[HN Gopher] What does it mean to be thirsty?
___________________________________________________________________
What does it mean to be thirsty?
Author : pseudolus
Score : 134 points
Date : 2025-08-11 23:03 UTC (23 hours ago)
(HTM) web link (www.quantamagazine.org)
(TXT) w3m dump (www.quantamagazine.org)
| JSR_FDED wrote:
| I have the opposite problem, after one glass of water I feel full
| and drinking any more makes me nauseous. It's a struggle to get
| sufficient hydration during the day.
| WalterGR wrote:
| How many ounces consumed over how many minutes?
| noman-land wrote:
| Don't drink the whole glass at once?
| jiggawatts wrote:
| Try adding a rehydrating powder mix, the same stuff they use
| for treating diarrhoea. It's just salts, glucose, and citric
| acid. It is hugely more hydrating than plain water, with a much
| faster onset of feeling relief from intense thirst.
|
| Sports drinks are basically the same thing, but with excess
| sugars for "energy" (and weight gain).
| pazimzadeh wrote:
| try carbonated water +/- lemon juice
| ykonstant wrote:
| A good choice if you have a carbonating machine; just take
| care of your teeth afterwards, especially if you add lemon
| juice.
| WA wrote:
| You gotta clarify what "take care of your teeth afterwards"
| means, because brushing your teeth after eating lemons is
| the worst thing you can do. Best thing is to do absolutely
| nothing.
| ykonstant wrote:
| Rinse with plenty of water.
| move-on-by wrote:
| What are your thoughts on cows milk? There are a number of
| studies suggesting it's better at hydration than plain water
| regardless of skim vs. whole.
| moi2388 wrote:
| First off, it doesn't have to be plain water. Secondly, the two
| liters a day was two liters of moisture, not drinking two
| liters a day; food is included in this amount
| Steve44 wrote:
| > food is included in this amount
|
| When my wife was ill a few years ago the doctor suggested
| Angel Delight[1] to help maintain fluids. Until then it
| hadn't occurred to me you're still effectively drinking half
| a pint of milk when you eat a bowl.
|
| [1] It's an instant dessert / mousse that you mix up with
| milk. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Delight
| avalys wrote:
| I'm so interested in this topic, for a weird reason.
|
| Since I was a kid, I've thought I was "prone to migraines", and
| ascribed various triggers to them - sun exposure, heat, physical
| exertion, mental exertion, etc. I'd get a migraine sometimes
| after a long hike on a weekend - and also a long business meeting
| entirely indoors in an air-conditioned space.
|
| Only when I was around 35, did I figure something out. All these
| situations lead to me getting dehydrated without any obvious
| accompanying feeling of thirst. Hiking all day will do it -
| walking around an outdoor shopping mall on a hot afternoon - or
| sitting in an all-day business meeting focused on the work at
| hand and forgetting to drink. And all these situations lead to a
| migraine - my only "migraine" trigger is simple dehydration,
| nothing more complicated.
|
| The weird thing is, it took me a long time (decades) to put this
| together, because I just figured that I couldn't be dehydrated if
| I wasn't thirsty, and I had no association between "feeling
| thirsty" and getting a migraine.
|
| I get what I consider normally thirsty in other circumstances,
| but somehow there's a failure mode where my body doesn't warn me.
| So now I just remember to chug lots of water (and electrolytes)
| if I'm exerting myself even if I don't really feel thirsty, and I
| can systematically avoid triggering migraines.
|
| Now that I understand it the association is quite clear and
| obvious in retrospect.
| zeta0134 wrote:
| You might as well be my dream self writing a journal, because
| this describes my experience 1:1. It's kindof wild how long it
| took me to realize that I wasn't overheating at night due to
| the weather or the A/C being broken, but simply due to needing
| more water. That's one of my strongest signs as it turns out.
|
| I don't know what "thirst" feels like at all! It's weird
| because I _do_ feel hunger. If I forget to actually eat, my
| stomach kicks my brain and refuses to let me concentrate until
| I fix it. Hydration has no equivalent, and in retrospect, it 's
| no wonder I was suffering headaches and nausea all through
| college on my diet of mostly soda. After I switched to water as
| my primary beverage things improved dramatically, but it's not
| perfect. I still have to watch the signs and pay attention, or
| I'll dehydrate myself by simply forgetting to drink.
