[HN Gopher] New gel restores dental enamel and could revolutioni...
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New gel restores dental enamel and could revolutionise tooth repair
Author : CGMthrowaway
Score : 220 points
Date : 2025-11-05 19:44 UTC (3 hours ago)
(HTM) web link (www.nottingham.ac.uk)
(TXT) w3m dump (www.nottingham.ac.uk)
| timenotwasted wrote:
| I feel like I've been reading this exact same article for the
| last 15 years.. I find it very difficulty to parse what is real
| and what is vaporware in the medical breakthroughs community.
| lloydatkinson wrote:
| - HIV/AIDs
|
| - Cancer
|
| - Tooth regrowth
|
| It feels like it won't ever be done for some reason
| foxandmouse wrote:
| + Male birth control
|
| + Alzheimer's cure
|
| + Hair regrowth
| scottlamb wrote:
| + weight loss pills
|
| ...they were persistent vaporware or scams, then suddenly
| they were real and everywhere. Hopefully that happens for
| the others too?
| fallat wrote:
| Have we solved anything? /s
| palmotea wrote:
| > + weight loss pills
|
| They've had those for decades. It's called meth.
| doubled112 wrote:
| Coffee and cigarettes for a safer but less effective
| solution.
| nkmnz wrote:
| Cigarettes are no way safer than small doses of
| amphetamines. Check where the name "Ritalin" came from!
| paulpauper wrote:
| Cancer immunotherapy . Only works in a handful of cases
| ajoseps wrote:
| i thought the first two have had huge improvements in the
| last decade?
| trenchpilgrim wrote:
| HIV has become a manageable disease in my lifetime. The
| main issue today is access to medication as I understand
| it.
| toomuchtodo wrote:
| _The first widespread cure for HIV could be in children_
| - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44765981 - August
| 2025
|
| _One-and-done HIV protection in infants_ -
| https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44736988 - July 2025
| (First author of the paper even commented here at the
| time: "labanimalster - First author here. We solved a
| 30-year problem in gene therapy by leveraging neonatal
| immune tolerance. A single AAV vector injection encoding
| HIV antibodies achieved 89% success in newborns vs 33% in
| 2-year-olds, with protection lasting through adolescence.
| This could transform HIV prevention in regions where
| maintaining regular medical care is challenging. Happy to
| answer questions about the science or implications.")
|
| _US FDA approves Gilead 's twice-yearly injection
| [lenacapavir] for HIV prevention_ -
| https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44312729 - June 2025
| ashleyn wrote:
| HIV prevention has been reduced to a twice a year shot
| given mainly to MSM. It's pretty damn close to the original
| goal of a vaccine.
| agumonkey wrote:
| it might be slow exponential thing, 60 years of low to
| medium improvements in cancer, and hopefully suddenly a few
| big cracks to turn it into a chronic liveable condition (or
| maybe cure it).
|
| there are more articles about advanced tumors being shrunk
| to nothing than before (based on my personal monitoring)
| tootie wrote:
| While a cure remains elusive, HIV treatment is now extremely
| effective. Antiretroviral shots can keep people symptom free
| indefinitely.
|
| Cancer treatment varies by type of cancer but many have
| dramatically improved outcomes.
| toyg wrote:
| - hair regrowth
| EvanAnderson wrote:
| Tooth regrowth is something I was really hoping for. I abused
| one of my molars. After years of efforts (repeated fillings,
| a crown) to stave off losing the tooth it finally had to come
| out last month. Now I'm waiting for the bone graft to "take"
| before getting an implant. I was hoping I'd waited long
| enough for tooth regrowth to become "a thing" but I have not.
|
| (Should have taken better care of it when I was younger and
| not ignored the massive hole that was growing in it. Chalk it
| up to a bad dental experience as a child and 25+ years of
| avoiding dentists as a result...)
| stefs wrote:
| HIV/Aids have made huge progress and so did cancer. Also
| "cancer" isn't a single disease, they're quite different.
| alphager wrote:
| Cancers have had extremely effective new treatments developed
| for in the last ten years.
|
| Depending on the type of cancer, we now have cures or
| treatments that stave off death for years.
|
| My wife has a rare type of cancer with not much research
| thrown at it, and even her type of cancer went from a median
| time of survival measured in months to several years.
