[HN Gopher] Return of wolves to Yellowstone has led to a surge i...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Return of wolves to Yellowstone has led to a surge in aspen trees
        
       Paper:
       https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811272...
        
       Author : geox
       Score  : 340 points
       Date   : 2025-07-23 12:13 UTC (4 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.livescience.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.livescience.com)
        
       | incomingpain wrote:
       | They only moved few dozen wolves, over 1000km from their homes,
       | which is not going to have any significant consequences. Even
       | today there's only about 100 wolves in the park?
       | 
       | 2,200,000 acres, with 100 wolves.
       | 
       | Then they've made the claim that those 100 wolves in 2.2million
       | acres has resulted in plants and fish returning? As opposed to
       | their efforts doing nothing at all?
        
         | rustyconover wrote:
         | I'm not a biologist, but I grew up in West Yellowstone around
         | the time wolves were reintroduced. Their return--and its impact
         | --has been extensively studied by experts far more qualified
         | than me.
         | 
         | That said, I believe wolves had a profound effect on the
         | Yellowstone ecosystem, particularly on elk and deer
         | populations. Before their reintroduction, those species had few
         | natural predators beyond hunters, vehicles, bears, and the
         | occasional mountain lion. The imbalance led to overgrazing and
         | the spread of diseases like Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in
         | elk.
        
         | asacrowflies wrote:
         | The science is pretty clear on this Im not sure what you
         | exactly are criticizing other than you don't like the vibes or
         | vaguely incredulous? It doesn't take many wolves to change the
         | behavior of nearly every herbivore they prey upon. Which then
         | changes the river bank erosion. Which causes hundreds of more
         | species to change behavior.... Trophic Cascades are not really
         | up for debate .
        
           | ForOldHack wrote:
           | No one here used apex predictor, but many described it. The
           | science is clear that we need to study this more, much more.
           | We only know a brief glimpse on terms of geologic time.
           | 
           | The effect on quaking aspens in Pardo is also something we
           | need to study long term. Are the two related?
        
             | asacrowflies wrote:
             | Yes we need to study the longer term changes but the short
             | term changes are undeniable. And focusing on geologic
             | timescale for these improvements is inane when you look at
             | the scale of destruction of the industrial revolution in
             | less than a blink of an eye on the geological timescale...
             | 
             | This is like triage, and concern trolling the 40 or 50 year
             | side effects of triage treatment when someone is bleeding
             | out is negligent bordering on criminal and treasonous imo
        
         | laughingcurve wrote:
         | "I do not like the results!" Or "The result does not make sense
         | to me!" are not valid criticisms of science. They are arguments
         | made from emotion. And in your case, based on your account
         | history, it's clearly something political for you. I would
         | encourage you to write that kind of commentary in a more
         | appropriate venue. Like the bathroom stall of your local truck
         | stop. Just not here.
        
           | mousethatroared wrote:
           | But it's perfectly valid to question results that don't make
           | sense, and the role of the supposed expert is to explain why
           | it does.
           | 
           | After all, off in a democracy an expert expects to be paid by
           | taxpayers to make decisions that affect the taxpayer the
           | expert should be, at the very least, be able to explain
           | himself in an intelligible manner.
           | 
           | Thats the bare minimum of expectations. I also expect the
           | taxpayer funded expert to provided full access to his data,
           | notes and analysis software.
           | 
           | Im considered an expert in thermodynamics, materials science
           | and E&M. The people that pay me routinely don't understand
           | what I'm working on, but they expect me to explain myself.
        
             | sarchertech wrote:
             | >they expect me to explain themselves
             | 
             | But the experts did explain themselves. They've published
             | numerous studies on how small wolf populations impact the
             | larger ecosystem.
             | 
             | It's not even that hard to understand. Yes Yellowstone is
             | large, but there are a finite number of elk herds and the
             | wolves move to follow and prey upon the elk herds.
             | 
             | Wolf packs can kill 20 elk per year per wolf, there are 120
             | wolves inside the park and 500 immediately around the park
             | wandering inside it and killing elk that wander outside.
             | 
             | At the peak there were 18k elk in the park and now the
             | numbers are down to 2000. There's plenty of evidence that
             | the decline is a direct result of the wolves.
             | 
             | Controlling elk population has tons of 2nd and 3rd order
             | effects which have also been well documented.
        
               | ForOldHack wrote:
               | Here on HN we are looking at the effects and beliefs of
               | the people reading the studies? What effect does this
               | have on us?
               | 
               | Many downvoted comments etc. ( and much thanks for
               | explaining the population numbers!)
        
           | scott_w wrote:
           | While I didn't like the tone of OP I do understand where
           | they're coming from. Assuming what they're saying is correct,
           | it's a valid question where explaining the mechanism is a
           | solid response.
           | 
           | I'll say that I've not read the article so if it's in the
           | article then I would rather you just point to that, rather
           | than make this response.
        
         | williamdclt wrote:
         | > Then they've made the claim that those 100 wolves in
         | 2.2million acres has resulted in plants and fish returning? As
         | opposed to their efforts doing nothing at all?
         | 
         | They've studied it and came to these conclusions, yes. Have you
         | studied it and come to different conclusions?
        
           | littlestymaar wrote:
           | You're responding to someone who believe that omnivorous
           | animals don't exist[1], so you can assume that they will
           | disregard whatever biologists say and trust their feelings
           | rather than reality.
           | 
           | [1]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44674445
        
             | isatty wrote:
             | Insane how they spout out nonsense as fact. Cats are
             | obligate carnivores. They eat protein. End of story. Please
             | do not feed your cat vegetables.
        
         | plemer wrote:
         | While I find your counter argument vague, it did prompt me to
         | dig in and find that human hunting is arguably still the bigger
         | suppressor of elk population. However, that's been going on
         | since the '40s.
         | 
         | The reintroduction of wolves is associated with an immediate,
         | steady, and durable decline in elk - i.e. pushed the ecosystem
         | past an inflection point into a new equilibrium.
        
           | bhaak wrote:
           | It's also possible that wolves hunt in a different way than
           | humans, or different types (regarding age, gender, or health
           | maybe) of elks.
           | 
           | It's an interesting question and this could be empirically
           | tested if human hunting would be slowly reduced.
        
             | rustyconover wrote:
             | Yellowstone is a national park, you can't hunt anything
             | inside the park's boundaries. Wolves can.
        
               | bhaak wrote:
               | Yellowstone park has a policy of natural regulation
               | (since the 70s IIRC). The surrounding areas not
               | necessarily.
        
             | scott_w wrote:
             | That's a good point: hunters probably prefer strong elk but
             | wolves prefer weak elk. I recall going to a walking with
             | wolves experience in the Lake District where she explained
             | that predators strengthen their prey by removing sick and
             | those with genetic issues from the gene pool.
        
             | specialist wrote:
             | IIRC:
             | 
             | Without risk of harm, elk and deer linger near water. This
             | tramples the shoreline. And they love eating noshing on
             | (aspen) saplings. Over time, the shorelines become barren.
             | 
             | With the reintroduction of wolves, shorelines are no longer
             | safe havens. Aspens have returned. With aspens, song birds
             | have returned. Trees shade the water (eg streams), so fish
             | are happier. Trees stabilize the top soil, reducing
             | erosion, allows other plants to become reestablished.
             | 
             | I dimly recall beavers returned too.
             | 
             | --
             | 
             | Aha. I was mostly right (or hallucinating). Here's
             | perplexity link for "impact of return of wolves to
             | yellowstone".
             | 
             | https://www.perplexity.ai/search/impact-of-return-of-
             | wolves-...
             | 
             | I learned about the birds returning because of the wolves
             | while volunteering at Audubon. That linked summary doesn't
             | go into those details.
             | 
             | --
             | 
             | Update: I should've read the OC first. My bad. TIL: (too
             | many) bison also negatively impact riverbanks. I had
             | thought (misremembered) that overall impact of bison was
             | positive. Does Yellowstone need more cougars?
        