| tasuki wrote:
| > I don't know what "thirst" feels like at all! It's weird
| because I do feel hunger.
|
| (I'm not an expert so take with a grain of salt)
|
| This is it! Your hunger! It's actually thirst! When you're
| "hungry", try drinking a glass of water first. (Some people
| use this trick to lose weight, others, to stay hydrated...)
| olup wrote:
| I can't relate more. I am also prone to ophthalmic migraines
| and have the same tendency to not be thirsty, to the amazement
| of the people I usually trek or live with. Only recently (35
| and a kidney stone) did I gather that I might actually be in
| need of water even without feelings of thirst. I have never
| made a connection with migraines, and that might not be it for
| me but reading you makes me want to pay attention.
| keeda wrote:
| Maybe a related point is that hangovers, of which headaches are
| likely the most common symptom, are caused in a large part by
| dehydration as well as electrolyte imbalance.
| tasuki wrote:
| A friend of mine always goes around parties and tells
| everyone to stay hydrated. It always feels completely out of
| place, and also it's saved me from many hangovers...
| m463 wrote:
| I just remember reading that adults start to lose their ability
| to sense thirst.
|
| Wikipedia says 50:
|
| _In adults over the age of 50 years, the body 's thirst
| sensation reduces and continues diminishing with age, putting
| this population at increased risk of dehydration._
|
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirst#Elderly
| tasuki wrote:
| Tangential: I remember when I was a kid, adults always told
| me to drink more. Apparently I never drank enough, but I
| don't think it's ever caused me any problems. As an adult, I
| started drinking a lot of water - I drink easily 4 liters a
| day. Not even sure why. And now I always tell my kid to
| hydrate...
| benchly wrote:
| I remember the same. As I approach 50, I do notice that I
| feel much more tired and mentally foggy when I fail to
| remember my daily water bottles. I've had to develop
| specific routines that help me remember to fill/drink my
| water bottle which goes pretty much everywhere with me. For
| being such a necessity, it sure is an oddly hard thing to
| remember to do.
|
| I think adults tell kid-me to drink more water was a way of
| trying to get me to just develop a habit with it, since
| they understood the seemingly paradoxical struggle of
| keeping hydrated at their age.
| TimorousBestie wrote:
| > As an adult, I started drinking a lot of water - I drink
| easily 4 liters a day. Not even sure why.
|
| Excessive thirst and urination is a potential symptom of
| diabetes, might want to get that checked out.
| dghughes wrote:
| I'm 56 now and I'd agree. I bike in the summer for exercise
| and I drink while on the go as needed. I always got a
| headache after exercising. A regular headache not a migraine
| (never had one).
|
| My discovery was Pedialyte it's meant for children but it's
| like the adult version or Gatorade. I drink it before I
| exercise and also drink as needed. I feel normal no headaches
| not dehydrated.
|
| edit: I also have hypothyroidism so my hypothalamus must also
| be crap at regulating my thirst maybe?
| williamdclt wrote:
| It's a big problem for the elderlies, it snowballs into
| serious issues. Don't feel thirst -> be dehydrated -> UTI ->
| hospital.
|
| And having to be stay at a hospital for a length of time for
| any reason is very much Not Good for an elderly person. Other
| illnesses, muscle atrophy, disorientation, loneliness,
| cognitive decline...
| walthamstow wrote:
| If my mum wasn't English she would have shrivelled and died
| of dehydration many years ago. There's a lot of water in 15
| daily cups of tea.
| Snacklive wrote:
| YES YES i get migraines and it's my body saying "Hey you need
| more water to function you know ?" usually i don't feel any
| thirst nor hunger, although, i do get hungry more often, but i
| can last a day without food before my head starts to hurt
| lithocarpus wrote:
| Same here - there are other feelings than a dry mouth or
| "feeling thirsty" that tell me I need more water. The slight
| beginning of a headache for example, or feeling a little bit
| dizzy, or many other things. I guess I could call these
| "feeling thirsty" since I now know when I feel these things
| that I probably need water and that's how I interpret them.
| dazzawazza wrote:
| When I was in my 20s I realized I had lost the thirst signal. I
| never felt thirsty. I guessed this was because I lived a
| comfortable life and I had lost this signal in the noise of
| modern life.