| richwater wrote:
| Wait until you read that the scientific evidence for flossing
| doesn't really confirm the promised benefits.
| simonswords82 wrote:
| Where? Source please?
| muratsu wrote:
| Wait what? Please share
| loosescrews wrote:
| Any chance you would be willing to summarize the research or
| provide information on some relevant studies? I've always
| been skeptical about flossing and would like to learn more.
| abdullahkhalids wrote:
| The wikipedia article [1] suggests that there is no strong
| evidence for flossing being a good thing. However, that
| might just be because experts have not updated the article.
|
| [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_floss#Efficacy
| lakhim wrote:
| enjoy https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/1465
| 1858.CD...
| derbOac wrote:
| Meta-analysis suggests flossing doesn't affect tooth decay.
| But it does seem to prevent gum disease.
| Defletter wrote:
| tbf, it does require a technique otherwise you risk just
| pushing plaque underneath your gums
| EvanAnderson wrote:
| Fortunately there doesn't seem to be any harm from flossing.
| At least from my anecdotal experience there are positive bad
| breath ramifications. (I've also been conditioned, by
| flossing regularly, to feel like my mouth is "cleaner" after
| flossing, to the point that it feels bad if I don't.)
| Alex3917 wrote:
| This is the key issue. There is zero doubt whatsoever that
| flossing is essential, and the fact that the empirical
| evidence is equivocal shows the limitations of science to
| prove even the most obvious things.
| rpearl wrote:
| I do floss, but I genuinely don't see that this is obvious.
| You can do a lot of damage with mechanical force, to both
| teeth and gums! Starting a flossing regimen after not
| having one tends to cause pain--isn't that a signal to
| stop? etc.
|
| Furthermore, correlation is not causation and it could well
| be the case that flossing is associated with better
| outcomes without causing it. For example, people who can
| afford to go to the dentist regularly are therefore
| regularly told to floss. People who care about dental
| health in general probably floss more, but also may be
| doing other things, consciously or unconsciously, to
| improve outcomes. Gut (and perhaps mouth) bacteria have
| behavioral effects; perhaps flossing is _caused_ by having
| healthy mouth bacteria!
|
| (at least one study says mouthwash is better than floss.
| That seems obvious to me! liquids are smaller than floss.)
| byearthithatius wrote:
| I hear so many counter-logical ideas proposed with
| "scientific evidence". Poorly designed studies and P-Hacking
| has ruined the publics trust in science. I highly doubt
| flossing is a net negative for almost anyone.
| lr4444lr wrote:
| Many people are not honest about how much they floss, and
| those who do often don't floss correctly. We have a well
| understood mechanism for how tooth decay and gingivitis
| happen, and it's clear clinically that flossing can address
| these more effectively than brushing alone can. Furthermore,
| the subjective reduction in bad breath means harmful oral
| bacteria are reduced, which could have benefits beyond oral
| health.
| EvanAnderson wrote:
| Same feeling here. Dental seems particularly fraught (though
| maybe I just pay more attention to it out of interest). I know
| the cycle time between press releases/hype and actual
| application can be the better part of a decade, so I assume
| that's coloring my perception too.
|
| re: dental in particular - It seems like enamel regeneration
| and stem-cell-based tooth replacement have both been in the
| news year-after-year without applications actually coming to
| market.
| matthewfcarlson wrote:
| Everyone knows that teeth are luxury bones in the US. The
| market just isn't there for fancy treatments. The ultra-
| wealthy just get their teeth replaced with perfect veneers
| anyway.
| iamacyborg wrote:
| > The ultra-wealthy just get their teeth replaced with
| perfect veneers anyway.
|
| Na, that's the working class turkey teeth crowd.
| thaumasiotes wrote:
| > stem-cell-based tooth replacement
|
| Really? This sounds more like someone's plan to get grants to
| research stem cells than someone's plan to repair (or
| replace) teeth.
|
| We already have a natural ability to grow new teeth that
| replace existing ones. Everybody does it... once. Where's the
| research into getting it to happen again?
| gus_massa wrote:
| Theet formation is a very early procces, even before the
| baby is born.
