[HN Gopher] Study of 1M-year-old skull points to earlier origins...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Study of 1M-year-old skull points to earlier origins of modern
       humans
        
       Paper: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado9202
        
       Author : rjknight
       Score  : 118 points
       Date   : 2025-10-08 00:17 UTC (22 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.theguardian.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.theguardian.com)
        
       | mikert89 wrote:
       | Out of africa is basically false, there were decently advanced
       | walking hominids in asia a long time ago. Then they migrated
       | west, africa was the origination, but that origination was not
       | the ~50k years ago like was frequently claimed
        
         | AlotOfReading wrote:
         | All the evidence we have points to the vast, vast majority
         | (>90%) of non-african human ancestry originating from hominin
         | populations that were in Africa around 60-80k years ago, and
         | were anatomically modern about 300k years ago. This article is
         | about an ancestral clade of archaic hominins that contributed
         | around 2% of modern non-african ancestry globally, that we've
         | known about for years.
         | 
         | OOA (with minor admixture) is the consensus position for a lot
         | of excellent reasons.
        
           | milesrout wrote:
           | It is also the consensus position for a lot of bad reasons
           | though.
           | 
           | There is an assumption that belief in, or even reasonable
           | agnosticism towards, any other theory can only be motivated
           | by racism.
           | 
           | There are many people that believe OOA because they want to
           | believe it, because they want to believe we are all more
           | similar than we are different, etc.
           | 
           | Multiregional hypotheses are perfectly plausible. We have
           | very limited information one way or another. Out of Africa
           | may be more likely but it is far from certain.
        
             | bilbo0s wrote:
             | _There are many people that believe OOA because they want
             | to believe it_
             | 
             | But, also, _There are many people that [do not] believe OOA
             | because they [do not] want to believe it_.
             | 
             | That's why we look at genetic evidence, to eliminate
             | nonsense. That evidence strongly points to chimps,
             | gorillas, humans etc all coming from the same place.
             | 
             | If it makes you feels better, think of it this way:
             | 
             | we don't believe OOA because the evidence says we're
             | related to blacks. We believe it because the evidence says
             | we're pretty much hairless apes. (And a lot of us aren't
             | even hairless!)
             | 
             | There, feel better about it now?
        
               | mikert89 wrote:
               | theres actually almost zero clarity around the common
               | ancestor between apes and humans, and a lot of
               | speculation that the common ancestor lived 6-8 million
               | years ago.
        
               | otabdeveloper4 wrote:
               | > That evidence strongly points to chimps, gorillas,
               | humans etc all coming from the same place.
               | 
               | No. Non-African humans have genetic lineages that do not
               | occur anywhere in Africa.
               | 
               | This doesn't mean OOA is necessarily false, but does
               | makes it _much_ less likely.
               | 
               | Also, lumping in primates is a red herring. The
               | resolution of our gene clade knowledge doesn't go that
               | far back. Dreaming about some hypothetical ape ancestor
               | is a vibe, not a science.
        
             | AlotOfReading wrote:
             | Just to be clear about what the term multiregionalism
             | means, it's an argument that there's anatomical continuity
             | between archaic hominin populations around afroeurasia and
             | modern human populations. That is, anatomical modernity
             | didn't evolve once in Africa, but multiple times all over
             | the world in populations that are still extant today. A
             | multiregional hypothesis might say that modern Chinese
             | people evolved from archaic populations in Asia.
             | 
             | This is completely and unequivocally rejected by the
             | genetic evidence. The evidence is so absolutely
             | overwhelming that even fucking Wolpoff came around and now
             | says:                   It is broadly agreed that all
             | recent/living human populations ultimately descend from
             | Africans.
             | 
             | Now, if you mean something _completely different_ to the
             | commonly understood definition of multiregionalism, I 'm
             | willing to hear it.
        
           | otabdeveloper4 wrote:
           | > OOA (with minor admixture) is the consensus position for a
           | lot of excellent reasons
           | 
           | It isn't really. Serious historians and geneticists take
           | great issue with it.
           | 
           | It's only really the pop-anthropologists (the non-rigorous
           | social science ones) who think OOA is a settled issue.
        
             | AlotOfReading wrote:
             | You're going to have to explain this one. The only thing I
             | can figure is that you're making a distinction about
             | "traditional" RAO vs modern hybridization models, but my
             | comment already mentions those (albeit indirectly, given
             | that I'm writing to an audience).
             | 
             | But if you're genuinely trying to say that the broad
             | strokes out of africa model isn't consensus, I have no idea
             | what you're talking about. Just to make sure I haven't
             | missed some momentous event since the last time I was doing
             | fieldwork, I even checked some unpublished books, review
             | papers, and actual research. They all talk about OOA as
             | completely settled or instead simply assume it.
             | 
             | Is this like a CAS thing? Truly baffled.
        
               | otabdeveloper4 wrote:
               | OOA is extremely problematic. Lots of hoops are needed to
               | make it work - a double exodus from Africa and a
               | population bottleneck, etc. None of these hoops are
               | needed if we just let go and assume a Middle Eastern
               | origin for homo sapiens.
               | 
               | Basically the only reason a Kuhnian paradigm shift isn't
               | happening is because of American politics; OOA is needed
               | to debunk some stupid 19th century American racial
               | theories. (Theories that the rest of the world doesn't
               | even know or care about.)
        
               | selimthegrim wrote:
               | But where's the evidence? I haven't heard Reich or Paabo
               | go about this.
        
               | AlotOfReading wrote:
               | A middle eastern origin presents obvious problems
               | explaining the genetic diversity data and the serial
               | founder effects we observe globally. These naturally fall
               | out of African origin, whereas a middle eastern origin
               | needs a back to Africa that somehow avoids founder
               | effects.
               | 
               | Which stupid racial theories do you think African origin
               | is trying to debunk and why would the many European
               | researchers working on human origins care?
        
           | whimsicalism wrote:
           | there were multiple out of africa migrations and
           | backmigration into Africa, 60-80k is just the most recent and
           | the prominent founder population for modern humans outside of
           | Africa.
        
         | octaane wrote:
         | You are completely wrong. Out of Africa is correct. Out of Asia
         | is incorrect, and is outdated sino propaganda. Even the modern
         | Chinese state admits that DNA evidence pretty conclusively
         | points to out of Africa.
        
         | marcus_holmes wrote:
         | We know there were indigenous folks here in Australia ~50K
         | years ago, and we know that we didn't evolve in Australia, so
         | any origination must be further back than that.
        
       | WalterBright wrote:
       | I'm curious why humans evolved intelligence and chimpanzees,
       | gorillas, orangutans did not.
        
         | mikert89 wrote:
         | Because we are farther way on the evolutionary tree then is
         | commonly thought, there is a tree of common ancestors going
         | much further back (5 million or more years) that links humans
         | with monkeys
        
         | dboreham wrote:
         | More energy from the digestive system to power a bigger GPU.
         | Theories abound that this is due to the harnessing of fire for
         | cooking.
        
           | intrasight wrote:
           | And metabolizing alcohol, which also encourages reproduction.
        
