[HN Gopher] Historical Tech Tree
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Historical Tech Tree
        
       Author : louisfd94
       Score  : 495 points
       Date   : 2025-08-07 19:24 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.historicaltechtree.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.historicaltechtree.com)
        
       | jahewson wrote:
       | Cool concept. I'd love a vertical version for mobile.
        
       | theSherwood wrote:
       | This site is an absolute gem. Thank you.
        
       | dang wrote:
       | Discussed once (and I do mean once):
       | 
       |  _Historical Tech Tree_ -
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44104243 - May 2025 (1
       | comment)
       | 
       | Edit: oops!
       | 
       |  _The Universal Tech Tree_ -
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44161607 - June 2025 (65
       | comments)
        
         | matsemann wrote:
         | Someone else found
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44161607
         | 
         | (A link to an article about how it's made, with 65 comments)
        
           | dang wrote:
           | Oh wow, thanks for letting me know! Added above.
        
       | throwanem wrote:
       | Beautiful! I wonder if Jimmy Maher's heard about this; he wanted
       | something like it for _The Analog Antiquarian_ back ages ago
       | before he kicked that off, as a way of reflecting the span of
       | history in the structure of the index /TOC, but we never could
       | figure out really how to get it to go anywhere we liked. It's a
       | surprisingly tricky problem, and this is an impressive
       | realization!
        
       | Leary wrote:
       | Does anyone know which technology on this tree has the most
       | descendents?
        
         | croddin wrote:
         | I vibe coded with gpt-5 and the source json
         | (https://www.historicaltechtree.com/api/inventions) to get this
         | list:
         | 
         | Top 10 inventions by number of direct descendants
         | 
         | 1: High-vacuum tube -- 13
         | 
         | 2: Automobile -- 12
         | 
         | 3: Stored-program computer -- 12
         | 
         | 4: Voltaic pile -- 11
         | 
         | 5: High-pressure steam engine -- 11
         | 
         | 6: Glass blowing -- 10
         | 
         | 7: Papermaking -- 10
         | 
         | 8: Bipolar junction transistor -- 10
         | 
         | 9: Writing (Mesopotamia) -- 9
         | 
         | 10: MOSFET -- 8
        
           | croddin wrote:
           | Top 10 by total descendants (direct + indirect)
           | 
           | 1: Control of fire -- 585
           | 
           | 2: Charcoal -- 444
           | 
           | 3: Iron -- 422
           | 
           | 4: Iron smelting and wrought iron -- 419
           | 
           | 5: Ceramic -- 404
           | 
           | 6: Pottery -- 402
           | 
           | 7: Induction coil -- 389
           | 
           | 8: Raft -- 365
           | 
           | 9: Boat -- 363
           | 
           | 10: Alcohol fermentation -- 353
           | 
           | Top 10 by total ancestors (direct + indirect)
           | 
           | 1: Robotaxi -- 253
           | 
           | 2: Moon landing -- 242
           | 
           | 3: Space telescope -- 238
           | 
           | 4: Lidar -- 236
           | 
           | 5: Satellite television -- 231
           | 
           | 6: Space station -- 228
           | 
           | 7: Stealth aircraft -- 228
           | 
           | 8: Reusable spacecraft -- 224
           | 
           | 9: Satellite navigation system -- 224
           | 
           | 10: Communications satellite -- 224
        
       | spawarotti wrote:
       | And a related page, in the other direction:
       | https://www.futuretimeline.net/
        
         | throwanem wrote:
         | In what sense related?
        
       | Evidlo wrote:
       | This is cool, but I think the execution is off because there's so
       | much empty space. I think it would work better if the nodes were
       | much smaller and closer together so you can see more of the graph
       | in one screen.
        
         | esafak wrote:
         | where is the zoom functionality??
        
       | NoMoreNicksLeft wrote:
       | No fire, and no knot. Hmmm...
        
         | strongpigeon wrote:
         | "Control of Fire" is right under 1000000 BC
        
           | NoMoreNicksLeft wrote:
           | Ok, I'm just bad at search.
        
         | hk__2 wrote:
         | Yes there is: "control of fire". No knots, but ropes around
         | 50000 BCE.
        