|
| > _Primary (baby) teeth start to form between the sixth and
| eighth week of prenatal development, and permanent teeth
| begin to form in the twentieth week._
|
| So it's probably too late for you.
| elicash wrote:
| While I 100% agree with what you wrote, I'd just add that it
| does seem in my own dental visits over my lifetime that there
| have been real advancements, too. But yes, I agree, hard for
| non-expert to parse.
| 0_____0 wrote:
| Seeing SLA 3D printers at my dentist's office was pretty
| cool. Apparently they use them for a variety of fixturing and
| jigs, and have a workflow that includes a handheld scanning
| unit that SLAMs to generate a solid model of the patient's
| teeth.
| limaoscarjuliet wrote:
| I have 4 crowns, 2 done using moulds, 2 using the 3d
| scanner. Same doc, same office. The moulded ones were ok
| with some adjustments, but the 3d scanned ones were perfect
| since day 1. I'm happy with the progress in dentistry.
| CGMthrowaway wrote:
| A similar approach was reported in 2019,[1] but that produced
| thinner coatings, and the recovery of the architecture of inner
| layers of enamel was only partial.
|
| [1]https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaw9569
| paulpauper wrote:
| yup here is one from 2007
|
| https://www.technologyreview.com/2007/02/22/272845/regrowing...
|
| As it turns out, this is really hard to do. There are a lot
| required of teeth: they have to be extremely durable to resist
| repeated strain of chewing ,stay in the gums, not be rejected
| by body, etc. It's little surprise progress has been so slow.
| kangs wrote:
| or, solid state batteries, graphene, fusion, quantum computers,
| agi =)
| PaulKeeble wrote:
| Just 7% of studies that do a preliminary study on humans
| actually get through phase 3 and get approved for use. This is
| before even the preliminary point, its a tooth (or even a tooth
| analogue) in a petri dish. No idea if the material will be safe
| in a human mouth yet.
|
| There is a lot of hyping of results in medicine papers in
| general but its not really their fault. The entire academic
| world is being forced to publish or die as governments look to
| measure results from the science they instead get what is
| measured and everyone has to embellish the importance of what
| they found and always find positive results.
| palmotea wrote:
| > The entire academic world is being forced to publish or die
| as governments look to measure results from the science they
| instead get what is measured and everyone has to embellish
| the importance of what they found and always find positive
| results.
|
| It sounds like they're running it like a business.
| dlcarrier wrote:
| Over time, any large business trends to increase in bloat
| and inefficiency, and focusing on inappropriate metrics is
| a big part of that.
|
| This eventually leads to competitors taking over and those
| business failing, which usually results in people losing
| their jobs.
|
| When governments get equally incapable, and competitors
| take over, it tends to be a lot more violent.
| palmotea wrote:
| > This eventually leads to competitors taking over and
| those business failing
|
| It's important to note that "eventually" usually takes so
| long that it might as well be forever.
| autoexec wrote:
| > This eventually leads to competitors taking over and
| those business failing
|
| If only that fairytale were true. In the real world
| bloated inefficient companies bribe government, install
| themselves into government agencies directly (regulatory
| capture), and hire lobbyists to write laws which protect
| them from pesky upstarts through unchecked anti-
| competitive practices and anti-consumer regulation
| allowing them to stay wealthy and in power forever while
| killing off innovation and progress.
| throwway120385 wrote:
| A lot of this is the direct result of trying to run a
| government like a business. If we instead left some
| things that are unprofitable but important to government
| then we'd probably get better results than having
| businesses do those things expecting a profit. This was
| the model in the 30's, 40's and 50's that led to the
| "golden age" that people are now trying to recapture.
| NoMoreNicksLeft wrote:
| The 1940s you get for free, what with the war and all
| nothing was ever going to be very tolerable. But what
| about the 1930s is a "golden age" in your opinion? What
| exactly is it from that era that you wish we had more of?
| vlovich123 wrote:
| The golden age people are trying to recapture is the
| aftermath of a world war that decimated almost every
| major power except the US and then the US happily rebuilt
| everyone's economies in exchange for riches and power.
| The 21st century looks very different and only really
| MAGA folks are looking to rewind the clock as a way to
| move forward.
| curiouscats wrote:
| Enamelon Toothpaste from the 1990s:
|
| https://www.ebay.com/itm/127083185095
|
| "proven to strengthen tooth enamel" I remember researching the
| stock and deciding not to buy.
