[HN Gopher] The Fed says this is a cube of $1M. They're off by h...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       The Fed says this is a cube of $1M. They're off by half a million
        
       Author : c249709
       Score  : 791 points
       Date   : 2025-07-01 16:22 UTC (6 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (calvin.sh)
 (TXT) w3m dump (calvin.sh)
        
       | sdenton4 wrote:
       | Here's the go-to for counting stuff in pictures of lots of stuff:
       | https://countthings.com/
       | 
       | This would probably be a hard case for it! But would be cool to
       | see how well it works.
        
         | zefhous wrote:
         | Uh... in-app purchases for $24 for a 24-hour license? $80 pay-
         | per-count? The AI marketing images... Ugh.
        
           | MadnessASAP wrote:
           | I get that they're selling to industry, not consumers. They
           | also seem to be offering some pretty strong guarantees
           | regarding accuracy. Nevertheless that pricing is bananas. An
           | _uncountable_ number of bananas.
        
             | stavros wrote:
             | "If you are not getting 100% accuracy, contact us."
             | 
             | Ok, that's pretty a pretty good marketing line, I have to
             | admit.
        
               | Dilettante_ wrote:
               | That's like some P.T. Barnum stuff, because how the heck
               | would you know the count is off? That would imply you
               | already have a way of counting.
               | 
               | "If your parachute fails, your next jump is free!"
        
               | stavros wrote:
               | You'd have a person check some of the counts from time to
               | time, I imagine.
        
             | fragmede wrote:
             | It's only EUR24 for a 24 hour period, and I'd pay that to
             | know _exactly_ how many bananas their pricing is!
        
           | Veen wrote:
           | Counting is very time-consuming, important to get right, and
           | easy to get wrong. I expect quite a few businesses are happy
           | to pay that for fast, accurate counting.
        
         | cxr wrote:
         | This is yet another link to an app that doesn't do what the
         | author of the post actually specified.
        
           | sdenton4 wrote:
           | The post specifically says there's not a tool for counting
           | red dots on an image, and there absolutely are. From the
           | side-counts, you still have to extrapolate to a volume, but a
           | specific highlighted sub-problem is well addressed by apps.
        
             | cxr wrote:
             | > The post specifically says there's not a tool for
             | counting red dots on an image
             | 
             | Oh really? Is that what it says? Let's take a look:
             | 
             | > _All I wanted was a way to click on things in a photo and
             | have the number go up._
             | 
             | Those are the requirements. That's what the app is supposed
             | to do.
             | 
             | I don't see "a tool for counting red dots" anywhere. The
             | closest thing is this passage:
             | 
             | > _It 's stupidly simple: upload an image, click to drop a
             | dot, and it tells you how many you've placed[...] But
             | somehow, nothing like it existed._
             | 
             | You linked to an app that places its own markers (by way of
             | ML) and then gives you a count of those--not a count of the
             | ones that _you_ put down. That so obviously fails the
             | requirements.
        
       | nyeah wrote:
       | Do they claim it's packed solid all the way through?
        
         | c249709 wrote:
         | not explicitly, but the implication is strong. otherwise the
         | cube would be almost any size
        
           | florbnit wrote:
           | The cube is "almost any size" it's literally overshooting by
           | 50%
        
           | jerf wrote:
           | Just for fun, the maximum sized cube you could make with a
           | single layer of them facing flat and then entirely hollow on
           | the inside would be about 41 meters or so on a side. https://
           | www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=sqrt%28%28area+of+a+uni...
        
             | stavros wrote:
             | I can't argue with the math, but intuitively that just
             | seems really small? It means that you can lay down 166,000
             | $1 bills on the floor of a very small flat?
        
               | dogecoinbase wrote:
               | 41 meters is the height of a 13-story building.
        
               | padjo wrote:
               | A flat with very high ceilings?
               | 
               | Edit: even still 41x41 floorspace is a very large flat.
        
               | kaffekaka wrote:
               | The square _side_ would be 41 m meaning ~1600 square
               | meters per face, if I read correctly. So quite a large
               | flat.
        
               | stavros wrote:
               | Oh, the side? That makes sense, I thought 41 sqm.
        
               | jerf wrote:
               | Sorry, yes, 41m-on-a-side cube, not 41m^2-sided cube. The
               | outermost square-root in the expression takes the area of
               | one side of the cube (which is the area of the dollars,
               | divided by 6 to account for needing to cover the 6 sides
               | of the cube) and pulls it down to the cube's length of
               | one side.
        
               | stavros wrote:
               | Yeah, you said it correctly, but I'm not a native speaker
               | and brainfarted "41m on a side" into "each side is 41
               | sqm". I thought "face", rather than "edge".
        
         | ourmandave wrote:
         | I assume there's a really big ink bomb in the center.
        
           | 0cf8612b2e1e wrote:
           | I assume that at least 51% of the non visible bill parts have
           | been destroyed. Then you do not care if anyone tries some
           | elaborate heist.
        
       | MisterTea wrote:
       | Someone needs to call/email the museum and ask what is actually
       | in there because it don't add up.
        
       | kevin_thibedeau wrote:
       | There are additional stacks hidden by the aluminum framing.
       | Everything is flush against the glass so there are a few more
       | inches on each face not counted in the 102 figure.
        
         | c249709 wrote:
         | do you know that or just speculating? I couldn't figure it out
         | at the museum.
        
           | alfalfasprout wrote:
           | I was curious and looked and yes, there are absolutely bills
           | that seem to go into the framing. It's not a solid aluminum
           | bar it looks L shaped in person.
        
         | Nextgrid wrote:
         | That still wouldn't account for a 50% shortfall though?
        
           | barrkel wrote:
           | The article talks about 50% extra, not a shortfall.
        
             | Brian_K_White wrote:
             | Then another way to say that is that the claim is short.
        
               | jjk166 wrote:
               | Not in english it isn't.
        
           | delgaudm wrote:
           | Is _over_ by $500k, not short.
        
             | suspended_state wrote:
             | Doesn't this depend on the point of view?
        
               | boston_clone wrote:
               | Well, sure, things probably look different when you're
               | standing on your head.
        
               | Brian_K_White wrote:
               | Listen, if the money is greater than the claim, another
               | way to say the exact same thing, without even standing on
               | your head, is that the the claim is less than the money!
        
               | suspended_state wrote:
               | Yes, but is it as efficient?
        
           | alberth wrote:
           | It's not a _shortfall_.
           | 
           | The OP says it totals $1.5M ... and _extra_ $0.5M
        
             | Modified3019 wrote:
             | I wonder how many read the title, and assume it's about
             | being short. I certainly did.
        
               | pcthrowaway wrote:
               | I had the feeling it would be a shortfall but had enough
               | doubt to read the article.
        
         | voxic11 wrote:
         | So you are saying its even more incorrect than the article
         | claims?
        
         | reverendsteveii wrote:
         | so it's off by even more than a half mill?
        
         | johnfn wrote:
         | That's not an answer to the problem - it just makes the
         | discrepancy greater.
        
         | pavon wrote:
         | I'm guessing that is an illusion due to refraction through
         | thick (plexi)glass.
         | 
         | Otherwise, if the bills really are where they appear, then
         | there would have to be some partial (cut) bills along the edges
         | for everything to line up properly.
        
       | uticus wrote:
       | i'm amazed he accurately placed the dots. if i were to use the
       | png on the site without dots, i'd have trouble placing them in a
       | lot of areas.
        
       | cultofmetatron wrote:
       | obligatory
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/shorts/n6dJB8OcA8I
        
       | FerretFred wrote:
       | >So yeah. They're off by 50%.
       | 
       | Ah, that'll be the allowance for inflation/devaluation.
        
         | pirate787 wrote:
         | or allowance for vendor graft if they billed for $1mm
        
       | tehwebguy wrote:
       | This is a cool tool. Did the same thing (manually, just counted
       | and switched colors whenever I hit 100) when I vacuumed up like a
       | thousand yellow jackets from inside our walls. Couldn't believe
       | it when I hit 500, would have never estimated so high.
        
       | Jabrov wrote:
       | I bet it's not cash all the way through to make it look bigger
        
         | voiper1 wrote:
         | He did say he doesn't know if the center has cash inside... but
         | a hollow core definitely defeats the display purpose!
        
       | ziofill wrote:
       | " _What if it's hollow? [...] A money shell. A decorative cube. A
       | fiscal illusion. The world's most expensive pinata_ "
       | 
       | lol
        
       | rafram wrote:
       | Re Dot Counter, cool work, but charging me $3 to download an
       | image with dots on it is just silly.
        