       | abeppu wrote:
       | It's interesting that prior to the industrial revolution there
       | are still some periods where it seems like innovations arrived
       | relatively fast, and others where it was comparatively slow. E.g.
       | a lot more entries are in the 500 BCE - 200 BCE period than the
       | 200 - 500 range.
        
         | Orbital_Armada wrote:
         | Although the idea of a "Dark Age" is mostly debunked these
         | days, the slow unraveling of the Western Roman Empire led to a
         | real and sustained change in material conditions. Notably,
         | population density and urbanization both decreased, along with
         | the labor specialization that accompanies them. I'd expect most
         | 'inventions' to happen when and where people have the most
         | hands on time to make them! (I can't really speak to Indian and
         | Chinese civilizations, but they have also had integration and
         | disintegration periods)
        
       | mikewarot wrote:
       | My particular interest is in screw cutting lathes, and it appears
       | that the Wikipedia entry[1] (on which this seems to be based) was
       | off by about 25 years (1775 instead of 1800), and thus copied to
       | this work. I've let the folks at Wikipedia know.
       | 
       | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw-cutting_lathe
        
         | mitthrowaway2 wrote:
         | Interesting. On that note, Da Vinci's design (which I was
         | fortunate enough to see a replica of at a local museum) was
         | also very clever, being suited not only for screw cutting but
         | also screw origination, as it could make new screws more
         | accurately than the two leadscrews in the machine itself, and
         | swap them out to improve its own accuracy. But I suppose it
         | doesn't extend that date even further back because it wasn't a
         | general purpose lathe, it could only cut screws.
        
           | NooneAtAll3 wrote:
           | having no experience in precision manufacturing and
           | metrology... how does one become more precise than input
           | tools?
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | Just some examples: take a string, don't bother to measure
             | it, just any length between 1 and two meters or so would
             | do. Take a pencil (or a piece of charcoal if you really
             | want to go native) and a smooth branch. Stick the branch in
             | the ground, tie the string around it so that it can slide
             | with little friction and put the pencil in a loop of string
             | on the other side. Now use this to create a circle. You
             | started off with very rough elements not specifically sized
             | for any purpose and ended up with a high precision
             | representation of a mathematical concept.
             | 
             | Another: take a bunch of roughly cast metal balls. Put them
             | on a sieve and let it vibrate until the balls have all
             | passed through the holes in the sieve. Behold: metal
             | spheres, so precise that you probably can't really measure
             | the degree to which they are not spherical without
             | resorting to instruments that you're not supposed to have
             | in this scenario. Then sort by weight (which is a proxy for
             | size). Now you can make ball bearings.
             | 
             | Yet another example: you can cut a lens for a telescope to
             | within ridiculous precision using very primitive methods
             | (https://www.instructables.com/Grind-and-Polish-a-
             | DobsonianNe... ).
             | 
             | Put another way: it is _always_ possible to increase your
             | precision as long as you don 't particularly care about
             | absolutes or temperature effects.
        
             | mikewarot wrote:
             | The ultimate reference for this is the Foundations of
             | Mechanical Accuracy, which is available as a PDF[1], the
             | print versions aren't cheap.
             | 
             | One example of precision is the Whitworth 3 plate method
             | (invented in the 1830s), with this method, you can make
             | surfaces that approach precision in the micron range, if
             | necessary.
             | 
             | Leonardo Da Vinici's screw cutting lathe sketches show a
             | machine that uses 2 lead screws to generate another, which
             | averages the values of the other two screws, using careful
             | rotations of threads, etc, it should be possible to use
             | this method to work your way up to a uniform precise screw
             | where each new generation is better than the ones before
             | it.
             | 
             | [1] https://pearl-
             | hifi.com/06_Lit_Archive/15_Mfrs_Publications/M...
        