|
| Patents from the 1990s
| https://patents.justia.com/assignee/enamelon-inc
|
| It seems the company is still around https://www.enamelon.com
| omlet wrote:
| Did you tried :D ?
| kjkjadksj wrote:
| It is probably tough getting investment because this is
| ultimately cosmetic and not something covered by most dental
| insurance. Existing repair is probably good enough and I'd
| expect cheaper too.
| caycep wrote:
| I would say, maybe look at medical studies from the opposite
| end, epidemiological studies look at factors that reduce
| mortality/morbidity. Granted, it's less flashy, basically
| vaccines, alcohol/tobacco reduction, increase in active
| lifestyle, statins/ace inhibitors, monoclonals/oncology
| fanciness. although someone who actually is an MPH can probably
| correct me.
|
| on the neuroscience side, off the top of my head, the most
| impactful things have been better anticoagulants and preventive
| care for stroke, monoclonal abs for autoimmune diseases like
| MS/myasthenia, , certain stereotactic brain surgeries, and
| such. But considering what ails most people, the overall
| population effect probably is minuscule compared to say better
| crash safety in automobiles.
| mdtancsa wrote:
| exact same reaction. I remember hearing about "regrowing teeth
| through sound waves"... in 2006.
| https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/dentist-engineer-team-up-to-...
| Can't say I have heard it offered anywhere yet....
| baxtr wrote:
| This might be the dental equivalent of the "Groundbreaking New
| Battery Tech" type of article.
| wnevets wrote:
| > I feel like I've been reading this exact same article for the
| last 15 years.
|
| I was about to comment the same thing, I feel like I've been
| seeing this talked about since the 90s
| avalys wrote:
| Is this a commercial product that has been approved by a
| regulator to make these claims? Amazing. Newsworthy.
|
| Is this a press release from a university research group, as it
| appears to be (the site is down)? Then it's nearly meaningless.
| CGMthrowaway wrote:
| https://www.newscientist.com/article/2502731-cavities-could-...
| basch wrote:
| You can buy the supplies and make nano silver flouride now,
| relatively cheaply compared to dental work. If you have a non
| corporate dentist, you could even ask them to apply it. The
| basic mechanism has been used on teeth forever, and adding the
| nano particles prevents the chemical from permanently staining
| your teeth black or blue (which is why it hasnt ever been more
| popular to begin with.)
|
| https://fourthievesvinegar.org/tooth-seal/
| ptrl600 wrote:
| Well until this stuff comes out I'll keep using smuggled FDA-
| unapproved Novamin toothpaste. Atonement for my neglect
| ribosometronome wrote:
| Sensodyne?
| Waterluvian wrote:
| I just learned about this 5 mins ago and did some basic
| research. Here's what I found:
|
| - Sensodyne Repair and Protect contains 'NovaMin' (possibly
| only in some markets; check the ingredients!)
|
| - NovaMin is the brand name for calcium sodium
| phosphosilicate
|
| - It reacts with saliva to form a physical layer of
| hydroxyapatite on your teeth
|
| - This layer blocks the tubules that trigger pain from
| temperature and such
|
| - It also supports remineralization (how exactly?)
| paulgerhardt wrote:
| Because it keeps coming up there is an anti-Novamin crowd
| that says it's useless and Biomin is the true re-
| enamelizer.
| Waterluvian wrote:
| Interesting. A very rudimentary web search begins
| suggesting that Biomin is the more suspicious of the two.
| It has a very weird Internet footprint of being this
| somewhat obscure-looking expensive "Health" product. I
| really can't find any recognizable sources on the product
| name. Maybe the obscurity is part of the exotic allure
| for some?
| kelnos wrote:
| I used BioMin F for about a year, and I think it did
| _something_ , but I'm not sure I'm qualified to evaluate
| its effectiveness.
|
| Unfortunately it isn't actually available where I live
| (US), and I had to buy it from Canada... from a shop that
| hasn't had stock for more than a year now. I've tried
| ordering from other countries, but haven't found anyone
| else who will ship to the US.
|
| I've tried the "BioMin Restore" toothpaste that _is_
| available in the US, and I don 't feel like it's doing
| much of anything, but... again, not sure I'm qualified to
| evaluate.