           | AlotOfReading wrote:
           | Evolution doesn't have end goals like building the most
           | powerful computer possible. If caloric excesses are a factor,
           | it's because there was some _other_ selective pressure that
           | made use of the energy to support more neurons. But even
           | then, more hardware isn 't the same thing as more
           | intelligence. Elephants and whales have bigger brains than we
           | do. Shrews and birds have a higher brain/body mass ratio.
           | None of them are intelligent to the degree humans are. An
           | explanation for human intelligence has to explain _us_ , not
           | just our brain mass.
        
             | SamBam wrote:
             | Sperm whales may have more massive brains, but they have
             | fewer cortical neurons total, and of course a much smaller
             | brain to body mass ratio.
             | 
             | But more importantly for this conversation, our brains use
             | up a staggering 20-25% of our resting metabolic needs. A
             | whale brain uses something like 3%.
             | 
             | For us to be able to devote 20% of our calories to our
             | brains, we simply needed to have a huge excess in the
             | number of calories we had available. This is why the
             | cooking hypothesis makes sense. Once we were smart enough
             | to get lots of excess calories, that opened the door to
             | this new fitness landscape of organisms that could devote a
             | ridiculous proportion of their food to their brains. It
             | wasn't that we gave up something else, it's that this
             | wasn't even a possibility before.
        
               | AlotOfReading wrote:
               | The point of my comment is that cooking doesn't explain
               | "why". It explains "how".
        
               | dlahoda wrote:
               | we just got virus into heads(which mutated some cells)
               | forcing us to eat more. we are vodoo dolls driven by
               | craving for flesh.
        
           | bqmjjx0kac wrote:
           | > More energy from the digestive system to power a bigger
           | GPU.
           | 
           | Is GPU already the metaphor du jour? I thought we were still
           | aboard the steam engine ;)
        
         | acchow wrote:
         | "Why humans evolved intelligence but orangutans did not".
         | 
         | There's a different way to think about this that is closer to
         | how evolution actually works and will make the answer clear.
         | 
         | Our common ancestor (common to orangutans and humans) _did_
         | evolve intelligence (concurrently with harnessing fire,
         | clothing etc.). Not all of them, but some of them. And they
         | broke off from the group. We now call them humans.
        
           | thrdbndndn wrote:
           | I think their question is not about why humans evolved
           | intelligence, but why one and only one single species did.
        
             | Aachen wrote:
             | Wouldn't the first ones always wonder that?
        
               | mathgeek wrote:
               | This led me on a tangent that eventually took me to this
               | line on Wikipedia:
               | 
               | "Humans have visited the Moon and sent human-made
               | spacecraft to other celestial bodies, becoming the first
               | known species to do so."
               | 
               | How would we know if we're the first known anything? You
               | don't know what you don't know, as they say.
        
               | Aachen wrote:
               | Ah, I meant on our planet. Of course, we wouldn't wonder
               | if it's evident that there is aliens (other intelligent
               | life from another object) at a similar time as when we
               | evolve this level of intelligence. This would be far
               | before we can make technological means to rule out
               | intelligent life on nearby celestial objects, or someone
               | would probably have come up with the question why we
               | don't talk with (the equivalent of) apes and dolphins and
               | such. The other intelligent life would have to be either
               | among us, or visible from where we live (mountains, ocean
               | surface, idk) with whatever we have for senses (like
               | eyesight good enough to observe structures in orbit that
               | are clearly not natural, as an example)
        
             | HelloNurse wrote:
             | It's the other way round: we are a species because we are
             | the ones that evolved intelligence, which was certainly an
             | enormous difference between intelligent humans and
             | physically identical unintelligent apes.
        
             | whimsicalism wrote:
             | > why humans evolved intelligence, but why one and only one
             | single species did
             | 
             | Well, that's false. But we killed off/interbred with all of
             | the peer/near-peer species.
        
           | jjk166 wrote:
           | Intelligence was evolved millions of years after the most
           | recent common ancestor. Harnessing fire, clothing, etc. came
           | later still. The lineage that would ultimately give rise to
           | humans split from the chimp/bonobo lineage as the human
           | ancestors adapted to savanna life, likely due to
           | aridification brought on by the formation of the Himalayas.
           | 
           | It's possible that selective pressure towards intelligence
           | was greater for the human lineage than for the others. It's
           | also possible that the evolution of intelligence was equally
           | likely across the different lineages and humans just happened
           | to be the one where the mutation happened. Regardless, once
           | human ancestors filled the niche, it would have been
           | difficult for another lineage to get in on the game.
        
             | _AzMoo wrote:
             | Is there a specific definition for intelligence?
        
               | dmbche wrote:
               | Is there a specific definition of definition?
        
               | dotancohen wrote:
               | Like life, many sources define it differently.
        
               | jjk166 wrote:
               | What definition are you using to say chimps don't have
               | human level intelligence?
               | 
               | By any useful definition, the intelligence of human
               | ancestors very closely resembled that of chimps for about
               | 4 million years after the human and chimp lineages
               | diverged. While it's impossible to say for certain,
               | that's around the time that endocranial volumes started
               | growing consistently beyond the range seen in chimps.
               | That is also around the time of the first evidence of
               | stone tool making.
        
             | Arwill wrote:
             | Substitute orangutans for Australopithecus. That is (one
             | of) the branches that did evolve more intelligence, but
             | didn't survive. I suppose there were lots of such branches,
             | that either merged back into humanity (like the
             | Neanderthals), or died out.
        
               | jjk166 wrote:
               | Australopithecus is essentially on the human branch, and
               | likely was still several million years before the
               | development of advanced intelligence. Our common ancestor
               | with Australopithecus was not any more intelligent than a
               | typical Australopithecus, as far as we can tell.
               | 
               | As far as we can tell, no branch developed significantly
               | increased intelligence after splitting off from our own
               | lineage. That's not to say it definitely didn't happen or
               | that our lineage was always the smartest, just that there
               | isn't any evidence demonstrating a qualitative difference
               | which has survived to the present. But it's weird that no
               | such evidence exists.
               | 
               | Conversely different primate groups did independently
               | evolve similar levels of intelligence, like Capuchin
               | monkeys (which are new world primates) developed their
               | intelligence after splitting off from the old world
               | primates some 40 million years ago. Baboons and Macaques
               | likewise each evolved intelligence independent of the
               | great apes. Likewise similar levels (if different
               | specializations) of intelligence have evolved
               | independently outside the primates, such as cetaceans,
               | elephants, and corvids. For cephalopods, which likewise
               | are highly intelligent, their common ancestor with us
               | didn't even have a brain.
        
           | SamBam wrote:
           | It sounds like you're saying that the common ancestor of
           | humans and orangutans harnessed fire and made clothing. I
           | don't think that's correct.
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | Intelligence must surely be a cluster of evolved changes,
           | let's say A-Z. Each of those letters must have appeared, and
           | been advantageous on their own (or they wouldn't have
           | persisted).
           | 
           | So why didn't chimps get some of them?
           | 
           | For example, chimps have hands, but do not exhibit anywhere
           | near the dexterity and agility of human hands.
        