             | mitthrowaway2 wrote:
             | The main way is by averaging error terms toward zero.
             | 
             | For example, Da Vinci's machine cuts the new screw blank in
             | the centre of the carriage, which is driven by leadscrews
             | on either side. The nuts would have likely been something
             | like a wide strip of leather clamped over the screw thread,
             | so there's enough compliance to average over a few pitches
             | of thread, and the position of the cutter would be close to
             | the average of the position set by each leadscrew thread.
             | 
             | Imagine the rough-cut screw threads have a pitch vs
             | rotation angle described by p1(th) and p2(th). Running the
             | machine then creates a new screw which is nearly a
             | duplicate of the drive-screws in the machine but with pitch
             | p3(th) = (p1(th) + p2(th))/2. You can make two of these
             | screws and swap them for the two leadscrews in the machine
             | (it's built to be easy to do this). The random errors from
             | a rough-cut screw gradually average out. But the cleverness
             | doesn't end there. You then flip one of the screws backward
             | end-to-end, so now you're averaging p3(th) with p4(L-th).
             | You can also offset th by any amount for either screw by
             | offsetting the change-gear and re-clamping the carriage
             | nut. Repeating these actions, you gradually can eliminate
             | all systematic thread errors from the initial rough-cut
             | screws and converge towards cutting a screw with nearly-
             | constant pitch.
             | 
             | (It doesn't end there either; there's really a lot of
             | flexibility with Da Vinci's design. Changing the gear ratio
             | lets you create a fine-pitch thread from a coarse-pitch
             | thread, or vise-versa, or cut a multi-start screw by
             | rotating the blank 180 degrees or end-over-end).
        
               | mikewarot wrote:
               | The traditional way of making a multi-start screw is to
               | use a dividing head and rotate the part an appropriate
               | angle. If you're working with change gears, choosing a
               | gear that's a multiple of the number of starts could
               | provide alternate way to do this.
        
               | mitthrowaway2 wrote:
               | Oh yes, flipping the screw blank end-over-end would be an
               | awkward way to do it unless you wanted to make a screw
               | with two starts each having opposite errors. Once the
               | screws have gotten good enough you wouldn't need to
               | bother with things like that.
        
         | tnorthcutt wrote:
         | Making sure you've seen this youtube channel, which is
         | excellent: https://www.youtube.com/@machinethinking
        
           | anitil wrote:
           | I find this video of theirs the most relevant [0] where they
           | go through how to start on a desert island and build a flat
           | reference plate using the three plate method and the build up
           | from there
           | 
           | [0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNRnrn5DE58
        
         | geor9e wrote:
         | Have you ever thought about how alien lifeforms would probably
         | invent screw cutting lathes too? The screw feels like such a
         | "human thing", but what else would serve the rotational wedging
         | purpose in this universe's elements and physics?
        
           | bee_rider wrote:
           | It would be funny to think of what might actually be a human
           | thing. Like, our arms are quite weird, right? So potentially
           | another intelligent species even on a rocky planet might not
           | invent throwing spears, right? Even our close relatives, the
           | chimpanzees, can't use them well at all. Even fairly flighty
           | animals seem to barely have the idea that a creature
           | standing, like, tens of feet away from them might be "in
           | range."
           | 
           | I wonder what the trajectory (no pun intended) of the
           | development of melee spears would be, without throwing
           | spears.
           | 
           | The spear being a wildly popular a successful weapon for
           | almost all of history, any changes to spears would, I guess,
           | make a big difference.
        
         | flexagoon wrote:
         | > I've let the folks at Wikipedia know.
         | 
         | What "folks at Wikipedia"? Can't you just edit the date
         | yourself?
        
           | mikewarot wrote:
           | I could, but I just put a note on the "Talk" page, and let
           | someone better at editing do it at some future date.
        
       | fellowniusmonk wrote:
       | It's funny that there are so many innovations right now the
       | recent part of the chart just has to arbitrarily exclude an
       | insane amount of stuff innovation that's happening.
       | 
       | No HIV vaccine. mRNA vaccine get's a single entry instead of
       | vaccine per disease like prior vaccines. No battery stuff since
       | 1985. Just amazing, fractal improvement is everywhere.
        
         | FredPret wrote:
         | Great phrase - fractal improvement. It's kind of the idea of
         | this book [0]
         | 
         | Even more cool: commercial progress trails tech. It takes a
         | long time for companies to figure out how to turn a new idea or
         | a cheaper input into a new product/industry, and then for
         | related companies to grow into an economic ecosystem.
         | 
         | So one would expect to see some spectacular economics over the
         | next couple of centuries.
         | 
         | [0] https://www.amazon.com/Abundance-Future-Better-Than-
         | Think/dp...
        