| BenjiWiebe wrote:
| You have to get the European version of Sensodyne Repair
| and Protect to get NovaMin. It's not in the US formulation.
| Waterluvian wrote:
| The Canadian version I just bought also seems to have 5%
| NovaMin.
| gregsadetsky wrote:
| as the sibling comment notes, the Canadian version also
| has it:
|
| https://www.jeancoutu.com/en/shop/categories/personal-
| care/o...
|
| https://www.walmart.ca/en/ip/Sensodyne-Repair-Protect-
| Sensit...
| shellfishgene wrote:
| The German version also seems to have stannous fluoride
| instead of NovaMin, like in the US.
| nkmnz wrote:
| Mine says "NovaMin" right on the front. There are
| multiple types of Sensodyne.
|
| Btw, what really drives me crazy is that Elmex sells
| multiple different sorts of tooth paste with the colors
| green and violett, each. How can a company confuse their
| customers so much that they buy a tooth whitener paste
| instead of a remineralizing one? Did the mistake twice...
| mgiampapa wrote:
| hydroxyapatite is a mineral like your tooth, that's how it
| supports remineralization.
|
| It's actually great stuff and works wonders for tooth
| sensitivity above and beyond fluoride shellac. I also order
| it from the more civilized world.
|
| BioMin is available in the US and is similar, but I don't
| find it works better and I don't like that it doesn't have
| fluoride. (I live in an area without fluoride in the water)
| tempest_ wrote:
| Due to GSKs patents only repair and protect outside of the
| US has novamin in it.
| annoyingnoob wrote:
| https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7068624
| ptrl600 wrote:
| Admittedly it's possible I've been bamboozled
| Etheryte wrote:
| I'm not sure what the takeaway is here? If I read that
| correctly, they only found one study and just reported their
| results? Is that because there are literally no studies on
| this worldwide? I find that very hard to believe.
| zerocrates wrote:
| I know there's value to recording the selection process and
| all that but it's a little funny to have a review that ends
| up only including one study: at that point just give me a
| link, not a paper.
| roldie wrote:
| How does NovaMin / calcium sodium phosphosilicate compare to
| toothpaste with nanohydroxyapatite in it?
| afavour wrote:
| Is it Fuji 9?
| Waterluvian wrote:
| If anyone's a dentist or is close to one, I'd love to know
| something I haven't found a satisfactory answer for online: if
| the vast majority of cavities were "magically" cured over the
| next few years, what impact would that have on the finances of
| your practice?
|
| I'm not suggesting there's a conscious conspiracy or anything
| malicious. But I observe that incentives are weirdly aligned. I
| wonder what this kind of thing would do to a very large industry
| if all of a sudden some percentage of business disappeared. Is it
| a large percentage? Would they pivot to more preventative
| medicine? Would patients adopt a longer duration between
| checkups?
| umvi wrote:
| I think there would just be fewer dentists. It's like asking
| what would happen to the finances of weight loss clinics if
| magically Americans weren't as obese.
| elicash wrote:
| I will say my dentists always try to convince me to floss more
| often, regardless of any economic benefit they might have for
| me to disregard my teeth.
|
| I also would imagine cleanings aren't where the big money is in
| the profession, but like you would be interested to hear from
| actual dentists.
| doubled112 wrote:
| Not a dentist but I definitely couldn't see it going away. Also
| curious to hear a more knowledgeable opinion.
|
| There will always be accidents and need of non-cavity repairs.
| As a kid I broke a healthy tooth eating Doritos. It didn't make
| sense to my dentist either. I've broken a less healthy (but
| repaired) tooth on a candy coated peanut, and one a Twizzler
| Nib.
|
| I grind my teeth, so everything is being worn and torn at a
| higher rate. The mouth guard won't generate itself.
|
| Hate to say it, but if I thought my teeth would stick around
| longer, I'd probably be more likely to seek cosmetic fixes. I'm
| apparently really hard on them or something.
| byearthithatius wrote:
| Poorly designed studies, materials proposed without insight into
| ramifications and manufacturing, and P-Hacking has ruined the
| publics trust in science. I blatantly just ignore any headline
| like this now. Can't trust science anymore.... sad. How many new
| "cancer cures" have been posted to Reddit and HN over the last
| decade that never came to fruition.