         | Retric wrote:
         | The simple answer for how is the elk population in that
         | 2,200,000 acres dropped from ~18,000 to ~2,000 or 1 elk per 2
         | square miles.
         | 
         | 16,000 elk do quiet a lot, especially as they aren't spending
         | nearly as much time along river banks. Which changes what
         | plants are in and around steams and thus what's happening in
         | and around those streams.
        
       | owenthejumper wrote:
       | It's incredible how much damage we have done to ourselves in the
       | past 250 years, and how much effort do we now need to spend to
       | undo that damage
        
         | hagbard_c wrote:
         | It's incredible how much good we have done to ourselves in the
         | past 250 years, and how much good we can do in the now and the
         | future.
        
           | ysavir wrote:
           | Downvoted as this comment feels like it's trying to be
           | witty/upshowing the parent comment without actually engaging
           | with it or offering anything of substance. If the comment was
           | along the lines of "yes, but we've also done a lot of good,
           | let's reflect on both", great. But that's not what it was.
           | Instead it feels like a statement that's trying to argue with
           | the parent comment despite the parent comment never saying we
           | haven't done any good.
        
             | bluGill wrote:
             | > Please respond to the strongest plausible interpretation
             | of what someone says, not a weaker one that's easier to
             | criticize. Assume good faith.
             | 
             | regaurdless of what was intended your downvote and reply
             | shows a lack of good faith.
        
               | ysavir wrote:
               | It wasn't a criticism of what they were saying (a point
               | on which I agree with that poster), but whether the
               | comment itself was contributing to the discussion or not.
               | It was a very low-effort comment that offered no
               | reflection on what the parent said, doesn't tie into the
               | original post, and lacks depth towards its own point.
        
               | bluGill wrote:
               | Low effort but I disagree about the rest - the opposition
               | helps makes it clear how silly the formula it was
               | paroding is.
        
           | mc32 wrote:
           | It's is! Just in medicine alone. And then economically, as
           | well as justice. From 98% of the people living in abject
           | poverty, no pairs of shoes, two changes of clothes, selling
           | off relatives for money, dying from simple infections... to
           | where we are today. It's like the glory days of Rome but much
           | better.
        
           | rgreek42 wrote:
           | Surely this is the best of all possible worlds, Dr. Pangloss.
        
           | jebarker wrote:
           | The question is how much of that power will we use to do good
           | for the rest of the species on the planet? I've just finished
           | reading "Not the end of the world" and found it to be an
           | informative and balanced discussion on the topic that
           | recognizes the vast benefits of human development (to
           | humans), the cost to the rest of the planet and the progress
           | we've made in the past 50 years in undoing some of the harm.
           | This is a nuanced topic and deserves that kind of debate.
        
             | alexey-salmin wrote:
             | Which exact species do you want to help? Ticks, mosquitos
             | and anthrax or more like birds, trees and elk? Where do you
             | draw the line?
        
               | jebarker wrote:
               | What a strange question. As a starter I'd like to see us
               | help trees, coral, other primates and megafauna as much
               | as possible. The former because they support so much
               | other biodiversity and the latter because they're nice to
               | have in the world. Generally speaking though I favor
               | sustainability where that means continuing to improve the
               | quality of life for humans, especially those at the
               | bottom of the socio-economic ladder, whilst trying to
               | minimize the number of other species we drive to
               | extinction. Again, nuance is key here - I don't think my
               | inability to enumerate every species worthy of help means
               | that we should just dismiss the effort to help other
               | species.
        
               | alexey-salmin wrote:
               | I don't ask you to "enumerate every species worthy of
               | help" but rather to formulate a criteria you use to
               | figure out who is worthy of help and who is not.
               | 
               | The "nice to have in the world" sounds quite arbitrary to
               | me. I don't think the question I ask is strange, I'm
               | trying to figure out the idea you believe in. So far you
               | assume we share some core belief on the topic and the
               | rest is obvious, which I don't think is the case.
        
               | jebarker wrote:
               | OK, I apologize if I misunderstood. My core belief is
               | that it's possible for humans to continue to prosper
               | without causing a mass extinction of other species. I
               | believe that largely happens through managing our impacts
               | on the environment in which the species live and not just
               | through direct intervention in the lives of those
               | species, e.g. reducing deforestation and rewilding,
               | reducing ocean acidification to save coral reefs. So I
               | don't think we have to choose specific species we wish to
               | save and those we are willing to let go extinct.
        
           | quickthrowman wrote:
           | Are you really promoting the philosophy of Leibnizian
           | Optimism in 2025?
           | 
           | I suggest reading _Candide_ by Voltaire, first published 266
           | years as a critique to the philosophy you are currently
           | espousing.
        
             | bmacho wrote:
             | People:   "If God, then why bad?"[0]       Leibniz:  "God
             | and bad can coexist. E.g. we live in the best possible
             | world."[1]       Voltaire: "Here's a depiction of some
             | fictional bad."
             | 
             | I don't think Voltaire engaged meaningfully with Leibniz's
             | argument. (I think that Leibniz is _simply right_ tho, in
             | the mathematical sense, so there isn 't much room for
             | Voltaire anyway.)
             | 
             | [0] : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_evil
             | 
             | [1] :
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds
        
               | chuckadams wrote:
               | I suspect that "being right in the mathematical sense" is
               | the very thing that Voltaire was lampooning.
        
               | sdenton4 wrote:
               | Doesn't Leibniz's argument assume a single all-powerful
               | god, and an external notion of good and evil? I would
               | call it a 'not-even-wrong' argument - perhaps it's
               | perfectly correct given its assumptions, but the
               | assumptions aren't (necessarily) anything to do with this
               | world...
        
             | thfuran wrote:
             | I don't really see how you got there from what they
             | actually said.
        
             | narcraft wrote:
             | We've come a long way in those 266 years: global population
             | 10x'd, meanwhile the share of the population living in
             | extreme poverty went from over 80% to nearly 8%, so not all
             | optimism was misguided. Also there's a lot of room between
             | despair and a Panglossian caricature, and I don't think
             | acknowledging that a lot of good has happened in the past
             | (and not necessarily suggesting it was all inevitable or
             | automatic) rises to that caricature.
        
           | mykowebhn wrote:
           | These replies that simply restate a previous comment by
           | inverting its meaning are really starting to annoy me.
           | They're neither witty nor intelligent. Just lazy and
           | annoying.
           | 
           |  _Waiting for someone to reply to this doing exactly this_
        
             | alexey-salmin wrote:
             | People assuming that last 250 years were predominantly harm
             | are annoying. The human race is thriving by every objective
             | metric of nature: population, lifespan, dispensable energy
             | per capita.
        
               | mykowebhn wrote:
               | Humans on their phone 24/7 due to addiction and/or who
               | hold multiple jobs and still can't afford rent and/or who
               | suffer from racism, misogyny, homophobia, etc. are not
               | thriving.
               | 
               | Oh, but they live to be 75, can buy a 75 inch television,
               | and there are 8 billion of them. I'd still say they're
               | not thriving.
               | 
               | Would you consider the folks in Brave New World thriving?
               | 
               | And don't get me started on environmental destruction.
               | This post was about wolves and trees thriving, by the
               | way.
        
