
               | buying decisions... but I suspect there are a whole pile
               | of Pareto optimal ways to make buying decisions,
               | including "buy one of the Wirecutter picks" or "buy
               | whatever Costco is selling".
        
               | thom wrote:
               | Even in the case where you have a good shortlist of
               | items, the ability to then ask follow up questions in a
               | conversational format is very useful for me. Anyway, just
               | explaining why one might use ChatGPT for this rather than
               | the Google search box, obviously your mileage is welcome
               | to vary.
        
               | blinding-streak wrote:
               | I chuckled at "thinky thinky" mode. If some ai company
               | used this branding it would win a lot of hearts and minds
               | methinks
        
               | heresie-dabord wrote:
               | It could backfire badly.
               | 
               | "Some messages are tough to write, let's thinky-think it
               | through together."
               | 
               | "Golly, your codey-code could use some help. Ask me what
               | I thinky-think!"
               | 
               | "I'm here to help you thinky-think while you worky-work!"
        
           | raw_anon_1111 wrote:
           | We don't need anecdotes. We have data. Google has been
           | announcing quarter after quarter of record revenues and
           | profits and hasn't seen any decrease in search traffic. Apple
           | also hinted at the fact that it also didn't see any decreased
           | revenues from the Google Search deal.
           | 
           | AI answers is good enough and there is a long history of
           | companies who couldn't monetize traffic via ads. The
           | canonical example is Yahoo. Yahoo was one of the most traffic
           | sites for 20 years and couldn't monetize.
           | 
           | 2nd issue: defaults matter. Google is the default search
           | engine for Android devices, iOS devices and Macs whether
           | users are using Safari or Chrome. It's hard to get people to
           | switch
           | 
           | 3rd issue: any money that OpenAI makes off search ads, I'm
           | sure Microsoft is going to want there cut. ChatGPT uses Bing
           | 
           | 4th issue: OpenAIs costs are a lot higher than Google and
           | they probably won't be able to command a premium in ads.
           | Google has its own search engine, its own servers, its own
           | "GPUs" [sic],
           | 
           | 5th: see #4. It costs OpenAI a lot more per ChatGPT request
           | to serve a result than it costs Google. LLM search has a
           | higher marginal cost.
        
             | matkoniecz wrote:
             | > Google has been announcing quarter after quarter of
             | record revenues and profits and hasn't seen any decrease in
             | search traffic.
             | 
             | this kind of things may take some time to spread across
             | population
        
           | sod22 wrote:
           | I personally know people that used ChatGPT a lot but have
           | recently moved to using Gemini.
           | 
           | There's a couple of things going on but put simply - when
           | there is no real lock in, humans enjoy variety. Until one
           | firm creates a superior product with lock in, only those who
           | are generating cash flows will survive.
           | 
           | OAI does not fit that description as of today.
        
         | gerdesj wrote:
         | "AI is going to be a highly-competitive" - In what way?
         | 
         | It is not a railroad and the railroads did not explode in a
         | bubble (OK a few early engines did explode but that is
         | engineering). I think LLM driven investments in massive DCs is
         | ill advised.
        
           | fcantournet wrote:
           | Yes they did, at least twice in the 19th century. It was the
           | largest financial crisis before 1929
        
             | johnnyanmac wrote:
             | It did. I question the issue of "what problem am I trying
             | to solve" with AI, though. Transportation across a huge
             | swath of land had a clear problem space, and trains offered
             | a very clear solution; created dedicated railing and you
             | can transport 100x the resources at 10x the speed of a
             | horseman (and I'm probably underselling these gains). In
             | times where trekking across a continent took months, the
             | efficiencies in communication and supply lines are
             | immediately clear.
             | 
             | AI feels like a solution looking for a problem. Especially
             | with 90% of consumer facing products. Were people asking
             | for better chatbots, or to quickly deepfake some video
             | scene? I think the bubble popping will re-reveal some
             | incredible backend tools in tech, medical, and (eventually)
             | robotics. But I don't think this is otherwise solving the
             | problems they marketed on.
        
               | heavyset_go wrote:
               | > _AI feels like a solution looking for a problem._
               | 
               | The problem is increasing profits by replacing paid labor
               | with something "good enough".
        
               | MangoToupe wrote:
               | This is a use case that hasn't yet been proven out,
               | though. "Good enough" for an executive may not be "good
               | enough" to keep the company solvent, and there's no
               | shortage of private equity morons who have no
               | understanding of their own assets.
        
               | heavyset_go wrote:
               | I agree, but it's the bet they're making. You don't end
               | up with trillions in investment and valuations with
               | chatbots and meme video generators.
        
               | johnnyanmac wrote:
               | Doesn't sound like a very profitable problem to solve. At
               | least, not in the long term (which no one orchestrating
               | this is thinking in).
        
               | heavyset_go wrote:
               | Long term is feudalism, the short term is how we get
               | there.
        
               | johnnyanmac wrote:
               | Well I wish them the worst of luck. Those doing this need
               | to go back to the 1880s and see how that ended long term.
        
               | kolinko wrote:
               | Isn't this what industrialisation was always about?
        
           | aaronblohowiak wrote:
           | Your view is ahistorical.
        
         | variadix wrote:
         | This will remain the case until we have another transformer-
         | level leap in ML technology. I don't expect such an advancement
         | to be openly published when it is discovered.
        
         | energy123 wrote:
         | > There's no evidence of a technological moat or a competitive
         | advantage in any of these companies.
         | 
         | I disagree based on personal experience. OpenAI is a step above
         | in usefulness. Codex and GPT 5.2 Pro have no peers right now.
         | I'm happy to pay them $200/month.
         | 
         | I don't use my Google Pro subscription much. Gemini 3.0 Pro
         | spends 1/10th of the time thinking compared to GPT 5.2 Thinking
         | and outputs a worse answer or ignores my prompt. Similar story
         | with Deepseek.
         | 
         | The public benchmarks tell a different story which is where I
         | believe the sentiment online comes from, but I am going to
         | trust my experience, because my experience can't be
         | benchmaxxed.
        
           | harrall wrote:
           | I use both and ChatGPT will absolutely glaze me. I will
           | intentionally say some BS and ChatGPT will say "you're so
           | right." It will hilariously try to make me feel good.
           | 
           | But Gemini will put me in my place. Sometimes I ask my
           | question to Gemini because I don't trust ChatGPT's
           | affirmations.
           | 
           | Truthfully I just use both.
        
             | gridspy wrote:
             | I told ChatGPT via my settings that I often make mistakes
             | and to call out my assumptions. So now it
             | 
             | 1. Glazes me 2. Lists a variety of assumptions (some can be
             | useful / interesting)
             | 
             | Answers the question
             | 
             | At least this way I don't spend a day pursuing an idea the
             | wrong way because ChatGPT never pointed out something
             | obvious.
        
               | nubg wrote:
               | Care to share the system prompt?
        
           | wild_egg wrote:
           | I still find it so fascinating how experiences with these
           | models are so varied.
           | 
           | I find codex & 5.2 Pro next to useless and nothing holds a
           | candle to Opus 4.5 in terms of utility or quality.
           | 
           | There's probably something in how varied human brains and
           | thought processes are. You and I likely think through
           | problems in some fundamentally different way that leads to us
           | favouring different models that more closely align with
           | ourselves.
           | 
           | No one seems to ever talk about that though and instead we
           | get these black and white statements about how our personally
           | preferred model is the only obvious choice and company XYZ is
           | clearly superior to all the competition.
        
           | avalys wrote:
           | I'm not saying that no company will ever have an advantage.
           | But with the pace of advances slowing, even if others are
           | 6-12 months behind OpenAI, the conclusion is the same.
           | 
           | Personally I find GPT 5.2 to be nearly useless for my use
           | case (which is not coding).
        
             | ashirviskas wrote:
             | Can you give specific examples? I'm super interested to see
             | where it fails.
        
           | yoyohello13 wrote:
           | There is always a comment like this in these threads. It's
           | just 50-50 whether it's Claude or OpenAI.
        
             | razodactyl wrote:
             | We never hear what the actual questions are. I reckon it's
             | Claude being great at coding in general and GPT being good
             | at niche cases. "Spikey intelligence"
        
           | guluarte wrote:
           | codex is sooo slow but it is good at planning, opus is good
           | at coding but not at good at seeing the big picture
        
           | import wrote:
           | For me OpenAI is the worst of all. Claude code and Gemini
           | deep research is much much more better in terms of quality
           | while ChatGPT hallucinating and saying "sorry you're right".
        
         | adventured wrote:
         | Your premise is wrong in a very important way.
         | 
         | The cost of entry is far beyond extraordinary. You're acting
         | like anybody can gain entry, when the exact opposite is the
         | case. The door is closing right now. Just try to compete with
         | OpenAI, let's see you calculate the price of attempting it.
         | Scale it to 300, 500, 800 million users.
         | 
         | Why aren't there a dozen more Anthropics, given the valuation
         | in question (and potential IPO)? Because it'll cost you tens of
         | billions of dollars just to try to keep up. Nobody will give
         | you that money. You can't get the GPUs, you can't get the
         | engineers, you can't get the dollars, you can't build the
         | datacenters. Hell, you can't even get the RAM these days, nor
         | can you afford it.
         | 
         | Google & Co are capturing the market and will monetize it with
         | advertising. They will generate trillions of dollars in revenue
         | over the coming 10-15 years by doing so.
         | 
         | The barrier to entry is the same one that exists in search:
         | it'll cost you well over one hundred billion dollars to try to
         | be in the game at the level that Gemini will be at circa
         | 2026-2027, for just five years.
         | 
         | Please, inform me of where you plan to get that one hundred
         | billion dollars just to try to keep up. Even Anthropic is going
         | to struggle to stay in the competition when the music (funding
         | bubble) stops.
         | 
         | There are maybe a dozen or so companies in existence that can
         | realistically try to compete with the likes of Gemini or GPT.
        
           | zozbot234 wrote:
           | > Just try to compete with OpenAI, let's see you calculate
           | the price of attempting it. Scale it to 300, 500, 800 million
           | users.
           | 
           | Apparently the DeepSeek folks managed that feat. Even with
           | the high initial barriers to entry you're talking about,
           | there will always be ways to compete by specializing in some
           | underserved niche and growing from there. Competition seems
           | to be alive and well.
        
             | thom wrote:
             | DeepSeek certainly managed that on the training side but in
             | terms of inference, the actual product was unusably slow
             | and unreliable at launch and for several months after. I
             | have not bothered revisiting it.
        
               | snuxoll wrote:
               | Are you talking about the _model_ or their _service_?
               | There 's plenty of options for using their models other
               | than the official DeepSeek API.
        
         | johnnyanmac wrote:
         | >That doesn't mean AI is going to go away, or that it won't
         | change the world - railroads are still here and they did change
         | the world - but from a venture investment perspective, get
         | ready for a massive downturn.
         | 
         | I don't know why people always imply that "the bubble will
         | burst" means that "literally all Ai will die out and nothing
         | will remain that is of use". The Dotcom bubble didn't kill the
         | internet. But it was a bubble and it burst nonetheless, with
         | ramifications that spanned decades.
         | 
         | All it really means when you believe a bubble will pop is "this
         | asset is over-valued and it will soon, rapidly deflate in value
         | to something more sustainable" . And that's a good thing long
         | term, despite the rampant destruction such a crash will cause
         | for the next few years.
        
           | mr_toad wrote:
           | But some people do believe that AI is all hype and it will
           | all go away. It's hard to find two people who actually mean
           | the same thing when they talk about a "bubble" right now.
        
           | latchup wrote:
           | I don't think anyone seriously believes AI will disappear
           | without a trace. At the very least, LLMs will remain as the
           | state of the art in high-level language processing (editing,
           | translation, chat interfaces, etc.)
           | 
           | The real problem is the massive over-promises of transforming
           | _every_ industry, replacing _most_ human labor, and
           | eventually reaching super-intelligence based on current
           | models.
           | 
           | I hope we can agree that these are all wholly unattainable,
           | even from a purely technological perspective. However, we are
           | investing as if there were no tomorrow _without_ these
           | outcomes, building massive data-centers filled with  "GPUs"
           | that, contrary to investor copium, will quickly become
           | obsolete and are increasingly useless for general-purpose
           | datacenter applications (Blackwell Ultra has NO FP64
           | hardware, for crying out loud...).
           | 
           | We can agree that the bubble deflating, one way or another,
           | is the best outcome long term. That said, the longer we fuel
           | these delusions, the worse the fallout will be when it does.
           | And what I fear is that one day, a bubble (perhaps this one,
           | perhaps another) will grow so large that it wipes out
           | globalized free-market trade as we know it.
        
             | zozbot234 wrote:
             | > Blackwell Ultra has NO FP64 hardware, for crying out
             | loud...
             | 
             | But can it run Crysis?
        
               | latchup wrote:
               | Games tend to avoid FP64 compute as Nvidia has always
               | gimped it in consumer GPUs, so you are somewhat lucky
               | there. "Lucky" as in, you get to enjoy the broken-ass,
               | glitchy FP32 physics that we've all grown to love so
               | much.
               | 
               | However, if you actually need the much higher precision
               | of FP64 for scientific computing (like most non-AI data
               | center users do) and extremely slow emulation is not an
               | option, consider yourself fucked.
        
             | juped wrote:
             | Bubbles bursting aren't bad unless you were overinvested in
             | the bubble. Consider that you'll be wiping your ass with
             | DIMMs once this one bursts; I can always put more memory to
             | good use.
        
               | latchup wrote:
               | > Bubbles bursting aren't bad unless you were
               | overinvested in the bubble.
               | 
               | That's what I am trying to say: every big technology
               | player, every industry, _every government_ is _all in_ on
               | AI. That means you and I are along for the ride, whether
               | we like it or not.
               | 
               | > Consider that you'll be wiping your ass with DIMMs once
               | this one bursts; I can always put more memory to good
               | use.
               | 
               | Except you can't, because DRAM makers have almost
               | entirely pivoted from making (G)DDR chips to making HBM
               | instead. HBM must be co-integrated at the interposer
               | level and 3D-stacked, resulting in terrible yield. This
               | makes it extremely pricy and impossible to package
               | separately (no DIMMs).
               | 
               | So when I say the world is all in on this, I mean it.
               | With every passing minute, there is less and less we can
               | salvage once this is over; for consumer DRAM, it's
               | already too late.
        