|
| Not to say doing the science and studying to find new approaches
| is not beneficial. I just think we need to reconsider how we
| communicate new research. Its like how CEOs hype up AI products
| at this point. "This will change everything ..... potentially
| maybe in twenty years (omitted)"
| kazinator wrote:
| Screw enamel; man-made materials are better.
|
| If you ever get into any serious money, forget cars or houses:
| have your teeth ripped out and replaced with artificial ones.
| inglor_cz wrote:
| An artificial crown may be better, but not the roots. Natural
| teeth are fixed in the jaw in a very ingenious way that is
| durable and somewhat flexible at the same time. Not so with
| implants; the metal fuses with the bone in a hard way and
| transmits all the shocks fully into the jaw.
| sssilver wrote:
| What are the disadvantages of having all the shocks go fully
| into the jaw?
| kelnos wrote:
| Discomfort and pain, I would assume.
|
| I wouldn't be surprised if this can, over time, also cause
| damage to your jaw, and put extra stress on your jaw
| muscles.
| inglor_cz wrote:
| Depending on the location, state of the bone and other
| parameters, anything from mild discomfort to catastrophic
| failure of the implant and a jaw fracture.
|
| I have four implants, two in my lower jaw, two in my upper
| jaw. My lower jaw is basically stone, an extremely hard
| bone even by usual lower jaw standards; the dentists
| (plural, as one was unable to finish the job) drilling into
| it destroyed a few drilling bits doing so. I have never had
| any problems with the lower jaw implants. That bone can
| take almost anything in stride.
|
| My upper jaw, on the other hand ... very delicate, just
| enough bone left for the implants to work, and I learnt to
| be careful about biting into anything harder with them.
| candiddevmike wrote:
| This is horrible advice. Do everything you can to keep your
| original teeth, even partially with a crown is better than a
| post or dentures. Nothing will perform as good, and the side
| effects of dentures range from pain to liquid diet if/when your
| gums can't support them.
| basch wrote:
| Wouldn't you rather reapply a coating that allows the base to
| regrow, than have to constant get them ground out and replaced
| as they accumulated small damage? Growth sounds way better than
| static existence.
| bombcar wrote:
| Cribbins' dentures would beg to differ.
| stronglikedan wrote:
| My dad did that a couple of decades ago (we nicknamed him
| Bionic Mouth), and now his body is rejecting almost all of it,
| and he has to get even more advanced and expensive stuff to
| replace it (on a fixed retirement income to boot).
| m463 wrote:
| That sounds like that movie "the breast men"
|
| These doctors pioneered silicone breast implants.
|
| Eventually side effects happened, and they tried to prevent
| those patients from coming forward.
|
| Later, it all came out... and all the patients just came back
| to them and paid for breast upgrades to the next generation
| saline implants.
| Razengan wrote:
| You know it's weird how we don't have a general "healing" gel
| yet..
| blobbers wrote:
| Pretty sure I get re-targeted by ads for various versions of this
| for weeks on end after I do a single google search for a new
| toothpaste.
|
| Usually the safety profiles of those companies are very very very
| bad, but probably reference very good research.
| t1234s wrote:
| There is the potential of ability of people to regrow teeth
|
| https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a66012157/hu...
| regrowth-trials-japan/
|
| This would highly disrupt the dental-industrial-complex
| cormorant wrote:
| EDIT: https://archive.is/MYBSe
|
| Site is down, not in archive.org or archive.today. This Yandex
| Cache link worked for me:
| https://yandexwebcache.net/yandbtm?fmode=inject&tm=176237557...
| kawfey wrote:
| I just went down a rabbit hole researching a toothpaste that's
| giving me constant ads. I went looking for reviews and ended up
| posting a comment on /r/PeriodontalDisease -
| https://old.reddit.com/r/PeriodontalDisease/comments/1bcna04...
|
| TL;DR: EDTA is the magic ingredient that will annihilate the
| disease-causing biofilm on your teeth & gums, especially when you
| fund your own studies and spend the rest of your money made from
| your overpriced toothpaste gel on marketing.
|
| Just brush and floss 2x a day, and chew gum if you like to.
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