             | dyauspitr wrote:
             | It's more like A appeared and there was a split off. Then B
             | appeared and another split off from the A group and so on
             | until you get to modern day Z.
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | So why didn't other lines evolve X and Q?
        
             | andrewflnr wrote:
             | They did get some of them. Functionally, chimps are pretty
             | smart compared to almost anything but a human. Only if you
             | define intelligence specifically as the gap between humans
             | and chimps (or whatever other reference) can you say chimps
             | didn't get _any_ of the pieces. We can ask why humans have
             | _more_ of the pieces, but that 's basically the same
             | question as why any species diverges. So, some inscrutable
             | combination of chance, path dependence, etc
        
             | asdff wrote:
             | Think less in terms of "this must be inherently better than
             | that" and more in terms of the thermodynamics at play.
             | Dexterous hands probably have some cost. Maybe they aren't
             | as durable as a chimps hands. Maybe they take more calories
             | to run. Maybe they need more brain power dedicated toward
             | the hands and respective energy requirements. I'm not
             | really sure what they may be, but there are usually
             | tradeoffs between any A vs B in an organism.
             | 
             | Now if these costs are indeed less than the fitness
             | advantage of a chimp having more dexterous hands, and that
             | is in biological fitness as in reproductive success not the
             | colloquial 'fitness' as in going to the gym, and that
             | mutation for dexterous hands is present among the breeding
             | population, you will expect to see offspring with that
             | mutation, having higher fitness, to increase in frequency
             | in the population.
             | 
             | There are a lot of potential edge cases to consider as
             | well. Maybe the dexterous hands allele is very close to a
             | very bad allele in chimps, such that through recombination
             | it is likely that these two alleles are inherited together
             | (called linkage). You'd see both these alleles purged from
             | the population over time through purifying selection.
             | 
             | There is the population history aspect to consider. Maybe
             | you don't need dexterous hands if your population is still
             | living in the jungle among plentiful calories like the
             | chimpanzee. Maybe it is more relevant to comparatively more
             | feeble humans that were pushed out of that jungle by
             | physically stronger ape populations into more nutrient poor
             | environments, where suddenly the increased fitness from the
             | advantages dexterous hands might bring now pay for their
             | energy costs.
        
             | acchow wrote:
             | > So why didn't chimps get some of them?
             | 
             | The chimps that _did_ get them we now call humans.
             | 
             | There were no chimps back then. We had a shared common
             | ancestor, and subgroups gradually emerged and gradually
             | became different enough that they stopped interbreeding (or
             | were physically separated).
        
             | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
             | Underrated point wrt intelligence is the extent to which it
             | depends on fine motor control. Whether you're building
             | tools, writing, or speaking a complex language, you need
             | fine motor control to make that possible.
             | 
             | So it's not _just_ brainpower, it 's likely a combination
             | of potential brainpower - which many species have/had - and
             | fine motor control, which set up feedback loop that
             | translated a mind/body synergy into practical evolutionary
             | benefits.
        
           | karmakaze wrote:
           | I always believed that it was the group that had first
           | mastered fire. Cooking food fundamentally changed human
           | energy budgets. And keeping a fire meant that the group would
           | congregate and form a larger social group, which would then
           | lead to greater communication.
           | 
           | This of course changes the question as to why only/mainly
           | homo erectus developed the capability.
        
         | AlotOfReading wrote:
         | We don't know.
         | 
         | All of the great apes are incredibly intelligent in comparison
         | to most other animals. The basic roots of our intelligence are
         | probably a common feature to the whole family, but there's no
         | consensus on _why_ it 's so advanced in humans. Any
         | paleoanthropologist can rattle off about half a dozen possible
         | explanations, but we honestly don't have enough evidence to
         | really distinguish if, when, and how these were factors at
         | different points in human evolution. Here's a quick attempt at
         | some broad categories, which each have multiple hypotheses
         | within them:
         | 
         | * Because intelligence had advantages for individual selection
         | (e.g. mimetic recall hypothesis)
         | 
         | * Because intelligence had advantages for group selection
         | 
         | * Because intelligence had advantages for sexual selection
         | (spandrel hypotheses often start here)
         | 
         | * Because adapting to rapidly varying ecological conditions
         | required so many adaptations that we crossed some kind of
         | barrier and "fell into" intelligence
         | 
         | * Because intelligence helped with foraging/hunting (exclusive
         | of sociality)
        
           | gyomu wrote:
           | Didn't a lot of other great apes evolve intelligence similar
           | to ours, but we more or less drove them all to extinction?
        
             | AlotOfReading wrote:
             | The jury is still out on exactly how intelligent other
             | hominins were (and the extent of our involvement in their
             | extinction). Regardless, the term human can apply to all of
             | genus _Homo_ and that 's the sense that discussions of
             | "human intelligence" typically use.
        
               | nylonstrung wrote:
               | The burial sites of _Homo Naledi_ suggest they had
               | developed burial rituals and primitive art which would
               | mean non-Sapiens hominids were likely smarter than
               | previously believed
        
               | david-gpu wrote:
               | The subject of Homo Naledi is _very_ controversial. Take
               | it with a grain of salt.
        
             | Gravityloss wrote:
             | it's interesting to think that since humans got
             | established, becoming too intelligent became a
             | disadvantage? Like there's a glass ceiling.
        
               | zmmmmm wrote:
               | I like that theory although it is depressingly grim ...
               | the top dog species will inherently see any alternative
               | intelligence as a threat and eradicate it. Would
               | definitely make one pause for thought about the wisdom of
               | creating an AGI ...
        
               | dsign wrote:
               | Came here to say this, but you did it for me :-) . I
               | truly believe there's a more than 50% chance the vast
               | history of hominids ends this century.
        
               | Ekaros wrote:
               | I think it might be just competition. Human brains are
               | expensive in terms of energy expenditure. So at certain
               | population scales having less energy to expend might be
               | comparative advantage.
               | 
               | And same really goes for other niches we do not even
               | occupy. You need to get something out of those expensive
               | to keep brains.
        
               | 8bitsrule wrote:
               | > Human brains are expensive in terms of energy
               | 
               | I dunno ... 10 bits/second ain't so lavish...
        
               | dotancohen wrote:
               | Perhaps, but 1/3 of your blood supply is expensive.
        
               | energy123 wrote:
               | Since the invention of contraception, intelligence seems
               | maladaptive, although we may have already reached
               | technological escape velocity so it's not clear to me
               | that it'll matter.
        
               | actionfromafar wrote:
               | There are huge reserves of the population where
               | contraception isn't a thing. There are so many people
               | alive today, that evolving out intelligence is really
               | hard to imagine. Perhaps in some kind of far future
               | science fiction "robots spoonfeeding drooling humanoids"
               | scenario.
        
             | shakna wrote:
             | Less than more. Most of the early hominids crossbred. For
             | as much violence as there was, there was also a lot of sex.
             | 
             | Less extinction, and more evolution.
        