         | c249709 wrote:
         | still cheaper than https://countthings.com/
        
           | rafram wrote:
           | That's 0.80EUR per count and it's automatic. Still seems too
           | expensive.
        
       | tonymet wrote:
       | counting things are a huge intellectual blind spot. For some
       | reason, when people hear a figure, they accept it as gospel.
       | 
       | sums, averages, population, budgets, spending, rates.
       | 
       | Counting things is time consuming and error prone. Ask a casino.
       | You can have 3 people count something and come to a different
       | figure off by a few percent.
       | 
       | Seriously if someone says there's $1m in there, who is going to
       | second guess? Thankfully this guy did.
        
         | burningChrome wrote:
         | Makes you wonder if all those pallets of cash we sent Iran
         | really contained all the money we said it did. Also makes me
         | wonder how you count money that arrives on pallets like that?
         | Do you set up a warehouse full of money counters?
        
           | pjc50 wrote:
           | Iraq, and no. Almost certainly the biggest undetected heist
           | in history.
        
             | ahazred8ta wrote:
             | 2016: "The Obama administration is acknowledging its
             | transfer of $1.7 billion to Iran earlier this year was made
             | entirely in cash" -- We froze a bunch of their money in the
             | 70s; Obama unfroze it.
        
               | absoflutely wrote:
               | ...as part of the Iran nuclear deal that Trump reversed
               | for no reason.
        
           | toast0 wrote:
           | A quick look around says commercially available bill counters
           | count around 1000 bills per minute. Low cost counters have
           | batch sizes of around 200 bills. Larger capacity counters are
           | available.
           | 
           | Assuming the process keeps a single counter running
           | continuously, it would be 1000 minutes, not quite 17 hours of
           | work to do a single pass counting with one counter. There's a
           | maintenance interval though. Some of the counters will scan
           | serial numbers, so you could probably confirm you saw 1
           | Million distinct serial numbers while scanning. Multiple
           | counters in parallel would reduce the wall clock time, of
           | course. And you might want to do multiple counts, sometimes
           | bills stick.
           | 
           | You could also count the number of straps and take a random
           | sample to count. While counting the straps, you'd probably
           | notice any grossly miscounted straps. If any of the sampled
           | straps are wrong, you would presumably increase the sample
           | rate to confirm. Weighing groups of 10 straps is probably
           | faster than counting, but I don't know how sensitive it would
           | be (depends on how consistent weights of the strapping
           | material is, as well as weight of circulated bills).
        
             | klank wrote:
             | While doing work for hospitality optimization software, I
             | had the fortune of seeing some of the cash management
             | infrastructure at gaming trade shows.
             | 
             | I wish I remembered more specific details, but I at least
             | assume similar levels of capacity for bill counting and
             | counterfeit detection are available to nation states.
             | Verifying the cash would be even easier and faster than
             | you're describing.
        
           | lrivers wrote:
           | <Cue Borat impression>My wife</end> works at a legit, long-
           | established, high volume retail store. Some of the time she
           | keeps books there. They just weigh money, it's accurate
           | enough for them.
        
         | klank wrote:
         | People, as a group, trust numbers. Individuals, often, do not.
         | 
         | Pick any industry which revolves around something, I assure you
         | there is a child-industry dedicated to providing the technology
         | and infrastructure to count the things.
         | 
         | Heck, accounting, as a general purpose, applies to every
         | profession, profession, is at its core, focused on counting
         | things.
         | 
         | Hopefully this doesn't come across as argumentative. Your
         | comment caused me to reflect on how you're right, we trust so
         | much when it comes to numbers people tell us. But at the same
         | time, we don't as evidenced by the vast amount of industry we
         | dedicate to counting all that we do, whatever it is.
        
           | tonymet wrote:
           | accounting / auditing is a good example. I review public
           | finances. Many public agencies don't pass audits. Even those
           | that do, wouldn't pass the smell test.
           | 
           | An audit just means "it looks like you are recording things"
           | but it doesn't mean "it looks like you are spending money
           | wisely.".
           | 
           | Patrons see "passed audit" and assume the agency is run well.
        
         | IAmBroom wrote:
         | > Ask a casino. You can have 3 people count something and come
         | to a different figure off by a few percent.
         | 
         | That seems a wildly unlikely idea: Despite having three people
         | checking sums, their daily profits have a few percent unknown
         | variability in them.
         | 
         | Banks of old would famously make their tellers stay late to
         | track down rather trivial discrepencies, probably as a
         | deterrent to carelessness.
         | 
         | Cite?
        
           | tonymet wrote:
           | why do you think businesses willingly pay visa 3-5%? *and get
           | paid a month in arears ? * and take on more tax liability
        
             | jjk166 wrote:
             | Because they were spending more money on having their
             | personnel tracking down these mistakes. /s
             | 
             | The real reason is that payment processors like visa have a
             | large network which is both technically challenging to
             | maintain and has a massive barrier to entry to replicate.
             | There are competitors but these are typically for niche
             | applications, some of which are operated by banks, but
             | beating visa and mastercard at their own game is no small
             | task.
        
       | giancarlostoro wrote:
       | Do we truly know if the Middle is all dollar bills and not
       | filler?
        
         | c249709 wrote:
         | there's only one way to find out
        
           | aetherson wrote:
           | Hacker News heist plan initiated.
        
         | jihadjihad wrote:
         | Not until Nicolas Cage gets involved.
        
           | lapetitejort wrote:
           | We need to sneak a CT scanner, into the Fed...?
        
         | mh- wrote:
         | This felt like the most obvious explanation to me as well.
         | Maybe the artist's vision for it was a solid cube of cash, but
         | it ended up needing a structure inside to support the thing.
         | 
         | So many reasons this might be exactly $1,000,000 but not sum up
         | on the outside.
         | 
         | That said, this is also something I would have spent way too
         | much time overthinking, so I thoroughly enjoyed reading the
         | blog post.
        
           | giancarlostoro wrote:
           | Agree, I loved the post, but I also wonder if there's more
           | nuance to it that we're unaware of.
        
           | delfinom wrote:
           | Artist should have been fired. If I'm being shown a stack of
           | $1 million, it better be a stack of 1 million of they are
           | gonna be talking with the fishes.
        
         | m-hodges wrote:
         | Did you read the article?
         | 
         | > What if it's hollow? You can only see the outer stacks. For
         | all we know, the middle is just air and crumpled-up old
         | newspaper. A money shell. A decorative cube. A fiscal illusion.
         | The world's most expensive pinata (but don't hit it, security
         | is watching).
        
       | whatshisface wrote:
       | Ron Paul is still alive and in some small way, just got his dream
       | of auditing the fed turned into reality.
        
       | tromp wrote:
       | I can't help wondering how big a cube you'd need to fill it with
       | 1 million $1 coins.
       | 
       | 43x43 piles of 541 coins each make 1000309 coins with a pile
       | height of 541*2mm = 1.082m, while the width would be somewhat
       | less than 43*26.5mm = 1.1395m with a hexagonal packing.
       | 
       | So just over 1m cubed, a little smaller than the bill version.
       | But at 8100 kg, tons heavier.
        
         | cgriswald wrote:
         | Edit: Well, damn. I got about the same as you did and rechecked
         | my math and got it wrong.
         | 
         | Anyway, the weight would be 8.1 metric tons.
         | 
         | https://www.usmint.gov/learn/coins-and-medals/circulating-co...
        
         | jo-m wrote:
         | This is what 8 million (Swiss) 5c pieces looks like:
         | https://cdn.unitycms.io/images/BasDL2iBqV3BLXFiXIPDdm.jpg?op...
         | 
         | (A party put them in front of the parliament to launch a
         | campaign for universal basic income)
        
       | taeric wrote:
       | Since the rows counted were not uniform, why assume all 19 under
       | each of them is? As such, it wouldn't have to be hollow, but
       | doesn't have to be neatly packed in the center, either.
       | 
       | Hilarious and well written exercise, regardless. Kudos!
        
         | nativeit wrote:
         | Sort of defeats the purpose of visualizing $1M. I'd call this
         | art project flawed in its execution, at best.
        
           | taeric wrote:
           | Ish? Look up the optimum packing of squares. :D
        
       | alberth wrote:
       | I don't think the cube is stacked as uniformly as the OP thinks.
       | 
       | Notice in this photo how the side of the cub right/side - the
       | bills are not oriented in the same direction as on the other
       | sides.
       | 
       | https://calvin.sh/blog/fed-lie/cube-side.jpg/
        
         | tadfisher wrote:
         | I count 8 stacks in that orientation, which is exactly as
         | described in the article.
        