         | adamnemecek wrote:
         | AI is capital intensive because autodiff kinda sucks.
        
         | api wrote:
         | If performance indeed asymptotes, and if we are not at the end
         | of silicon scaling or decreasing cost of compute, then it will
         | eventually be possible to run the very best models at home on
         | reasonably priced hardware.
         | 
         | Eventually the curves cross. Eventually the computer you can
         | get for, say, $2000, becomes able to run the best models in
         | existence.
         | 
         | The only way this doesn't happen is if models do not asymptote
         | or if computers stop getting cheaper per unit compute and
         | storage.
         | 
         | This wouldn't mean everyone would actually do this. Only
         | sophisticated or privacy conscious people would. But what it
         | would mean is that AI is cheap and commodity and there is no
         | moat in just making or running models or in owning the best
         | infrastructure for them.
        
         | guluarte wrote:
         | Also that open source models are just months behind
        
         | dheera wrote:
         | People seem to have the assumption that OpenAI and Anthropic
         | dying would be synonymous with AI dying, and that's not the
         | case. OpenAI and Anthropic spent a lot of capital on important
         | research, and if the shareholders and equity markets cannot
         | learn to value and respect that and instead let these companies
         | die, new companies will be formed with the same tech, possibly
         | by the same general group of people, thrive, and conveniently
         | leave out the said shareholders.
         | 
         | Google was built on the shoulders of a lot of infrastructure
         | tech developed by former search engine giants. Unfortunately
         | the equity markets decided to devalue those giants instead of
         | applaud them for their contributions to society.
        
           | tootie wrote:
           | Isn't it really the other way around? Not to say OpenAI and
           | Anthropic haven't done important work, but the genesis of
           | this entire market was paper on attention that came out of
           | Google. We have the private messages inside OpenAI saying
           | they needed to get to market ASAP or Google would kill them.
        
           | raw_anon_1111 wrote:
           | You weren't around pre Google were you? The only thing Google
           | learned from other search engines is what not to do - like
           | rank based on the number of times a keyword appeared and not
           | to use expensive bespoked servers
        
             | dheera wrote:
             | I was around pre-Google.
             | 
             | Ranking was Google's 5% contribution to it. They stood on
             | the shoulders of people who invented physical server and
             | datacenter infrastructure, Unix/Linux, file systems,
             | databases, error correction, distributed computing, the
             | entire internet infrastructure, modern Ethernet, all kinds
             | of stuff.
        
               | raw_anon_1111 wrote:
               | And none of that had to do with learning from other
               | search engines...
        
               | golem14 wrote:
               | Eh ... I question that 5% ranking is google's only
               | contribution, even if it was important.
               | 
               | Everyone stood on the shoulders of file systems and
               | databases, ethernet (and firewalls and netscreens, ...)
               | Well, maybe a few stood on the shoulder of PHP.
               | 
               | Google did in fact pretty much figure out how to scale
               | large number of servers (their racking, datacenters,
               | clustering, global file systems etc) before most others
               | did. I believe it was their ability to run the search
               | engine cheap enough that enabled them to grow while
               | largely retaining profitability early on.
        
               | ashirviskas wrote:
               | Yeah, I remember the moment search engines invented
               | computing, I cannot look at sand the same way anymore /s
        
         | Davidzheng wrote:
         | Um meta didn't achieve the same results yet. And does it matter
         | if they can all achieve the same results if they all manage
         | high enough payoffs? I think subscription based income is only
         | the beginning. Next stage is AI-based subcompanies encroaching
         | on other industries (e.g. deepmind's drug company)
        
         | jfrbfbreudh wrote:
         | Google's moat:
         | 
         | Try "@gmail" in Gemini
         | 
         | Google's surface area to apply AI is larger than any other
         | company's. And they have arguably the best multimodal model and
         | indisputably the best flash model?
        
           | avalys wrote:
           | If the "moat" is not AI technology itself but merely
           | sufficient other lines of business to deploy it well, then
           | that's further evidence that venture investments in AI
           | startups will yield very poor returns.
        
             | tjwebbnorfolk wrote:
             | It's funny that a decade ago the exit strategy of many of
             | these startups would have been to get acquired by MSFT /
             | META / GOOG. Now, the regulators have made a lot of these
             | acquisitions effectively impossible for antitrust reasons.
             | 
             | Is it better for society for promising startups to die on
             | the open market, or get acquired by a monopoly? The third
             | option -- taking down the established players -- appears
             | increasingly unlikely.
        
               | maeln wrote:
               | > Now, the regulators have made a lot of these
               | acquisitions effectively impossible for antitrust
               | reasons.
               | 
               | Is there any evidence that this is the case ? For very
               | big merger (like nvdia and Arm tried) sure, but I can't
               | think of a single time regulator stop a big player from
               | buying a start up.
        
           | edaemon wrote:
           | That kind of makes it sound like AI is a feature and not a
           | product, which supports avalys' point.
        
           | dartharva wrote:
           | Also, Google doesn't have to finance Gemini using venture
           | capital or debt, it can use its own money.
        
             | latentsea wrote:
             | DeepMind also solved the protein folding problem, so they
             | have that going for them.
        
               | johnisgood wrote:
               | Did it really? That is actually huge if so.
        
           | venusenvy47 wrote:
           | I tried it, but nothing happened. It said that it sent an
           | email but didn't. What is supposed to happen?
        
           | onion2k wrote:
           | _Try "@gmail" in Gemini_
           | 
           | I think this is a problem for Google. Most users aren't going
           | to do that unless they're told it's possible. 99% of users
           | are working to a mental model of AI that they learned when
           | they first encountered ChatGPT - the idea that AI is a
           | separate app, that they can talk to and prompt to get
           | outputs, and that's it. They're probably starting to learn
           | that they can select models, and use different modes, but the
           | idea of connecting to other apps isn't something they've
           | grokked yet (and they won't until it's very obvious).
           | 
           | What people see as the featureset of AI is what OpenAI is
           | delivering, not Google. Google are going to struggle to
           | leverage their position as custodians of everyone's data if
           | they can't get users to break out of that way of thinking.
           | And honestly, right now, Google are delivering lots of
           | disparate AI interfaces (Gemini, Opal, Nano Banana, etc)
           | which isn't really teaching users that it's all just facets
           | of the same system.
        
             | troupo wrote:
             | > I think this is a problem for Google. Most users aren't
             | going to do that unless they're told it's possible.
             | 
             | Google is telling this in about a hundred different popups
             | and inline hints when you use any of its products
        
               | onion2k wrote:
               | I've use the Gemini app on my phone a fair bit recently
               | and I've not seen it. That said, I don't think I've seen
               | any popups either. Maybe I've blocked them...
        
               | mikkupikku wrote:
               | Users are trained to close those without reading.
        
             | dbbk wrote:
             | Gemini can't even create a Google Doc if you prompt it to.
        
         | xbmcuser wrote:
         | This is why I think China will win the AI race. As once it
         | becomes a commodity no other country is capable of bringing
         | down manufacturing and energy costs the way China is today. I
         | am also rooting for them to get on parity with node size for
         | chips for the same reason as they can crash the prices PC
         | hardware.
        
         | BenFranklin100 wrote:
         | I'm waiting to get an RTX 5090 on the cheap.
        
           | 2OEH8eoCRo0 wrote:
           | A penny saved is a penny earned
        
         | 578_Observer wrote:
         | The "Railway Bubble" analogy is spot on.
         | 
         | As a loan officer in Japan who remembers the 1989 bubble, I see
         | the same pattern. In the traditional "Shinise" world I work
         | with, Cash is Oxygen. You hoard it to survive the inevitable
         | crash. For OpenAI, Cash is Rocket Fuel. They are burning it all
         | to reach "escape velocity" (AGI) before gravity kicks in.
         | 
         | In 1989, we also bet that land prices would outrun gravity
         | forever. But usually, Physics (and Debt) wins in the end. When
         | the railway bubble bursts, only those with "Oxygen" will
         | survive.
        
           | ManuelKiessling wrote:
           | I'm aware this means leaving the original topic of this
           | thread, but would you mind giving us a rundown of this whole
           | Japan 1989 thing? I would love to read a first-person
           | account.
        
             | 578_Observer wrote:
             | I am honored to receive a question from a fellow
             | "Craftsman" (I assume from your name).
             | 
             | To be honest, in 1989, I was just a child. I didn't drink
             | the champagne. But as a banker today, I am the one cleaning
             | up the broken glass. So I can tell you about 1989 from the
             | perspective of a "Survivor's Loan Officer."
             | 
             | I see two realities every day.
             | 
             | One is the "Zombie" companies. Many SMEs here still list
             | Golf Club Memberships on their books at 1989 prices. Today,
             | they are worth maybe 1/20th of that value. Technically,
             | these companies are insolvent, but they keep the "Ghost of
             | 1989" on the books, hoping to one day write it off as a tax
             | loss. It is a lie that has lasted 30 years.
             | 
             | But the real estate is even worse. I often visit apartment
             | buildings built during the bubble. They are decaying, and
             | tenants have fled to newer, modern buildings. The owner
             | cannot sell the land because demolition costs hundreds of
             | thousands of dollars--more than the land is worth.
             | 
             | The owner is now 70 years old. His family has drifted
             | apart. He lives alone in one of the empty units, acting as
             | the caretaker of his own ruin.
             | 
             | The bubble isn't just a graph in a history book. It is an
             | old man trapped in a concrete box he built with "easy
             | money." That is why I fear the "Cash Burn" of AI. When the
             | fuel runs out, the wreckage doesn't just disappear. Someone
             | has to live in it.
        
               | octoberfranklin wrote:
               | I nominate Sam Altman to be that Someone.
        
               | 578_Observer wrote:
               | That is an interesting nomination.
               | 
               | But in my experience as a banker, the ones left in the
               | wreckage are rarely the ones who drank the champagne. It
               | is usually the ones who were hired to clean the glasses.
               | 
               | I hope history proves me wrong this time.
        
               | ifwinterco wrote:
               | Beautiful writing, poetic.
               | 
               | I've always had a morbid fascination with financial
               | bubbles and the Japanese one of the late 1980s might be
               | the most epic in history (definitely in modern times at
               | least).
        
               | 578_Observer wrote:
               | "Spectacular" is an interesting word choice. To be
               | honest, for us on the ground, it just feels like cleaning
               | up a very long party that ended 30 years ago.
               | 
               | But I appreciate your perspective. It is refreshing to
               | know that someone finds a poetic texture in what I simply
               | call "bad loans."
        
           | lelanthran wrote:
           | > Cash is Oxygen. You hoard it to survive the inevitable
           | crash. For OpenAI, Cash is Rocket Fuel. They are burning it
           | all to reach "escape velocity" (AGI) before gravity kicks in.
           | 
           | For OpenAI, cash is oxygen too; they're burning it all to
           | reach escape velocity. They _could_ use it to weather the
           | upcoming storm, but I don 't think they will.
        
             | 578_Observer wrote:
             | Exactly. They have chosen to burn the lifeboats to power
             | the engine.
             | 
             | It is a magnificent gamble. If they reach escape velocity
             | (AGI), they own the future. But if they run out of fuel
             | mid-air, gravity is unforgiving.
             | 
             | As a loan officer, I prefer businesses that don't need to
             | leave the atmosphere to survive.
        
         | parentheses wrote:
         | This is different because now the cats out of the bag: AI is
         | big money!
         | 
         | I don't expect AGI or Super intelligence to take that long but
         | I do think it'll happen in private labs now. There's an AI
         | business model (pay per token) that folks can use also.
        
           | oblio wrote:
           | > don't expect AGI or Super intelligence to take that long
           | 
           | I appreciate the optimism for what would be the biggest
           | achievement (and possibly disaster) in human history. I wish
           | other technologies like curing cancer, Alzheimer's, solving
           | world hunger and peace would have similar timelines.
        
             | barrenko wrote:
             | We are making decent strides on the first two, the latter
             | two are like wanting cats to stop scratching. What's the
             | point of being a cat than?
        
         | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
         | I think we'll find that that asymptote only holds for cases
         | where the end user is not really an active participant in
         | creating the next model:
         | 
         | - take your data
         | 
         | - make a model
         | 
         | - sell it back to you
         | 
         | Eventually all of the available data will have been squeezed
         | for all it's worth the only way to differentiate oneself as an
         | AI company will be to propel your users to new heights so that
         | there's new stuff to learn. That growth will be slower, but I
         | think it'll bear more meaningful fruit.
         | 
         | I'm not sure if today's investors are patient enough to see us
         | through to that phase in any kind of a controlled manner, so I
         | expect a bumpy ride in the interim.
        
           | conartist6 wrote:
           | Yeah except that models don't propel communities towards new
           | heights. They drive towards the averages. They take from the
           | best to give to the worst, so that as much value is destroyed
           | as created. There's no virtuous cycle there...
        
             | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
             | Is that constraint fundamental to what they are? Or are
             | they just reflecting the behavior of markets when there's
             | low hanging fruit around?
             | 
             | When you look at models that were built for a specific
             | purpose, closely intertwined with experts who care about
             | that purpose, they absolutely propel communities to new
             | heights. Consider the impact of alphafold, it won a Nobel
             | prize, proteomics is forever changed.
             | 
             | The issue is that that's not currently the business model
             | that's aimed at most of us. We have to have a race to the
             | bottom first. We can have nice things later, if we're
             | lucky, once a certain sort of investor goes broke and a
             | different sort takes the helm. It's stupid, but its a
             | stupidity that predates AI by a long shot.
        
               | conartist6 wrote:
               | Experts making a specialized model isn't an example of an
               | AI contributing value to society. All the value a model
               | can offer comes from one of exactly two places: the
               | person building the model, or the people the model
               | trained on.
               | 
               | We know that the model training on the model training on
               | the model leads to model collapse...
        
               | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
               | Your word choice implies a very zero-sum perspective on
               | value.
               | 
               | Value is determined by what we value, it's a choice. If a
               | bunch of scientists value good approximations for how a
               | protein will fold, and then a model generates more such
               | things in a year than those scientists could make in a
               | century, that's a lot of value. Not extracted from
               | anyone, created.
        
               | conartist6 wrote:
               | Yes. Value created by the people who made the data the
               | model trained on, and the people who ensured that the
               | training created a good model. I'm just saying it's not
               | _magic_ , just another kind of high-level work that
               | people do.
        
         | hakfoo wrote:
         | The railroads provided something of enduring value. They did
         | something materially better than previous competitors
         | (horsecarts and canals) could. Even today, nothing beats
         | freight rail for efficient, cheap modest-speed movement of
         | goods.
         | 
         | If we consider "AI" to be the current LLM and ImageGen bubble,
         | I'm not sure we can say that.
         | 
         | We were all wowed that we could write a brief prompt and get
         | 5,000 lines of React code or an anatomically questionable
         | deepfake of Legally Distinct Chris Hemsworth dancing in a tutu.
         | But once we got past the initial wow, we had to look at the
         | finished product and it's usually not that great. AI as a
         | research tool will spit back complete garbage with a straight
         | face. AI images/video require a lot of manual cleanup to hold
         | up to anything but the most transient scrutiny. AI text has
         | such distinct tones that it's become a joke. AI code isn't
         | better than good human-developed code and is prone to its own
         | unique fault patterns.
         | 
         | It can deliver a lot of mediocrity in a hurry, but how much of
         | that do we really need? I'd hope some of the post-bubble
         | reckoning comes in the form of "if we don't have AI to do it
         | (vendor failures or pricing-to-actual-cost makes it
         | unaffordable), did we really need it in the first place?" I
         | don't need 25 chatbots summarizing things I already read or
         | pleading to "help with my writing" when I know what I want to
         | say.
        
           | cco wrote:
           | I was really hoping, and with a different administration I
           | think there was a real shot, for a huge influx of cash into
           | clean energy infrastructure.
           | 
           | Imagine a trillion dollars (frankly it might be more, we'll
           | see) shoved into clean energy generation and huge upgrades to
           | our distribution.
           | 
           | With a bubble burst all we'd be left with is a modern grid
           | and so much clean energy we could accelerate our move off
           | fossil fuels.
           | 
           | Plus a lot of extra compute, that's less clear of a long term
           | value.
           | 
           | Alas.
        
           | choeger wrote:
           | You're absolutely correct! ( ;) )
           | 
           | The issue is that generation of error-prone content is indeed
           | not very valuable. It can be useful in software engineering,
           | but I'd put it way below the infamous 10x increase in
           | productivity.
           | 
           | Summarizing stuff is probably useful, too, but its usefulness
           | depends on you sitting between many different communication
           | channels and being constantly swamped in input. (Is that why
           | CEOs love it?)
           | 
           | Generally, LLMs are great translators with a (very) lossly
           | compressed knowledge DB attached. I think they're great user
           | Interfaces, and they can help streamline buerocracy (instead
           | of getting rid of it) but they will not help getting down the
           | cost of production of tangible items. They won't solve
           | housing.
           | 
           | My best bet is in medicine. Here, all the areas that LLMs
           | excell at meet. A slightly distopian future cuts the
           | expensive personal doctors and replaces them with (few)
           | nurses and many devices and medicine controlled by a medical
           | agent.
        
           | re_chief wrote:
           | Yes, exactly -- AI would only be analogous to railroads if
           | passenger trains took you to the wrong location roughly 50%
           | of the time.
        
         | pier25 wrote:
         | Did railroads change the world though?
         | 
         | They only lasted a couple of decades as the main transportation
         | method. I'd say the internal combustion engine was a lot more
         | transformative.
        
           | xhevahir wrote:
           | Pretty much every major historical trend of Western societies
           | in the second half of the eighteenth century, from the
           | development of the modern corporation to the advent of total
           | war, was intimately tied to railroad transportation.
        
           | Marsymars wrote:
           | Transportation of people, yeah, but it still carries a
           | majority of inter-city freight in North America.
        
           | anshumankmr wrote:
           | Umm yes? The metro even if not a big deal in the states is
           | like a small but quiet way it has changed public transport,
           | plus moving freight, plus people over large distances, plus
           | the bullet train that mixed luxury, speed and efficiency onto
           | trains, all of these are quietly disruptive transformations,
           | that I think we all take for granted.
        
           | oblio wrote:
           | Railroads built America and won multiple large wars.
        
           | tliltocatl wrote:
           | Besides from he fact the freight is still universally carried
           | by the rail when possible, railroads changed the world just
           | like the vacuum valves did. If not for them nobody would
           | invest in developing tire transport or transistors.
        
         | jotras wrote:
         | Something nobody's talking about: OpenAI's losses might
         | actually be attractive to certain investors from a tax
         | perspective. Microsoft and other corporate investors can
         | potentially use their share of OpenAI's operating losses to
         | offset their own taxable income through partnership tax
         | treatment. It's basically a tax-advantaged way to fund R&D -
         | you get the loss deductions now while retaining upside
         | optionality later. This is why the "cash burn = value
         | destruction" framing misses the mark. For the right investor
         | base, $10B in annual losses at OpenAI could be worth $2-3B in
         | tax shields (depending on their bracket and how the structure
         | works). That completely changes the return calculation. The
         | real question isn't "can OpenAI justify its valuation" but
         | rather "what's the blended tax rate of its investor base?" If
         | you're sitting on a pile of profitable cloud revenue like
         | Microsoft, suddenly OpenAI's burn rate starts looking like a
         | pretty efficient way to minimize your tax bill while getting a
         | free option on the AI leader. This also explains why big tech
         | is so eager to invest at nosebleed valuations. They're not just
         | betting on AI upside, they're getting immediate tax benefits
         | that de-risk the whole thing.
        
           | rebuilder wrote:
           | It's hardly a free option, by your numbers it'd be a 20-30%
           | discount.
        
             | thrwaway55 wrote:
             | Sure but if there's no moat would you rather pay 100% or
             | 80% until the credits run out? You reap the 100% spend in
             | the meantime. Not everyone even has the no moat discount.
        
           | ludicrousdispla wrote:
           | >> For the right investor base, $10B in annual losses at
           | OpenAI could be worth $2-3B in tax shields
           | 
           | So just a loss for governments, or in other words,
           | socializing the losses.
        
             | booi wrote:
             | Hi, I'm here to hold the bag?
        
               | Groxx wrote:
               | We really should have thought of this before becoming
               | peasants.
        
               | chrishare wrote:
               | Have you tried not being poor?
        
               | nineteen999 wrote:
               | It gives you a new opportunity to pull yourself up by the
               | bootstraps. Until mommy and daddy come along with another
               | cash infusion.
        
               | chinathrow wrote:
               | Your pension fund, yes.
        
               | lotsofpulp wrote:
               | This comment makes even less sense than jotras' comment.
               | 
               | Pension funds buy shares in businesses such as Microsoft.
               | The money going into the pension fund is not typically a
               | function of the tax paid by companies such as Microsoft,
               | but rather from a combination of actuaries'
               | recommendations, payroll tax receipts, and politicians'
               | priorities.
               | 
               | Therefore a pension funds' equity holdings, such as
               | Microsoft, doing well means taxes can be lower.
        
               | jdiez17 wrote:
               | If only my country (Germany)'s pension fund was
               | capital/stock based.
        
               | lotsofpulp wrote:
               | Most countries' broadest defined benefit pensions are
               | just simple wealth redistribution schemes from workers to
               | non workers as opposed to being paid from funds that were
               | previously invested.
               | 
               | In the USA, Social Security defined benefit pensions are
               | cash from workers today going to non workers today, same
               | as Germany's national scheme (gesetzliche
               | Rentenversicherung?).
               | 
               | The other defined benefit benefit pension schemes are
               | what are usually invested in equities, and the investment
               | restrictions section in this document indicate Germany's
               | "occupational pensions" can also invest in equities.
               | (page 12)
               | 
               | https://www.aba-
               | online.de/application/files/2816/2945/5946/2...
        
               | joncrane wrote:
               | You guys are getting bags?
        
               | aembleton wrote:
               | Under our eyes
        
             | philipallstar wrote:
             | Private industry loses 10B. Governments mostly affected as
             | they have less free money to extract.
        
             | nkmnz wrote:
             | OpenAIs losses are someone else's (taxed) earnings.
        
             | gruez wrote:
             | >So just a loss for governments, or in other words,
             | socializing the losses.
             | 
             | How's that different than any other sort of R&D incentive?
             | Would you rather that companies return as much money as
             | possible to shareholders, future growth be damned? What
             | about other sorts of tax incentives, which by definition
             | also "just a loss for governments"? Are tax breaks for
             | people with kids also "socializing the losses", given that
             | most households don't have kids?
        
             | missedthecue wrote:
             | No, because income equals expenditure. They are one and the
             | same.
        
           | Jare wrote:
           | > For the right investor base, $10B in annual losses at
           | OpenAI could be worth $2-3B in tax shields (depending on
           | their bracket and how the structure works). That completely
           | changes the return calculation
           | 
           | I know nothing about finances at this level, so asking like a
           | complete newbie: doesn't that just mean that instead of
           | risking $10B they're risking $7-8B? It is a cheaper bet for
           | sure, but doesn't look to me like a game changer when the
           | range of the bet's outcome goes from 0 to 1000% or more.
        
             | sigmoid10 wrote:
             | It all depends on the actual numbers. Consider this
             | simplified example: If you are offered a deal that requires
             | you to lay down 10 billion today and it has a 5% chance to
             | pay out 150 billion tomorrow, your accountants will tell
             | you not to take this deal because your expected return is
             | -2.5 billion. But if you can offset 3 billion in cost to
             | the tax payer, your expected return suddenly becomes $500
             | million, making it a good deal that you should take every
             | time.
        
               | lotsofpulp wrote:
               | This applies to any spending Microsoft does. What does it
               | have to do with OpenAI?
               | 
               | Also, classifying business expenses as "cost to the tax
               | payer" seems less than useful, unless you are a proponent
               | of simply taxing gross receipts. Which has its merits,
               | but then the discussion is about taxing gross receipts
               | versus income with at least some deductible expenses, not
               | anything to do with OpenAI.
        
               | Fraterkes wrote:
               | I get that this example is simplified, but doesn't the
               | maths here change drastically when the 5% changes by even
               | a few percentage points? The error bars on Openais chance
               | of succes are obviously huge, so why would this be
               | attractive to accountants?
        
               | sigmoid10 wrote:
               | That's why you have armies of accountants rating stuff
               | like this all day long. I'm sure they could show you a
               | highly detailed risk analysis. You also don't count on
               | any specific deal working, you count on the overall
               | statistics being in your favour. That's literally how
               | venture capital works.
        
               | Fraterkes wrote:
               | (I think) I get how venture capital works, my point is
               | that the bullish story for openAI has them literally
               | restructuring the global economy. It seems strange to me
               | that people are making bets with relatively slim profit
               | margins (an average of 500m on a 10b investment in your
               | example) on such volatile and unpredictable events.
        
               | jbs789 wrote:
               | I think you're right that the critical assumption in that
               | example is the 5pct rather than the tax treatment.
        
               | sakjur wrote:
               | What if your 10B investment encourages others to invest
               | 50B and much of that makes it back to you indirectly via
               | selling more of your core business?
               | 
               | I may be way off, but to me it seems like the AI bubble
               | is largely a way to siphon money from institutional
               | investors to the tech industry (and try to get away with
               | it by proxying the investments) based on a volatile and
               | unpredictable promise?
        
               | sdwr wrote:
               | AI has a lot lower bar to clear to upend the tech
               | industry compared to the global economy. Not being in on
               | AI is an existential risk for these companies.
        
               | rat9988 wrote:
               | I'm pretty the armies of accountants would have rated it
               | higher if the cashflow was positive than negative.
               | Negative can't be good even while accounting for taxes.
        
               | well_ackshually wrote:
               | If your accountants suggest that you take a single 5%
               | chance deal, they probably skipped maths and statistics
               | and you should fire them.
               | 
               | It's the dumb as rocks MBAs that will go head first into
               | the 5% chance deal.
        
               | yossi_peti wrote:
               | I guess the reasoning assumes that you have multiple eggs
               | in your basket. A 95% chance of failure is bad if you're
               | pinning the whole business on it, but if you have a
               | variety of 5% chance deals, then it can make sense to
               | pursue them, which is basically what venture capitalists
               | do.
        
               | smeeagain2 wrote:
               | The whole thing will crash in the next few years. The
               | economy will have its Wile E Coyote moment, all these
               | "valuations" will evaporate overnight, the Shitcoins will
               | instantly go to zero, the music will stop, and the
               | bagholders will look down to find themselves in
               | possession of their shiny new bag of pet rocks. (A few
               | lumps of coal.) All of these mental flipflops people are
               | using to attempt to justify current insane valuations
               | will be revealed as the evidence of _intellectual
               | bankruptcy_ that they are.
        
               | dangus wrote:
               | It's easy to predict that, but when has "the whole thing"
               | ever crashed?
               | 
               | Sure, markets can crash, but this idea of "go to zero"
               | never happens.
               | 
               | That's the whole calculus of these investments. Many of
               | them are expected to fail.
               | 
               | The fact that it's painful to the average person means
               | nothing to the people who run the system.
        
               | smeeagain2 wrote:
               | > 'this idea of "go to zero" never happens.'
               | 
               | Apparently you've never lived through the crash of a
               | 'currency' which is based on a flawed mathematical
               | concept. You'll get to experience what that's like (for
               | the first time in history!) when it's revealed there is
               | some kind of subtle flaw in SHA-256 which renders it
               | worthless as the basis of _anything_ important, let alone
               | a  'currency.'
               | 
               | How do you sell your 'coin' to anyone when the market
               | disappears at the speed of news? Yes, it will go to ZERO,
               | INSTANTLY.
               | 
               | Guess what happens when the crypto crash is combined with
               | a) collapse of the real estate bubble, especially
               | commercial real estate; b) the ongoing IT crash that is
               | only just getting started; c) whatever damage the
               | (current, red-flavored) orangutan in the White House
               | manages to accomplish in his 3+ remaining years of hell;
               | d) fear of looming war; e) economic fallout from COVID
               | which is still ongoing and expanding (hint--many
               | destroyed businesses and people out of work); f) a
               | thousand other icebergs, minefields, and financial
               | hazards confronting us in the near future? Buckle up!
        