             | hagbard_c wrote:
             | In response to a one-sided and overdone statement a
             | reversed and equally overdone statement is a good way to
             | point out the problems with such statements. I am annoyed
             | and dismayed by the simpleminded self-flagellation implied
             | by statements like the one I reacted to and think that
             | people who make such statements should be time-warped back
             | the mentioned 250 years and made to live in that era for,
             | say, a year or so. When they are returned to the current
             | era they will sound a different tune - that is if they
             | manage to survive that year without succumbing to disease,
             | some violent attack by man or beast or by starvation.
        
         | throw83944i888 wrote:
         | > how much effort do we now need to spend to undo that
         | 
         | Moving a few wolfs, I would hardly call that effort! Stopping
         | regulations and allowing some hunters in Yellowstone would have
         | similar effects!
         | 
         | It is more like morons, who do not understand biology are in
         | goverment! Overprotection allowed elk overpopulation!
        
           | Incipient wrote:
           | For clarification, I wouldn't say stopping regulation. It
           | should be "updating regulation" - either increasing hunt
           | quotas, or having an 'open season' time.
        
       | cadamsdotcom wrote:
       | Yellowstone seems like one of the most resilient ecosystems we do
       | science on, seems it can reorganize to respond to changes in
       | species.
       | 
       | Can other ecosystems do this? Or is Yellowstone the only one?
        
         | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
         | A recent biology teacher of mine claims that military bases
         | often contain ecosystems that are:
         | 
         | - intact enough to have quick bounce back behavior upon species
         | reintroduction and
         | 
         | - small enough for you to have a good idea about which species
         | are present
         | 
         | - come with a built-in control variable: the civilian space on
         | the other side of the border represents what would have
         | happened if we had let economics have its way with the land
         | 
         | Maybe you don't need quite that level of protection to see such
         | effects, but generally you do need some. Throwing some wolves
         | at a once-forest that's now half way to being a desert will not
         | always save that forest.
        
         | kergonath wrote:
         | It is one of the better studied ones. What makes you think this
         | sort of things does not happen elsewhere? Yellowstone has the
         | advantage of being in the US, where there are a lot of people
         | studying these things.
        
         | trgn wrote:
         | Ardennes too, according to our guide at least, reintroduction
         | of wolves changed ecosystem
        
       | atentaten wrote:
       | How does returning wolves to ecosystem effect the mountain lion
       | population? Can we balance things out or are we shuffling
       | problems around?
        
         | jebarker wrote:
         | Im speculating, but mountain lions were probably doing fine
         | before the early 1800s too so they likely just balance each
         | other out naturally if there's competition over the same prey.
         | I doubt humans need to do anything.
        
       | djoldman wrote:
       | The subtitle explains:
       | 
       | "Gray wolves were reintroduced ... to help control the numbers of
       | elk that were eating young trees"
        
       | flkenosad wrote:
       | They should try it in nfld
        
       | mkw5053 wrote:
       | It's amazing the impact that the reintroduction has had. On a
       | recent winter trip there I also learned that the reintroduction
       | literally moved rivers [1]:
       | 
       | - Elk quit loitering along streams, so willow and cottonwood shot
       | up, anchoring soil and narrowing channels.
       | 
       | - The new woody growth gave beavers lumber; their colonies jumped
       | from one in 1996 to a dozen within fifteen years, raising water
       | tables and rebuilding wetlands.
       | 
       | - With healthier riparian zones came deeper pools, colder water,
       | and a surge in native trout and song-bird nests.
       | 
       | [1] https://phys.org/news/2025-02-predators-ecosystems-
       | yellowsto...
        
         | sushibowl wrote:
         | As far as I know, the science on this is far from settled.
         | There is no consensus and the evidence in favor of a trophic
         | cascade in Yellowstone came predominantly from two studies done
         | by the same team/person. Later studies failed to replicate
         | findings.
         | 
         | Do wolves fix ecosystems? CSU study debunks claims about
         | Yellowstone reintroduction
         | 
         | https://eu.coloradoan.com/story/news/2024/02/09/colorado-sta...
         | 
         | A good story: Media bias in trophic cascade research in
         | Yellowstone National Park
         | 
         | https://academic.oup.com/book/26688/chapter-abstract/1954809...
        
           | ChuckMcM wrote:
           | Both links are paywalled so I can't comment on what they say
           | (positive or negative). That said, I did attend an
           | interesting lecture about systems that looks a bit at the
           | Yellowstone as a cautionary tale about extrapolating how a
           | system works from observational data. Basically it came down
           | to there are secondary and tertiary effects from systems
           | variables that express visibly differently depending on both
           | the _magnitude_ of the system elements influence and the
           | _time_ where it it changes. Thus making  "simple" conclusions
           | like 'wolves did this' often insufficient to explain system
           | behavior and sometimes outright incorrect.
           | 
           | However, the introduction of wolves did, incontrovertibly,
           | add a system element that had not been present before.
           | Exactly _what_ that element was, and how it expressed is up
           | for interpretation :-)
        
             | ForOldHack wrote:
             | Brilliant observation. Dynamic systems like this are rarely
             | a cut-n-done. Like the study of ozone, with it's seven
             | counter intuitive steps, it is all an evolving study.
             | 
             | It also proves the worth of just simple studies over a long
             | period of time. Science used to do a lot of that, and it
             | was very interesting, as many appear on hacker news, but
             | now it seems that cut-n-done grab more popular news.
             | 
             | It also bears the question: what longitudinal studies are
             | popular here besides this one, and retro computing?
        
               | cwmoore wrote:
               | https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/whatwedo/paidservices/long
               | itu...
        
             | aspenmayer wrote:
             | > Both links are paywalled so I can't comment on what they
             | say (positive or negative).
             | 
             | Fixed!
             | 
             | https://eu.coloradoan.com/story/news/2024/02/09/colorado-
             | sta... | https://archive.is/k0NqZ
             | 
             | https://academic.oup.com/book/26688/chapter-
             | abstract/1954809... | https://annas-
             | archive[.]org/md5/3d5be21998575e23a28fdaa53ff5...
             | 
             | (You will have to replace "[.]" with "." in the above link
             | in case that wasn't obvious.)
        
               | ChuckMcM wrote:
               | Awesome thanks. Added to my libraary. Interesting that
               | the Coloradan study was asking a slightly different
               | question regarding wolves in Colorado vs the magnitude of
               | the wolf impact in Yellowstone. I felt the experimental
               | setup was also good but might quibble that Elk have more
               | impact than just eating, they can squash saplings just by
               | walking on them. The point that Colorado maintains its
               | Elk population by hunting was relevant as well, any
               | impact of wolf predation would be less than it would be
               | on a previously un-predated population. All in all
               | though, I quite agree that the stories of Yellowstone's
               | wolves likely overstate the specific impact of wolves and
               | understate the system dynamics that had other mechanisms
               | also affecting them.
               | 
               | I also recognize that 'popular' writing is more about
               | persuasion than facts :-) and it was important to
               | persuade people that wolves weren't "bad/evil" just
               | predators that had lived there before. Telling that story
               | as a rebalancing is certainly more palatable than saying
               | "Yeah, if we had allowed hunting Elk (and perhaps Bison)
               | in Yellowstone it would have similarly improved."
               | Generally keeping the human role as apex predator out of
               | the headlines :-). Thanks again, great links.
        