|
| So I set about deliberately retraining myself. I stopped
| drinking everything but water (and beer, because life) I'd
| exercise (and sweat) and then drink water. I retrained my
| body/mind to savour the pleasantness of drinking water when
| dehydrated and after a year of conscious effort I more or less
| recovered the sense of "thirst" and would pre-emptively desire
| drinking water.
|
| We are pretty simple machines.
| rootsudo wrote:
| It took me to teenagehood and then finally around the same time
| did I link it togtether.
|
| Glad to know I'm not the only one and I do wonder how I missed
| this obvious step. Lately I've been doing electrolytes/water
| cliche of pocari sweat/etc and it really helps focus, weight,
| energy, etc.
| arethuza wrote:
| I used to work for an industrial company that had a lot of
| plants which, by the nature of the work they did, were often
| extremely hot - a lot of them had urine colour charts in the
| toilets to try and warn people about dehydration.
| Pooge wrote:
| I think I have the same problem. I'm ever dehydrated now, but
| if I am I can tell something is wrong because my head starts to
| feel fuzzy (don't even know if it's the right word).
|
| I used to get really bad migraines and a neurologist gave me a
| prescription. The only time I used it I felt like absolute
| shit. Never took another one.
|
| Now I always have my 700ml flask with me.
| kruffalon wrote:
| I'm probably misunderstanding the article or you, but as I
| understand it you are talking about different things.
|
| The article talks about the proportions between water and
| sodium, while you are talking about just filling up the tank
| with both.
|
| I too drink water with sodium (and a few other salts) to
| relieve oncoming migraines but this has to be something else
| than the article is talking about.
| kruffalon wrote:
| Nvm, sitting with it for a bit I realise that when I drink
| salty water and it relieves my migraine my body needs either
| salts or water and by giving it both it takes what it needs
| and gets rid of the other.
| thefz wrote:
| > I just figured that I couldn't be dehydrated if I wasn't
| thirsty
|
| When did you last pee and what color?
| SneakyMission wrote:
| 15 years ago, blue.
| beingfit wrote:
| > I just figured that I couldn't be dehydrated if I wasn't
| thirsty
|
| This is what I learned, but from others online. I also learned
| that sometimes our body/mind may mistake thirst for hunger and
| we may end up eating some food instead of just drinking water
| (this is generalizing things a bit). This made me a little more
| aware of what I think of as hunger signals and I started
| tracking water intake (other than from food) everyday.
|
| BTW, a tiny nitpick: it's "led", not "lead", when you talking
| about the past.
| avalys wrote:
| As a stickler for spelling myself, I had to go back and
| check. I meant that sentence in the present tense as these
| situations continue to occur.
| amelius wrote:
| I had a similar moment of enlightenment when I found out that
| depressive feelings can be caused by a lack of sleep.
| lemonberry wrote:
| This 1000x. Anytime I get depressed my first response now is
| I need more sleep. Not to say that this is the answer for
| everyone, but yeah, I've noticed the same thing.
| geden wrote:
| I also discovered that dehydration was a migraine trigger for
| me. I tend not to get big headaches now but get quite intense
| visual aura / disturbance.
|
| Interestingly I also discovered that electrolyte supplements
| were also migraine triggers for me.
|
| Leading me to think that electrolyte imbalance was the actually
| trigger. Caused by too little water increasing the
| concentration or added salts increasing it.
|
| I tend not to feel thirst very strongly and think I do often
| confuse it with hunger.
|
| I pay loose attention to urine colour as a gauge and make sure
| I drink plenty, kinda robotically when playing sports / walking
| in heat etc.
| hackitup7 wrote:
| A quick note for people responding, you might have a mild form
| of vascular dysregulation or flammer's syndrome. It can
| manifest as migraines and a decreased sensation of thirst, as
| well as other symptoms like cold extremities.
|
| Afaik it's pretty harmless in general but it is associated with
| certain vision issues (normal tension glaucoma). Glaucoma is
| _irreversible_ but has many treatment options especially if
| caught early. But you MUST go in for a (fast, cheap, painless)
| screening to catch it, it 's really hard to detect unless there
| are issues otherwise. Please consider this if you really are
| showing a lot of these symptoms.