               | dangus wrote:
               | I don't really see what's relevant about crypto nonsense
               | in this context. We are really talking about the overall
               | economy especially in the tech sector.
               | 
               | Even if every cryptocurrency becomes worthless overnight,
               | that doesn't represent the market going to zero.
               | 
               | I see you've edited your comment with more doom and
               | gloom. It's easy to view everything as a bubble when
               | you're in a negative mental space.
               | 
               | > a) collapse of the real estate bubble, especially
               | commercial real estate;
               | 
               | Any proof of this bubble? Housing construction continues
               | to lag demand. Offices are largely RTO and Covid-era
               | remote jobs are basically legacy and grandfathered. Every
               | remote employee I know who was laid off in the past
               | couple years had to get a hybrid/in-person job. You can't
               | just assume 2008 is going to happen again without some
               | real data that shows real estate instability. Where are
               | the poorly qualified borrowers?
               | 
               | > b) the ongoing IT crash that is only just getting
               | started;
               | 
               | That's one industry of many. One specific industry
               | struggling doesn't mean much.
               | 
               | > c) whatever damage the (current, red-flavored)
               | orangutan in the White House manages to accomplish in his
               | 3+ remaining years of hell;
               | 
               | Lame duck presidency, he can't crash shit. Congress will
               | be unfriendly next year and already isn't even very
               | supportive within his own party.
               | 
               | > d) fear of looming war;
               | 
               | In what universe is any impending war impacting the
               | American economy? You mean the one where defense
               | contractors are hiring and the US is selling weapons to
               | the nations who are doing the fighting?
               | 
               | > e) economic fallout from COVID which is still ongoing
               | and expanding (hint--many destroyed businesses and people
               | out of work);
               | 
               | You are gonna need to explain this one and back this up
               | with some numbers that make sense.
               | 
               | > f) a thousand other icebergs, minefields, and financial
               | hazards confronting us in the near future?
               | 
               | Sounds like internal anxiety demons that are not
               | tangible.
               | 
               | Look, I'm in full agreement that AI will face some kind
               | of correction or crash, but predicting once in a century
               | catastrophe is a losing game.
        
               | smeeagain2 wrote:
               | OK.
        
               | aleph_minus_one wrote:
               | > A 95% chance of failure is bad if you're pinning the
               | whole business on it, but if you have a variety of 5%
               | chance deals, then it can make sense to pursue them
               | 
               | This is only true if the probability distributions for
               | the values of the individual deals are rather
               | uncorrelated (or even better: stochastically mostly
               | independent).
        
               | sigmoid10 wrote:
               | Venture capitalists never take on a single deal. The same
               | way you shouldn't put all your life savings into one
               | stock, even if it has a 90% chance of working out. That's
               | not how any of this stuff works.
        
               | matkoniecz wrote:
               | Would you take 5% chance of earning 100 dollars if it
               | would cost 1 dollar?
        
               | well_ackshually wrote:
               | You cannot just scale down the numbers and pretend like
               | the world around you doesn't exist. There isn't much I'll
               | do with 1 dollar. There's a shitload Microsoft could do
               | with 10 000 000 000 dollars.
               | 
               | Opportunity costs are a thing.
        
               | dangus wrote:
               | There actually becomes a point where there's not that
               | many things you can do with your money when you have so
               | much of it.
               | 
               | This is especially true when your investors/owners expect
               | you to generate better returns than the risk-free rate.
        
               | Jare wrote:
               | Thank you, that made perfect sense and in a very simple
               | (simplified but relevant) way. Besides the idea that such
               | risks get aggregated over a portfolio, I can also imagine
               | how the raw numbers flipping from - to + may be useful to
               | paint as acceptable to accounting a bet you want to take
               | anyway for strategic reasons.
        
               | socialcommenter wrote:
               | Those 150 billion will be taxable at the same
               | (hypothetically 30%) tax rate, reducing the expected
               | return by 45bn * 5% chance. The expected return is still
               | negative; all this bet does is shift tax liabilities in
               | time, which admittedly would matter to some people who
               | subscribe to short-termism.
        
             | rjzzleep wrote:
             | That just doesn't sound right. This kind of thought process
             | only works if you think you are guaranteed more than that
             | the next year. It only works in crony capitalism where your
             | friends in government put money in your pockets. It's where
             | we are right now, but definitely not something that is
             | sustainable or something to aspire to.
        
             | evrydayhustling wrote:
             | Your intuition is exactly correct. An investor with tax to
             | offset can essentially access the same future upside at a
             | discount
             | 
             | However, this discussion will be a perfect introduction to
             | "finances at this level", where about 60% of the action is
             | injecting more variables until you can fit a veneer of
             | quantification onto any narrative.
        
             | lumost wrote:
             | The taxes on returning profits to investors via dividends
             | are quite high. You'd be looking at the corporate tax rate
             | (35%) + the dividend tax rates (between 15 and 35%). For
             | any company which may need to raise equity finance later,
             | this is an awful deal - but growing a cash balance doesn't
             | do the job either.
             | 
             | So MSFT is effectively getting 2x the equity by putting
             | money into OpenAI, it also conveys some financial
             | engineering capability as they can choose to invest more
             | when profits are high to smooth out cash flow growth.
        
               | gruez wrote:
               | >The taxes on returning profits to investors via
               | dividends are quite high.
               | 
               | isn't that what buybacks are for?
        
             | cjblomqvist wrote:
             | If that $7-8 billion is spent on Azure, then it's basically
             | a way to invest in data center capacity while also getting
             | a big piece of Open AI ownership at the same time.
             | 
             | Ar the same time, MS revenues are looking real good,
             | causing the stock price to go up. It's a win win win maybe
             | win huge situation.
        
           | danielscrubs wrote:
           | Can you explain it in another way? What you are saying is
           | that instead of loosing 100% they loose 70% and loosing 70%
           | is somehow good? Or are you saying the risk adjusted returns
           | are then 30% better on the downside than previously thought?
           | Because if you are, I think people here are saying the risk
           | is so high that it is a given they will fail.
        
             | gosub100 wrote:
             | Let's say they are paying for "research". The research is
             | very expensive and has a high likelihood of being
             | worthless, but a small likelihood of having value later. So
             | by claiming the financial loss, they can offset the cost of
             | the expensive research by 30%, making it an even more
             | attractive gamble.
        
           | pvtmert wrote:
           | Amazon already has not been paying any sort of income tax to
           | the EU. There was a lawsuit in Belgium but Amazon has won
           | that in late-2024 since they had a separate agreement in/with
           | Luxembourg.
           | 
           | Speaking for EU, all big tech already not paying taxes one
           | way or another, either using Dublin/Ireland (Google, Amazon,
           | Microsoft, Meta, ...) and Luxembourg (Amazon & Microsoft as
           | far as I can tell) to avoid such corporate/income taxes.
           | Simply possible because all the earnings go back to the U.S.
           | entity in terms of "IP rights".
        
             | lotsofpulp wrote:
             | > Amazon already has not been paying any sort of income tax
             | to the EU.
             | 
             | That should be expected, because
             | 
             | https://european-union.europa.eu/priorities-and-
             | actions/acti...
             | 
             | > The EU does not have a direct role in collecting taxes or
             | setting tax rates.
             | 
             | > There was a lawsuit in Belgium but Amazon has won that in
             | late-2024 since they had a separate agreement in/with
             | Luxembourg.
             | 
             | Dec 2023.
             | 
             | > Speaking for EU, all big tech already not paying taxes
             | one way or another, either using Dublin/Ireland (Google,
             | Amazon, Microsoft, Meta, ...) and Luxembourg (Amazon &
             | Microsoft as far as I can tell) to avoid such
             | corporate/income taxes. Simply possible because all the
             | earnings go back to the U.S. entity in terms of "IP
             | rights".
             | 
             | Ireland (due to pressure from EU) closed this in 2020. The
             | amount of tax collected by Ireland quadrupled. See Figure 5
             | and 6 in link below.
             | 
             | https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/2024/10/14/the
             | -...
        
               | benjiro wrote:
               | > any sort of income tax to the EU.
               | 
               | Its clear that OP means "in the EU".
               | 
               | > Ireland (due to pressure from EU) closed this in 2020.
               | The amount of tax collected by Ireland quadrupled. See
               | Figure 5 and 6 in link below.
               | 
               | And Ireland fought against this tooth and nail. Yes, a
               | country was fighting to have less income. All out of fear
               | that the companies will leave the little tax heaven. Did
               | they leave? No ...
               | 
               | > See Figure 5 and 6 in link below.
               | 
               | Figure 7 is also interesting if we look at the tax income
               | increase and the outbound.
        
               | pvtmert wrote:
               | I find it funny because;
               | 
               | 1. Amazon reports 250bn$+ revenue for entire EU in 2025.
               | (of course, revenue != profit) while all 250bn$+
               | evaporates to somewhere. Their own page [1] reports 225k
               | employees across EU, meaning that each employee returns
               | whopping 1 million plus dollars! While being compensated
               | less than 10% of their value!
               | 
               | 2. In their own article [1], they boast how they invested
               | (translated; smuggled money out) and enabled SMEs 20bn$+
               | revenue. (Like seriously, less than 10%?! actually goes
               | back into the economy...)
               | 
               | 3. Amazon says that they have invested 250bn$ in EU since
               | 2010. It is completely unknown what or where that was
               | invested. I do not see my street lightning being improved
               | by the Amazon's investment or garbage being collected
               | better.
               | 
               | 4. Luxembourg's GDP is ~95bn$ in 2025. Amazon has
               | contributed to that with the 0$ corporate tax. Obviously
               | they employed about 4.5k people which they've decided to
               | let go about 10% of them. Where the median/average yearly
               | gross salary stands somewhere around 80k eur, it is
               | hardly anywhere near 1mm+$ total income. I am guessing
               | that they heat up the offices with burning the remaining
               | cash...
               | 
               | [1]: https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-
               | investment/...
               | 
               | For the date of the verdict for Amazon vs EU, apologies.
               | The article date was November 2024 in the source [2].
               | 
               | [2]: https://www.techtimes.com/articles/308509/20241129/a
               | mazons-2...
               | 
               | For the Ireland, I only knew similarities between
               | Luxembourg and specific laws allowing such loopholes pre-
               | brexit period. The source is certainly interesting and I
               | need to dive deeper to understand better.
        
             | tacker2000 wrote:
             | The EU doesnt collect income/corporate tax, the individual
             | countries do.
             | 
             | These big corps use holdings in low tax jurisdisctions like
             | Ireland and Luxemburg, funnel all their EU subsidiaries'
             | revenues there and end up paying 0 tax in the individual EU
             | countries.
             | 
             | This system is actually legal, EU lawmakers should pass
             | laws to prevent this.
        
               | abc123abc123 wrote:
               | And let us not forget the millions and billions the
               | global IT corporations pay in the EU in form of social
               | security taxes, income taxes, the jobs they create, and
               | the further millions and billions in the form of
               | purchases from local delivery companies, consultants, DC
               | vendors, office suppliers, taxi companies, delivery
               | companies, food and catering and all the other local EU-
               | based companies who benefit from having these giants
               | walking among us.
        
               | saghm wrote:
               | If that's a substitute for corporate taxes, why even have
               | them at all, instead of there needing to be schemes so
               | specific that they have their own Wikipedia articles to
               | describe them [1]? Either you think that corporate taxes
               | should exist, and therefore companies shouldn't just get
               | to opt out of them based on whether they can make a claim
               | to benefiting the economy via trickling down, or you
               | don't, in which case you might as well just state that
               | directly.
               | 
               | [1]:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Sandwich?wprov=sfla1
        
               | pvtmert wrote:
               | Those taxes are paid by the individuals, not by the
               | companies.
               | 
               | And the decision _how_ to distribute these (corporate
               | tax) should be done by the government. Essentially,
               | companies evading [corporate] tax decides themselves
               | where to distribute that money. Obviously, they make
               | decisions that drives more profits and income, not the
               | public good. Even if it improves living conditions (ie.
               | delivery service would help elderly), it still requires
               | that person to be user of the product. A layman /citizen
               | cannot effectively utilize the benefits.
        
               | parineum wrote:
               | I don't really understand this perspective.
               | 
               | What should be taxed?
               | 
               | Amazon, as an example, has servers in country X. Country
               | X taxes the transaction or the income from the server
               | company.
               | 
               | Amazon pays delivery drivers in country X to deliver
               | goods, and the driver is taxed through various means
               | (vehicle, fuel, payroll, etc).
               | 
               | What is Amazon doing in country X that should be taxed?
        
               | matkoniecz wrote:
               | > What is Amazon doing in country X that should be taxed?
               | 
               | its profits within that country (income minus actual
               | expenses)
               | 
               | in practice expenses are fakely inflated to transfer tax
               | payments top jurisdiction with near-zero taxes
        
               | lotsofpulp wrote:
               | How can profit be calculated if a significant component
               | of expenses is intellectual property and brand awareness
               | which was paid for somewhere else?
               | 
               | Amazon can add up the costs to install and operate a
               | datacenter or warehouse in country X, but most of the
               | demand for services from that datacenter or warehouse
               | will be due to expenses incurred in country Y.
        