               | aspenmayer wrote:
               | > Thanks again, great links.
               | 
               | It was the least I could do to help the discussion, as
               | I'm not really knowledgeable enough about Yellowstone
               | ecology personally to have a nuanced discussion with you
               | or others in this thread, so I have to find other ways to
               | contribute positively to help us all catch where catch
               | can by enabling debate through proper context.
               | 
               | You're welcome, and thank you for your response on the
               | points for the benefit of me and the thread, as it was
               | beyond my ken.
        
           | bitexploder wrote:
           | https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecm..
           | .. CSU study
        
           | ricardobeat wrote:
           | That looks like a quite biased interpretation of these
           | studies. Direct quotes:
           | 
           | > The average height of willows in fenced and dammed plots 20
           | years after the initiation of the experiment exceeded 350 cm,
           | while the height in controls averaged less than 180 cm
           | 
           | > This suggests that well watered plants could tolerate
           | relatively heavy browsing. It also shows that the absence of
           | engineering by beavers suppressed willow growth to a similar
           | extent as did browsing
           | 
           | They posit that the growth in control groups not matching the
           | fenced areas is evidence of wolves reintroduction _not_
           | having the effects they are said to have. It is a pretty
           | unconvincing argument since there are so many other variables
           | involved. They also prove that IF the wolves have indirectly
           | lead to either the return of beaver dams, or reduced elk
           | browsing, there is undoubtedly an impact in tree growth,
           | which is a positive result regardless.
           | 
           | Their theory that things will never return to their original
           | state, and instead will settle into a new alternate
           | equilibrium is probably correct, but does not seem like the
           | definitive blow to the wolf theory that it's made out to be.
        
           | GlibMonkeyDeath wrote:
           | And this one from the National Park Service web site, funded
           | by NSF:
           | 
           | https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/ys-24-1-the-challenge-of-
           | unde...
           | 
           | TL;DR - the observed reduction of the elk herd correlated
           | with wolf introduction, but also with an increase in cougars,
           | grizzly bears, and even bison, all of which either reduce or
           | compete with elk. Human hunting also added pressure, but that
           | has been limited as the herd size reduced. It is complicated.
        
             | troupo wrote:
             | I also read it as "biodiversity is a good thing"
        
         | sghiassy wrote:
         | I've always found the idea of "restoring" ecosystems a bit
         | philosophically tricky. When we say that reintroducing wolves
         | led to ecological improvements, what's our reference point? Are
         | we comparing it to Yellowstone 100 years ago? 500? Pre-human
         | settlement?
         | 
         | Ecological baselines are inherently arbitrary--there's no
         | objectively "correct" state of nature to return to. The systems
         | we call degraded are often just different, not necessarily
         | worse. So when we talk about progress in this context, we're
         | really measuring against a value-laden idea of what we think
         | nature should look like, not some neutral truth.
         | 
         | That doesn't mean rewilding is bad--but I do think we should
         | acknowledge that we're shaping nature to fit human values, not
         | restoring it to some pure, original state.
        
           | quotemstr wrote:
           | Another example: mosquitos. We can and should drive them to
           | extinction. The species that feed on humans are nowhere food-
           | web-critical. It's an arbitrary and wrong judgement that we
           | should preserve mosquitos just because they happened to
           | evolve with us. So what if eradicating them would be
           | unnatural? So what if it would technically be a reduction in
           | biodiversity? Not everything natural is good or optimal.
        
             | profsummergig wrote:
             | You seem very well-informed on the matter.
        
             | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
             | I remember when it was announced that smallpox was
             | eradicated (Yeah, I'm old enough to have a smallpox
             | vaccination scar).
             | 
             | I remember someone moaning about how we had driven a
             | species to extinction.
             | 
             | We're a funny lot, really. I've learned not to take us too
             | seriously; especially the folks that take _themselves_ very
             | seriously.
        
               | tialaramex wrote:
               | It is questionable whether smallpox is alive and so
               | whether it can go extinct. If in some sense it can go
               | extinct it seems both the Americans and Russians are
               | determined to keep it alive "just in case".
               | 
               | Nobody was much concerned when we eradicated another
               | infectious virus. Unlike Smallpox there was no "military
               | rationale" for keeping copies on ice, so Rinderpest is
               | gone. It appears that its close human relation, Measles,
               | will be around for a long time though because "I don't
               | believe in facts" trumps "My child has died of a
               | preventable disease". So that's certainly evidence for
               | you're "We're a funny lot" theory.
        
               | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
               | A fairly common horror movie trope, is some Eocene
               | zombiemaker virus, being thawed out of the permafrost.
        
             | BurningFrog wrote:
             | The interesting version of this is to exterminate the
             | malaria carrying mosquito species. Only 40 of 3500 species
             | can carry malaria. If we wipe them out, non malaria
             | carrying species will likely take their place in the
             | ecosystems.
             | 
             | 250 million people have malaria, and 600k, mostly children
             | die from it yearly.
             | 
             | And yet, I see a lot more people defending the mosquitos
             | than the humans.
        
             | kurthr wrote:
             | Mosquito introduction is an historical event (1820) in
             | Hawaii (New Zealand, the Caribbean, etc). This devastated
             | local bird populations driving many to extinction and
             | halving the avian population in approximately a year due to
             | virus propagation. The death of the birds led to less seed
             | dispersal, loss of forest, and increased susceptibility to
             | invasive plants.
             | 
             | Some are ancient, but have adapted to thrive in some human
             | environments, but have spread well past their original
             | areas by colonialism, slave trade, shipping, and war. The
             | idea that modern mosquitoes are some "natural" ecosystem
             | element is pretty funny. Perhaps they have destroyed the
             | habitat that once existed and driven out competing species
             | which once fit into the niche, but they are in most places
             | relatively modern in ways other biting flies are not. The
             | growing effects of malaria are not only on humans, but
             | other animals including both chimps and reptiles as well.
             | 
             | Anopheles/Aedes/Culex mosquitos are the grey goo of
             | insects, driving other flies, midges, and even mosquitos
             | (which local fish and larval predators have evolved with)
             | to exinction. Treat them like the infection they are.
        
             | hst2 wrote:
             | I've heard talk about getting rid of a few species of
             | mosquitoes; eliminating all would be an ecological
             | catastrophe. They are pollinators and an essential food
             | source for many species, like birds, bats, and frogs.
        
           | FergusArgyll wrote:
           | I think one approach would be; restoring it to a known stable
           | equilibrium. Meaning, if without wolves things continue to
           | deteriorate and clearly hasn't reached a stable equilibrium
           | but you know that with them things were stable over some long
           | term period then you should reintroduce them
        
             | parineum wrote:
             | It's never been stable, that's the arbitrariness op is
             | talking about.
        
               | 29ebJCyy wrote:
               | There is absolutely stability if you zoom out to the time
               | scale that permits evolutionary adaptation (and of
               | course, if you zoom out much farther it all devolves to
               | noise again). But it's specious to say that "the only
               | constant is change" and then declare all comparisons
               | moot.
        
               | 42772827 wrote:
               | That's a rather idiosyncratic definition of stability.
               | Evolutionary adaptation is literally change over time.
        
               | 29ebJCyy wrote:
               | I think it's an elementary definition of stability. Just
               | because the derivative of the function is never zero
               | doesn't mean it contains no useful information.
        
           | xhkkffbf wrote:
           | I've got to agree. I like Aspen trees, but I like Elk better.
           | 
           | It sure sounds like we're just choosing the species we like.
           | It's like a big walled garden.
        
             | zomiaen wrote:
             | The Aspen trees provide ecosystem benefits to animals other
             | than Elk-- birds, etc. Shorter grasses allow smaller
             | animals to live and hide.
             | 
             | It's not choosing species we like as much as that there was
             | previously an equilibrium all ecosystems trend towards, and
             | our influence (killing the wolves) lead to significant
             | ecosystem imbalances that hurt more than just wolves.
        