           | strogonoff wrote:
           | Considering human intelligence is very social, I wonder if
           | bias to focus on individual humans leads us to a wrong way of
           | understanding why it arose...
           | 
           | One of my pet theories is that it may be related to vocal
           | cord development[0], where losing certain physiology that
           | allows apes to be _louder_ allowed humans to be _more
           | specific_ , if quieter, with enhanced pitch control and
           | stability offering higher information density communication.
           | This unlocks more complex societal interactions and detailed
           | shared maps. (In Iain McGilchrist's terms, it let the
           | Emissary--the part of the brain shown to specialize in
           | classification and pattern recognition, the requisite
           | building blocks for efficient communication--to take
           | priority.)
           | 
           | This is an example highlighting how it is not about
           | individual humans "becoming smarter", evolving larger brains,
           | etc., but rather about humans becoming capable of working
           | together in more sophisticated ways. In fact, human brain
           | _shrunk_ in the last few thousands of years, in concert with
           | growing size of our societies and labour specialization[1],
           | which in turn in no small part is helped by communication
           | density offered by our vocal cords. Really, humans in this
           | way are closer ants[2], where being part of human community
           | is the defining part of our nature.
           | 
           | [0] https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/11/how-
           | quirk-of...
           | 
           | [1] https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240517-the-human-
           | brain-...
           | 
           | [2] Ants that farm and have stronger division of labour have
           | smaller brains: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-
           | nature/how-ants-becam...
        
             | AlotOfReading wrote:
             | Depending on which factors you weigh most heavily,
             | sociality theories usually fit into either individual or
             | group selection categories. They're sort of the default
             | consensus, but not one that's firm.
             | 
             | Your idea would be what's called a spandrel hypothesis,
             | basically that language (or culture etc) is a side effect
             | of other adaptive traits.
        
               | strogonoff wrote:
               | It is not my idea per se, of course... I only gathered
               | (well, it seems sort of obvious) that, given the
               | overwhelmingly social nature of human intelligence,
               | communication with high information throughput is likely
               | the key differentiator between HS and other apes; the
               | rest was ~1 minute of googling.
               | 
               | As to "side effect", given better communication and
               | consequently cooperation and potential for more complex
               | collectives lead to persistent survival of the species in
               | the environment, they seem like a pretty straightforward
               | evolutionary advantage that would be expected to be
               | naturally selected for in the first place. If anything,
               | chances are in long term the great larynx update is the
               | real side effect, it just happened to be a trait enabling
               | all the above evolutionary advantages.
        
             | Rediscover wrote:
             | > ... vocal cord development ...
             | 
             | I've read, from a few separate sources that were not
             | research papers, something similar that claimed the
             | development was a result of existing in semi-aquatic
             | environments such as home on land but swimming for
             | food/safety. I neither agree or disagree (not my field, I
             | don't possess appropriate background/information), but I do
             | think of it when evolution of vocal cords is mentioned.
             | 
             | I don't recall the sources ATM, possibly something out of
             | CoEvolution Quarterly or Bucky Fuller. Again, not research
             | papers.
        
               | Mitochondriac wrote:
               | Semi-aquatic environments make sense if you look at our
               | brains dependency on DHA (seafood is a rich source) and
               | the hypothesis that our fingers get wrinkly in water
               | after a while to improve grip.
        
               | usrnm wrote:
               | Aren't we a lot more evolved for hunting animals on foot?
               | The whole thing with us losing our fur and sweating with
               | the whole body, adaptations to running and throwing
               | stuff, all of this makes us better hunters, but not
               | necessarilly fushermen.
        
               | m0llusk wrote:
               | The two go together. Living with water requires control
               | of breathing. Hunting animals on land requires strong
               | endurance and probably also an ability to carry water.
        
           | ekianjo wrote:
           | How about if we were the only apes to not fear fire as much
           | and discovered that we get much more nutrients by cooking
           | stuff?
        
             | AlotOfReading wrote:
             | Stone tools predate even the oldest suggestions of
             | intentional fire use by at least a million years, so the
             | cooking hypothesis isn't particularly compelling. Elsewhere
             | in this thread I've also discussed how it's not really an
             | _explanation_ either.
        
               | Theodores wrote:
               | The cooking hypothesis is not well known, however, from
               | what I understand, this was when we went from having big
               | guts and average brains to small guts and big brains. The
               | fossil record of primates is far from complete, but
               | roughly speaking, we have been eating cooked food for a
               | million years.
               | 
               | The stone tools that predate this by a few million years
               | reinforce the cooked food hypothesis in this 'chicken or
               | egg' situation.
        
           | andrewflnr wrote:
           | I hadn't heard the term "spandrel" before, especially not in
           | this context. Makes sense, though.
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)
        
             | rirze wrote:
             | I personally dislike the definitions here-- traits and
             | genetic changes are, by default, unattributed to external
             | pressures. They don't "arise" from the environment, rather
             | the environment selects for traits through
             | survival/reproduction, if applicable.
             | 
             | That means, if a trait is unaffected by the environment,
             | then there's no attribution of why it developed; this is
             | the default state.
             | 
             | I feel often in biology, there's a mindset of figuring out
             | why features developed and that's great for pushing the
             | field but it runs into a limit. Not every trait developed
             | from a environmental pressure.
        
               | andrewflnr wrote:
               | Technically yes, kind of, but if a feature is truly
               | unaffected by the environment, then there's no particular
               | reason it _would_ get fixed, and you have to make the
               | rather shaky assumption that it became widespread purely
               | by chance. Most features have some cost, and the simplest
               | explanation for that feature being widespread is that it
               | has some counteracting benefit that leads to it being
               | selected for. That 's a reasonable first hypothesis, to
               | say the least, which means the "spandrel" hypothesis
               | makes sense as the less common special case.
        
           | bigbrained124 wrote:
           | The only logical pathway is that some genetic mutation or
           | plant-based hallucination allowed for lack of animalistic
           | fear/true context generation within the brain. Understanding
           | that bear/tiger/snake/etc won't kill you in certain
           | circumstances, means you can expend exponentially less
           | calories and focus on building tools etc. It allows for rapid
           | growth across the species in many areas.
        
           | KurSix wrote:
           | This highlights just how little we really know, even with
           | decades of fossil, genetic, and behavioral data. What's
           | always struck me is how intelligence might not have been a
           | linear "goal," but more like a byproduct of other traits that
           | just happened to snowball...
        
           | anal_reactor wrote:
           | I'm a huge fan of the hypothesis that:
           | 
           | 1. Survival is easier in groups
           | 
           | 2. In order to survive in groups, we need to communicate
           | 
           | 3. We communicate using language
           | 
           | 4. Language is directly linked with intelligence
           | 
           | See how computers started displaying intelligence when we
           | taught them our language
        
             | ChrisGreenHeur wrote:
             | all of this applies to monkeys
        
               | anal_reactor wrote:
               | Yes but we were first
        
         | nn3 wrote:
         | chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans evolved intelligence too.
         | They are smarter than most other critters in the jungle. Just
         | all not as much as the lineage that leads to humans.
         | 
         | It's actually quite difficult to define human intelligence.
         | Every time we think we find something unique by humans
         | eventually some animal turns up that can do it too. It may be
         | all just a question of degree and how it's used.
        