               | pvtmert wrote:
               | Let me explain in-depth;                   > What should
               | be taxed?
               | 
               | Profits of the company, like all other (local) companies
               | do.                   > Amazon, as an example, has
               | servers in country X. Country X taxes the transaction or
               | the income from the server company.
               | 
               | Amazon has servers in Germany, Germany is unable to tax
               | the transaction or income from Amazon, because;
               | 
               | 1. The user completes a transaction either on Amazon
               | (buying a product) or in AWS (running an EC2 instance)
               | 
               | 2. If the user is a business, there is no VAT. Because
               | VAT is applied only to the end user. (To prevent
               | compounding effect also). If it was the end-user, then
               | end-user already pays for their VAT, usually around
               | 18-20% in the case of an EC2 instance. But that has
               | nothing to do with Amazon. User technically pays the VAT
               | directly to the government depending on where he/she is
               | located and where the server is.
               | 
               | 3. Obviously Amazon does not sell the products or servers
               | for free, they have a markup or profit margin, let's say
               | 40% for a 100eur EC2 instance. So, 40eur lands into
               | Amazon's bank account. While other 60eur goes to the
               | operating expenses. (ie. Electricity, maintenance,
               | employees' salaries, etc...)
               | 
               | 4. In this case, Amazon should be taxed from that 40%,
               | (ie. from the 40eur profit). Luxembourg corporate tax is
               | about ~16-17%. Mind that US federal corporate tax is 21%
               | itself. For the sake of simplicity, let's take 20% as the
               | corporate tax. This would make 8eur going into the
               | government's pocket. while 32eur stays as the profit with
               | amazon.
               | 
               | 5. All other companies provide the same service and has
               | no _magical entity_ outside pays that ~8eur to the
               | government. Which in turn used to provide services to the
               | citizens. (For example, Luxembourg has completely free
               | public transportation that works 24 /7, subsidized by the
               | taxes)
               | 
               | 6. However, Amazon having a _magical entity_ , they
               | declare all that 40eur profit belongs to the US entity
               | due to the IP rights. They essentially say 100% of the
               | things that are produced _in Luxembourg, by employees in
               | Luxembourg_ even owned by the US entity. Therefore, they
               | do not pay any income tax as in fact there is no income
               | on paper.
               | 
               | 7. Instead, since they were able to save that 8eur, they
               | can reduce the prices of the services up to that amount.
               | But instead, Amazon usually reduces prices about half,
               | reducing 4eur for customers and other 4eur going into
               | Amazon's profit pocket.
               | 
               | 8. It all seems nice so far, since users also benefit
               | from reduced prices, right? Unfortunately, no. In the
               | longer term, it hurts competition as other companies must
               | pay taxes and losing the customers [to Amazon].
               | 
               | 9. When there is no competition left, then Amazon can
               | just start syphoning all the 8eur profit back to
               | themselves. Even setting the prices as there is no longer
               | any alternative to go.
               | 
               | 10. Not only it hurts customers, it also hurts the random
               | person on the street; as they receive services from
               | government which were subsidized by the taxes. You may
               | say that Amazon can or may invest even better products or
               | services, but that's again not helping the layman unless
               | he/she is an Amazon customer. And mind that a citizen
               | does not need to be Amazon customer to get their
               | electricity and water running.                   > Amazon
               | pays delivery drivers in country X to deliver goods, and
               | the driver is taxed through various means (vehicle, fuel,
               | payroll, etc).
               | 
               | Similar to the above, Amazon does not pay VAT or any
               | other service taxes for any of the services they provide.
               | But the driver does! It is even worse for the driver when
               | he/she uses Amazon because on the net balance sheet, the
               | driver pays income tax from his/her salary. Pays VAT for
               | the services they receive. If he/she receives 1000eur
               | salary at the end of the month, they can use at most
               | about ~60% of their salary to receive goods and services.
               | (~20% income tax + ~20% VAT). Hence, there is a corporate
               | tax that balance these scenarios. But evading it causes
               | more harm than good in the long run.                   >
               | What is Amazon doing in country X that should be taxed?
               | 
               | All the profits (earnings, surpluses) they receive should
               | be taxed.
        
               | rizzom5000 wrote:
               | > EU lawmakers should pass laws to prevent this.
               | 
               | So EU lawmakers should determine the amount member
               | countries collect in tax?
        
               | tacker2000 wrote:
               | No, actually the EU cant force this, you are of course
               | right.
               | 
               | The countries like Ireland and Luxembourg need to stop
               | granting these loopholes.
        
               | pvtmert wrote:
               | No, but EU should somehow mandate products and services
               | that are built within EU and used within EU or elsewhere,
               | should receive the benefit(s) in terms of taxation.
               | 
               | To give an (absurd) example; You work in country X, but
               | the parent company is in country Y. Imagine your income
               | tax is not going to where you reside but where you work,
               | (usually the opposite) in this case, country Y. (~20-40%
               | of the gross salary).
               | 
               | One day, your basic needs (electricity, water, etc) stops
               | working. You call the relevant government department
               | asking what's the problem. They reply with saying they do
               | not know and cannot afford to figure our or fix because
               | they do not have the money to do so.
               | 
               | But you've been paying at least 20% (and up to 46%) of
               | your salary as the income tax. Where the money go? Why do
               | you work _here_ but someone else in the other side of the
               | world getting that slice for free?
        
           | lenkite wrote:
           | > OpenAI's losses might actually be attractive to certain
           | investors from a tax perspective.
           | 
           | OpenAI is anyways seeking Govt Bailout for "National
           | Security" reasons. Wow, I earlier scoffed at "Privatize
           | Profits, Socialize Losses", but this appears to now be
           | Standard Operating Procedure in the U.S.
           | 
           | https://www.citizen.org/news/openais-request-for-massive-
           | gov...
           | 
           | So the U.S. Taxpayer will effectively pay for it. And not
           | just the U.S. Taxpayer - due to USD reserve currency status,
           | increasing U.S. debt is effectively shared by the world. Make
           | billionaires richer, make the middle class poor. Make the
           | poor destitute. Make the destitute dead. (All USAID cuts)
        
             | alex43578 wrote:
             | There's already a lot that the US taxpayer is on the hook
             | for that's a lot less valuable than a best on the next big
             | thing in software, productivity, and warfare.
             | 
             | It shouldn't be the job of the US taxpayer to feed someone
             | that doesn't want to work, study, or pass a drug test, and
             | it absolutely shouldn't be the job of the US taxpayer to
             | feed another country's citizens half a world away.
        
               | Ar-Curunir wrote:
               | The modern welfare state is the compromise reached by
               | capitalist democracies to stave off communist
               | revolutions. If you're going to kill of the welfare part,
               | be ready for the uprising part.
        
               | nosianu wrote:
               | That's where the surveillance and the militarized police
               | force(s) come in. Especially the former now has reached
               | extraordinary levels, given that almost all communication
               | now is easily trackable.
               | 
               | Compare that to when we still had revolutions, where it
               | was very hard for government to know what is going on,
               | and to find individuals without a huge effort.
               | 
               | I think revolutions have become next to impossible,
               | unless it is lead by significant parts of the elite that
               | controls at least part of the apparatus.
               | 
               | That's not even counting the far more sophisticated
               | propaganda methods, so that many of the affected people
               | won't even begin to target the actual culprits but are
               | lead to chase shadows, or one another.
        
               | victorbjorklund wrote:
               | We still have revolutions because if enough people go out
               | on the street it doesn't matter how good your
               | surveillance state is. You can't kill/arrest 25% of your
               | population. That is why Russia/China/etc are so scared to
               | let any protests begin even with 5 people because if they
               | grow there comes a point it can't be stopped with
               | violence.
        
               | gosub100 wrote:
               | You forgot gun control. Is it really a coincidence that
               | the highest concentrations of rich people seem to be the
               | places where citizens have the fewest rights to own guns?
        
               | sigwinch wrote:
               | If you're comparing Dubai and Abu Dhabi with New York
               | City, there's larger variation than, say, China and
               | Brazil.
        
               | nielsbot wrote:
               | > It shouldn't be the job of the US taxpayer to feed
               | someone that doesn't want to work, study, or pass a drug
               | test
               | 
               | What about someone who works and still can't afford
               | enough housing/food?
               | 
               | > shouldn't be the job of the US taxpayer to feed another
               | country's citizens half a world away.
               | 
               | I mean where's the profit in that, am i right?
        
               | alex43578 wrote:
               | > What about someone who works and still can't afford
               | enough housing/food?
               | 
               | Food stamps? The original comment is addressing those not
               | working or studying, or staying off drugs.
               | 
               | >I mean where's the profit in that, am i right?
               | 
               | We're $38 trillion dollars in debt. Digging a deeper
               | whole isn't a sound decision.
        
               | ben_w wrote:
               | Hello, I'm British by birth.
               | 
               | That's pretty close to the story other Brits give
               | themselves for why losing the empire was actually a good
               | thing for the UK.
        
               | epolanski wrote:
               | > It shouldn't be the job of the US taxpayer to feed
               | someone that doesn't want to work, study, or pass a drug
               | test
               | 
               | This would make sense if every person was given similar
               | opportunities, like providing quality education to all of
               | our youngest and making higher education a mission rather
               | than a business as a starter.
               | 
               | As a society we move at the speed of the weakest among
               | us, we only move forward when we start lifting and
               | helping the weakest and most vulnerable.
               | 
               | You also need to realize that _not_ doing that work is
               | also cause for other taxpayer money to be spent
               | elsewhere, such as spending an average of 37k $ per
               | incarcerated person, and that ignores all the damage that
               | criminal might 've caused, all the additional police
               | staffing and personal security that is needed to be spent
               | outside prisons, etc.
               | 
               | Those are complex systems, are you sure it wouldn't be
               | better to spend the same gargantuan amount of money
               | that's spent on millions of inmates and fighting crime
               | into fighting the causes that make many fall into that?
               | 
               | Again, those are complex, but closed systems and the
               | argument of "we shouldn't spend on X" often ignores the
               | cost of not spending on X.
        
               | c1sc0 wrote:
               | No that's the system working as intended: there's good
               | private money to be made on incarcerating the poor and
               | uneducated!
        
               | alex43578 wrote:
               | The US already spends 38% more than the OECD average on
               | education per student, just lagging Luxembourg, Austria,
               | Norway, etc - if you're a student in America, you have
               | access to plenty of resources.
               | 
               | You're right that these are complex systems, and just
               | pouring more tax dollars and more debt into them isn't
               | working. Portions of our society need to value education,
               | value contributing to society instead of taking, and
               | reject criminality - but those changes require more than
               | blind spending.
        
               | hvb2 wrote:
               | Let me phrase it this way for you. The best universities
               | are in the US for a lot of things. But they don't scale.
               | 
               | In another way, the top talent gets Ferraris for their
               | tuition, the rest gets a bike. In a lot of European
               | countries everyone can get the Toyota Camry of education,
               | decent but not world class. That does scale though.
               | 
               | Spending isn't everything, it's how you apply that
               | spending.
        
               | epolanski wrote:
               | I very much disagree with your statement.
               | 
               | A lot.
               | 
               | As an European I can assure you even public second tier
               | universities have excellent education.
               | 
               | Where they lag the rankings is where money matters:
               | politics to be highly ranked and money for high impact
               | research.
               | 
               | But when it comes to testing proficiency in e.g. science
               | and math, the second university of Rome ranks higher than
               | most ivy leagues in US ;)
        
               | lo_zamoyski wrote:
               | It is true that throwing money at problems is a lazy and
               | ineffective way to address them. American education is
               | very well funded in general, but very poorly executed.
               | There is absolutely no room for arguments about the lack
               | of money where the US is concerned. It is shameful for
               | Americans to make such arguments.
               | 
               | Much of the problem comes from a poor grasp of what
               | education _is_ and is _for_ , and because of that, money
               | and effort are not allocated properly. One source of the
               | problem are various educational fads. I personally
               | remember when computers were artificially jammed into
               | school curricula for no good reason. There was absolutely
               | no merit to what was being done. But how much do you
               | think the companies selling that garbage made out?
               | 
               | Or consider the publishing industry that fleeces schools
               | and students with 12978th editions of the same poorly-
               | presented material packaged in overpriced books.
               | Financially, education is quite cheap, but there are
               | sectors of the economy devoted to convincing pedagogues
               | and politicians that it isn't, and that what you need to
               | do is buy in order to "change with the times". Sorry, but
               | basic education isn't fast fashion. Materially, basic
               | education is stable and cheap.
               | 
               | Another problem is that American culture is pragmatic to
               | a fault. Americans have a long history of viewing
               | education, particularly the university, with distaste, as
               | some kind of "European", un-American, and aristocratic
               | thing. This explains the appeal of the pragmatic turn of
               | the university: you now go to university to "get a job".
               | Of course, that isn't the core mission of the university,
               | and most professions don't require anything the
               | university might provide, especially not at these absurd
               | costs (hence why GenZ is seeing something like a 1500%
               | increase in pursuing trades).
               | 
               | We have a cultural momentum that must fizzle out or must
               | be reshaped. Where the modern university specifically is
               | concerned, its days may very well be numbered. It may
               | very well be forced to undergo very painful changes, or
               | crumble, with a new crop of smaller colleges taking their
               | place. Where primary education is concerned, parents are
               | increasingly taking their children out of the savage
               | factory known as public education. This, too, may force
               | public education to finally deal with its dysfunction, or
               | collapse.
        
               | epolanski wrote:
               | That's a meaningless stat in absolute terms, US lags
               | other developed nations as % of GDP spending, and the
               | level of primary and secondary education shows it. US
               | adults lag in cognitive or even reading capabilities.
        
               | irishcoffee wrote:
               | > ... into fighting the causes that make many fall into
               | that?
               | 
               | A morbid thought that would probably address the bulk of
               | this: male birth control.
               | 
               | The backlash would be profound, it'll never happen. But
               | if there were a way to make a "perfect
               | pill/shot/procedure" boys had maybe at birth to prevent
               | unplanned pregnancies... just think about it.
               | 
               | I'm not even sure I'm advocating for it. Everyone says
               | "education will fix all the things!" I think raising kids
               | where the parents wanted to be parents would fix a whole
               | lot, at least on the incarnation side.
        
               | Ar-Curunir wrote:
               | And that wouldn't be abused? We already means test access
               | to basic necessities; you don't think "access to
               | producing offspring" wouldn't be similarly gated?
        