           | subscribed wrote:
           | I often hear this argument, "oh, but how far can we possibly
           | go??! But deer are pretty?!", especially from farmers and
           | grouse shooting estates here in the UK.
           | 
           | It's wild, because it's so easy to measure and asses: an
           | ecological desert, dying ecosystem, rich in single
           | overgrazing specie is unequivocally bad.
           | 
           | Rich, lush ecosystems sustaining great biodiversity and
           | ecologically unique features (eg chalk streams or temperate
           | rainforests in the UK) are good. Killing everything for the
           | sake of one specie: Bad.
           | 
           | More on that if your position is honest:
           | https://www.monbiot.com/2025/05/12/the-commoner-kings/
        
             | tialaramex wrote:
             | Indeed. For the UK in particular you clearly can't have
             | "What it was without people" because that's far too long
             | ago, there aren't records so we'd only be guessing. The New
             | Forest - near me - was built about a thousand years ago,
             | it's not "supposed" to be like that, it was built on
             | purpose and it takes considerable maintenance to keep it
             | that way, felling trees, managing trails, maintaining
             | bridges and so on. Things like "The pigs eat acorns, that
             | way the ponies don't eat the acorns and die+" could not
             | possibly work without humans managing the forest. Left to
             | their own devices the pigs would destroy that forest in a
             | few years, and then the ponies die too, humans allow pigs
             | out for a set period, to eat lots of acorns, then bring
             | them all back by law.
             | 
             | We could try to build what was there before the forest, but
             | it would be extremely disruptive to all the people who live
             | there, and what for? The Forest isn't _very_ useful today,
             | but it 's pretty and we know it's stable, and it has _some_
             | uses, we grow some trees there, we farm some pigs and
             | ponies, tourists come to see it - there are many worse
             | options.
             | 
             | + Acorns are poisonous. Don't eat acorns without proper
             | preparation. Unless you're a pig or a squirrel or
             | something. In which case how are you reading this note?
        
               | tehjoker wrote:
               | Something I learned recently, acrons (properly prepared,
               | they are indeed poisonous otherwise) used to be a human
               | staple food in the Americas. It was displaced because it
               | is annoying to prepare and the taste is relatively bland.
        
           | sdenton4 wrote:
           | Instead of thinking of this as a benefit of wolves
           | (specifically), you can view it as an advantage of having
           | something in their ecological niche. In this case, the niche
           | is 'apex predator.' It's a niche which is repeated across
           | pretty much every ecosystem. They keep populations of their
           | prey species down, preventing overpopulation and the many
           | indirect problems that come with it.
           | 
           | Perhaps without an apex predator the prey species would
           | evolve out of the overpopulation problem eventually. However,
           | species that evolve with a predator tend to reproduce more
           | quickly, which helps avoid being completely wiped out by the
           | predator - when the population constraint impose by the
           | predator is removed, the prey population explodes, leading to
           | particularly pronounced problems.
           | 
           | (Perhaps if we had to contend with some homo-vampirus, we
           | wouldn't have global climate change...)
           | 
           | Overall, humans already interfered in the shape of the
           | ecosystem by removing wolves. You're correct that there's no
           | objective 'correct' state for an ecosystem. But it is
           | worthwhile to help balance ecosystems, especially when they
           | have been unbalanced by our own interventions. Without
           | restoration work, we're headed to a world with humans,
           | livestock, and the few species that manage to live on our
           | margins.
        
             | sghiassy wrote:
             | That's a strong point. Thanks for the thought
        
             | VWWHFSfQ wrote:
             | > species that evolve with a predator tend to reproduce
             | more quickly
             | 
             | As an example of this, a healthy female rabbit will produce
             | anywhere from 20 to 50 additional rabbits in a single year.
             | There have been many documented explosions of rabbit
             | populations due to lack of natural predators which have
             | caused significant ecological crisis.
             | 
             | They've evolved to reproduce so quickly because they are
             | the "food" in the food chain. Without the predators above
             | them, they will _eventually_ stop reproducing so quickly
             | because they are only killing themselves by doing so.
        
               | sdenton4 wrote:
               | It's worth puzzling about the mechanisms that would lead
               | a fast reproducing species to slow down...
               | 
               | My best guess is that internal competition for scarce
               | resources leads to territoriality, which in turn might
               | select for better resource utilization. Including reduced
               | reproduction, which creates more resource competition.
               | But this doesn't feel super obvious.
               | 
               | Otherwise, we have plague and starvation acting as stand
               | ins for apex predators, which isn't much fun... And
               | apparently isn't generally enough to reduce environmental
               | externalities from over population.
        
               | ndr wrote:
               | The term of art for everything that includes those
               | factors is "carrying capacity" [0].
               | 
               | It's not as much that the fertility necessarily drops,
               | but that under some conditions the death rate equals or
               | overtakes the birth rate.
               | 
               | And the system is dynamic. So conditions changes, as in
               | some of your examples, even just because the population
               | grows. EG scarcer resources.
               | 
               | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacity
        
             | bbor wrote:
             | (Perhaps if we had to contend with some homo-vampirus, we
             | wouldn't have global climate change...)
             | 
             | Humans--like ants--seem to be their own primary predator ;(
        
               | Ifkaluva wrote:
               | "Homo homini lupus"
        
             | rizzom5000 wrote:
             | > we're headed to a world with humans, livestock, and the
             | few species...
             | 
             | It looks more and more like we're headed toward a world
             | where we'll regenerate extinct species in labs; and grow
             | our steaks in meat factories. If we no longer need cattle
             | farms, it's possible we'll vote to preserve more lands.
        
               | the_af wrote:
               | Is there any evidence this has any traction, is actually
               | feasible (the reintroduction part), and is not merely a
               | publicity stunt for some biotech startups?
               | 
               | I think a more realistic point of view is that once a
               | species is gone, it's truly gone, and that we should
               | worry about keeping alive those still existing, because
               | there's no "undo" button.
        
               | DiggyJohnson wrote:
               | I'm usually the last person to take this side of a
               | discussion but I don't see how feasible since:
               | - the existence species regeneration does not imply the
               | incentivize to regenerate and manage the vast majority of
               | extinct species         - lack of gene samples for vast
               | majority of species         - we don't and are not very
               | close to having a viable model for environment and
               | species fitness so we can't accurately model what
               | specifies to regenerate         - new species populations
               | have to be managed before and after initial release
               | - land and labor capital investment
        
               | lukas099 wrote:
               | I hope so. In the meantime, we should try to preserve as
               | much natural genetic information as possible, even
               | assuming we can vet the species back.
        
             | jiggawatts wrote:
             | > homo-vampirus
             | 
             | https://www.rifters.com/blindsight/vampires.htm
             | 
             | The book is great "what if?" in several directions at once
             | including human vampires.
        
           | zomiaen wrote:
           | I wouldn't say pre-human settlement, since Natives were in
           | these areas for many years, but they didn't have the desire
           | to mass hunt wolves (and culturally, would not do so). So
           | pre-US colonialism, perhaps.
           | 
           | Philosophically though you're correct- humans very easily see
           | themselves as "apart" from the environment, when really we're
           | just another mammal doing our thing. We are nature as much as
           | we are in it, even for all of our tools and manufacturing.
        
           | doctorpangloss wrote:
           | > we're shaping nature to fit human values
           | 
           | Biodiversity is a good measure of ecosystem health, no? Is it
           | really a human value?
        