       | mslansn wrote:
       | Not surprised that the Fed overspent a project by 50%.
        
         | umanwizard wrote:
         | I doubt this cost them 1.5M out of their real budget, lol. My
         | guess is these are not legal tender in some way, e.g. worn-out
         | bills that would otherwise be destroyed.
        
           | tracerbulletx wrote:
           | The fact that this is not obvious to everyone is a bit
           | disturbing to be honest..
        
       | HPsquared wrote:
       | Probably has a tidy facade, with a jumble full of gaps in the
       | middle.
       | 
       | Edit: Actually I reckon they deliberately oversized the container
       | a bit so it's easier to pack the cash in. You don't want to build
       | it too small! (Relative budget notwithstanding). Another design
       | constraint it has to be a cube, and has to fit nicely to the
       | dimensions of the banknotes on the front face (aspect ratio and
       | size) without having a big gap on one side.
        
       | wat10000 wrote:
       | I'd bet on "hollow." Either they overestimated how large the cube
       | would have to be to contain that much, or just decided they
       | wanted a bigger cube than they needed.
        
       | jt2190 wrote:
       | > All I wanted was a way to click on things in a photo and have
       | the number go up.
       | 
       | > You'd think this would already exist, a browser based tool for
       | counting things.
       | 
       | Just want to point out that these apps do exist, perhaps not
       | browser based. For example:
       | 
       | https://www.countthis.ai/
        
         | gowld wrote:
         | Count Apps:
         | 
         | https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/dynamic-ventures-inc/id9...
        
         | quickthrowman wrote:
         | I spend more time counting things than most people. I use the
         | 'Count' tool in Bluebeam Revu (an architecture/construction pdf
         | editor) when doing material takeoffs for construction
         | estimating. You need to do a lot more than just count when
         | doing a takeoff, so there really isn't much use for a counting
         | specific tool in my industry.
         | 
         | Bluebeam Revu can also do visual counts for specific
         | symbols/images provided the drawings aren't too busy, that is
         | one use of AI I would like to see (automated takeoffs) so I
         | don't have to click thousands of light fixture symbols every
         | year. One problem is that construction drawing are 2D and
         | height information isn't always present so measuring distance
         | and accounting for rise and drop is difficult to automate, I
         | use google maps street view frequently to gather height info
         | (calibration is based off a standard commercial door at 80" x
         | 36" or a CMU at 8" tall) if I don't visit a site. Due to this
         | and other factors, I think accurate construction estimating
         | will be difficult to automate completely with LLMs, but the
         | process will definitely be sped up by them.
        
       | mv4 wrote:
       | It's always amusing how people easily carry $1M cash in the
       | movies.
        
         | tbrake wrote:
         | well, using larger denominations helps.
        
           | sschueller wrote:
           | I think you could tell if the bill was purple (Swiss franc
           | [1]) instead of green in the movies...
           | 
           | [1] https://www.snb.ch/.imaging/flex/jcr:778b68b3-1344-4872-9
           | 3d7...
        
         | c249709 wrote:
         | if it's in $100 bills you can fit it in a suit case easily with
         | lots of space left
        
         | Taek wrote:
         | In the movies, it's $100 bills, which are considerably more
         | portable than $1 bills.
        
           | jolt42 wrote:
           | Would you roughly say 100x more portable?
        
             | IAmBroom wrote:
             | Using somat's estimate of 49" on a side, it would roughly
             | weigh the same as 49^3/100 cu in of solid wood. Given a
             | range of 0.01-0.03 lb/cu-in for pine, and choosing the
             | midpoint: 23.5 lb.
             | 
             | Very portable.
             | 
             | (Yes, it's cotton not wood, but the weight of solid cotton
             | is hard to find, and probably not much different.)
             | 
             | Cross-check: bills are apparently ~1g apiece. That predicts
             | $1M in $100-bills is 20.8 lb. Very close.
        
         | nixpulvis wrote:
         | Those are probably $100 bills. So you only need to fill a bag
         | with 100 bundles. Easily fits in a duffle bag I'd assume.
        
         | ffin wrote:
         | the cube is full of $1 bills
        
         | kingkawn wrote:
         | Compress the cube by 100x and you could probably carry it
        
         | steezeburger wrote:
         | Those aren't stacks of one dollar bills though.
        
         | labster wrote:
         | Yeah, that many pennies would be really heavy.
         | 
         | Similarly, I always love it when small women smuggle suitcases
         | full of gold in movies, when it would be heavy enough to break
         | the handle off if it weren't painted styrofoam.
        
       | mzur wrote:
       | If you need a web app to mark/count things in images, search for
       | "image annotation" tools. I know first hand of a tool that is
       | around since 2009 and still maintained.
        
       | crazysim wrote:
       | I wouldn't be surprised if the bills themselves are marked with
       | specimen or something on the non-visible side. Maybe they're also
       | artificially worn bills produced during bringup or testing.
        
         | burnt-resistor wrote:
         | I agree. The "money" probably has the shape and appearance of
         | money, but isn't legal tender out of concern risk management
         | and theft.
         | 
         | The cube is almost certainly hollow, to cut weight and cost.
         | 
         | It's the _idea_ of what a cube of $1m would look like. It
         | _should_ at least fulfill that requirement faithfully.
        
         | nativeit wrote:
         | Someone else had mentioned these were retired dollar bills
         | (aka, otherwise headed to the incinerator) but I don't know the
         | provenance of this information.
        
       | lupusreal wrote:
       | I expected it to be 50% short because whoever assembled it swiped
       | half of the cash assuming nobody would ever count. 50% _over_ is
       | hilarious.
        
       | rkagerer wrote:
       | I'd like to see this or a similar follow up project memorialized
       | onto a small plaque beside the exhibit.
        
       | citizenpaul wrote:
       | Meanwhile I'm in a debate about the effectiveness/competence of
       | government workers on another post.
       | 
       | I realize the fed is not technically a government agency.
        
         | fires10 wrote:
         | I do not understand the claim the Fed is not a government
         | agency?
        
           | darkstar999 wrote:
           | > Although an instrument of the U.S. government, the Federal
           | Reserve System considers itself "an independent central bank
           | because its monetary policy decisions do not have to be
           | approved by the president or by anyone else in the executive
           | or legislative branches of government, it does not receive
           | funding appropriated by Congress, and the terms of the
           | members of the board of governors span multiple presidential
           | and congressional terms.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve
        
           | burnt-resistor wrote:
           | They're an IA.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_Un.
           | ..
           | 
           | The for-profit ones (Amtrak, USPS, etc.) are called SOEs.
           | 
           | The loan-related ones (Freddie Mae) are called GSEs.
        
             | chrisweekly wrote:
             | IA - Independent Agency
        
               | scrozier wrote:
               | Thank you. While abbreviations are handy for those in the
               | know, it's so helpful for general readers if one takes a
               | moment to spell things out.
        
               | Dilettante_ wrote:
               | Respectfully, there's a Wikipedia link.
        
           | whatevertrevor wrote:
           | The Federal Reserve is an independent bank. An important
           | detail the current US administration does not like.
        
           | citizenpaul wrote:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve
           | 
           | Although an instrument of the U.S. government, the Federal
           | Reserve System considers itself "an independent central bank
           | because its monetary policy decisions do not have to be
           | approved by the president or by anyone else in the executive
           | or legislative branches of government, it does not receive
           | funding appropriated by Congress, and the terms of the
           | members of the board of governors span multiple presidential
           | and congressional terms."[11]
        
       | JadeNB wrote:
       | Why in the world would you use KaTeX to write a number that is
       | just being used as a number, not part of a mathematical formula?
       | But, if you must, at least use some tricks to make the spacing
       | work correctly: since TeX treats `,` as `mathpunct`, you need to
       | use something like `\$1{,}000{,}000` (or change its catcode) to
       | get something that renders as a plain old non-KaTeXed
       | "$1,000,000" would.
        
         | c249709 wrote:
         | thanks for the tip! I just wanted all the numbers to look the
         | same
        
           | JadeNB wrote:
           | Oh, that makes sense! I was so caught up on the article
           | beginning that way that it didn't occur to me that there'd be
           | formulas later on, and it makes sense to want the numbers to
           | appear the same in and out of formulas. Thank you for fixing
           | the spacing, and nice article!
        
       | dlinder wrote:
       | Audit the Fed (cube)!
        