               | lo_zamoyski wrote:
               | As intrinsically social animals, we have general
               | obligations toward other people that precede our consent.
               | How these play out in practice will be determined by the
               | limitations and conditions of the situation. But in
               | general, such obligations radiate outward based on
               | proximity of relation.
               | 
               | Our first obligations are toward our immediate families.
               | As the human race is essentially a large extended family,
               | the obligations dissipate the further out we go. We do
               | have a general obligation to help those _in need_ , but
               | this obligation is prioritized. In classical texts, this
               | is called the _ordo amoris_ or  "order of love" (in the
               | older, more technically accurate terminology, order of
               | _charity_ , where "charity" - from _caritas_ - means
               | willing the good of the other).
               | 
               | Now, to address your comment specifically...
               | 
               | > There's already a lot that the US taxpayer is on the
               | hook for that's a lot less valuable than a best on the
               | next big thing in software, productivity, and warfare.
               | 
               | For example? Whatever the benefits of LLMs, I find this
               | relative exuberance unreasonable.
               | 
               | > It shouldn't be the job of the US taxpayer to feed
               | someone that doesn't want to work,
               | 
               | In someone able-bodied and of sound mind _refuses_ to
               | work, then we don 't have an obligation to support
               | someone like that. This is true. In fact, it would be
               | uncharitable to enable their laziness, because it harms
               | the character and virtue of that person. Of course, in
               | practice, if someone you have determined is able to work
               | is found starving and in danger of death, for example,
               | then it is unlikely they are merely lazy. Would a man of
               | sound mind allow himself to starve?
               | 
               | The manner in which we deal with such cases is a
               | prudential matter, not a matter or principle. We need to
               | determine how best to satisfy the principle in the given
               | circumstances, and there is room for debate here.
               | 
               | > it absolutely shouldn't be the job of the US taxpayer
               | to feed another country's citizens half a world away.
               | 
               | If there is a humanitarian crisis somewhere in the world,
               | for example, then there is a general obligation of the
               | entire world to help those affected. How that happens,
               | how that is coordinate, is a matter of prudence and
               | implementation detail, as it were. Naturally, several
               | factors enter the equation (proximity, wealth, etc).
        
             | parineum wrote:
             | > Make billionaires richer, make the middle class poor.
             | Make the poor destitute. Make the destitute dead. (All
             | USAID cuts)
             | 
             | How do you square this thought with the actual rate of
             | poverty being on a steady downward trend while billionaires
             | do their things?
        
               | lenkite wrote:
               | Kindly use the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) - which
               | accounts for government benefits (e.g., tax credits,
               | SNAP), taxes, and expenses like medical costs.
               | 
               | This does not show your "steady downward trend", but has
               | considerably fluctuated over the last few years. It is an
               | increase to 12.9% in 2024, compared to 7.1% in 2020-21.
               | Will need to wait till end of 2026 for the 2025
               | computation.
        
               | parineum wrote:
               | For the world?
        
               | lenkite wrote:
               | Global poverty reduction has slowed to a near standstill,
               | with 2020-2030 set to be a lost decade - World Bank.
               | 
               | https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/ec3d46c25a822d6d248e
               | 86d...
               | 
               | Please note that if you exclude China, the trend of
               | poverty reduction is laughable.
        
           | Zenst wrote:
           | Whilst that is an option, it wont cover the share price hit
           | from the fallout, which would wipe out more than the debt as
           | when the big domino falls, others will follow as the market
           | panic shifts.
           | 
           | So kinda looking at a bank level run on tech companies if
           | they go broke.
        
           | sod22 wrote:
           | Lmao this is ridiculous. If MSFT really wanted the tax
           | benefits they should've just wholly acquired OAI long ago to
           | acquire the financial synergy you speak of.
        
           | visarga wrote:
           | > The real question isn't "can OpenAI justify its valuation"
           | but rather "what's the blended tax rate of its investor
           | base?"
           | 
           | Was that an organic "it's not A, it's B" or synthetic?
        
           | mbesto wrote:
           | None of this is how taxes work.
        
           | louiereederson wrote:
           | this is not accurate. microsoft recognizes openai losses on
           | their income statement, proportionate to their ownership
           | stake. this has created a huge drag on eps, along with a lot
           | more eps volatility than in the past. it's gotten so bad that
           | microsoft now points people to adjusted net income, which is
           | notable as they had always avoided those games. none of this
           | has been welcomed
        
           | rrrrrrrrrrrryan wrote:
           | > Something nobody's talking about
           | 
           | Nobody is talking about this because it's not a thing.
           | 
           | People here will shit on LLMs all day for being confidently
           | incorrect, then upvote aggressively financially illiterate
           | comments like this.
        
         | zeofig wrote:
         | I still don't understand how it's world-changing apart from
         | considerably degrading the internet. It's laughable to compare
         | it to railroads.
        
           | kolinko wrote:
           | Did you try asking chatgpt to explain?
        
           | tliltocatl wrote:
           | Translation is big thing, maybe not the same scale as
           | railroads, but still important. The rest is of dubious
           | economic utility (as in you can do it with LLM easier than
           | without, but if you think a little you could just as well not
           | do it at all without losing anything). On the other hand,
           | disrupting signalling will have pretty long-lasting
           | consequences. People used to assume that a long formal-
           | sounding text is a signal of seriousness, certainly so if
           | it's personally addressed. Now it's just a sign of
           | sloppiness. School essays are probably dead as a genre (good
           | riddance). Hell, maybe even some edgy censorable language
           | will enter mainstream as a definite proof of non-LLMness -
           | and stay.
        
           | tim333 wrote:
           | When it gets a bit better two robots can make four robots and
           | so on to infinity.
        
         | matwood wrote:
         | Or the airlines. Airlines have created a huge amount of
         | economic value that has mostly been captured by other entities.
        
         | Chyzwar wrote:
         | Anthropic is building moat around theirs models with claude
         | code, Agent SDK, containers, programmatic tool use, tool
         | search, skills and more. Once you fully integrate you will not
         | switch. Also being capital intensive is a form of moat.
         | 
         | I think we will end up with market similar to cloud computing.
         | Few big players with great margins creating cartel.
        
           | mhuffman wrote:
           | >Anthropic is building moat around theirs models with claude
           | code, Agent SDK, containers, programmatic tool use, tool
           | search, skills and more.
           | 
           | I think this is something the other big players could
           | replicate rapidly, even simulating the exact UI,
           | interactions, importing/exporting existing items, etc. that
           | people are used to with claude products. I don't think this
           | is that big of a moat in the long run. Other big players just
           | seem to be carving up the landscape and see where they can
           | can fit in for now, but once resource rich eyes focus on
           | them, Anthropic's "moat" will disappear.
        
           | iLoveOncall wrote:
           | A GPT wrapper isn't a moat.
        
             | bogdan wrote:
             | Most things are wrappers around RDBMSs.
        
               | blinding-streak wrote:
               | Most true and interesting comment I've read on HN in a
               | while!
        
             | visarga wrote:
             | A generic wrapper is not a moat, but the context is. Both
             | the LLM provider and the wrapper provider depend on local
             | context for task activities. The value flows to the
             | context, the LLMs and wrappers are commodities. Who sets
             | the prompts stands to benefit, not who serves AI services.
        
           | mupuff1234 wrote:
           | All those features are basically prompts in various formats,
           | not much of a moat.
        
           | atombender wrote:
           | I thought that, too, but lately I've been using OpenCode with
           | Claude Opus, rather than Claude Code, and have been loving
           | it.
           | 
           | OpenCode has LSPs out of the box (coming to Claude Code, but
           | not there yet), has a more extensive UI (e.g. sidebar showing
           | pending todos), allows me to switch models mid-chat, has a
           | desktop app (Electron-type wrapper, sure, but nevertheless,
           | desktop; and it syncs with the TUI/web versions so you can
           | use both at the same time), and so on.
           | 
           | So far I like it better, so for me that moat isn't that. The
           | technical moat is still the superiority of the model, and
           | others are bound to catch up there. Gemini 3 Preview is
           | already doing better at some tasks (but frequently goes
           | insane, sadly).
        
             | jghn wrote:
             | > coming to Claude Code, but not there yet
             | 
             | Wasn't this released a couple of weeks ago?
        
               | atombender wrote:
               | It was added in 2.0.74 according to the changelog, but
               | it's not functional:
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46357036. I've
               | certainly not been able to use it.
        
             | dbbk wrote:
             | Does OpenCode work with their subscription Max plan or is
             | it API pricing only?
        
               | atombender wrote:
               | Pretty sure it does. It just uses whatever you log in as.
        
           | croes wrote:
           | If AI is capable of doing what they claim then these aren't
           | moats because they are just one prompt away from being
           | replicated.
        
           | eikenberry wrote:
           | Except most of their product line is oriented towards
           | software development which has historically been dominated by
           | free software. I don't see developers moving away from this
           | tendency and IMO Anthropic will find themselves in a similar
           | position to JetBrains soon enough (profitable, but niche)...
           | assuming things pan out as you describe.
        
         | throw310822 wrote:
         | > AI is a world-changing technology, just like the railroads
         | were
         | 
         | This comparison keeps popping up, and I think it's misleading.
         | The pace of technology uptake is completely different from that
         | of railroads: the user base of ChatGPT alone went from 0 to 200
         | million in nine months, and it's now- after just three years-
         | around 900 million users on a weekly basis. Even if you think
         | that railroads and AI are equally impactful (I don't, I think
         | AI will be far more impactful) the rapidity with which
         | investments can turn into revenue and profit makes the
         | situation entirely different from an investor's point of view.
        
           | steve1977 wrote:
           | Railroads enabled people and goods to move from one place to
           | another much easier and faster.
           | 
           | AI enables people to... produce even more useless slop than
           | before?
        
             | throw310822 wrote:
             | At this point I'm taking the word "slop" as a sign meaning
             | "I really didn't think this through and I'm just
             | autocompleting based on a gut feeling and the first word
             | that comes to mind".
        
               | steve1977 wrote:
               | That's an easy way out, isn't it?
        
               | mikkupikku wrote:
               | Using thought terminating cliches in general is, and that
               | can include "slop".
        
               | adammarples wrote:
               | The irony of atacking thought terminating cliches while
               | defending slop
        
               | mikkupikku wrote:
               | I have no love for slop. But I also don't write off the
               | whole technology as only being good for slop.
        
               | steve1977 wrote:
               | It wasn't meant to be thought terminating. If anything,
               | it was a bit provocative.
        
               | latchup wrote:
               | Well unfortunately for you, it has a precisely defined
               | and well-understood meaning for all those not covering
               | their eyes and ears in denial. Quoting Merriam-Webster:
               | 
               | > Digital content of low quality that is produced usually
               | in quantity by means of artificial intelligence.
               | 
               | Chosen by the editors as word of the year, by the way.
        
               | throw310822 wrote:
               | "Slop" in English means "liquid junk, rubbish, tripe". No
               | need to call for Merriam Webster's help.
               | 
               | The point is that AI _can_ produce slop (as people do,
               | too), but it 's just silly to imply that everything it
               | can produce is slop. That's just lazy, sloppy thinking.
        
               | steve1977 wrote:
               | Sure. I'm fully aware that AI can be useful, especially
               | once we move past LLMs.
               | 
               | However, I do think that the majority (or mainstream) use
               | of GenAI today is indeed not very useful or even harmful.
               | And I do think that something like railroads are more
               | useful by orders of magnitude.
        
               | bdangubic wrote:
               | > I do think that the majority (or mainstream) use of
               | GenAI today is indeed not very useful or even harmful.
               | 
               | What are you basing this opinion on?
        
               | matkoniecz wrote:
               | > but it's just silly to imply that everything it can
               | produce is slop
               | 
               | that is why people use slop qualifier, rather than not
               | using qualifier
        
           | shaky-carrousel wrote:
           | Paid user base or free user base? Because free user base on a
           | very expensive product is next to meaningless.
        
             | throw310822 wrote:
             | It's meaningful because it shows that people like the
             | product _a lot_ , and for a lot of different reasons. There
             | are only few products that can reach such market
             | penetration, not to mention in only three years. As the
             | quality of AI increases, people will quickly realise that
             | they are willing to pay for it as much as they pay for
             | electricity. And the same goes for businesses.
        
               | shaky-carrousel wrote:
               | They like the AI chat. Not ChatGPT. AI chats are
               | interchangeable.
        
               | throw310822 wrote:
               | Indeed, but in the end they all have to cover their
               | costs. People are already getting real, measurable value
               | out of them and they will be willing to pay for it like
               | they pay for utilities. Though I'm not excluding that the
               | AI companies will manage to create some kind of moat to
               | keep their customers (such as personalisation, memory,
               | etc.).
        
               | gosub100 wrote:
               | Isn't that akin to a 1990s tech model like CompuServe or
               | AOL? "Let's create this awesome environment where people
               | will want to pay us for this wonderful service, we'll
               | send them a CD in the mail to get them started withh a
               | free month, then charge $0.30/minute. We'll make a
               | fortune!"
        
           | lm28469 wrote:
           | > just three years- around 900 million users on a weekly
           | basis.
           | 
           | Well, I rotate about a dozen of free accounts because I don't
           | want to send 1 cent their way, I imagine I'm not the only
           | one. I do the same for gemini, claude and deepseek, so all in
           | all I account for like 50 "unique" weekly users
           | 
           | Apparently they have about 5% of paying customers, the amount
           | of total users is meaningless, it just tells you how much
           | money they burn and isn't an indication of anything else.
        
             | throw310822 wrote:
             | > I rotate about a dozen of free accounts .. I do the same
             | for gemini, claude and deepseek
             | 
             | For someone who doesn't like the product and doesn't care
             | about it, you surely make a lot of effort to use it.
        
               | lm28469 wrote:
               | Sometime you have to force the trickle down economy a
               | bit, these people are destroying my industry I might as
               | well cost them as much as possible before I have no
               | choice but to move on.
               | 
               | It's also literally 0 effort, click > sign out > click >
               | sign in. It saves me $200 a month, that's not too far
               | from half of my rent
        
               | throw310822 wrote:
               | I can understand the spirit, though this reinforces my
               | impression that the product is so good that people jump
               | through hoops to use it, even if they hate it in
               | principle. If they suddenly cut off any free access to
               | it, how much would you be willing to pay per month to
               | keep using it? One dollar? Ten? Twenty?
               | 
               | Also, maybe I'm missing something, but no amount of free
               | accounts on ChatGPT gives you what you get with a paid
               | subscription, especially with a $200 one; and there's
               | paid plans from just $8/month.
        