           | droopyEyelids wrote:
           | Are there any other animals that have a system of writing?
        
             | dyauspitr wrote:
             | Not even close.
             | 
             | Some great apes can learn to use symbols for communication.
             | Bees can use specific dances to indicate direction and
             | distance.
        
             | nradov wrote:
             | Researchers have taught primates to communicate using
             | sequences of simple symbols. It's sort of like a system of
             | writing but very primitive.
        
             | AngryData wrote:
             | No, but humans didn't have writing up until pretty recently
             | either so I don't think that is a great measure of base
             | intellectual capability.
        
             | victorbjorklund wrote:
             | I dont think any other animal even have language at all (at
             | least not language like we use the word language)
        
             | makeitdouble wrote:
             | The interesting part is how do you research that.
             | 
             | Starting from what should be considered "writing" to how to
             | identify specific artifacts as abstract words.
             | 
             | Some researchers spend years in the forest studying one
             | animal to isolate one single word they're speaking.
             | Understanding other kind of intelligences is a crazy
             | complex task.
        
           | yongjik wrote:
           | From what I've heard, language is unambiguously unique to
           | humans, if you consider grammar an integral part of
           | languages. You can teach chimpanzees hand signs, but they
           | could never make the leap to stringing them together under a
           | coherent rule: something like the difference between "Mom
           | give me cookies" vs "I give mom cookies."
           | 
           | (I'm no expert, so take that with a grain of salt.)
        
             | timschmidt wrote:
             | Cetacean communication obeys Zipf's law:
             | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11797547/
             | 
             | As does house finches: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/d
             | oi/full/10.1098/rspb.202...
             | 
             | Sperm whale codas exhibit contextual and combinatorial
             | structure:
             | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47221-8
             | 
             | Ants have developed symbolic language:
             | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10093743/
             | 
             | Everywhere we look close enough, we find life doing smart
             | things.
        
               | andsoitis wrote:
               | Those are interesting examples. Do you know of a species
               | where ALL of those properties (and more) exist?
        
               | timschmidt wrote:
               | Likely all of the ones named, and more. These are just a
               | sampling of papers and not at all exhaustive.
        
             | adgjlsfhk1 wrote:
             | proto-grammers are fairly common.
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_(parrot) for example
             | shows that parrots are capable of understanding English
             | word order to some extent.
        
             | rishav_sharan wrote:
             | Don't think so. Whales and dolphins seem to have a fairly
             | sophisticated language with regional dialects and accents.
        
             | nylonstrung wrote:
             | Bee "dance" communication is remarkably sophisticated and
             | precise
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waggle_dance?wprov=sfla1
        
             | whimsicalism wrote:
             | Unique to modern humans, maybe. But that's only because we
             | outcompeted/killed all of our sibling species that also
             | spoke language. Denisovans likely had language as well.
        
         | azakai wrote:
         | It might just be that we evolved it first. Someone has to (if
         | anyone does).
        
         | Razengan wrote:
         | Who says they didn't?
         | 
         | What would "intelligence" _look_ like WHILE it was evolving?
         | 
         | A slightly more unsettling thought: How would newly-emerging
         | intelligence FEEL like, internally?
         | 
         | Also, how would humans fare if born and raised in the wild,
         | without any language or tools taught to them?
        
           | throwaway173738 wrote:
           | I can extrapolate based on my toddler that a modern human
           | dumped in the wild would invent language. He has made several
           | phonemes that aren't in the language we speak at home. And
           | he's clever enough that even though he's never seen us stand
           | on furniture, he still climbs drawers and chairs if there's
           | something he wants that's out of reach. I think that tool use
           | and language are borne of some innate drive that's
           | accelerated by culture.
        
             | Razengan wrote:
             | > _He has made several phonemes that aren't in the language
             | we speak at home._
             | 
             | No I mean absolutely zero contact with or help from modern
             | (say since the last 10,000 years) human civilization.
             | 
             | I mean literally giving birth in a forest and then raising
             | the baby there without ever speaking a word around it or
             | showing it any tools etc.
             | 
             | (this assumes that it will survive to 1-2 years old without
             | any fatal sickness etc. but let's say that the
             | mother/parents will get just enough "outside" help to make
             | sure it does, but the baby itself is not to come in contact
             | with any tech or language)
        
               | hmm37 wrote:
               | I'm pretty sure there were children where the parents
               | basically locked them in cages or chained them to a post
               | in the basement, where they had almost no social contact,
               | etc. And in these cases they were considered effectively
               | mentally disabled by the time they were rescued.
        
               | throwaway173738 wrote:
               | That's different. He's not saying to totally isolate the
               | child, but that the child is born to modern humans
               | without any language or culture or knowledge but who live
               | in a wilderness. So not a place of deprivation but a
               | place of danger and exploration. I would argue that kids
               | are wired to explore, and that the parents would do their
               | best to protect the child. It's kind of a useless thought
               | experiment because our lineages stretch back unbroken to
               | the beginning of life, and that includes culture and
               | transmitted knowledge.
        
           | shermantanktop wrote:
           | Given that the future human is different than you are today,
           | they could ask you the same questions. How does it FEEL for
           | you to communicate worldwide with an HN post, but not yet
           | have the ability to (insert advanced capability here).
           | 
           | Every one of our evolutionary ancestors was the best human
           | yet, just like we are.
        
             | Razengan wrote:
             | > _Given that the future human is different than you are
             | today, they could ask you the same questions. How does it
             | FEEL for you to communicate worldwide.._
             | 
             | No no no, I don't mean going from already
             | intelligent/sentient/sapient to MORE intelligent....
             | 
             | I mean, going from the levels of intelligence/awareness we
             | see in insects - fish - chickens and cattle - monkeys/apes
             | - what we consider "actual" intelligence as seen in humans.
             | 
             | Evolution of anything is obviously not some simple boolean
             | switch: It's not like one day you're a full fish and the
             | next day you give birth to an amphibian with legs.
             | 
             | But how would the gradual evolution of intelligence _look_
             | and _feel_ like?
             | 
             | Going from what we consider animals to be, to having
             | awareness and introspective thoughts and future planning?
             | 
             | Is it like, do you have just 1 thought per day at first,
             | 
             | or can only count up to 3 for a few thousand years,
             | 
             | only plan for up to 1 day ahead, and remember that plan for
             | only a few hours...
             | 
             | And when do all the clearly self-destructive things kick
             | in, that we Modern Humans(tm) do that obviously harm
             | individuals and the species? :)
        
               | shermantanktop wrote:
               | I guess I see it as a continuum. My cats are clearly not
               | as smart as a human, but they remember and they have
               | independent thoughts. Presumably they wouldn't feel
               | inadequate compared to a human, since they get everything
               | they could possibly want and we do the work. But it's
               | highly unlikely that they are smart enough to have that
               | self-reflective thought.
               | 
               | Humans have the gift of understanding, but our lives are
               | filled with things we either don't really understand or
               | that we have an illusion of understanding. Of course, we
               | wonder "why does evil exist?" whereas cats wonder "when
               | is dinnertime?"
        