       | ar_lan wrote:
       | Did they ever consider there could be a hollow core, or filler to
       | account for the discrepancy?
        
         | HelloMcFly wrote:
         | That's in TFA
        
         | IshKebab wrote:
         | Yes, I used my eyes to read the article and I can confirm that
         | they did consider it, because they wrote it down in the article
         | we are discussing.
        
         | thinkingemote wrote:
         | The exhibit rotates. It will have the same kind of structure
         | shown at the bottom through the middle of it at the very least,
         | and probably a sort of skeleton for stability.
        
         | 8n4vidtmkvmk wrote:
         | Yes, they did.
        
       | mrandish wrote:
       | > For all we know, the middle is just air and crumpled-up old
       | newspaper.
       | 
       | I think this is the answer. I suspect the exhibit designers had a
       | cool idea for a display, did a rough estimate of the area needed
       | and then commissioned the exhibit builders to make the big metal-
       | framed cube. Either they made an error in their calculation or
       | the innate variability in the size of stacks of used bills threw
       | it off. It's also possible the exhibit designer simply decided a
       | bigger cube which filled the floor to ceiling space would be a
       | better visual. Which would be unfortunate because, personally,
       | the exhibit concept I'm more interested in is "$1M dollars in
       | $100 bills fits in this area" not "Here's $1M in bills." The
       | first concept is mildly interesting while the second is just a
       | stunt.
       | 
       | Regardless of the reason it's off, I think it's most likely
       | there's only $1M of bills in the cube. The folks responsible for
       | collecting and destroying used bills tend to be exacting in their
       | auditing for obvious reasons. So when the exhibit designers got
       | $1M in used bills approved and released, that's exactly how much
       | they got. It also stands to reason that they'd design the cube a
       | little bigger than their calculated area requirement to ensure at
       | least $1M would fit (along with some method of padding the
       | interior) - although >50% seems excessive for a variability
       | margin, so I still think it was an aesthetic choice or
       | calculation error. Of course, one could do a practical
       | replication to verify the area required with $10,000 in $1 bills.
       | 
       | Regardless, it's an interesting observation and a cool counting
       | program to help verify.
        
         | johnfn wrote:
         | I think this is the most reasonable answer on the thread. As
         | amusing as it is to see everyone come up with zany solutions,
         | it is most likely something boring like this.
        
         | ninetyninenine wrote:
         | What's the point of disseminating the technical reasoning
         | behind it?
         | 
         | I think it's better served to use this as an analogy of how the
         | federal government handles money.
        
           | colejohnson66 wrote:
           | They handle money by putting them in cubes of glass?
           | 
           | Non-snark: Because it's fun to theorize.
        
             | ninetyninenine wrote:
             | agreeed
        
           | whatevertrevor wrote:
           | Because we still care about assigning sensible priors to
           | whatever we think is the truth? You can use this to
           | "analogize" how the feds handle money, but if they were
           | actually careful with the money but a bit misleading on the
           | space $1m would take, that's a different and less egregious
           | error. Ignoring the space of potential possible explanations
           | to make your analogy stronger is just confirmation bias with
           | additional steps.
        
             | ninetyninenine wrote:
             | I'm half serious. Yeah I see the point. But more important
             | to me is the analogy.
        
               | whatevertrevor wrote:
               | I see. That is fair, no judgement.
               | 
               | Though I do sometimes feel the pervasive casual cynicism
               | we have everywhere today sort of creates a self-
               | reinforcing cycle as it preemptively erodes trust.
        
         | quantadev wrote:
         | Yeah, there's no way they piled the cash into a square on the
         | floor and then measured it and then had the box made based on
         | the measurements. They had the box made FIRST based on rough
         | calculations, being sure to over-estimate it's size on purpose,
         | knowing they can fill the interior with cardboard boxes as
         | needed to space things out.
        
           | a2800276 wrote:
           | Considering they handle and transport a lot of money, it's
           | safe to assume they don't meet to make back of the envelope
           | estimations concerning weight and volume.
        
             | quantadev wrote:
             | Yeah by "rough calculation" what I mean is that since the
             | Fed knows the ratio of volume to bills, they might have
             | intentionally made the box too big.
        
         | gpm wrote:
         | > The folks responsible for collecting and destroying used
         | bills tend to be exacting in their auditing for obvious
         | reasons. So when the exhibit designers got $1M in used bills
         | approved and released, that's exactly how much they got.
         | 
         | But who says that they didn't actually request $1.5M in used
         | bills after doing the math of what it would take to make a
         | cube. Or fill it up with $1M in used bills, and come back and
         | make another request for $500k that also got approved...
        
           | mrandish wrote:
           | Because going >50% over-budget isn't a good way to further
           | anyone's career in exhibit design, engineering and
           | construction.
           | 
           | I have a friend who works at a firm which specializes in
           | engineering and constructing exhibits for museums and all
           | kinds of public spaces. There's a whole industry ecosystem
           | around doing this. They get brought in on contracts by design
           | firms which specialize in permanent installation exhibits who
           | get hired by the person responsible for exhibits at a museum
           | or exhibit space. It's no different than most niche specialty
           | industries. Even though it's comparatively small, there are
           | still thousands of sites and hundreds of firms. People who do
           | this specialize in it, develop long-term careers and have
           | resumes they care about. Jobs for firms and people come by
           | reputation and word of mouth. Delivering on time, on spec and
           | on budget is crucial for survival. The facilities manager for
           | this Fed building hired an exhibit space manager who
           | developed a budget for this public tour project and then put
           | it out to exhibit design firms for bids. The project was
           | approved on a fixed budget and time frame. The overall budget
           | the exhibit space manager submitted to the facilities manager
           | certainly included the cost of the cash in the cube.
           | 
           | But the bigger reason no one was cavalier about just filling
           | it up with $100 bills is that this exhibit is different
           | because the exhibited artifact is of uniquely high-value (and
           | unlike a Rembrandt, immediately spendable), so it probably
           | had to have a security assessment and is very likely insured
           | against loss (not just theft but fire/water damage etc). The
           | cost of insuring and securing the exhibit was calculated
           | before the budget was ever approved. Adding another 50% in
           | cash would increase the insurance premium.
        
             | roywiggins wrote:
             | It _is_ the Fed though, does money actually  "cost"
             | anything for them? They're the ones who make the money!
        
               | mrandish wrote:
               | Per this site:
               | https://home.treasury.gov/services/currency-and-coins
               | 
               | > "U.S currency is produced by the Bureau of Engraving
               | and Printing and U.S. coins are produced by the U.S.
               | Mint. Both organizations are bureaus of the U.S.
               | Department of the Treasury."
               | 
               | But even if this exhibit was at a U.S. Mint site, your
               | assumption doesn't account for how the real world works.
               | The people involved in planning, creating and operating a
               | public exhibit space like this on behalf of some museum,
               | department or company are just regular employees who
               | report to mid-level managers with careers in facilities
               | management. I'm not an expert but if this was a U.S. Mint
               | site, I'd guess that the bills on display would be
               | technically 'retired' (or whatever term they have for
               | bills that are removed from circulation). Since the
               | Federal Reserve is a quasi-governmental organization, I
               | can't really guess if these bills are similarly retired
               | or simply cash, the time-value of which this exhibit
               | space is carrying on their balance sheet. Either way,
               | based on the way the real world actually works, it's
               | almost certain the cost of this cash is very precisely
               | tracked and accounted for on an audited budget that some
               | mid-level manager is responsible for balancing right
               | alongside the payroll for ticket takers, security guards
               | and janitorial.
        
               | rtkwe wrote:
               | If it's just diverting bills that were heading to be
               | destroyed (not impossible looking at the end of the bills
               | on the non strapped side they look pretty rough) they're
               | not worth a million any more they're just scrap. If you
               | were extra paranoid you could even partially destory the
               | bills and leave only the outer edges needed for the
               | display.
        
               | ekholm_e wrote:
               | My wife works at the Fed, and I can confirm that 1) the
               | Fed does decommission/retire bills and 2) that whole
               | process is very tightly controlled. The retired bills are
               | typically shredded, and if you go on a tour of a Fed
               | bank, you can get little baggies of "Fed Shreds."
               | 
               | So it seems very likely to me that whatever money is in
               | the cube is decommissioned.
        
               | a2800276 wrote:
               | Fun fact, people who work at the Fed just print their
               | salary at the end of the month.
        
               | necovek wrote:
               | That'd be fun, but I am pretty sure they get it
               | electronically into their bank account -- as in, no money
               | is ever made for their salaries, just like most white
               | collar workers.
        