           | BurningFrog wrote:
           | One point I rarely see made:
           | 
           | When you "destroy" an ecosystem, a new one will take its
           | place. The remaining animals and plants will converge on a
           | new balanced state.
           | 
           | The ecosystems we admire today are often that new balance
           | after humans destroyed the natural one.
        
             | chomp wrote:
             | That's because it's a bad point. An ecosystem can collapse
             | for multiple reasons, e.g. collapse due pollution will not
             | create a thriving ecosystem.
             | 
             | In almost all cases, when a collapsed ecosystem reaches
             | homeostasis again, the result is a more fragile and less
             | diverse balance than what was there previously.
        
             | trainsarebetter wrote:
             | This is pretty naive take. We have turned eras of lush
             | forests into essentially deserts and killed water sheds.
             | These things don't default back to a thriving ecosystem.
             | Lots of the time they are just dead. Pre tree planting,
             | after clear cutting, there's a lot of "forests" in bc that
             | are just one canopy hemlock swaths. They need to be thinned
             | and diversified because the are essentially "dead" forests.
             | A lot of work needs to be put into these areas, as the
             | water sheds are falling apart and dying as a result.
        
             | shellfishgene wrote:
             | Often ecosystem quality is measured by diversity, eg number
             | of species. Diverse ecosystems are considered more
             | resilient.
        
             | tickettotranai wrote:
             | It's a question of timescales and degrees and magnitudes,
             | not of binary "did or didn't destroy". If we hadn't stopped
             | redwood logging in the 20th century, yeah, the ecosystem
             | would be replaced... But probably by something smaller and
             | faster growing. Victory! Redwoods got replaced by smaller
             | trees, mission success.
             | 
             | Monocultures are a scary thing (I'm sure you've heard about
             | how we had to completely switch banana varietals), and
             | having resilient ecosystems is important. I think ATM the
             | consensus is having an apex predator does actually help the
             | stability of these sorts of ecosystems and leads to
             | outcomes most would consider favorable (greater diversity,
             | better density, closer to an equilibrium). Now, we could
             | surely fix this problem by doing it ourselves (eg by
             | subsidizing deer and rabbit hunting and venison), but
             | wolves are probably cheaper.
        
             | fooker wrote:
             | > The remaining animals and plants will converge on a new
             | balanced state.
             | 
             | There's no guarantee that this be a stable equilibrium.
             | 
             | If it doesn't stabilize, we get mass extinctions. We have
             | had five large ones and are rapidly moving towards the
             | sixth ones by all accounts.
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event
        
               | mandmandam wrote:
               | > are rapidly moving towards the sixth ones by all
               | accounts
               | 
               | The scientific consensus isn't that we're "moving
               | towards" a mass extinction. It's that we're deep into
               | one, and accelerating.
               | 
               | "Current extinction rates are estimated at 100 to 1,000
               | times higher than natural background extinction rates
               | [13][14][15][16][17] and are accelerating."
               | 
               | - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinction
        
           | Misdicorl wrote:
           | One way to measure this that isn't moral judgements is the
           | ecological depth of an environment. If one part of the system
           | is destroyed (e.g. a blight on plant A) how devastating to
           | the rest of the system will that be?
           | 
           | One of the hallmarks of human engineered environments is how
           | shallow and fragile they are. Changes, like the
           | reintroduction of wolves, are "good" because they give us
           | deeper and more resilient environments
        
           | tracerbulletx wrote:
           | If only we had a whole group of experts who study this as
           | their life work to make these choices instead of thinking our
           | random speculations are the best we can do.
        
           | dev_l1x_be wrote:
           | Using restoring less of IT term (like restoring from a
           | backup) and more of a way of improving compared to current
           | state is the key here.
        
           | johnnienaked wrote:
           | There is a "correct" state of nature: one without modern
           | humans.
        
             | thrawa8387336 wrote:
             | Why do you hate yourself?
        
               | johnnienaked wrote:
               | It's not hate, it's love.
               | 
               | "But man is a part of nature, and his war against nature
               | is inevitably a war against himself. We are challenged as
               | mankind has never been challenged before to prove our
               | maturity and our mastery, not of nature, but of
               | ourselves." --Rachel Carson
        
           | sitkack wrote:
           | If "restoring" is tricky, does that mean going in the non-
           | restoring direction is less so?
        
           | celticninja wrote:
           | Agree but more species is definitely better than less
           | species. We are not aiming to get dinosaurs back, but pre
           | industrial era levels of wildlife is not a bad thing.
        
           | JumpCrisscross wrote:
           | > _When we say that reintroducing wolves led to ecological
           | improvements, what's our reference point?_
           | 
           | Ecological diversity and utility to humans.
           | 
           | The GYE is more diverse thanks to having wolves check grazing
           | populations. And the physical structure of the riparian
           | environment is more stable, which means better (and cheaper)
           | infrastructure and water management.
        
           | 42772827 wrote:
           | >I've always found the idea of "restoring" ecosystems a bit
           | philosophically tricky.
           | 
           | ..we're shaping nature to fit human values,
           | 
           | You're right to question it, because the philosophy itself is
           | based on the emotionally satisfying but ultimately
           | unscientific "Gaia" theory of "balance" and "self-sustaining"
           | / "self-correcting" systems.
        
             | Ma8ee wrote:
             | > because the philosophy itself is based on the emotionally
             | satisfying but ultimately unscientific "Gaia" theory of
             | "balance" and "self-sustaining" / "self-correcting"
             | systems.
             | 
             | I'm certain some have used those ideas, but that is not
             | what _the_ philosophy itself is based on.
        
           | owenversteeg wrote:
           | [flagged]
        
           | tdb7893 wrote:
           | I think this is a misunderstanding of what the goals are,
           | it's not just to go back to some arbitrary time in the past.
           | Often reintroduction of keystone species like wolves lead to
           | increased biodiversity and resilience of the ecosystem, which
           | is useful especially since we are currently going through a
           | mass extinction.
        
             | computerdork wrote:
             | I saw a PBS nature episode on keystone species (maybe you
             | did too?), and how they keep ecosystems in balance. Was one
             | of the most interesting documentaries I ever saw. Am glad
             | to see that in wolf species actually did help rebalance the
             | ecosystem, really amazing to see the theory in practice!
        
           | lo_zamoyski wrote:
           | I've also had this feeling when conservation of particular
           | species comes up. Species come and go. Why conserve this
           | particular species?
           | 
           | So, inevitably, the answer must be that people want to
           | conserve them either because of sentimental reasons or
           | because a given ecosystem suits human flourishing, or because
           | it maximizes some metric like species diversity.
           | 
           | > we're really measuring against a value-laden idea of what
           | we think nature should look like, not some neutral truth.
           | 
           | I will remark, that "value-laden" is not opposed to "neutral
           | truth". All knowledge is value-laden. Value itself is part of
           | reality. The fact-value dichotomy is a fiction.
        
           | titzer wrote:
           | Biodiversity, biomass, and ecosystem robustness are all
           | objective measures.
           | 
           | Human settlement has a tendency to reduce all of them. The
           | story here isn't that reintroducing wolves established some
           | kind of human-centric value system, it's the surprisingly
           | complex and far-reaching effects of just _one_ change in the
           | ecosystem, particularly the re-introduction of a top
           | predator.
           | 
           | Note also that absent extinction altogether, without humans
           | _actively killing_ wolves, their numbers _most likely_ would
           | have recovered eventually, probably with similar effects. In
           | essence, we just accelerated a type of healing process that
           | would naturally take place when our enormous ecological
           | footprint is removed.
        