       | sizediterable wrote:
       | Highly recommend the Dr. Stone anime if you're interested in a
       | story with the premise of starting civilization from scratch but
       | armed with the sum total of modern human knowledge about science
       | and engineering.
        
         | emeraldd wrote:
         | I'd also recommend the "How to Make Everything" YouTube
         | channel.
        
         | pavel_lishin wrote:
         | I'd also recommend the Destiny's Crucible series - the basic
         | premise is that a chemist from our world is transported to
         | another planet of humans at a much lower technological level,
         | and some moderately standard isekai hijinks ensue.
         | 
         | I read five of the books, and really enjoyed them; if you like
         | the "competence porn" genre of novels, this is a pretty good
         | one.
        
           | RHSeeger wrote:
           | > "competence porn"
           | 
           | See... now, I love that type of show/comic/book/etc. And now
           | that I have a name for it, I want to search for more. But I
           | very much do _not_ want to search for that term. Lol
        
             | pavel_lishin wrote:
             | I think a similar genre is "humanity fuck yeah" - HFY - so
             | you can search for that as well.
        
         | RHSeeger wrote:
         | I watch this with my daughter and we love it. I love shows with
         | "narration", talking about the context/details of things, and
         | Dr Stone really nails that (I know the main character isn't
         | really a narrator.. but it accomplishes the same thing).
        
         | pcthrowaway wrote:
         | I second this. It's the only show I've seen making a semi-
         | realistic attempt at this (ignoring the absurdity of the
         | initial petrification in the first place and Dr. Stone having
         | superhuman knowledge of all human inventions)
        
         | vunderba wrote:
         | Also, if you want even further back precedent for this kind of
         | plot device, I highly recommend reading a Connecticut Yankee in
         | King Arthur's court by Mark Twain.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Connecticut_Yankee_in_King_A...
        
       | andrewmutz wrote:
       | These paradox games are getting out of control
        
       | dawnofdusk wrote:
       | Pretty cool. Makes me think if we're overdue for another 1960s
       | era tech boom?
        
       | Difwif wrote:
       | Looking forward to the new Civilization mod that uses this.
        
       | sampton wrote:
       | 1760000 BC: StoreTool 3. This is our greatest model yet. You are
       | going to love it.
        
       | macote wrote:
       | Source code found here : https://github.com/etiennefd/hhr-tech-
       | tree
        
         | kristopolous wrote:
         | https://github.com/etiennefd/hhr-tech-tree/blob/main/src/scr...
         | this is kind of how I expected it. Honestly I would have done
         | https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ and then parsed it.
         | 
         | Additionally I've always wanted institutions to be part of the
         | timeline of technology. Corporations, Nation-states,
         | Universities, Guilds, International Organizations - the ways
         | people innovatively organize make things possible that
         | otherwise wouldn't be.
         | 
         | The higgs boson experiments, for example wouldn't have been
         | possible without the complex international institutions that
         | orchestrated it. Manhattan project, Moon landing, the internet
         | ... the iphone ...
        
       | mwkaufma wrote:
       | I'd expect something things like Chinese Writing to be a big
       | upstream dependency, but here it's a terminus. Detecting a
       | western-bias in the sourcing.
        
         | ljsprague wrote:
         | Such as?
        
         | NooneAtAll3 wrote:
         | what's the technological difference between Chinese Writing and
         | Western Writing?
         | 
         | why are they separate?
        
           | Qwertious wrote:
           | (Not an expert but) Chinese writing is hieroglyphic, wheres
           | 'western writing' is phonetic. Western writing has a very
           | small character set and is thus well-suited to a printing
           | press, whereas hieroglyphics have thousands of characters
           | (for thousands of concepts) but aren't fundamentally linked
           | to the language like western characters are.
        
             | Nicook wrote:
             | this is why Mesopotamian and Egyptian writing are upstream
             | of so much.
        
         | Nicook wrote:
         | upstream of what? Did you not look for mesopotamian or egyptian
         | writing, which predate chinese writing by thousands of years.
         | This sounds more like a chinese bias lol.
        