               | lxgr wrote:
               | Demand deposits in bank accounts are also money.
               | 
               | As a side note: In some countries, central bank employees
               | are the only individuals that can actually hold non-paper
               | M0 (or MB?) money, since they get paid their salaries
               | into a central bank account, which are otherwise only
               | available to commercial banks. This used to be the case
               | in Germany and Austria, but has been phased out at some
               | point, as far as I remember.
               | 
               | But even if Fed employees just get paid in regular old M1
               | demand deposits, that's money nonetheless.
        
               | komadori wrote:
               | The Bank of England used to offer personal bank accounts
               | to their employees, but they phased it out after 2015.
               | Not sure if these accounts were exactly the same as those
               | used for central banking though.
               | 
               | https://hrreview.co.uk/hr-news/strategy-news/bank-
               | england-cl...
        
               | doubled112 wrote:
               | While not money, and probably not even real, those
               | numbers in a DB still keep my kids fed. Tasty tasty DB
               | numbers.
        
             | elzbardico wrote:
             | I reckon you're not very familiar with the world of
             | government spending.
             | 
             | An engineer or artist that reliably find ways to go 50%
             | over budget and generate contract extensions is a highly
             | sought professional amongst vendors that specialize in the
             | public sector.
             | 
             | In gov work contract extensions are almost guaranteed,
             | provided your company also have the civic spirit of
             | contributing to our democracy with health campaign
             | donations.
        
         | ggreer wrote:
         | It could be that they measured a stack of bills sitting on a
         | table, then did the math to make a metal frame to contain
         | $1,000,000. But they didn't account for stacks compressing
         | under the weight of higher stacks, and it wouldn't look as nice
         | if the top part of the cube was empty.
         | 
         | Still, it does seem like it would be cheaper to rebuild the
         | case than to add $500k to it. Maybe it's easy for the Fed to
         | acquire more cash as long as it's guaranteed not to be spent.
        
           | grogenaut wrote:
           | It's the cost of paper not the dollar value. Also only the
           | outermost bills need be real the rest could just be paper, or
           | voided bills or whatever. But accounting can cover it. It's
           | not gold or pennies where the currency costs what it is worth
           | to make
        
             | kasey_junk wrote:
             | Coins don't cost what they are worth to make.
        
               | tempestn wrote:
               | Pennies do. (More, actually.)
        
               | bandofthehawk wrote:
               | Pennies and nickels cost more to make than they are
               | worth.
        
               | eloisant wrote:
               | It's only true for the smaller denominations, 1c and 5c
               | for USD.
               | 
               | Other than that, coins are cheaper than bills on the long
               | run, because they last longer. It would be cheaper for
               | the US government to stop making $1 bills and have people
               | use the $1 coins, but I guess old habits die hard.
        
               | adolph wrote:
               | There is an excellent recent "The Answer is Transaction
               | Costs" podcast episode (The Price of Pennies: Make or
               | Buy?) outlining a proposal to save money by buying back
               | coins instead of making new ones.
               | 
               | https://taitc.buzzsprout.com/2186249/episodes/17383823-th
               | e-p...
        
             | dyauspitr wrote:
             | What do you mean? The currency in there is spendable isn't
             | it?
        
               | tharkun__ wrote:
               | What leads you to believe that?
               | 
               | I haven't been there but the plaque seen in the picture
               | just says:                   Have you ever wondered what
               | one million dollars looks like? You don't have to wonder
               | anymore because you can see it right in front of you!
               | 
               | That does not say nor in my mind even implicate that
               | these would be valid dollars. It just wants you to be
               | able to "see" what a million would look like. For all we
               | know they printed fake money for it that uses the right
               | paper for thickness and such and the right face value
               | print but is otherwise fake. It would still meet the
               | stated description.
               | 
               | I would _hope_ they at least used real bills they just
               | took out of circulation for whatever reason but there can
               | 't be any real expectation.
               | 
               | It's a "stunt" only anyway coz a million in $1 coins
               | would look way different. As would a million in 20s or
               | 100s.
        
           | rtkwe wrote:
           | That ignores the other option which is it's not solid and
           | they just filled the empty space with foam or a wooden box.
        
             | dyauspitr wrote:
             | Which destroys what the exhibit is trying to show.
        
               | jjk166 wrote:
               | The exhibit only claims this is what a $1M cube would
               | look like.
        
           | logifail wrote:
           | > Maybe it's easy for the Fed to acquire more cash as long as
           | it's guaranteed not to be spent.
           | 
           | Based on Fed policy since 2007, they may be happy to hand out
           | cash _especially_ if it 's going to be spent.
           | 
           | "Money printer go brrr" and all that...
        
           | lxgr wrote:
           | > Maybe it's easy for the Fed to acquire more cash as long as
           | it's guaranteed not to be spent.
           | 
           | The Fed doesn't acquire cash, it creates it. USD banknotes
           | are liabilities of the Fed, but that concept only makes sense
           | when somebody other than itself owns them.
        
             | meta_ai_x wrote:
             | No. We have a double accounting system. For every $1 it
             | creates, it has to create an equivalent liability.
             | 
             | And when something is budgeted for $1 Million, it is $1m
             | nothing more nothing less
        
               | lxgr wrote:
               | Not sure when exactly the Fed accounts for USD printed -
               | i.e. only once distributed to somebody else, or as soon
               | as they're printed and still owned by the Fed - but even
               | in the latter case, asset and liability work out to
               | exactly zero.
               | 
               | So this million USD might or might not have been
               | accounted for, but it definitely does not need to be
               | budgeted for.
        
               | jacksnipe wrote:
               | I mean, that's a very corporate accounting way of looking
               | at it. But countries are not corporations, or even banks,
               | and the abstraction is so leaky it's pretty much never
               | worth using.
        
               | lxgr wrote:
               | Even for corporations and individuals it works that way.
               | If you write a check to yourself, it represents both an
               | asset and a liability whose effects on your equity
               | exactly cancel out.
        
               | hosh wrote:
               | Double entry accounting has properties that allow it to
               | track the flow of money, not just its state (current
               | balance), so it useful for countries as well as
               | corporations.
        
               | throwpoaster wrote:
               | Does the USG not use quad entry?
        
               | NovemberWhiskey wrote:
               | So, in your mind, when the Federal Reserve prints a
               | dollar bill - what's happening in accounting terms? I
               | don't think your understanding of the way this works is
               | consistent with the concept of money supply.
        
               | tharkun__ wrote:
               | Not your parent but in my mind, when the Fed prints $1
               | million to replace old bills they take out of circulation
               | and give then to people to stuff into a cube then in
               | accounting terms basically nothing happens at all.
        
               | Hamuko wrote:
               | I'm not really familiar with accounting in English but is
               | it really a liability in double-entry accounting?
               | Wouldn't generating money basically be income? So if you
               | sell $1000 worth of stuff, you credit the sales account
               | for $1000 and debit your cash/bank account for $1000, and
               | the account's basically a bottomless pit where you can
               | draw as long as you're generating income.
        
               | lxgr wrote:
               | > I'm not really familiar with accounting in English but
               | is it really a liability in double-entry accounting?
               | 
               | Only if you're the central bank, but for them, it really
               | is, yes. For everybody else, money held is an asset,
               | since it's somebody else's (in this case, the central
               | bank's) liability to them.
        
               | Thrymr wrote:
               | Yes, but the liability account in the Fed's case is
               | /dev/null, isn't it?
        
               | stephen_g wrote:
               | For the Fed though that liability is just a line in a
               | spreadsheet.
               | 
               | Yes the Fed creates an entry in the balance sheet by
               | convention but it's basically just a formality to the
               | currency creator.
        
               | xnyan wrote:
               | I'm certain there's policy that allows for national mint
               | to create non-spendable exemplars of currency in a way
               | that does not count as cash.
        
           | coliveira wrote:
           | Most probably these are voided notes, they actually have zero
           | value because they were taken out of circulation.
        
           | jjk166 wrote:
           | It costs about $.032 to produce a 1 dollar note, so an extra
           | 500000 new bills would be about $16k.
           | 
           | It could be even cheaper if these were old bills than needed
           | to be pulled out of circulation. In that case they'ed be
           | paying money to dispose of them anyways.
        
         | daemonologist wrote:
         | The compression of the bills under their own weight might
         | account for the excessive margin - a lone $100 bundle, even
         | compressed by hand before measuring, probably takes up more
         | vertical space than the ones in the cube.
        