|
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammer_syndrome
| a_c wrote:
| I used to have warm and sweaty hands. Since I picked up
| bouldering I realised everyone is using chalk but I hardly
| sweat in my hands (I still sweat). My hands felt colder, and
| I don't feel thirsty that if I don't drink enough water it
| triggers headache. Took me quite some time to associate the
| headache with dehydration. Thanks for the reply. I will try
| to get myself a check up
| avalys wrote:
| How interesting!
|
| I have had mild tinnitus my whole life (with no obvious
| lifestyle cause), and my migraines do often manifest as pain
| / pressure behind the eyelid. But I don't have any of the
| myriad other symptoms listed for Flammer syndrome - I sleep
| fine, my blood pressure is fine, I'm pretty solidly built
| (not underweight), I don't get cold easily, etc.
|
| It is interesting to consider I might some sort of related
| disorder, though!
| hansvm wrote:
| In activities prone to heatstroke, the advice is similar. Even
| for people with normal thirst detection capabilities, by the
| time that you realize you're thirsty it's likely too late. You
| need to be proactive about drinking enough water.
| dkarl wrote:
| I grew up in a hot climate spending a lot of time outdoors, and
| I was educated about staying hydrated from a young age.
|
| Still, like you, when I get symptoms of dehydration, I don't
| feel any intuitive connection with the need to drink, and I
| often don't feel any urge to drink at all. I have to remind
| myself to drink even though I don't want to.
|
| It's weird. You'd think something so essential for life would
| have a better regulator.
| bearl wrote:
| Notice peeing. That's my hack. It can be used as a
| dehydration monitor, not just frequency and volume but color
| especially is informative.
| shagmin wrote:
| The US military drilled it into my head during boot camp in
| Texas in the late summer - pay attention to the color.
| jmmv wrote:
| Hah, same. I recently started getting many more back to back
| meetings than usual and, by lunchtime, I had a headache most
| days. It took me a while to realize that, while I'm at my desk,
| I keep drinking from the huge water bottle that I keep there,
| but when I go to meetings, I don't. I started carrying the
| bottle with me (when I remember) and the headaches are gone.
| 1718627440 wrote:
| When somebody complains about headaches, the first think my
| family does, and so now do I, is to ask whether you have drank
| enough. I thought this is common knowledge.
|
| Next things are: sleep, sugar, stress.
| pazimzadeh wrote:
| Tangentially related, I'm curious to know why it is that proteins
| are so much more filling than other macronutrients (within
| minutes)
| lithocarpus wrote:
| One theory is that the most important nutrient that we really
| need a certain amount of every day is protein, and thus the
| body wants us to keep eating until it thinks we've got enough
| protein. (And for the vegans, I'm not saying meat - even most
| green plants and mushrooms are about 1/3 protein by dry
| weight). In nature almost every food has some amount of
| protein. If you get meat, you don't need to eat that much for
| your body to have all the protein it needs. If you are eating
| cake, it will take an awful lot of cake to have an adequate
| amount of protein.
|
| In evolutionary past, if one had access to fresh fruit it might
| make sense to eat a lot of it right away since it won't keep,
| and the sugar in the fruit is easy for the body to store as fat
| and use later. In nature it's very rare to find a diet with
| very high fat and low protein but suppose you live by a
| macadamia tree, you may need to eat a lot of calories worth of
| macadamias to get enough protein. I have a feeling though that
| excess fat can go right through you in some cases like that -
| because there have been times where I was binging on peanut
| butter, like easily 16-24oz in a day often, like 2-3000
| calories extra on top of my normal diet, and I didn't gain
| weight, I think a lot of it went through me undigested.
|
| These are just hypotheses I'm not claiming they are necessarily
| the reason, and definitely are not the only mechanism involved
| as it's extremely complex. But they make sense as a simple
| place to start.
| scythe wrote:
| >I have a feeling though that excess fat can go right through
| you in some cases like that - because there have been times
| where I was binging on peanut butter, like easily 16-24oz in
| a day often, like 2-3000 calories extra on top of my normal
| diet, and I didn't gain weight, I think a lot of it went
| through me undigested.
|
| Nuts, specifically, do this:
|
| https://www.nature.com/articles/0803735
|
| https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-
| of-n...