       | wongarsu wrote:
       | Obviously something of this magnitude will have blindspots. This
       | tech tree seems to be vastly underselling the impact of advances
       | in metallurgy and precision machining. As well as most of what
       | you might call "basic science".
       | 
       | This leads to e.g. the Gas Turbine just appearing out of nowhere,
       | not depending on any previous technology
        
         | drivers99 wrote:
         | They are expecting suggestions for this work in progress.
         | 
         | https://www.historicaltechtree.com/about#contributing
        
         | Akronymus wrote:
         | A lot of those things are incremental improvements that build
         | onto each other, like refining an alloy by a few % many times
         | over to end up with something entirely different.
         | 
         | How would one determine what is sufficiently different to
         | deserve a node?
         | 
         | But 100% agree, incremental improvements are the vast majority
         | of advances.
        
         | AlotOfReading wrote:
         | They tried to define what they mean by technology [1], but they
         | seemingly gave up on it partway through. Had they followed it
         | consistently, they would have excluded certain cultural-
         | practice-based technologies like nixtamalization that made the
         | list.
         | 
         | The inconsistent definition and the pretty large gaps leads to
         | a lot of oddness. Just look at how sparse anything related to
         | textiles is. "Clothing" just gets one "invention" in 168k B.P.,
         | even though a t-shirt and an arctic jacket are obviously very
         | different technologies. New world agriculture is similarly
         | strange. Nodes appear from nowhere and lead nowhere, presumably
         | because there are implicit "nature" edges they didn't want to
         | represent as technology.
         | 
         | [1] https://www.hopefulmons.com/p/what-counts-as-a-technology
        
           | thaumasiotes wrote:
           | > Had they followed it consistently, they would have excluded
           | certain cultural-practice-based technologies like
           | nixtamalization that made the list.
           | 
           | This is an interesting example. It's a technology that's very
           | important for staying alive, but not one that you'd expect to
           | contribute to any kind of progress. It's just something you
           | have to do to corn before eating it.
        
             | AlotOfReading wrote:
             | I'm a former archaeologist, so my personal definition of
             | technology is extremely expansive.
             | 
             | You don't actually need to nixtamalize maize. It's totally
             | edible without and most americans today don't eat
             | nixtamalized corn outside masa. It's just a process to make
             | it more nutritious and importantly, nearly nutritionally
             | complete. For ancient societies, nixtamalizing had a role
             | similar to things like vaccination do for us today. It
             | reduced malnutrition and the economic/social/political
             | effects of disease. The difference I'm trying to highlight
             | is that it probably wasn't _understood_ as such and
             | intentionally done for that purpose. Nixtamalization was
             | culturally encoded as just what you did. Had they had a
             | better understanding of nutrition, they probably would have
             | made more intentional efforts to include the missing
             | vitamins nixtamalization doesn 't provide. We often see
             | signs of those missing nutrients in precolumbian skeletons.
             | 
             | This extends to a surprisingly wide variety of ancient
             | technology. Most metallurgy probably wasn't understood in
             | the technical sense we think of it today until quite late.
             | We see that with early glass, where people simply didn't
             | understand what they were doing. Ingredients from specific
             | areas would have specific effects, but sometimes didn't for
             | reasons no one at the time understood. Craft communities
             | would standardize on very specific, ritualized processes
             | that simply couldn't be changed because they didn't have a
             | good mechanistic understanding of the variables involved.
             | One of the downstream effects of this is that poaching
             | craftspeople is a viable strategy (they had the specific
             | "recipe") and also that resources like sand from specific
             | areas in syria and egypt were effectively non-fungible for
             | centuries. You had to trade with whoever controlled that
             | area even if you had the craftspeople.
        
               | thaumasiotes wrote:
               | Andrew Carnegie wrote that one of the things that gave
               | him an advantage over other steel manufacturers was that
               | he hired a chemist to test ore for iron content.
               | 
               | By implication, this was something that had never been
               | done before.
        
               | Cordiali wrote:
               | I just looked it up, and he was born the year after
               | Mendeleev, who'd go on to design/arrange the periodic
               | table of elements.
               | 
               | I'm guessing they had traditional assaying techniques,
               | just with less accuracy than a contemporary chemist.
        