           | gdubs wrote:
           | This is a great question. We've restored over 20 acres of
           | native ecosystems at our farm in the PNW, and one thing
           | that's clear is that some conservationists are attempting to
           | essentially create a painting of a particular moment in time.
           | Others are more pragmatic and flexible -- not seeing all non-
           | native elements as "bad".
           | 
           | I think where I come down is trying to remove elements that
           | threaten to take over and destroy the balance. Or restore
           | elements that will help re-establish balance. And it doesn't
           | have to all be "native".
           | 
           | And there are some natives like poison oak that I'll get rid
           | of because they're obnoxious and will ruin people's
           | experience of nature. And people's experience with nature
           | matters because that's a big part of how you win people over
           | and get them to support nature restoration work.
        
           | potato3732842 wrote:
           | >I've always found the idea of "restoring" ecosystems a bit
           | philosophically tricky.
           | 
           | It's not even "tricky". It's purely a subjective political
           | football if you live anywhere that was formerly glaciated
           | because humans were there from day 1 and so it's basically a
           | subjective question of which time period you want to restore.
        
           | DHRicoF wrote:
           | Ecosystems are dynamic by nature, so "make them like where
           | 222.22 years ago" is a little meaningless.
           | 
           | But biodiversity is a good target and as unbiased as you can
           | get. More biodiversity means more adaptability and resilience
           | of the system.
        
           | antisthenes wrote:
           | > I've always found the idea of "restoring" ecosystems a bit
           | philosophically tricky.
           | 
           | I think you're confusing "arbitrarily meddling in wilderness"
           | and "restoring ecosystems". The latter would be something
           | like demolishing a Walmart and its parking lot and putting
           | soil and trees in its place.
           | 
           | Basically giving back human development spaces back to nature
           | and letting nature take care of itself. This involves things
           | like cleaning up waterways.
        
           | gerdesj wrote:
           | "I've always found the idea of "restoring" ecosystems a bit
           | philosophically tricky."
           | 
           | Me too, however I think that making an ecosystem functional,
           | rather than dysfunctional is the goal, rather than actual
           | restoration to a nominal "correct".
           | 
           | The thing is that diversity, fecundity and like measures are
           | really important when it comes to ecology, not historical
           | accuracy - that's for aircraft museums.
        
       | thom wrote:
       | Not sure where opinion ended up on this, are there dissenting
       | voices still?
       | 
       | https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/scientists-debun...
        
         | rr808 wrote:
         | _" It is a classic example of how saying something many times
         | with enthusiasm can make it true, regardless of what the
         | science says," Hobbs said. _
         | 
         | Welcome to the age of social media.
        
         | patall wrote:
         | Because data it is inconclusive. I.e this publication that says
         | that the impact of wolves is beyond their population pressure,
         | reducing traffic accidents by making deer more wary:
         | 
         | https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2023251118
        
       | ForOldHack wrote:
       | If I could pick 10 stories to follow every day on a HN dashboard,
       | this would be first. It's really four or five stories in one.
        
       | declan_roberts wrote:
       | This is great news! Why doesn't fish and game just increase the
       | number of elk tags they sell? There are multiple ways to reduce
       | the elk population.
        
         | tossandthrow wrote:
         | Based on another commenter it appears that it is not merely
         | about the number of elk, but likely also how they act.
         | 
         | But is see This has a human imperialist reaction: why don't we
         | just micro manage everything!
        
         | ceejayoz wrote:
         | Humans hunt very differently than wolves. The impacts on elk
         | behavior are thus potentially very different.
        
         | stevenwoo wrote:
         | There are other studies that show that reintroduction of wolves
         | also appeared to lead to a decrease in coyotes and changed the
         | populations and behaviors of other prey animals, in turn
         | changing other plant populations. This particular headline does
         | not indicate all the apparent changes. These second and third
         | order effects are not things a state fish and game body would
         | particularly care about until it was forced to by other arms of
         | government.
        
       | arnon wrote:
       | Finally some good news today
        
         | trgn wrote:
         | All it took is hundreds of elk calves scurrying away in mortal
         | fear each year before getting disembowled alive
        
       | rr808 wrote:
       | I talked to a local who was friends with ranchers who now lose
       | stock to wolves. They hate it. Its an interesting use case of
       | local control, is the greater good more important than the people
       | who live there?
        
         | kingkawn wrote:
         | Yes
        
         | jeffbee wrote:
         | Welfare ranchers grazing on BLM land? Yes.
        
         | mykowebhn wrote:
         | Your question rephrased from an Indigenous People's
         | perspective:
         | 
         | "is the greater good more important than the _original people
         | who lived there_? "
        
         | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
         | More important than their desire to continue doing business the
         | way they're used to? I'd say so. You phrase it like we're
         | feeding _them_ to the wolves.
         | 
         | It's not just predators vs livestock, there are a bunch of
         | things that we didn't used to understand about ecosystems that
         | we do now. The societal cost of letting people displace or kill
         | wild animals with abandon is quite high.
         | 
         | Zoonotic diseases are the first to come to mind. How many
         | preventable cases of Plague or Lyme disease is that livestock
         | worth to us?
        
         | perlgeek wrote:
         | Losing stock to wolves and bears was why we used to have
         | shepherds, shepherd dogs, fences etc, at least in Europe.
         | 
         | Eradicating predators created a very convenient, intermittent
         | period where this was less of a necessity, but it also had
         | quite negative externalities.
         | 
         | So the question isn't "is the greater good more important than
         | the people who live there?", but more "is the greater good more
         | important than the convenience of some people who live there?"
         | 
         | This is a question we have to ask ourselves a lot; nobody wants
         | to live near a landfill, a prison, a sewage treatment plant
         | etc, and yet we want them for the greater good.
        
           | fundad wrote:
           | Convenience, lifestyle and the ability to hire fewer people
           | (keeping more money). If it doesn't make money after
           | expenses, get a second or third job like most artisans.
        
         | carlosjobim wrote:
         | I think it's very obvious that it is more important what people
         | like me who sit on the other side of the world thinks about
         | wolves in Yellowstone, than what the people living there think.
        
         | wpm wrote:
         | Yes. They should nut up and get over it.
        
         | spicyusername wrote:
         | Yes.
        
         | inahga wrote:
         | Colorado, at least, provides several resources for minimizing
         | and compensating wolf depredation.
         | 
         | https://cpw.widencollective.com/assets/share/asset/pzqhipzb1...
         | (see Funding)
         | 
         | Cursory search shows that not just Colorado does this.
        
         | floatrock wrote:
         | Or it's a reflection on is individualism really a thing when
         | everything is actually interconnected?
         | 
         | "The greater good" is a bit abstract, and your framing suggests
         | it's somehow separate from "the people who live there". A
         | different framing of this question is should individuals be
         | able to degrade ecosystem wealth in order to maximize their
         | personal wealth?
         | 
         | This is the climate story in microcosm. We all know burning
         | carbon is against the "greater good", but if we can pretend
         | that our high-energy lifestyle is somehow independent and
         | unconnected to the planetary ecological systems that support
         | us, then of course, why shouldn't I mortgage my descendants'
         | future for some toys today.
        
         | Ar-Curunir wrote:
         | More important their businesses? Yes, very likely. To what
         | extent should their business interests be protected over
         | nature?
        
         | tomrod wrote:
         | Oof. Bad place for a ranch. Natural ecology needs those apex
         | predators. They should consider relocating if they are deep in
         | the ranching world. If we've learned anything since the
         | industrial revolution, we have learned that sustainability is
         | highly desirable, even more so than marginal ranchland.
        
           | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
           | I guess the subsequent question is whether there are good
           | places for ranches. If the benefits of predators
           | reintroduction/protection become widely known, it will likely
           | be practiced elsewhere in the future.
        
             | tomrod wrote:
             | Great question! Once lab grown meat becomes economically
             | viable, there will be few good places for ranches that make
             | sense.
        
             | bongodongobob wrote:
             | There are millions of acres to grow cows where there are no
             | wolves.
        
         | fillskills wrote:
         | Spoke with someone on the Yellowstone team a few weeks ago.
         | They mentioned most wolves lose life to ranchers. Avg wolf life
         | in Yellowstone is just 3 years!
        
         | bawolff wrote:
         | > I talked to a local who was friends with ranchers who now
         | lose stock to wolves. They hate it.
         | 
         | Well if they liked it, their anscestors wouldn't have killed
         | the wolves in the first place.
        
         | pengaru wrote:
         | yes
        
       | pcmaffey wrote:
       | There's a raging battle to decimate wolf populations in Montana.
       | I'd encourage any and all to speak up.
       | 
       | https://fwp.mt.gov/aboutfwp/public-comment-opportunities Click on
       | the dropdown for "Fall 2025-Winter 2026 Furbearer and Wolf
       | Trapping and Hunting Seasons and Quotas."
       | 
       | > Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MTFWP) is proposing new,
       | despicable wolf hunting regulations that could allow up to 500
       | wolves to be killed. This would increase the number of wolves
       | that can be killed next season by 50 percent, nearly half the
       | state's entire wolf population. MTFWP is also pushing expanded
       | hunting and trapping rules, including allowing hunters to kill up
       | to 30 wolves per person.
       | 
       | > This proposal comes despite livestock losses remaining near
       | historic lows, with only 35 confirmed cattle deaths in 2024, and
       | a significant drop in the number of wolves killed due to
       | livestock conflicts. It is also worth noting that revenue from
       | wolf hunting licenses is among the lowest ever recorded - which
       | helps explain why these expanded rules are less about science and
       | more about politics, profit, and desperation.
       | 
       | > The Montana Fish and Wildlife Commission will vote on this
       | proposal at its next meeting on August 21. In the meantime,
       | public comments are open through August 4, and wolves need your
       | voice. In your comment, consider including the following:
       | 
       | - There is no scientific or ethical reason to kill this many
       | wolves.
       | 
       | - Wolves pose no significant threat to humans.
       | 
       | - Wolves help maintain healthy prey populations by targeting the
       | weak or sick, which may help control the spread of chronic
       | wasting disease in elk and deer.
       | 
       | - Legal hunting can increase poaching.
       | 
       | - Traps and snares are cruel, outdated, and often harm pets and
       | endangered species.
        
         | tuna74 wrote:
         | Yes! It would be good if people could be more interested in
         | reducing the number of ticks that causes much more human and
         | cattle damage than wolves.
        
           | pcmaffey wrote:
           | Totally. What spreads ticks - out of control deer populations
           | that lack apex predators.
        
       | searine wrote:
       | Made possible by 1 grant from the Oregon State University
       | Foundation.
        
       | staplung wrote:
       | Has no one considered the possibility that the aspen trees are
       | eating the wolves to grow strong? I mean, we know that the
       | decline of pirates causes global warming.
       | 
       | https://doctorspaghetti.org/pastafarians-pirates-and-climate...
       | 
       | We also know that dog predation of frisbees is a real problem for
       | healthy disc populations.
        
       | jb_rad wrote:
       | Also collapsed the elk population from 18,000 to 2,000 and
       | they're worried the bison will eat the trees... I understand
       | nature is incredibly complex and intelligent, and I'm curious
       | what the end effect will be. But from an anthropocentric
       | perspective, this is silly. When will the first human death
       | occur?
        
         | jjtheblunt wrote:
         | > When will the first human death occur?
         | 
         | what?
        
           | tomrod wrote:
           | Right? The first human death happened millions of years ago.
        
           | andrewflnr wrote:
           | You can usually understand this kind of phrase as having the
           | qualifier "in a way relevant to the current discussion",
           | meaning in this case "first human death caused by re-
           | introduced wolves".
        
         | EA-3167 wrote:
         | Why would a single human death, or even a few deaths a year
         | matter to the policy? Dogs kill people, bees kill people, lots
         | of things kill people and plenty of those things don't even
         | serve as much of a purpose as wild wolves. If there are
         | benefits to be had as a result of this policy, the question
         | isn't some artificial zero-tolerance policy towards human death
         | and injury, it's the usual balance of pros and cons.
        
           | jb_rad wrote:
           | Fair point. Except for "don't even serve as much of a purpose
           | as wild wolves." I'd argue dogs, bees, and let's say cars,
           | all serve an enormous purpose to humanity. The pros/cons of
           | replenishing an ecosystem is a good framework to analyze this
           | through. I am selfishly an advocate for humanity, and safer
           | forests with more wild game for hunting seems like a bigger
           | pro to me. Of course, I could be disastrously wrong. But we
           | don't know yet.
        
         | TimorousBestie wrote:
         | If you're going to exterminate every species that kills humans,
         | there's gonna be a lot of very angry dog owners on your
         | doorstep.
        
           | jb_rad wrote:
           | That's not my argument. I'm saying wolves are dangerous, and
           | as a human, I don't want to have to worry about wolves when
           | I'm hiking Yellowstone. Call me selfish but I'd rather be
           | alive than feel good that the forest is back to its natural
           | state.
        
             | cactacea wrote:
             | Yup that is pretty selfish.
        
           | triceratops wrote:
           | No steaks either. Cows kill nearly as many humans as dogs
           | (~20/year vs ~40/year)
        
       | tomrod wrote:
       | Lucas Miller teaches this to kids via song. Wonderful!
       | 
       | https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=p-nBUqz2hG0
        
       | thangalin wrote:
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W88Sact1kws
       | 
       | "Embark on a journey to Yellowstone, where a few wolves did not
       | just roam, but rewrote the rules of an entire ecosystem. Discover
       | how these majestic predators triggered a cascade of life,
       | transforming not only the park's wildlife but its very rivers and
       | landscapes. It's a story of how nature's architects can reshape
       | our world in ways we never imagined."
        
       | hinkley wrote:
       | Now report back in ten years about Lyme disease cases.
        
       | PicassoCTs wrote:
       | From my perspective this is a doomed ideological project, to
       | restore a ecological "balance" that is already historic- as the
       | climate this "balance" adapted to will vanish and the luxury of
       | ecological preservation projects will evaporate with the funds
       | available for such luxuries.
       | 
       | In my eyes, ecological historicism is just another sin, wasting
       | precious finite resources on keeping up a facade. It would be
       | much wiser, to take specimen from the developing bulb-belt and
       | transplant them up the lattitude to near similar developing
       | bioms, trying to breed them to survive the winter that now
       | befalls there "migrated" biom.
       | 
       | Let the wulves fight for their own survival in this mess and
       | remove protection status. The ground is moving, no sense in
       | building cabins and planting trees on it. Cosplaying nature while
       | sacrificing saveable species seems absurd to me.
        
       | yieldcrv wrote:
       | > Be Elk
       | 
       | > Browsing, grazing, loitering in an ideal environment
       | 
       | > Suddenly, mid life, an unidentified powerful beast appears that
       | stalks and kills your kind
       | 
       | > Never know why, the source, or that a third species engineered
       | this outcome because they were too lazy to kill you all
       | themselves and just wanted an automated way of doing so
        
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