         | hiatus wrote:
         | I have no expertise in the field whatsoever but can't help but
         | wonder if it is at all related to our consumption of cooked
         | foods. At the very least it reduces the incidence of parasites
         | but I am sure there are myriad benefits beyond treating foods
         | for longevity through methods like smoking.
        
           | throwaway173738 wrote:
           | I have zero expertise either, but I find this field
           | fascinating. Cooking makes it easier to chew so we can devote
           | less of our skulls to chewing muscles. At birth our skulls
           | are barely small enough to fit through the birth canal in one
           | orientation, and one of the prerequisites for a baby to be
           | born is that it's facing head down and shoulders rotated into
           | that orientation. Maybe cooking is beneficial because it
           | allowed us to have a bigger braincase but also it gave us
           | access to more nutrients from the same food.
        
         | dyauspitr wrote:
         | That question is analogous to asking why did some fish grow
         | legs and become mammals.
         | 
         | The answer is mutations sometimes specific members of a group
         | will gain a mutation that will overtime cause that group to
         | split off away from the ancestor group. It's all a matter of
         | chance evolution doesn't have a direction.
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | Multiple lines of mammals have independently evolved back
           | into being marine life. Whales, seals and manatees do not
           | have a common ancestor, for example.
        
             | mouse_8b wrote:
             | They do have a common ancestor, it's just not a marine
             | mammal.
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | > not a marine mammal
               | 
               | which is the point. They were not evolved from the same
               | species of land animal.
        
         | naasking wrote:
         | All apes are intelligent. Studies have shown that their causal
         | reasoning is almost on par with humans. What they seem to lack
         | is language for communicating sophisticated concepts and
         | persisting them across generations.
        
           | inavida wrote:
           | Thank you. One person. One person is able to question the
           | narrative of human intelligence and arrive at the essential
           | distinction. Maybe a reflexive habit of mind that seeks to
           | find differences between the human and the other and is
           | incapable of seeing the other in the human.
        
         | bigbrained124 wrote:
         | I think everyone overlooks fungi/plant's impact of
         | evolution/adaptation.
         | 
         | Survival of the fittest never includes the gene impacts plants
         | and fungi can force onto creatures.
         | 
         | Also cyclical 12kyr catastrophic events leading to small
         | condensation of species under stress.
        
         | kouru225 wrote:
         | I think this is actually an easy question to answer because
         | you've accidentally preselected your demographics.
         | 
         | Imagine this: among primates, there is an even distribution of
         | species of differing levels of intelligence. All the primates
         | who became intelligent have similar evolution paths because
         | intelligence defines their evolution path (opposable thumbs,
         | large heads, standing upright, etc.) Then because they all have
         | similar evolution paths we put all those into the genus "Homo."
         | Each of species of the genus Homo eventually either breeds with
         | each other or genocides one another until there are only the
         | Homo Sapiens left.
         | 
         | So with an even distribution of intelligence among all
         | primates, it's logical that, given enough time, all that is
         | left are primates of sufficient intelligence enough to breed
         | with each other or be genocided until there is only one
         | species, or many species of primates who weren't intelligent
         | enough.
         | 
         | This is my guess (I'm not a biologist or ancient historian or
         | anything)
        
         | flohofwoe wrote:
         | No other intelligent humanoids have survived besides us, so
         | maybe just a really clever survival strategy ;)
        
         | w10-1 wrote:
         | They don't compete with us directly, so they survived.
         | 
         | We destroyed the many other humanoid/intelligent species, who
         | did compete with us.
        
         | Agraillo wrote:
         | It's an interesting question, but maybe more complex than it
         | appears. We cannot get rid of the cultural passing of
         | information (non-genetic) in humans. If we do, we get feral
         | children [1] (also known as Mowgli in popular culture). But I
         | doubt anyone would seriously want to compare this "pure"
         | intelligence with that of other primates. There is a possible
         | agreement that socialization is not an option for humans but a
         | requirement. Maybe if by some bad luck feral children were
         | grouped together for some time, this might be an approximation,
         | but I'm not sure. Overall, using computers as an analogy, it's
         | like humans are only functional after the software installation
         | following the first power-on, which is more or less required
         | for normal activity.
         | 
         | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_child
        
           | ViktorRay wrote:
           | This may not be entirely accurate. Feral children are those
           | that do not have interaction with other humans.
           | 
           | If you had a bunch of human children together and provided
           | them sustenance and all that without adult interaction they
           | might still develop normally and form their own language and
           | means of communication with each other.
           | 
           | We don't know for sure because such an experiment would be
           | horrible and extremely immoral. However I do remember reading
           | a while back that a similar situation happened where a bunch
           | of deaf children in a an environment without much adult
           | interaction did manage to create their own sign language to
           | communicate with each other.
           | 
           | So it seems the feral child phenomena might be due to the
           | fact that the child is alone rather than simply due to the
           | child not having adult interaction.
        
         | atbvu wrote:
         | I'm just curious. Not all animals can evolve into humans. And
         | many animals today have very high intelligence, we just don't
         | know about it.
        
         | tjs8rj wrote:
         | Is an individual human raised alone significantly smarter than
         | a chimp?
         | 
         | How much of the intelligence gap is culture and communication
         | that lets us educate ourselves and compound knowledge vs
         | biology? Homo lived for thousands and thousands of years with
         | the same level of development as other apes
        
           | hollerith wrote:
           | Since it is impossible to instill human culture into a chimp
           | (and scientists certainly have tried) there must be some
           | important biological differences between people and chimps.
        
         | goodmunky wrote:
         | Their biology simply filled a different ecological niche more
         | effectively, it's the same for all life.
        
         | nvlled wrote:
         | A semi-serious tinfoiled answer:
         | 
         | Humans are a protected species, carefully raised and nurtured
         | by higher organisms that are hundred thousand times larger than
         | us (in terms of space and time). The earth and solar system is
         | just a vivarium of galactic scale. Several "glass wall"
         | mechanisms were placed to ensure we are separated from the rest
         | of the universe, like the oort cloud.
         | 
         | Somewhere out there in the universe are humans living freely
         | outside the glass wall.
        
         | textlapse wrote:
         | A curious-er question to me would be how did cephalopods
         | (octopuses, cuttlefish) develop sophisticated intelligence a
         | few hundred million years before 'we' did separately from us?
         | 
         | And they still are alongside us right now. Which to me is
         | fascinating.
        
         | mouse_8b wrote:
         | Why did birds evolve flight and people didn't?
         | 
         | The other apes are intelligent enough for their niche. At some
         | point in humanity's past, the environment was harsh enough that
         | the less intelligent ones died.
        
       | KurSix wrote:
       | Always worth asking how much these reconstructions reflect
       | reality vs the assumptions built into the models
        
         | _petronius wrote:
         | If a thought like this has occurred to you, a dilettante, after
         | reading a headline and/or cursorily glancing over the article,
         | then you should assume that a study conducted by people with
         | substantial academic training and deep expertise in the field
         | have also had this thought and incorporated it into how they
         | perform their analysis.
         | 
         | Drive-by anti-intellectualism like this is the death of
         | interesting conversation, truly.
        