               | thaumasiotes wrote:
               | I don't think you're right about that. They judged ore,
               | as the comment above mentions, by the location it came
               | from. They tried standard techniques to process whatever
               | ore they had, and if those techniques led to a bad
               | result, they considered the ore bad.
               | 
               | Andrew Carnegie discovered that certain "bad" ore was
               | that way because its iron content was much higher than
               | usual. Secure in the knowledge that this ore was actually
               | _better_ than  "good" ore, he developed the techniques to
               | use it.
        
               | umanwizard wrote:
               | Craftsmen having secret recipes isn't quite restricted to
               | the past. According to my drummer friends, nobody knew
               | how to make cymbals as good as Zildjian's until very,
               | very recently.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | A lot of tradecraft is in the most literal sense
               | tradition, passed from one person to another with no
               | other context than 'it works' and 'this is the way it is
               | done'. The analogies in the software world are probably
               | libraries, design patterns and languages. Each of these
               | embody a lot of knowledge without being - usually - very
               | explicit about the reasons why they are the way they are.
               | 
               | Researching those reasons requires a lot of work and most
               | people just want to get to the result step without
               | necessarily understanding why you put the oil in the pan
               | before the egg. They're hungry.
        
             | umanwizard wrote:
             | On the other hand, it's basically impossible to have large
             | organized civilization in Mesoamerica without hominy[1]. So
             | should hominy be upstream of anything Mesoamericans
             | invented?
             | 
             | 1: For anyone whose Nahuatl is a bit rusty: the English
             | word for nixtmalized corn is "hominy".
        
           | rtpg wrote:
           | Feel like if you're doing something like this you should just
           | basically maximalize your definition. The fun here is seeing
           | all the nodes, obviously!
           | 
           | Maybe then you get into arguments about whether the
           | dependencies were "required", but there it's more or less
           | resolvable by relying on what "actually" happened rather than
           | the minimal tree (which is its own exercise)
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | You will end up writing a technology focused complete
             | history of the world. That tapestry would be absolutely
             | fascinating to be able to navigate and it would also be
             | always out of date.
        
           | Balgair wrote:
           | Yes it feels very 'male' centric in a way. Like with
           | clothing, the various stitches that you need to make
           | textiles, each individual stitch method is it's own
           | technology. Like, every knot that gets invented, that's a
           | technology. Knots and stitches and warp and weft, they can
           | only come out of a human mind, they are inventions. But
           | trying to find out the dates there, that's nearly impossible
           | if the data were recorded even. And then most of those
           | textile inventions were done by women who are then again
           | historical dark matter even in the best circumstances.
           | 
           | Still, great project and I'd have loved to see it
           | crowdsourced like wikipedia.
        
         | otabdeveloper4 wrote:
         | Metallurgy is by far _the_ most important human technology.
         | That 's why "copper", "bronze" and "iron" are used to classify
         | ages.
        
           | arethuza wrote:
           | Even more than agriculture?
        
           | jacquesm wrote:
           | There is no 'most important' human technology. All of it
           | interlocks, and usually the prerequisite steps all need to be
           | followed before you can progress to the next level. I wonder
           | how long it would take given a paper copy of wikipedia
           | (hopefully printed on acid free paper) to get back to a
           | functional technology society. I'm sure it would go faster
           | than the first time around, but I'm not so sure it would be
           | less than a few hundred years.
        
           | the__alchemist wrote:
           | Metal has the fortunate process of durability over
           | millenia... we are biased by what we find.
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | Almost all science is tightly bound with advances in material
         | science, often the driving each other in alternating steps like
         | interlocking gears. One engine driving those gears is war,
         | another is population growth and education.
         | 
         | There are obvious exceptions, such as Math, Philosophy (insert
         | all links lead to philosophy here). But even Math is seeing
         | progress in materials science as a component now (computer
         | derived proofs for instance).
         | 
         | Making a really good tech tree is a stupendously hard problem.
         | I once started working on one for a game but gave up once I
         | realized that doing this properly is probably going to take a
         | lifetime or two and there are other things I can do that are
         | more immediately useful.
        