           | hidelooktropic wrote:
           | But a bundle is a bundle
        
         | deepsun wrote:
         | I think those bills didn't go through decommissioning process
         | for used bills. It's much easier to just keep $1M on passive
         | cash balance forever. Yes, they lose about $5k/month on lost
         | interest rate, but a bank can afford it.
        
           | hgomersall wrote:
           | These are bank notes so they are a liability of the fed. Them
           | holding them doesn't mean they have more money, they just
           | have less liability.
        
           | necovek wrote:
           | $5k/month or $60k/year is roughly 6% of annual conformal
           | interest rate -- is there any bank that will provide that
           | much return in USA today? (There are investment funds which
           | usually do, but there are no guarantees there)
        
             | deepsun wrote:
             | I used AFR [1] that are from 4% to 5%. One cannot give
             | loans lower than that. Any mortgage is higher than that.
             | 
             | [1] https://www.irs.gov/applicable-federal-rates
        
         | tmnvix wrote:
         | > I'm more interested in is "$1M dollars in $100 bills fits in
         | this area"
         | 
         | Here's $1,000,000 in $50 notes at the Reserve Bank of New
         | Zealand Museum:
         | https://fastly.4sqi.net/img/general/600x600/2817090_qnRbbX_q...
        
         | Retric wrote:
         | Rather than counting error it's likely the ~1 ton weight of
         | stacking bills like this would deform the lower sections and
         | possibly stress the glass depending on thickness. So rather
         | than random filler there may be internal structural bracing so
         | the outside of the cube looks nice and neat.
         | 
         | Simplest way to double check is if top and bottom corners have
         | the same bill density.
        
           | trhway wrote:
           | may be they started with a $1M and with time the bills weight
           | compresses the bills, and they have periodically to add more
           | to fill the newly forming emptiness. Kind of inflation.
        
         | moralestapia wrote:
         | Museum: "Don't worry, no one will notice".
         | 
         | Calvin Liang: "Ackshually ..."
        
         | rob_c wrote:
         | It's probably hollow to make the display easier and more
         | reliable.
        
           | eschneider wrote:
           | It is hollow. But it wasn't originally. _cough_
        
         | NoSalt wrote:
         | > _" How do I know that's not a bunch of ones with a twenty
         | wrapped around it?"_
         | 
         | ~ Vincent LaGuardia Gambini
        
           | tmtvl wrote:
           | What's a yout?
        
         | wl wrote:
         | > personally, the exhibit concept I'm more interested in is
         | "$1M dollars in $100 bills fits in this area" not "Here's $1M
         | in bills." The first concept is mildly interesting while the
         | second is just a stunt.
         | 
         | They have that maybe 50 feet away. It fits in a briefcase.
         | Also, $1 million in $20s.
        
         | Wowfunhappy wrote:
         | ...I actually think you're being too nice. The exhibit implies
         | that this is how big a cube of a million dollars would be. You
         | can use it to get a sense of how much a million is.
         | 
         | If it's 50% too big, that's a serious mistake! They should,
         | like, take down the exhibit until it's fixed. You can't just
         | make one of the bars on a graph taller because it looks more
         | impressive, or your pen slipped, or whatever else. This thing
         | is inaccurate and they should fix it.
        
         | RyanOD wrote:
         | Or, the cube was surplus?
        
       | eggy wrote:
       | Did you account for the paper band that wraps the 100 one-dollar
       | bills? Not nitpicking, but you said you counted everything you
       | could see.
       | 
       | It should be between 0.002-0.004 in. thick, so each band per
       | bundle is about 0.004 to 0.008 thick. Might take off a little bit
       | of your overage.
        
         | johnfn wrote:
         | OP counts the number of bundles, so I don't think this solves
         | it.
        
       | tzury wrote:
       | In case you wondered, $1M in cash ($100 bills) weigh
       | approximately 22 pounds (about 10 kilograms).
       | 
       | Last week I was watching that episode of Better Call Saul where
       | he carries $7M throughout the desert for 36 hours, and realized
       | his bags were supposed to get ripped 4 minutes into the process.
       | 
       | --
       | 
       | Calculation by Claude:
       | 
       | Here's the calculation:
       | 
       | A single US banknote weighs about 1 gram regardless of
       | denomination.
       | 
       | So 70,000 bills x 1 gram = 70,000 grams = 70 kilograms = 154
       | pounds.
       | 
       | That's quite heavy - equivalent to carrying around a large
       | person!
       | 
       | Those 70,000 bills would also represent $7 million in cash
       | 
       | * edit corrected the pounds calculation
        
         | hinterlands wrote:
         | > In case you wondered, $1M in cash ($100 bills) weigh
         | approximately 15.4 pounds (about 10 kilograms).
         | 
         | Your answer is incorrect. You asked Claude to calculate $7M,
         | which netted 154 pounds, but you then divided it by 10 instead
         | of 7 to get the weight of $1M.
         | 
         | Further, it's quite irrelevant here, as the display involves $1
         | banknotes, not $100 bills. The correct answer, without the need
         | for an LLM, is: 1 million bills times one gram = 1 million
         | grams = 1,000 kg = 1 metric ton.
        
           | actionfromafar wrote:
           | That's perhaps the heftiest clue that it might not be
           | actually 1 million $1 bills. Looks unsafe to perch it like
           | that.
        
             | jjk166 wrote:
             | It's substantially more than 1 million $1 bills.
        
       | ehsankia wrote:
       | Maybe just my biased brain, but the title made it sound like they
       | were half a million under, not over. In some way, this is how
       | 1000 piece jigsaw puzzles will never be exactly 1000 pieces. As
       | long as there's at least 1000, I think most people are fine,
       | especially as an art piece. And of course as mentioned, there's
       | the possibility that there's filler inside.
       | 
       | It would've been much worse if it was under though.
        
         | megablast wrote:
         | > In some way, this is how 1000 piece jigsaw puzzles will never
         | be exactly 1000 pieces.
         | 
         | What??
        
           | delecti wrote:
           | Yeah, most jigsaw puzzles do not have precisely the number of
           | pieces advertised. Here's an amusing video (by the channel
           | Stand-up Maths) that does a deep dive into it.
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXWvptwoCl8
           | 
           | TLDR if you don't have a half-hour: puzzles are usually cut
           | with the pieces on grids, and not all aspect ratios are
           | conducive to that with all piece counts. Like, you might want
           | a 2:3 shaped puzzle with 500 pieces, and 18x28=504 is close
           | enough.
        
         | jefftk wrote:
         | The ones that are 25 pieces x 40 pieces are really 1000 pieces.
         | But some puzzles are 27x38 or other more square form factors.
        
           | Retric wrote:
           | 25x40 is rarely used because non square piece give a lot more
           | info about placement and a 25 X 40 rectangle is almost twice
           | as wide as it is tall. It's rarely the right kind of aspect
           | ratio.
        
       | Brian_K_White wrote:
       | What is the point in making a display like this at all in the
       | first place, but making it either under claimed or over filled?
       | 
       | Who gets anything out of giving people the wrong idea about what
       | $1m would look like?
       | 
       | If you are commissioning the thing to be built, why might you
       | want it to either contain more than $1m, or be hollow and larger
       | than what $1m really is? What purpose does an incorrect display
       | serve? A correct display already serves almost no purpose in the
       | first place, now make it incorrect.
       | 
       | None of the reasons I can think of would seem to apply here:
       | 
       | Disinformation.
       | 
       | Advertizement.
       | 
       | Art, where the artists point was to make it wrong and never tell
       | anyone.
       | 
       | Simple goof up? This one is at least plausible. Someone estimated
       | wrong, got a local shop to build an expensive cube(1), well we
       | got the cube we got, fill it and get the display up.
       | 
       | (1) That will have to be quite thick polycarbonate or glass, not
       | cheap. In fact, that right there might expose that there is at
       | least some kind of fakery inside, if the glass is not at least as
       | thick as the aluminum frame, then it's not strong enough, neither
       | is the frame for that matter if it's what it looks like. So if
       | the glass and frame are as thin as they look, then there is some
       | kind of internal skeleton.)
       | 
       | Maybe there is some other significance we've lost since it was
       | built. Maybe the $1m was never the interesting point originally.
       | Maybe instead the dimensions or maybe weight of the cube were the
       | interrsting thing, and this is really something like "1000
       | gallons of $1 bills" and that just hsppens to come out to 1.55m.
        