               | lm28469 wrote:
               | I like movies, I still torrent them, if tomorrow a police
               | officer is being my back 24/7 I will just stop
               | torrenting, but I still won't pay $20 a pop to go to the
               | cinema.
               | 
               | > Also, maybe I'm missing something, but no amount of
               | free accounts on ChatGPT gives you what you get with a
               | paid subscription, especially with a $200 one
               | 
               | These days I'm mostly running opus 4.5 through
               | "antigravity" and I'd rather become a potatoe farmer than
               | give $8 to Altman
        
               | throw310822 wrote:
               | It's a really tiresome conversation, and I should just
               | stop replying, but...
               | 
               | If you have to stop torrenting it doesn't mean that you
               | have to pay $20 per movie. There is a price >0 that
               | you're willing to pay to do something you love. On
               | youtube there's a lot of movies for 4 or 5 dollars.
               | 
               | I'm also using Claude, both through Cursor (paid by my
               | company) and privately (paid by me, $20/ month).
        
             | mikkupikku wrote:
             | I'm going to go out on a limb here and say that users who
             | put that much effort into using this stuff for free, using
             | a dozen different accounts, are very rare.
        
           | nosianu wrote:
           | It is beside the point, but
           | 
           | > _I think AI will be far more impactful_
           | 
           | is not correct IMO. Those are two very different areas. The
           | impact of railroads on transport and everything transport-
           | related cannot be understated. By now roads and cars have
           | taken over much of it, and ships and airplanes are doing much
           | more, but you have to look at the context at the time.
        
           | freehorse wrote:
           | Railroads carried the goods that everybody used. That's like
           | almost 100% in a given country.
           | 
           | The pace was slower indeed. It takes time to build the
           | railroads. But at that time advancements also lasted longer.
           | Now it is often cash grabs until the next thing. Not
           | comparable indeed but for other reasons.
        
           | utopiah wrote:
           | > user base of ChatGPT alone went from 0 to 200 million in
           | nine months, and it's now- after just three years- around 900
           | million users on a weekly basis.
           | 
           | Doesn't have anything to do with AI itself. Consider
           | Instagram then TikTok before this, WhatsApp before, etc.
           | There is a clear adoption curve timeline : it's going
           | WorldWide faster. AI is not special in that sense. It doesn't
           | mean AI itself isn't special (arguable, in fact Narayanan
           | precisely argue it's "normal") but rather than adoption pace
           | is precisely on track with everything else.
        
         | nr378 wrote:
         | > The simple evidence for this is that everyone who has
         | invested the same resources in AI has produced roughly the same
         | result.
         | 
         | I think this conflates together a lot of different types of AI
         | investment - the application layer vs the model layer vs the
         | cloud layer vs the chip layer.
         | 
         | It's entirely possible that it's hard to generate an economic
         | profit at the model layer, but that doesn't mean that there
         | can't be great returns from the other layers (and a lot of VC
         | money is focused on the application layer).
        
           | londons_explore wrote:
           | Whilst those other layers are useful, none of them are
           | particularly hard to build or rebuild when you have many
           | millions of dollars on hand.
           | 
           | One doesn't need tens of billions for them.
        
             | tucnak wrote:
             | Yeah, because making good chips (TPU) and compilers (XLA)
             | is notoriously easy, right?
        
               | londons_explore wrote:
               | All of that is _below_ the model
        
         | retinaros wrote:
         | for me its clear OpenAI and Anthropic have a lead. I dont buy
         | Gemini 3 being good. it isnt. whatever the benchmark said. same
         | for meta and deepseek.
        
         | Bombthecat wrote:
         | Eh, I wouldn't be so sure, chips with brain matter and or light
         | are on its way and or quantum chips, one of those or even a
         | combination will give AI a gigantic boost in performance.
         | Finally replacing a lot more humans and whoever implements it
         | first will rule the world.
        
           | nineteen999 wrote:
           | You seem to have forgotten that the ruling class requires tax
           | payers to fund their incomes. If we're all out of work,
           | there's nobody to buy their products and keep them rich.
        
             | CuriousSkeptic wrote:
             | Not sure this equation works out. If demand for labor goes
             | towards zero it really means there is no demand. In other
             | words, when AI and robots fulfil every desire of their
             | owners there really is no need for "tax payers"
        
               | nineteen999 wrote:
               | If you really think 8 billion people are going to not
               | tear the arms and legs off their overlords and their
               | robot minions before that you're completely daft.
        
           | oblio wrote:
           | > chips with brain matter and or light
           | 
           | The... what now?
        
         | cma wrote:
         | Deepseek has invested the same amount as OpenAI?
        
         | sunchit wrote:
         | Have you thought about what happens if we get a new improvement
         | in model architecture like transformers that grows the compute
         | needs even further
        
         | epolanski wrote:
         | Like railroads, internet, electricity, aviation or car
         | industries before: they've all been indeed the future, and they
         | all peaked (in relative terms), at the very early stages of
         | these industries future.
         | 
         | And among them the overwhelming majority of companies in the
         | sectors died. Out of the 2000ish car-related companies that
         | existed in 1925 only 3 survived to today. And none of those 3
         | ended up a particularly good long term investment.
        
         | trgn wrote:
         | very few software has commoditized, doubt it will be the fate
         | of AI tech stack.
        
           | o_nate wrote:
           | Perhaps it would be useful to define what we mean by
           | "commoditization" in terms of software. I would say a
           | software product that is not commoditized is one where the
           | brand still can command a premium, which in the world of
           | software, generally means people are willing to pay non-zero
           | dollars for it. Once software is commoditized it generally
           | becomes free or ad-supported or is bundled with another non-
           | software product or service. By this standard I would say
           | there are very few non-commoditized consumer software
           | products. People pay for services that are delivered via
           | software (e.g. Spotify, Netflix) but in this case the
           | software is just the delivery mechanism, not the product. So
           | perhaps one viable path for chatbots to avoid commoditization
           | would be to license exclusive content, but in this scenario
           | the AI tech itself becomes a delivery mechanism, albeit a
           | sophisticated one. Otherwise it seems selling ads is the only
           | viable strategy, and precedents show that the economics of
           | that only work when there is a near monopoly (e.g. Meta or
           | Google). So it seems unlikely that a lot of the current AI
           | companies will survive.
        
         | louiskottmann wrote:
         | This is so obviously right.
         | 
         | I may add that investors are mostly US-centric, and so will the
         | bubble-bursting chaos that ensues.
        
         | jklinger410 wrote:
         | > The simple evidence for this is that everyone who has
         | invested the same resources in AI has produced roughly the same
         | result. OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, Meta, Deepseek, etc. There's
         | no evidence of a technological moat or a competitive advantage
         | in any of these companies.
         | 
         | I think this is analysis is too surface level. We are seeing
         | Google Gemini pull away in terms of image generation, and their
         | access to billions of organic user images gives them a huge
         | moat. And in terms of training data, Google also has a huge
         | advantage there.
         | 
         | The moat is the training data, capital investment, and simply
         | having a better AI that others cannot recreate.
         | 
         | I don't see how Google doesn't win this thing.
        
         | kkukshtel wrote:
         | I like to tell people that all the AI stuff happening right now
         | is capitalism actually working as intended for once. People
         | competing on features and price where we arent yet in a
         | monopoly/duopoly situation yet. Will it eventually go rotten?
         | Probably -- but it's nice that right now for the first time in
         | a while it feels like companies are actually competing for my
         | dollar.
        
           | the_overseer wrote:
           | Aaahh the beautiful free market where the energy prices keep
           | increasing and if it all fails they will be saved by the
           | government that they bribed before. Don't forget the tax
           | subsidies. AKA your money. Pure honest capitalism....
        
         | heresie-dabord wrote:
         | > AI is a world-changing technology
         | 
         | As stated in TFA, this simply has _not been demonstrated_ , nor
         | are there any artifacts of proof. It 's reasonable to suspect
         | that there is no special apparatus behind the curtain in this
         | Oz.
         | 
         | From TFA: "One vc [sic] says discussion of cash burn is taboo
         | at the firm, even though leaked figures suggest it will
         | incinerate more than $115bn by 2030."
        
       | siliconc0w wrote:
       | The best case I can see is they integrate shopping and steal the
       | best high-intent cash cow commercial queries from G. It's not
       | really about AI, it's about who gets to be the next toll road.
        
         | therobots927 wrote:
         | Google already puts AI summaries at the top of search. It would
         | be trivial for them to incorporate shopping. And they have
         | infinitely more traffic than OpenAI does. I just don't see how
         | OpenAI could possibly compete with that. What are you seeing
         | that I'm not?
        
           | sothatsit wrote:
           | ChatGPT has already won a lot of people away from Google like
           | my mum, who now defaults to ChatGPT when she has a question.
           | I was just talking to one of their friends last night who is
           | in his 90s and he loves using Perplexity to learn about
           | cooking and gardening.
           | 
           | A lot of people now reach for ChatGPT by default instead of
           | Google, even with the AI summaries. I wonder whether they
           | just prefer the interface of the chat apps to Google that can
           | be a bit cluttered in comparison.
        
             | thimabi wrote:
             | > A lot of people now reach for ChatGPT by default instead
             | of Google, even with the AI summaries.
             | 
             | I'm one of those people, and the reason for that is that
             | Google's AI summaries are awful more times than not. With
             | ChatGPT I can (kind of) set how much "thinking" to do for
             | each query and guide the model into producing better
             | results via prompting.
        
           | siliconc0w wrote:
           | I can see users preferring GPT for big ticket items like
           | cars, travel or service companies where you don't have a rec
           | and want something a bet better curated than sponsored
           | results. Especially if they improve the integration so you
           | can book your entire iterary through the chat interface.
        
       | deadbabe wrote:
       | What does it mean for the AI bubble to pop? Everyone stops using
       | AI en masse and we go back to the old ways? Cloud based AI no
       | longer becomes an available product?
        
         | stephen_g wrote:
         | I think it mostly just means a few hundred billion dollars of
         | value wiped from the stock market - all the models that have
         | been trained will still exist, as well as all the datacentres,
         | even if the OpenAI entity itself and some of the other startups
         | shut down and other companies else get their assets for pennies
         | on the dollar.
         | 
         | But it might mean that LLMs don't really improve much from
         | where they are today, since there won't be the billions of
         | dollars to throw at training for small incremental improvements
         | that consumers mostly don't care to pay anything for.
        
           | deadbabe wrote:
           | Sounds like a big nothingburger then.
           | 
           | I don't really have faith the current LLMs will improve
           | dramatically anyway, not without totally new approaches to
           | AI.
        
         | andrewflnr wrote:
         | It probably means a price correction on cloud based AI, rather
         | than it disappearing entirely.
        
         | aurareturn wrote:
         | It's a good question. Sad that you're downvoted.
        
           | deadbabe wrote:
           | It happens a lot. People here just want to silence voices
           | that don't fit their agenda.
        
       | cmiles8 wrote:
       | AI is turning into the worst possible business setup for AI
       | startups. A commodity that requires huge capital investment and
       | ongoing innovation to stay relevant. There's no room for someone
       | to run a small but profitable gold mine or couple of oil wells on
       | the side. The only path to survival is investing crazy sums just
       | to stay relevant and keep up. Meanwhile customers have virtually
       | zero brand loyalty so if you slip behind just a bit folks will
       | swap API endpoints and leave you in the dust. It's a terrible
       | setup business wise.
       | 
       | There's also no real moat with all the major models converging to
       | be "good enough" for nearly all use cases. Far beyond a typical
       | race to the bottom.
       | 
       | Those like Google with other products will just add AI features
       | and everyone else trying to make AI their product will just get
       | completely crushed financially.
        
         | mizzao wrote:
         | If you think of it like cloud, where it's a commodity that
         | reaches competitive prices, then you can use it to build
         | products and applications, instead of competing for
         | infrastructure (see also: railroads, optical fiber)
         | 
         | There is tons of money to be made at the application layer, and
         | VCs will start looking at that once the infrastructure layer
         | collapses.
         | 
         | Here's a blog post I wrote about that:
         | https://parsnip.substack.com/p/models-arent-moats
        
           | cmiles8 wrote:
           | Not really though. The cloud has some stickiness. It's pretty
           | hard to move once you've settled in. For a lot of AI
           | integrations though it's just swapping some API endpoints and
           | maybe tweaking the prompting a bit. For probably 95% of AI
           | use cases there almost no barrier to switching.
        
           | r0b05 wrote:
           | It's a good take. I think both trajectories are occurring
           | simultaneously.
           | 
           | OpenAI challenging Google search is a winner takes all
           | situation, not to mention the vast amounts of user data.
           | 
           | On the other hand, us lesser mortals can leverage AI like a
           | commoditized service to build applications with it.
        
         | aurareturn wrote:
         | There is clearly a very strong moat. OpenAI is close to 1
         | billion active users on ChatGPT while Claude barely have any
         | non-business users. Even though Anthropic had better models at
         | different times this year, I never stopped using ChatGPT and
         | paying for Plus.
         | 
         | We just don't know who will win in which area yet. It doesn't
         | mean there is no moat.
        
           | ashirviskas wrote:
           | I did, moved off to Claude in 2024 and many others around me
           | did the same. Do you have data for non-business claim besides
           | anecdotal evidence?
        
             | aurareturn wrote:
             | Yes.
             | 
             | Claude has 1% based on this: https://gs.statcounter.com/ai-
             | chatbot-market-share
             | 
             | Consumers overwhelmingly use ChatGPT over Claude. ChatGPT
             | dominance has not wavered.
        
           | shaky-carrousel wrote:
           | OpenAI has close to 1 billion users which are mostly free
           | users and will switch provider the moment OpenAI start
           | charging them or adding ads. Which they will, as OpenAI
           | themselves said they are losing money even with 200$ subs. So
           | that amount of users is pretty meaningless.
        
             | aurareturn wrote:
             | Google search is free to use too. So is Instagram.
             | Facebook. Whatsapp. All of these have ads.
             | 
             | OpenAI says they're very profitable on inference.
        