           | ghaff wrote:
           | Even aside from the big advances, look at things like
           | clothing in the past few decades. Outdoor clothing has
           | changed enormously but so have so many other day-to-day
           | things--a lot of which are about electronics but that's
           | materials-related as well.
           | 
           | It's an interesting question. Why couldn't the Romans have
           | invented $X? And the answer is mostly the tech tree. There
           | are probably exceptions around things like germ theory of
           | disease and so forth but it's mostly true.
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | Any post about tech trees sooner or later mentions 'I,
             | pencil', so let's get it over with:
             | 
             | https://fee.org/ebooks/i-pencil/
        
         | the__alchemist wrote:
         | Unfortunately, a lot of the reasoning behind omissions is that
         | we have lost the majority of information; what we learned was
         | from luck, inference, and unfortunately (because it produces
         | misleading results), selective durability of some items over
         | others.
        
       | fudged71 wrote:
       | Its a great start! Bound to have bias and blindspots. It would be
       | cool to run an agent that could incrementally enrich this
       | knowledge graph. Take some modern day technologies and backtrace
       | the components and their development.
        
       | Nition wrote:
       | This is really cool but hard to view well on a PC. I'd love to
       | have a simplified version of this on a big A2 poster.
        
       | UncleMeat wrote:
       | I dunno man. Surely this is the sort of thing that it makes sense
       | for a _historian_ to do (they don 't tend to like this sort of
       | approach).
        
       | justinzollars wrote:
       | Reminds me of the tech tree featured in the game Civilization.
       | Pretty cool stuff
        
       | fersarr wrote:
       | Very cool! Will explore it a bit :)
        
       | narcraft wrote:
       | Related: _The Universal Tech Tree_ -
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44161607
        
         | dang wrote:
         | Thanks! Added to https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44829170
         | now.
        
       | sloww_turtle3 wrote:
       | have always wanted something like this! awesome!!
        
       | LeoPanthera wrote:
       | This version of Sid Meier's Civilization would take ages to play.
        
       | msikora wrote:
       | Super Easy Improvement: add thousands separator. It's easy to
       | mistake 1,500,000 BC with 150,000 BC.
       | 
       | Also zoom in/out would be super useful!
       | 
       | Great idea though!
        
         | taeric wrote:
         | To add to this, anywhere you are showing numbers on a website,
         | I'd recommend getting `Intl.NumberFormat` in use as soon as you
         | can.
        
       | milst wrote:
       | This is awesome. I worked on a 'conversational historical
       | timeline generator' a little bit ago: https://timeline-of-
       | everything.milst.dev/
       | 
       | I wonder if something similar could be added here where I say
       | something like "what's the most important descendant of x" and it
       | would bring me to that tech and give me a little explanation of
       | why
        
       | anotherpaulg wrote:
       | If you like this then you will probably enjoy the book How to
       | Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time
       | Traveler by cartoonist and computer-scientist Ryan North.
       | 
       | https://www.howtoinventeverything.com/
        
       | jeff_lee wrote:
       | A tech tree without metallurgy roots is like building a spaceship
       | with no screwdriver--looks cool, but it's gonna fall apart fast.
        
       | geor9e wrote:
       | This 2D map is hard to explore since it's so sparse. I have to
       | follow lines to find each thing, since it's 99% empty void. Is
       | there a snap to next item hotkey? Am I just doing it wrong?
        
       | benzayb wrote:
       | Cool. So when was the nail cutter/clipper invented?
        
       | umanwizard wrote:
       | Genuine question: how does it make sense that both bread and
       | alcohol fermentation were invented before the domestication of
       | any grain? Were people making bread (and beer!) with gathered
       | seeds?
        
         | dmurray wrote:
         | Wine is much easier than beer, because ripe fruit will ferment
         | on it's own. Even wild animals get drunk sometimes; it's
         | sometimes said that wine was discovered but beer was invented.
         | 
         | So alcohol without any grain is easy, but I don't know the
         | answer for beer. On the other hand, why would you domesticate
         | grain unless you already knew you could turn it into beer or
         | bread?
        