         | swyx wrote:
         | artists cant do math
        
       | CamperBob2 wrote:
       | _Sure, it does technically contain $1,000,000. And also $550,400
       | of bonus money. Which is kind of like ordering a burger and
       | getting three._
       | 
       | Well, no, it's kind of like ordering two burgers and getting
       | three.
        
       | goodcanadian wrote:
       | It's funny how all the comments seem to assume the conclusion is
       | correct. I think it is far more likely that it is exactly $1M
       | (plus or minus a couple of percent margin of error), and that the
       | packing isn't uniform. It seems extremely unlikely to me that
       | they would fuck it up so bad as to have $500k more in the box
       | than claimed.
        
         | bboygravity wrote:
         | When you print money by the trillions a million is
         | insignificant. Maybe they're just not good at such small
         | numbers.
        
           | whatevertrevor wrote:
           | When you print money by the trillions, tracking every
           | transaction becomes more important not less. I don't know
           | about the exhibit, it _is_ possible that this is not real
           | money too.
        
           | jedberg wrote:
           | The Fed keeps rigorous track of every bill. They have a
           | database with the serial number of every live bill. The money
           | isn't valid until the serial is put into the database, and
           | any time a bank gets a bill, they have to verify the serial
           | number is in the database. And if it's not they have to turn
           | it in for a replacement that is.
        
             | wizzwizz4 wrote:
             | Is there anywhere I can find out more about this?
        
               | jedberg wrote:
               | I learned it when I toured the Mint in Washington DC, but
               | I suspect they have a web page somewhere.
        
               | ericvsmith wrote:
               | That's actually the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, on
               | 14th St. SW, which is indeed worth visiting. They print
               | the paper bills (among other things). The U.S. Mint
               | produces the coins. I think only the Philadelphia Mint
               | still mints coins, but it's also worth visiting.
        
               | dhosek wrote:
               | Denver also mints coins for circulation (mint mark D) and
               | San Francisco does rarely, but mostly does proof sets
               | (legal tender, but generally kept by collectors).
               | Apparently there's also a newer mint at West Point which
               | uses a W mint mark and also mints coins for circulation.
        
             | gosub100 wrote:
             | 20 years ago before there were as many erosions of personal
             | privacy and before I realized how important privacy was, I
             | thought of a similar system to detect counterfeit money.
             | 
             | Scan it and upload the serial to a database. If that serial
             | has been registered somewhere else, before a plane could
             | possibly transport it there, flag both registers to inspect
             | that bill.
             | 
             | If the serial has already been registered as counterfeit,
             | refuse the currency.
             | 
             | If the serial was not issued by the US mint, refuse the
             | currency.
             | 
             | This would have the adverse effect of flagging valid
             | currency too, but this could be worked around. I think it
             | would make counterfeit much harder and have very little
             | technical cost, since reading the denom and serial is
             | trivial.
        
             | bboygravity wrote:
             | The thing is that only a tiny amount of all money exists as
             | physical bills. So they can track that all they want, it
             | ain't going to make a dent in the total money supply :p
        
         | c249709 wrote:
         | in that case you would have to assume they stacked the money
         | first, measured, then build a box to fit it
        
         | jolt42 wrote:
         | The only way to verify is open that sucker up and count.
        
           | burnt-resistor wrote:
           | They should send all of DOGE to work on this very important
           | problem immediately. /s
        
         | Aurornis wrote:
         | I also think it's funny that so many comments assume they would
         | have lax accounting for the extra $500K, or that the artists
         | could have casually asked for another $500K of old bills to use
         | as filler and the request would have been granted.
         | 
         | The Fed is extremely rigorous in tracking these things. It
         | isn't a couple guys in a room playing casually with millions of
         | dollars. Even the retired bills are thoroughly monitored and
         | tracked through their destruction.
        
           | wodenokoto wrote:
           | There was a danish artist that got a very large amount of
           | cash to do a similar in spirit artwork.
           | 
           | He then named it "take the money and run" and showcased what
           | amounted to an empty frame.
        
             | nemomarx wrote:
             | wasn't he sued by the museum and made to pay it back?
        
             | ZYbCRq22HbJ2y7 wrote:
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_the_Money_and_Run_(artwo
             | r...
        
         | Dylan16807 wrote:
         | Non uniform in what way? If all the money in the middle is
         | jumbled up and 50% air that's still extremely misleading. And
         | it's not far off the crumpled up newspaper the article threw in
         | as a possibility.
         | 
         | The conclusion that something is off is still right in that
         | case.
        
         | hk__2 wrote:
         | See sibling comment
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44437004
        
         | jjk166 wrote:
         | I mean the math given showing the size for an actual ~$1M cube
         | is substantially smaller is pretty compelling. The author puts
         | forward the explanation that there may be voids in the cube
         | instead of an additional $500k, but that doesn't really address
         | the problem that this isn't the right size for a $1M cube.
        
         | OJFord wrote:
         | Or why does it even actually need to contain 1M anyway, just do
         | your calculation for cube size, then cover the transparent
         | faces. Filling the middle at all, nevermind completely and
         | accurately, just seems pointless.
        
       | divbzero wrote:
       | It was $1M back in 2007.
        
       | ysofunny wrote:
       | if the Federal Reserve lies about the numbers.... what don't they
       | lie about?
        
       | pjs_ wrote:
       | This good article contains a photograph of a million quid nailed
       | to a wall. Since burnt by scoundrels
       | 
       | http://www.lysator.liu.se/~johol/KLF/Money.html
        
         | nemo1618 wrote:
         | > Bill, who lives near Aylesbury, said the reason for the
         | request last Wednesday would be revealed in 23 years.
         | 
         | ...well?
        
       | behnamoh wrote:
       | the homepage of this website is so cool, but also a bit
       | pretentious. like, why would the OP include things like "#1 on
       | Hackernews", etc.?
        
         | c249709 wrote:
         | glad you like my website. it's there due to the lack of other
         | meaningful achievements
        
       | Scarblac wrote:
       | Well, if it contains 1.5 million, it also contains 1 million.
        
       | ticulatedspline wrote:
       | Seems silly at first but in retrospect isn't that surprising to
       | construct from requirements:
       | 
       | 1: we want a big cube
       | 
       | 2: has to have a million dollars
       | 
       | 3: should be stacked neatly.
       | 
       | Given the bills are so evenly arranged on the lower surface
       | there's only so many squares you can produce with the bills like
       | that. 8x19 or 6x17 . 6x17 is noted as close to 1 mill but they
       | only remove 2 stacks from the 100 side. so now it's not a cube,
       | you'd come under if you trimmed it down to a cube.
       | 
       | so stacked flat seems 8x19 is the smallest square you can make
       | for one side for a cube of cash that fits mil. so they did that
       | and just filled it up.
       | 
       | It might be hollow, there's certainly a void. There's some
       | comments about the border but you can clearly see that the bills
       | don't go behind the border so the corners are squared in, which
       | means there's probably a weird void of some sort because it's not
       | really a normal cube.
        
       | somat wrote:
       | You need a cube that is a multiple of the width of a dollar on
       | one side and a multiple of the height of a dollar on the other
       | side. technically it needs to be a a multiple of the thickness of
       | a stack of 100 dollars as well.
       | 
       | us dollar size: Width: 6.14 inches (155.956 mm) Height: 2.61
       | inches (66.294 mm) Thick x100: 0.43 inches (10.922 mm)
       | 
       | How close over a million dollars can you make this cube?
       | 
       | The exhibit picked a cube ~50 inches. 8 wide = 49.1 inch 19 tall
       | = 49.6 inch.
       | 
       | But this assumes that having a perfect "cube" of bills was the
       | artistic vision.
        
         | stephen_g wrote:
         | Yeah this was my guess too, I haven't done the maths but my
         | guess was that $1M probably just doesn't happen to tesselate
         | nicely into a cube so perhaps they went up to a larger, more
         | nicely cube shaped size and there might be filler in the
         | middle?
        
       | red_admiral wrote:
       | The economist's answer would be to offer to buy the cube for
       | $1.1M. Tell them the extra $100k will fund building another cube
       | plus expenses with spare cash left over. If you're right, pass GO
       | and collect the payout.
        
         | a3w wrote:
         | Making 1.1 million into about 550 k? It is less by nearly 50
         | percent, not more.
        
           | jedberg wrote:
           | The post claims that it has $1.5M inside.
        
         | gambiting wrote:
         | Except that whoever built the cube obviously knows how much
         | money they put in. There is an answer out there.
        
         | nocoiner wrote:
         | It's obviously not really $1.5mm, if it had been, someone would
         | have picked it up by now.
        