|
| Peanut butter is usually pretty bioavailable, though. Unless
| it was particularly coarse (like the kind you get freshly
| made at an upscale grocer)?
| lithocarpus wrote:
| Yeah I know chunks of nut can get through undigested but in
| this case it was creamy peanut butter, "natural" but not
| crunchy. I wonder if it may have been because of the
| quantity, that the body was like "nope we don't need all
| that" or what.
| pazimzadeh wrote:
| I meant how does the body know I'm eating protein so quickly
| (almost real-time)
| scythe wrote:
| I thought this was because the protein can (partially)
| neutralize stomach acid. Proteins contain an amino group which
| can be protonated; carbohydrates and fats do not.
| rr808 wrote:
| So dumb to see office workers sipping all day on their gallon
| water bottles, while outside the workers in the sun on the
| construction site taking the occasional sip.
| dataflow wrote:
| > So dumb to see office workers sipping all day on their gallon
| water bottles, while outside the workers in the sun on the
| construction site taking the occasional sip.
|
| Dumb? People can't just drink their darn water as much as they
| please without getting judged now? What's your point?
| dgan wrote:
| not the OP but: it's fairly obvious that those office workers
| force themselves, so you can't say "as much as they please",
| otherwise they d stop 3 liters earlier. So yes, you will be
| judged.
|
| It looks pretty dumb.
| 613style wrote:
| Why are you monitoring your colleagues' water intake?
| dgan wrote:
| because he s in front of me and i have eyes ?
| quesera wrote:
| Perhaps he has a renal function issue.
|
| Perhaps he has a familial history of same and is
| acclimated to drinking more water than you are
| comfortable with.
|
| Perhaps he just enjoys drinking water. I do. As cold as
| possible. Kaltes Klares Vasser.
|
| Regardless, ain't none o' yr dang bidness.
| Toorkit wrote:
| Cold Clear Vater
| quesera wrote:
| Hah, quite.
|
| I only cosplay Deutscher Sprecher.
|
| Most of my German linguistic skills come from listening
| to Chicks on Speed.
| 1718627440 wrote:
| > Kaltes Klares Vasser
|
| If that was supposed to be German for "cold clear water"
| that's "kaltes klares Wasser" and we don't capitalize
| adjectives.
| moi2388 wrote:
| I drink water throughout the day and I most certainly don't
| force myself. The fuck are you talking about?!
| guappa wrote:
| I'm sure he also goes to strangers in bars who don't
| order manly drinks and informs them they are not
| heterosexuals.
| aredox wrote:
| It is still weird to see the health fad/moral panic/potomania
| in the US, about "drinking enough water". This is a
| borderline mania, that doesn't exist in other countries-
| including ones with hot climates.
|
| https://www.menshealth.com/health/a60249105/how-much-
| water-t...
|
| https://www.thrillist.com/drink/nation/do-americans-drink-
| mo...
|
| https://www.delicious.com.au/drinks/article/why-we-so-
| obsess...
|
| https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/waterlogged-
| america-d...
|
| https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2023/08/drinking-.
| ..
|
| https://archive.ph/Y0W7e
|
| No, you are not "chronically dehydrated". The rest of the
| world isn't, and you wouldn't be either if you drank "only"
| two liters a day instead of a full gallon.
|
| This is one more symptom of that "freethinking" country that
| falls for every con.
| Steve44 wrote:
| We had an office worker who became obsessed about
| dehydrating, undoubtedly after watching too much social
| media. She carried the bottle everywhere.
|
| She arrived at work one day in a state of panic because her
| water bottle spilt in the car and she was terrified of
| becoming dehydrated during her 15 minute commute.
|
| And no, there wasn't anything medically wrong with her.
| lblume wrote:
| > And no, there wasn't anything medically wrong with her.
|
| Do you mean physically? The behavior surely sounds
| compulsive...
| ziml77 wrote:
| It might come across that way, but the way hydration is
| talked about on social media makes that level of fear a
| completely reasonable response.
| 1718627440 wrote:
| Self-trained mental illness is still mental illness.
| nlawalker wrote:
| My theory is that the water obsession, protein obsession,
| "micro-exercise" fads like weighted vests and a lot of
| other similar trends are primarily just all about appetite
| control and "hacking" weight loss.