               | shaky-carrousel wrote:
               | All of these have ads. And none of these have an equal
               | value alternative. OpenAI, Claude, Deepseek, Mistral,
               | Gemini, are mostly the same to a regular user.
        
               | aurareturn wrote:
               | Bing is mostly the same. Kagi is mostly the same. Yahoo,
               | Yandex, etc. It's 2025. Hardly any difference. There were
               | tens of search engines in the 90s and 2000s that were
               | generally mostly the same. Yet, Google still won and
               | owned nearly all search monetization.
               | 
               | Search was even easier to switch. At least ChatGPT has
               | memory.
               | 
               | Most chat apps are the same as Whatsapp. All of them are
               | free too.
               | 
               | "Ask ChaGPT" is the equivalent to "google it" in 2025.
        
               | shaky-carrousel wrote:
               | Hah, no, not by far. Bing, Yahoo, Yandex are way worse
               | than Google. Saying anything different is delusional.
               | 
               | The comparison with WhatsApp feels like trolling.
               | WhatsApp has a network effect...
        
               | array_key_first wrote:
               | No those are all significantly worse products, or at
               | least were for a long time. I don't think OpenAI has
               | anything close to a moat. They don't even have a short
               | fence.
        
               | KaiserPro wrote:
               | > OpenAI says they're very profitable on inference.
               | 
               | Great, but they need to burn billions on advertising,
               | freemeium, and mostly R&D for new models.
        
               | aurareturn wrote:
               | So do all their competitors.
        
               | rurp wrote:
               | Google and Microsoft have immense money printing
               | machines. They can lose many billions of dollars for
               | years and be fine as a business. OpenAI, not so much.
        
           | scoopertrooper wrote:
           | I don't think it's a question of moat. The usage limits on
           | the chat interface with the more advanced Claud models are
           | brutal. I feel like I can barely start a conversation before
           | I get shutdown. However, I switched over to Gemini almost
           | completely and barely ever checkin with ChatGPT these days.
        
             | egeozcan wrote:
             | I can't prove it (because they show no stats) but I feel
             | like you get more Gemini Pro with a normal subscription
             | than Opus with a Max plan.
             | 
             | Maybe the new more efficient models made it better for
             | Claude users but that was my experience a couple months
             | ago.
             | 
             | For professional usage though, Calude Code is so much ahead
             | of Antigravity that it didn't even make sense to make a
             | formal comparison. That, even when using the same model
             | (Opus).
        
         | gordonhart wrote:
         | For consumers, the chat history is the moat. Why switch to a
         | different provider for a marginal model improvement when
         | ChatGPT already "knows" you? The value of sticking to a single
         | provider is already there, even with the limited memory
         | features they've implemented thus far.
        
           | g947o wrote:
           | Do we know as a matter of fact that people don't want to
           | leave ChatGPT for Gemini just because of chat history?
        
             | gordonhart wrote:
             | N=2, but for my wife and me, yes. Doubt that real numbers
             | for this question exist even at the big labs.
        
               | CodinM wrote:
               | Let's put N=3 there.
        
               | senordevnyc wrote:
               | N=4
        
           | vmg12 wrote:
           | The chat history feature makes the product worse, I had to
           | turn it off.
        
             | burnte wrote:
             | Agreed, I don't have a single user who finds a large number
             | of old chats useful.
        
               | senordevnyc wrote:
               | I'm a heavy user of ChatGPT, and this is exactly why I
               | haven't switched. I frequently search my old chats, or
               | pick up one I started weeks or even months ago.
        
           | juped wrote:
           | Just wait until you ask chatgpt where the export chat history
           | button is!
        
         | juped wrote:
         | Well, Claude has the best personality in a field where the rest
         | are in a race to make the most awful personality. That's kind
         | of a moat. The models were smarter too though the others have
         | largely caught up, especially Gemini.
         | 
         | I'll be sad when $20 a month Claude goes away.
        
       | g-unit33 wrote:
       | Well they got $40B more to burn lol
        
       | Abh1Works wrote:
       | I think I super important aspect that people are overlooking, is
       | that every VC wants to invest in the next "big" AI company, and
       | the probability is in your favor to only give funding to AI
       | companies, bc any one of them could be the next big thing. I
       | think, with a downturn of VC investment, we will see some more
       | investment in companies that arent AI native, but use AI as a
       | tool in the toolbox to deliver insights.
        
       | camillomiller wrote:
       | It's like watching a train wreck waiting to happen, while
       | everyone praise the madman conduct or who's operating the
       | locomotor at full steam.
        
         | neilv wrote:
         | I don't think that's diagnosis (as a clinical term); closer to
         | defamation.
         | 
         | Is it necessary to a point you want to make?
         | 
         | You can just point to behavior of a given entity, such as to
         | conclude it's untrustworthy, without the problematic area of
         | armchair psychoanalysis.
        
           | camillomiller wrote:
           | I redacted the comment because you're right. I need a better
           | form to express the point.
        
             | neilv wrote:
             | Good move. We all have second thoughts on occasion.
             | 
             | You might want to include an "Edit:" when substantially
             | changing or replacing a comment.
        
       | amkharg26 wrote:
       | The comparison to railroad bubble economics is apt. OpenAI's
       | infrastructure costs are astronomical - training runs, inference
       | compute, and scaling to meet demand all burn through capital at
       | an incredible rate.
       | 
       | What's interesting is the strategic positioning. They need to
       | maintain leadership while somehow finding a sustainable business
       | model. The API pricing already feels like it's in a race to the
       | bottom as competition intensifies.
       | 
       | For startups building on top of LLM APIs, this should be a wake-
       | up call about vendor lock-in risks. If OpenAI has to dramatically
       | change their pricing or pivot their business model to survive, a
       | lot of downstream products could be impacted. Diversifying across
       | multiple model providers isn't just good engineering - it's
       | business risk management.
        
         | aurareturn wrote:
         | Railroad peaked at 6% of GDP in the US.
         | 
         | AI is at 1% of total US GDP right now.
         | 
         | We have 6x more to go.
        
       | zackify wrote:
       | Surprised they burn cash advertising on Reddit to "make a mini
       | me" version of yourself where you hold your body in your hand.
       | What a waste of AI lol
        
         | aurareturn wrote:
         | I believe in OpenAI but they were running turn your cat into
         | studio ghibili ads on Reddit up until a week or 2 ago.
         | 
         | They need a better marketing strategy.
        
       | jillesvangurp wrote:
       | I don't see a bubble, I see a rapidly growing business case.
       | 
       | MS Office has about 345 million active users. Those are paying
       | subscriptions. IMHO that's roughly the totally addressable market
       | for OpenAI for non coding users. Coding users is another few
       | 20-30 million.
       | 
       | If OpenAI can convert double digit percentages of those onto 20$
       | and 50$ per month subscriptions by delivering good enough AI that
       | works well, they should be raking in cash by the billions per
       | month adding up to close to the projected 2030 cash burn per
       | year. That would be just subscription revenue. There is also
       | going to be API revenue. And those expensive models used for
       | video and other media creation are going to be indispensable for
       | media and advertising companies which is yet more revenue.
       | 
       | The office market at 20$/month is worth about 82 billion per year
       | in subscription revenue. Add maybe a few premium tiers to that at
       | 50$/month and 100$/month and that 2030 130 billion per year in
       | cash burn suddenly seems quite reasonable.
       | 
       | I've been quite impressed with Codex in the last few months. I
       | only pay 20$/month for that currently. If that goes up, I won't
       | loose sleep over it as it is valuable enough to me. Most
       | programmers I know are on some paid subscription to that,
       | Anthropic's Claude, or similar. Quite a few spend quite a bit
       | more than that. My Chat GPT Plus subscription feels like really
       | good value to me currently.
       | 
       | Agentic tooling for business users is currently severely lacking
       | in capability. Most of the tools are crap. You can get models to
       | generate text. But forget about getting them to format that text
       | correctly in a word processor. I'm constantly fixing bullets,
       | headings and what not in Google docs for my AI assisted writings.
       | Gemini is close to ff-ing useless both with the text and the
       | formatting.
       | 
       | But I've seen enough technology demos of what is possible to know
       | that this is mostly a UX and software development problem, not a
       | model quality problem. It seems companies are holding back from
       | fully integrating things mainly for liability reasons (I
       | suspect). But unlocking AI value like that is where the money is.
       | Something similarly useful as codex for business usage with full
       | access to your mail, drive, spread sheets, slides, word
       | processors, CRMs, and whatever other tools you use running in
       | YOLO mode (which is how I use codex in a virtual machine
       | currently, --yolo). That would replace a shit ton of manual
       | drudgery for me. It would be valuable to me and lots of other
       | users. Valuable as in "please take my money".
       | 
       | Currently doing stuff like this is a very scary thing to do
       | because it might make expensive/embarrassing mistakes. I do it
       | for code because I can contain the risk to the vm. It actually
       | seems to be pretty well behaved. The vm is just there to make me
       | feel good. It could do all sorts of crazy shit. It mostly just
       | does what I ask it to. Clearly the security model around this
       | needs work and instrumentation. That's not a model training
       | problem though.
       | 
       | Something like this for business usage is going to be the next
       | step in agent powered utility that people will pay for at MS
       | office levels of numbers of users and revenue. Google and MS
       | could do it technically but they have huge legal exposure via
       | their existing SAAS contracts and they seem scared shitless of
       | their own lawyers. OpenAI doing something aggressive in this
       | space in the next year or so is what I'm expecting to happen.
       | 
       | Anyway, the bubble predictors seem to be ignoring the revenue
       | potential here. Could it go wrong for OpenAI? Sure. If somebody
       | else shows up and takes most of the revenue. But I think we're
       | past the point where that revenue is not looking very realistic.
       | Five years is a long time for them to get to 130 billion per year
       | in revenue. Chat GPT did not exist five years ago. OpenAI can
       | mess this up by letting somebody else take most of that revenue.
       | The question is who? Google, maybe but I'm underwhelmed so far.
       | MS, seems to want to but unable to. Apple is flailing. Anthropic
       | seems increasingly like an also ran.
       | 
       | There is a hardware cost bubble though. I'm betting OpenAI will
       | get a lot more bang for its buck in terms of hardware by 2030. It
       | won't be NVidia taking most of that revenue. They'll have
       | competition and enter a race to the bottom in terms of hardware
       | cost. If OpenAI burning 130 billion per year, it will probably be
       | getting a lot more compute for it than currently projected. IMHO
       | that's a reasonable cost level given the total addressable market
       | for them. They should be raking in hundreds of billions by then.
        
         | aurareturn wrote:
         | There is a hardware cost bubble though. I'm betting OpenAI will
         | get a lot more bang for its buck in terms of hardware by 2030.
         | It won't be NVidia taking most of that revenue.
         | 
         | Whoever has the most compute will ultimately be the winner.
         | This is why these companies are projecting hundreds of billions
         | in infrastructure spend.
         | 
         | With more compute, you can train better models, serve them to
         | more users, serve them faster. The more users, the more compute
         | you can buy. It's a run away cycle. We're seeing only 3 (4 if
         | you count Meta) frontier LLM providers left in the US market.
         | 
         | Nvidia's margins might come down by 2030. It won't stay in the
         | 70s. But the overall market can expand quicker than Nvidia's
         | profits shrink so that they can be more profitable in 2030
         | despite lower market share.
        
       | moezd wrote:
       | In other words, OpenAI is a freight train without functioning
       | brakes. There I said it.
        
         | throw-12-16 wrote:
         | And thats brave.
        
       | WhereIsTheTruth wrote:
       | The Microsoft effect, everything they touch turns to shit
        
       | gorgoiler wrote:
       | A second, less likely bubble?: IP rights enforcement. While the
       | existing content hosters might have a neatly sewn up content
       | agreement with their users such that all their group chats and
       | cat photos can be used for training, I am a lot less confident
       | that OAI came by its training data legitimately.
       | 
       | (Adjacent to this is how crazy it was that Meta were accused of
       | torrenting ebooks. Did they need them for the underlying
       | knowledge? I can't imagine they needed them for natural langauge
       | examples.)
        
       | singingwolfboy wrote:
       | https://archive.ph/rHPk3
        
       | holri wrote:
       | I would call it the ELIZA bubble.
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA_effect
        
       | Zenst wrote:
       | it is a large spinning plate that can only keep spinning with
       | more money, so the plate gets bigger and bigger, with everyone
       | betting that it would carry on spinnning by itself to the stage
       | that it has become too big to fail, due to the fallout, the
       | impact on the stock market upon others companies would wipe out
       | more than the sum of their debts. It's kinda at that stage now as
       | when one domino falls, the impact on others will follow.
       | 
       | Just a case of too many companies have skin in OpenAI's game for
       | it to be allowed to fail now.
        
       | christkv wrote:
       | How much of this capital is cheap printed credit from the covid
       | area?
        
       | Gud wrote:
       | Personally I use ChatGPT a lot, it is a wonderful service.
       | 
       | I use it in conjunction with Claude. I've gotten pretty good
       | results using both of them in tandem.
       | 
       | However on a principal basis I prefer to self host, I wonder if
       | an advantage of OpenAI imploding wouldn't generate basement level
       | prices of useful chips? Ideally I want to run my LLM and train it
       | on my data.
        
       | AbstractH24 wrote:
       | It'll be interesting to see if and how the latest release of
       | Gemini is seen in the story that is this bubble
        
       | otikik wrote:
       | The bubble is not at question. What's at question is how big will
       | the pop be.
        
       | ulfw wrote:
       | Can't wait for this stupid bubble to finally burst so we can all
       | move on
        
       | duxup wrote:
       | Their acquisition of Jony Ive's organization for a ton of money
       | and that creepy webpage https://openai.com/sam-and-jony/ makes me
       | think OpenAI is just racing for headlines and groping in the dark
       | for some magic fairy dust.
       | 
       | ChatGPT isn't bad, I use it for some things / pay for it, but
       | their spend and moves make me think that they don't seem
       | confidant in it ...
       | 
       | Is all the doomer-ism about AI companies not being profitable
       | right? Do the AI companies believe it? Seems like it sometimes.
        
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