           | like_any_other wrote:
           | In an ideal world, you would be right. In this world, I just
           | read a study (that passed peer review), where they took per-
           | capita data from a district with 100 people, data from a
           | district with 50.000 people, averaged them without weighing
           | by number of people, then presented the result as the per-
           | capita average for all districts.
           | 
           | That is when they're not outright fabricating data, and
           | having their colleagues cover for them (at _Harvard_ ):
           | 
           |  _In or before 2020, graduate student Zoe Ziani developed
           | concerns about the validity of results from a highly
           | publicized paper by Gino about personal networking. According
           | to Ziani, she was strongly warned by her academic advisers
           | not to criticize Gino, and two members of her dissertation
           | committee refused to approve her thesis unless she deleted
           | criticism of Gino 's paper from it._ -
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Gino
        
             | physicsguy wrote:
             | I reviewed a paper recently that gave an incorrect
             | definition for one of Maxwell's equations and then
             | proceeded to use it incorrectly. It got moved to a lower
             | ranked journal rather than rejected outright. That wasn't
             | the only problem either, half the text was clearly AI
             | generated.
        
           | HelloNurse wrote:
           | Since the "people with substantial academic training and deep
           | expertise in the field" can be bad at statistics or experts
           | at academic fraud, doubting statements with obvious political
           | motives is a prudent policy.
           | 
           | Distrust is science, deferring to authority without a good
           | reason is anti-intellectualism.
        
           | goodmunky wrote:
           | Have you not observed that science is very often politicized,
           | filled with fraud or just plain mistaken? The anti-
           | intellectual position is anti-skepticism.
        
             | andsoitis wrote:
             | Then come with proof or some shred of evidence, rather than
             | asking an unsubstantiated question that undermines the
             | scientific process unnecessarily by trying to insert doubt
             | from a place of zero expertise in the field.
        
               | luxuryballs wrote:
               | I think they call this the appeal to authority fallacy,
               | it's the people without expertise in a field that often
               | see the holes in something first, then the holes start
               | glowing after they get hand waved away by smug narrow-
               | minded experts.
        
               | kalaksi wrote:
               | > it's the people without expertise in a field that often
               | see the holes in something first
               | 
               | While it's obvious that everybody makes mistakes and has
               | blind spots, I'd wager that, in general, being more
               | knowledgeable gives you better tools to spot actual
               | holes.
               | 
               | And sure, experts too can be narrow-minded and smug. Just
               | like everybody else.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | and what are you engaged in, appeal to nothingness?
               | appeal to authority isn't a fallacy outside of formal
               | logic, it is just everyday knowledgemaking.
        
               | onraglanroad wrote:
               | > the people without expertise in a field that often see
               | the holes in something first
               | 
               | No they don't. That never happens. Would you expect
               | someone who knows nothing about programming to identify
               | flaws in a computer language?
               | 
               | Of course not. You expect it will be people who actually
               | understand the field that can identify issues.
        
               | luxuryballs wrote:
               | it can even happen in software engineering but takes
               | different forms, someone outside sees the problem first
               | because they are looking from a different perspective or
               | due to familiarity with some external factor or edge case
               | of their environment
        
           | whimsicalism wrote:
           | welcome to hacker news :)
        
           | physicsguy wrote:
           | > then you should assume that a study conducted by people
           | with substantial academic training and deep expertise in the
           | field have also had this thought and incorporated it into how
           | they perform their analysis.
           | 
           | You should sit in some academic meetings and paper drafting
           | e-mail chains! There's a degree of believing the best in
           | people but in my experience that can unfortunately be
           | misplaced in science.
        
       | ebg1223 wrote:
       | doctor banjo?
        
       | bradley13 wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
         | kakacik wrote:
         | [flagged]
        
           | sho_hn wrote:
           | It's really not particularly anti-China imho, as indeed the
           | West has its own brand of this in American Exceptionalism in
           | general. We from smaller countries sometimes call this Big
           | Country Syndrome.
           | 
           | It's true that China has a lot of affection for the _Out of
           | Asia_ theory of human origin, and to this day there are
           | museums dedicated to the _Peking Man_ that are at the very
           | least heavily suggestive of this, or at least of China 's
           | population having a distinct origin.
           | 
           | Cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_Man
           | 
           | Books and reams of sociology papers can and have been written
           | about the relationship between CCP policy and the _Peking
           | Man_ and the CCPs difficulty with adjusting to today 's
           | generally preferred _Out of Africa_ theory, and the effect on
           | Chinese scientists working in anthropology. HN favorite Jimmy
           | Maher (Digital /Analog Antiquarian) has a lovely line of free
           | amateur history books including an excellent one on China
           | that has a chapter on this:
           | 
           | https://analog-
           | antiquarian.net/2022/01/14/chapter-2-origin-s...
           | 
           | I think it's a useful approach to contemporary Chinese
           | identity. Nothing anti about that, any good-natured attempt
           | to grok China would include this, just as no diatribe on
           | America is complete without mentioning the 30-something % of
           | Americans who state belief in some form of Creationism when
           | polled.
        
           | vintermann wrote:
           | I don't think less of China for containing a, shall we say,
           | "patriotic" paleoanthropology community. Not any more than I
           | think less of the US for the Book of Mormon being a thing.
           | God knows we have these subcultures in Europe too.
           | 
           | But it is a thing and you need to be aware of it. A result
           | from China which seems to support an out of China theory
           | rather than an out of Africa theory, I am immediately
           | suspicious of.
           | 
           | And you know, just because you and I don't bristle at the
           | thought of descending from ancient Kenyans, lots of other
           | people all over the world do. It's not just "regular"
           | racists, also a lot of e.g. indigenous protected groups.
        
             | whimsicalism wrote:
             | Given what we now know about backmigration and intermixing
             | (particularly with Denisovans), it's really not coherent to
             | say any "out of" theory is the Truth.
             | 
             | Sure, modern homo sapiens outside of Africa are all
             | descendants of a founding group that left Africa, but they
             | are also descendants of hominids who returned to Africa
             | from elsewhere as well as local hominid populations that
             | had left Africa far earlier (like Neanderthals and
             | Denisovans).
        
               | Retric wrote:
               | Out of Africa has meaningful consequences even if people
               | mixed back in. For example our closest evolutionary
               | cousins should barring evidence to the contrary also tend
               | to hail from Africa as well.
               | 
               | It's that kind of reasoning that makes it important to
               | try and be accurate here. Not a fact in isolation but
               | everything else that it implies.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | It's all a matter of how far back you look.
        
               | Retric wrote:
               | The time period you look at also informs what you can
               | extract from that analysis. So it's not an arbitrary
               | choice free from consequences.
        
           | petercooper wrote:
           | _do Americans think higher about Europe just because
           | ancestors of many of them came from there? Not happening._
           | 
           | I agree with you on the Sinophobia, but interest in the
           | British royal family/British history generally and interest
           | in Irish heritage are extremely common among groups of
           | Americans. Most British visitors to the US can attest to how
           | their accent is interpreted and affects treatment, in a
           | positive sense, too.
        