| PeterStuer wrote:
| I think it is more a comment about the insane size some of
| those beverage containers grew to over the years.
|
| Some of them do indeed look like you could take a bath in
| them.
|
| Then again, maybe their colleagues are using those as stealth
| biceps curl weights and are actually secret gym rats trapped
| at a desk.
| NoPicklez wrote:
| How is that dumb? It could be that the construction workers are
| in fact dehydrated if that's the case
|
| In my experience construction site workers have even larger
| jugs of water to drink.
| poemxo wrote:
| I see blue collar workers carrying big hydroflasks all the
| time, I'm guessing they drink even more water.
| Pooge wrote:
| In all offices I worked in, less than 10% had their own water
| bottle. The others barely drank 2 cups per day. They go to the
| toilet at most twice per workday.
|
| Baffling.
| cedws wrote:
| People have this weird idea that you must drink a certain
| amount of fluid per day or be reminded to drink every so often.
| Like no, if you need water, you will be thirsty. If you feel
| the need to drink then drink, it's not complicated.
| geden wrote:
| Well clearly it is complicated as this comment thread shows.
| Many people don't feel thirst because of age or other reasons
| or confuse thirst with hunger.
| mschuster91 wrote:
| Back when I worked in heavy construction (aka, trench digging
| for telcos) I went through about six liters of soda a day when
| it was hot outside. And no, I was not diabetic, I was just very
| intensively working out!
|
| The problem is, too many people in construction don't give a
| shit about their bodies. Corporate greed, incompetent/uncaring
| bosses, toxic masculinity, plain old incompetence and/or people
| "set in their ways"... these are the guys you see at age 50
| with their spines shot, skin crumbling (or outright cancering
| out) and a plethora of health issues.
| dgan wrote:
| i can't stop eating the salt cristals before eating the lunch
| The_Blade wrote:
| [?] Quanta Thirst
| defyonce wrote:
| I am piloting a super sophisticated mech that is a literal home
| (primordial soup) for other tiny specs that cooperate together.
|
| And more and more I ask this question. Why? There is only
| recursive answer, to copy itself, so the copy could continue
| piloting.
|
| It is poetic and really weird.
| layer8 wrote:
| They should make an anime series about that.
| trenchpilgrim wrote:
| They could call it "Diffusion Dave", or maybe "Jobs for
| Cells"
| card_zero wrote:
| I am "fastened to a dying animal", at least you're proud of
| your fancy mech.
| cobbzilla wrote:
| I recently learned that the inverse of thirst is called
| hyponatremic craving. This is when you have too much water and
| your body craves salt.
|
| It ought to have a better word! "I'm feeling salty" doesn't work!
| Jarmsy wrote:
| That was one part of the article I found questionable- "If the
| body needs salt, those chips will cause a surge of pleasurable
| dopamine to flood the brain. If the body doesn't need salt,
| that dopamine drip disappears"
|
| Surely this second part is false? Most of us have got used to
| high levels of salt in modern diets, and prefer the taste of
| salty things even when we've had way more sodium than we need.
| cwmoore wrote:
| Breaking and hauling concrete patios in the Florida sunshine, I
| learned to take a couple of salt tablets with my gallon or two of
| water per shift to prevent incapacitating symptoms of thirst.
| Gatorade was both not enough electrolytes and the sugar spike too
| quickly dissipated. On the flipside, distilled water strips
| excess ions.
| mayama wrote:
| Same here. On recent Indian trips, I got hit with mild nausea
| after sweating in summer weather. I couldn't believe I wasn't
| able to go around like I used to few years ago. Had to bring
| along mildly salted water and take couple of sips now and then.
| porridgeraisin wrote:
| This article reminded me to go drink water, I had forgotten.
| prometheus76 wrote:
| "However, animals like us do not experience salt desire as a
| powerful, controlling drive as we do with oxygen, food and
| water." (from the article).
|
| I disagree with that, especially when I was young. I would crave
| salt. I would lick my hand and sprinkle salt on it, then lick the
| salt off. I would break chunks off the salt lick block we had for
| our horses. I would lick the homemade play-doh my mom would make
| because it tasted like salt.
|
| There's no substantiation for the claim in the article that we
| lack a salt craving. Apparently, the author hasn't, but I know a
| lot of people that do.
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