           | Qwertious wrote:
           | Grain can be turned into porridge (so basically just soaked)
           | and eaten, bread and beer is optional. In fact, IIRC
           | classical-era armies would eat their grain as porridge
           | instead of spending hours in camp baking it into bread. For
           | obvious reasons.
        
       | umanwizard wrote:
       | Somewhat tangential, but can anyone explain or give any insight
       | into how candles were invented? This has always puzzled me. The
       | idea that if you put a piece of string in some wax, and light it
       | on fire, the string will get hot enough to melt wax, and the
       | molten wax will be sucked into it by capillary action, and burn,
       | before the string itself burns, seems _very_ counterintuitive and
       | hard to come up with before a modern understanding of chemistry
       | and physics. And yet, candles have apparently existed since 700
       | BC. How?
        
         | drcode wrote:
         | Pure speculation, but I would guess people first mixed wax and
         | lamp oil in different ways to still get the burning effect of
         | oil, with less of the cost of the oil, then added a wick to
         | help light the oil/wax.
         | 
         | Then eventually that product morphed over time to the point
         | where they realized the oil wasn't actually a necessary
         | component
        
           | umanwizard wrote:
           | Good idea, it sounds plausible! But it still leaves open the
           | question of how oil lamps were invented. How did someone
           | figure out that a wick would be helpful?
        
             | teruakohatu wrote:
             | Rope was around long before the wick. It seems conceivable
             | that rope shavings or pieces or old rope were an easy way
             | to start a fire.
             | 
             | This was then used with oil to make an even better fire
             | starter or means of transferring fire. Eventually someone
             | realises that a rope soaking in oil is easily lit and
             | sustains a flame.
        
             | dmurray wrote:
             | Before wicks, how do you burn oil? It's not easy to just
             | ignite a bucket of lamp oil (putting aside what you might
             | make the bucket out of). Probably you soak other fuel like
             | wood or rags in the oil and burn the result. It's not a
             | huge step from there to accidentally find out that you can
             | make do with one piece of wood or cloth or string for a lot
             | of oil, assuming you have something to put the oil in.
        
             | Qwertious wrote:
             | 1. Someone dips a rope in flammable oil before lighting it,
             | and sees that it's quite flammable. 2. Some other time,
             | someone tries to use a rope dipped in flammable oil as a
             | fuse to trigger the lighting of the oil once it burns back
             | to the oil 3. They notice that the fuse keeps burning but
             | doesn't burn back - in other words, the wicking effect 4.
             | They shorten the rope and reshape the pot, and that's an
             | oil lamp.
        
             | slightwinder wrote:
             | The first oil-lamps were basically a bowl with animal-fat
             | and plant parts as wick. It's not hard to imagine how ten
             | thousands years ago a hunting tribe could discover such a
             | device by accident or on purpose.
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | Because the people from 700 BC were just as smart as we are.
         | Observing the world around you is one of the best sources for
         | ideas and there are predecessors to 'real' candles that must
         | have fertilized the ground for the discovery. For instance, a
         | stick dipped in rendered fat could serve as a torch. Not quite
         | a candle but a significant step on the way there.
        
       | cocodill wrote:
       | So, when's the flight to Alpha Centauri?
        
         | kubanczyk wrote:
         | I'd prefer we only ever produced chariots and set tax to 90%.
        
       | mattlondon wrote:
       | A way to zoom in and out would be very handy. On mobile it is
       | pretty difficult to use as you need to scroll past vast empty
       | spaces.
       | 
       | Pretty cool though and I learnt a thing or two. Thanks
        
       | fHr wrote:
       | Very cool, cheers!
        
       | boltzmann_ wrote:
       | Most comments here seems to be historical complaints. But I love
       | this!)
        
       | cluckindan wrote:
       | Tobacco and alcohol are included, but there is no mention of
       | other botanical or mycological developments outside food
       | production. Those would be an interesting addition.
        
       | cobbzilla wrote:
       | This is truly amazing. I love it!
       | 
       | Found a minor nit -- the entry for "shoe" is at 3500 BCE and
       | links to the Wikipedia article for "sandal". But the Wikipedia
       | article for "shoe" [1] indicates that the earliest shoes
       | (apparently not sandals) were worn around 7000-8000 BCE.
       | 
       | [1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe
        
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