           | dang wrote:
           | Please don't respond to a bad comment by breaking the site
           | guidelines yourself. That only makes things worse.
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
         | curseofcasandra wrote:
         | > I'm not convinced that this is any sort of neutral analysis
         | 
         | Did you actually read the article? Nowhere does it suggest that
         | anyone is claiming that China is the origin of Homo Sapiens.
         | This million old skull discovered in China is not Homo Sapien,
         | but related to Denisoven. It's scientifically interesting since
         | it suggests two things
         | 
         | 1. Homo sapiens have existed longer than we previously thought.
         | 
         | 2. Homo Sapiens may have come out of Western Asia, not Africa.
         | But China is not in West Asia...
         | 
         | Please find other articles to fit into your the-Chinese-are-
         | supremacist narrative. This one is not relevant.
        
           | gus_massa wrote:
           | I mostly agree. Direct link to the paper
           | https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado9202
           | 
           | I'm not an anthropologist and not even close, so a lot of
           | uninformed opinions:
           | 
           | It has a few nice photos of the skull. It looks quite
           | complete. 90%? And the reconstruction look accurate for my
           | untrained eye, because there are few parts to guess,
           | specially if you assume the skull is (almost) symmetrical.
           | 
           | I'm not sure if it's possible to cheat and give it an
           | additional 1% or 2% of brain volume, but I guess it's not
           | possible to give it a 10% more brain volume. Anyway, the
           | volume is quite small compared to modern humans, that is not
           | surprising because it's quite old.
           | 
           | IIUC figure 4 shows 3 big branches: Neanderthal (Europe???),
           | Longi (Asia???) and Sapiens (Africa???). (Add a fee "???"
           | here if necessary.) And the new fossil is in the "Longi"
           | branch.
           | 
           | So as you say it may be an older than expected side chain, or
           | something like that.
           | 
           | [Happy to get any corrections or more details.]
        
         | slightwinder wrote:
         | But the analytics were not made in China or by a Chinese
         | researcher. So unless they tampered with the skull's age
         | somehow, they would have little influence here.
        
           | matt_kantor wrote:
           | Twelve of the paper's thirteen authors (all except Chris
           | Stringer) are shown as working in China according to
           | https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado9202 (click
           | "Authors Info & Affiliations" near the top), and the research
           | was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of
           | China.
        
             | whimsicalism wrote:
             | someone call Joe McCarthy
        
               | matt_kantor wrote:
               | To be clear I don't mean to imply anything about possible
               | biases or ulterior motives or whatnot. I was merely
               | responding to "the analytics were not made in China or by
               | a Chinese researcher" (which seems factually incorrect,
               | unless I misunderstood something).
        
         | martinclayton wrote:
         | I have to admit I thought it might be "like that" before I read
         | the article. But I don't think Chris Stringer would be a co-
         | author on the paper if there was an issue of bias.
         | 
         | While this work is impressive, it is just one skull and, as the
         | article points out, seems statistically anomalous, and
         | therefore interesting.
        
         | whimsicalism wrote:
         | Dismissing out of hand because it's from China is ridiculous
         | but speaks to the jingoistic times we are living in,
         | particularly when this is a Denisovan skull.
         | 
         | Legitimately saddens me to see such a low-info reply at the
         | top. Highly recommend people read "who we are and how we got
         | here" - it provides a lot of great context to discoveries like
         | this.
        
         | hopelite wrote:
         | [flagged]
        
           | exe34 wrote:
           | you might well be right in most of this, but how do you get
           | from OOA to "black Africans are more primitive"?
           | 
           | isn't the same nonsense debunked every time with "all living
           | species are equally modern in that they share common
           | ancestors, they didn't descend from one another"?
        
             | hopelite wrote:
             | Maybe I missed the mark, but the point is that just because
             | China makes a claim does not mean it should be
             | automatically dismissed because they have a supposed
             | superiority complex. I mean there are many on this planet
             | who have superiority complexes, and far more consequential
             | and imposing ones at that...by far...but that does not mean
             | we should/can just dismiss what comes out of China. Test
             | it, challenge it in a truly scientific manner...sure...but
             | don't just apply ones own superiority complex to project a
             | superiority complex on others. What if they are correct and
             | accurate in their claim?
             | 
             | It is simply not a fair, honest, or decent thing to do and
             | often comes from a superiority complex itself that seems to
             | be projected on others in direct correlation to the degree
             | of intensity of the superiority complex.
        
               | exe34 wrote:
               | that seems unconnected to what I wrote?
               | 
               | (I agree with it, just seems like a non-sequitur...)
        
           | libertine wrote:
           | > The interesting and exciting thing about China and Asia in
           | general is that it does not suffer from the diabolical and
           | evil brainwashing and psychological abuse that the whole
           | "west" has been subjected to for many generations now, but
           | especially post WWII.
           | 
           | Hold on a second, China and Asia in general don't suffer from
           | diabolical and evil brainwashing and psychological abuse,
           | since when?
           | 
           | China doesn't even acknowledge its own Historical events, and
           | this has been a recurring pattern of diabolical and evil
           | brainwashing and psychological abuse. Should we even address
           | Russia goofy propaganda of mystical creatures?
           | 
           | Why should it be expected that everyone shouldn't be cautious
           | of claims coming from a place where Historical revisionism is
           | part of their culture?
           | 
           | Have you even checked the rates of fraudulent paper
           | submissions?
        
           | dang wrote:
           | Please don't respond to a bad comment by breaking the site
           | guidelines yourself. That only makes things worse.
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
         | dang wrote:
         | Please don't start nationalistic flamewars on HN. It's not what
         | this site is for, and destroys what it is for.
         | 
         | If you'd please review
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html and stick to
         | the rules when posting here, we'd appreciate it.
        
       | z3t4 wrote:
       | When the average life span was something like 30 years, why do
       | all images look like they are 60+ years old? Is it a cognitive
       | bias that we assume that people that are tens of thousands years
       | old also look really old? :P
        
         | jdthedisciple wrote:
         | classic misunderstanding of avg
         | 
         | avg of 30 usually just means higher child death rates
         | 
         | once adult you would likely still get to 50+ on avg
        
       | ineedaj0b wrote:
       | I always felt Chinese.
       | 
       | A lot of people here seem remiss to accept this but the claim was
       | made, I think around 2018? And now the international community
       | has gone and doubled checked - and it seems legitimate. 2025: the
       | mainstream belief of descension changes.
       | 
       | What other base beliefs do you hold that will likely be false?
       | 
       | I can think of 5+. Our ancestors thought a lot of things for
       | certain and died never knowing. Technological advancement is so
       | fast nowadays, I hope we get to live through more.
        
       | moomoo11 wrote:
       | (Off topic) I'd like to think we get periodic impact events that
       | put some new "code" on the planet and we get new species. That
       | would be kinda dope.
        
         | mouse_8b wrote:
         | That's just creationism.
        
       | tsoukase wrote:
       | At every chronological estimation they should append 'at least as
       | old as' while they present their results. You never know if
       | something older comes up later.
        
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