       | ck2 wrote:
       | What's really crazy is even if it was real it wouldn't be enough
       | to refund taxpayers for a single presidential golf weekend (428
       | times first term, 30+ this term so far)
        
       | c22 wrote:
       | I imagine that to have the cube displayed on its corner like that
       | the center must contain some pretty solid structure that anchors
       | the whole thing securely to the floor or else the 2000+ pounds of
       | carefully balanced cash would present an even larger liability.
        
       | Feuilles_Mortes wrote:
       | Instead of writing the counting tool he could have used the
       | Multi-Point Tool in ImageJ [1] [2]. I used it just this morning
       | for counting some embryos I collected.
       | 
       | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhFNiPsVRoM
       | 
       | [2] https://fiji.sc/
        
         | 0cf8612b2e1e wrote:
         | Being a web tool is significantly lower friction. I will
         | definitely look into self hosting a version of this I can use
         | in the future.
        
           | adolph wrote:
           | Here you go: https://ij.imjoy.io/
        
         | Dilettante_ wrote:
         | >I used it just this morning for counting some embryos I
         | collected
         | 
         | "Sentences that flashbang people not in biology"
        
       | necovek wrote:
       | I counted and got the exact same numbers from the first photo in
       | the article: 8x19x102. No helper software needed, on a small
       | phone screen.
       | 
       | Though having an app handy might make sense sometimes.
        
         | c249709 wrote:
         | it's the uncertainty that kills me, I'm never sure if i've
         | missed anything/double counted something
        
           | necovek wrote:
           | In general, it's pretty easy to get the 8x or 19x correctly
           | -- these are the large dimensions. So really, you are only
           | looking at being wrong on the 102, and off by two (100-104)
           | is not such a big difference (1.52M-1.58M).
           | 
           | Once you realise that the error bars are small (and it was
           | mostly intuitive for me, probably looking at counting up to a
           | hundred, so a few percent off is not a big deal), you stop
           | worrying about the uncertainty as much ;-)
        
       | tantalor wrote:
       | > "Hey so... we're $550,400 over budget on the million-dollar
       | cube project."
       | 
       | The cube did not cost $1.5M+. These are decommissioned dollars
       | diverted from the normal process. The Federal Reserve is
       | responsible for _destroying_ currency. These bills are worthless.
       | The only expense here is building the walls of the cube.
        
       | omoikane wrote:
       | The dot counting tool is kind of neat, but I guess most people
       | didn't need it because if they see a large enough pile of
       | something, they assume it's roughly what they expected (as
       | opposed to "does this bag of candy really contain 30 servings
       | like it says on the package? Let me get a count!")
        
       | jmkni wrote:
       | Kind of off-topic, but I've always thought a good way to suss out
       | what sort of background somebody comes from is to ask them to
       | visualise $1million dollars.
       | 
       | People from a "working class" background tend to see a massive
       | pile of money, more middle class, a smaller pile, upper class
       | maybe a cheque or a small stack of $100 bills or a bank transfer.
       | 
       | It's maybe one of the weirdest parts of the JBR ransom note
       | (getting really off-topic now), "$118,000 dollars be placed into
       | an "adequately sized attache" consisting of $100,000 in $100
       | dollar bills and $18,000 in $20 dollar bills."
       | 
       | That would take up a really small amount of space, but if you're
       | never seen that amount of money you might not know that
       | (especially in 1996, pre-internet)
        
         | SilasX wrote:
         | JBR = JonBenet Ramsey
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killing_of_JonBen...
        
           | SilasX wrote:
           | Separate comment so you can separately downvote/flag me:
           | 
           |  _Why_ , OP, _why_? How much self-awareness does it really
           | take to realize JBR is a non-standard acronym people won 't
           | recognize? It almost feels like a superpower that I take an
           | extra half-second to think about what jargon the average
           | person needs to have defined.
        
         | alex_young wrote:
         | IDK, a strap of $100 bills is $10k, so $1M would be 100 of
         | them. Seems sizable. Looks like a strap is about .43 inches
         | tall, so that would make your $1M about 3 and a half feet high
         | or more than a meter tall for the non-imperial afflicted
         | amongst us.
        
         | adolph wrote:
         | What is the background of someone who visualizes Scrooge McDuck
         | diving into a pool of doubloons?
        
       | trhway wrote:
       | That reminds when a corrupt bureaucrat or a high ranking military
       | in Russia gets arrested there frequently an amount of cash found
       | in the apartment/house equivalent to 1-3 cubic meters in $100
       | bills (and usually it is a mix of mostly dollars with some euros)
       | .
        
       | onionisafruit wrote:
       | From a 2014 reddit post[0]:
       | 
       | > This is actually not a million dollars in singles. It is over
       | $1,000,000. The box was created with the wrong dimensions by the
       | contractor, but they still decided to fill it, display it, and
       | claim it is $1,000,000. > > Source: Tour Guide at the Chicago Fed
       | 
       | [0]
       | https://old.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/2f9sp7/one_million_do...
        
         | echelon_musk wrote:
         | If only he had Googled he could have saved himself all the
         | trouble!
        
         | c249709 wrote:
         | oof my googling skill so bad I didn't find this
        
           | onionisafruit wrote:
           | Mine either. An LLM found it for me.
           | 
           | And I'm glad you didn't find it because that lead to a great
           | post.
        
             | sidewndr46 wrote:
             | The latest use for AI in 2025: replacing obsolete and non-
             | functional search engines like Google
        
               | IG_Semmelweiss wrote:
               | Can we confidently say that top engineers have lost the
               | battle with SEO spam ?
               | 
               | Or they just gave up ?
               | 
               | Or something else ?
        
           | bravesoul2 wrote:
           | Glad you didn't:)
        
         | RajT88 wrote:
         | This thread is very informative on your chances of carrying off
         | a heist stealing this cube.
         | 
         | Conclusion: Low, unless you're willing to take only a fraction
         | of the face value.
         | 
         | Thinking through it though - you might be able to get away with
         | spending the cash overseas, where it will take some time indeed
         | for the money to be under scrutiny by banks to see if the
         | serial numbers are out of circulation. There's then problem of
         | getting the money there without anyone noticing, then there's
         | the problem of what kind of characters you're going to be
         | defrauding overseas.
         | 
         | All told - probably a better idea is to use all that cleverness
         | to make a 1.5 million dollars the good old fashioned way:
         | Spending a few years saying, "Nothing from my end" on Zoom
         | calls.
        
           | takinola wrote:
           | I literally just said "Nothing from my end" on a zoom call.
           | Still waiting on my million dollars though so not sure how
           | reliable this method is.
        
             | RajT88 wrote:
             | Takes longer for some than others. Depends on your job
             | title.
        
               | throaway920181 wrote:
               | I'd say a small (single digit) percentage of people are
               | able to accumulate $1.5 million over "a few" (2-3) years
               | of working, but maybe I'm out of touch.
        
               | achierius wrote:
               | That sounds more like "a couple". Personally I think "a
               | few" would be anywhere from 3-9, which is more
               | reasonable, if still handily above the median national
               | income (like 250k a year if you save and invest well).
        
               | uxp100 wrote:
               | Maybe a tenth of a percent unless we're pretty generous
               | with "few". Which I sometimes am! If I ate a few cookies
               | it was probably more than two.
        
               | strken wrote:
               | I would have thought a few meant 3 to 5, although I still
               | agree that the number of people who could do it is small.
        
         | viccis wrote:
         | Man how expensive was that contractor when your art
         | installation requires $1M in cash and all the labor to assemble
         | it, but you can't just tell the contractor to do a new box?
        
           | kingstnap wrote:
           | Maybe they didn't realize it was wrong until they filled it
           | 66% up.
        
           | ftmch wrote:
           | They can just print more money.
        
             | bravesoul2 wrote:
             | They may be out of practice overclocking the physical
             | presses now that they're used to typing all the zeros at a
             | terminal.
        
           | wavemode wrote:
           | The cash probably didn't cost the government anything. They
           | can just use bills that are slated for replacement/removal
           | from circulation.
        
         | bobbygoodlatte wrote:
         | Seems pretty on-brand for the Fed
         | 
         | As we say in my family: "close enough for government work!"
        
         | mlindner wrote:
         | So who am I supposed to believe the personal blog or the reddit
         | post?
        
           | swores wrote:
           | You can toss a coin on which one to believe, since either way
           | you'd believe the same thing...
        
         | bravesoul2 wrote:
         | It's a baker's million?
        
       | sschueller wrote:
       | 1 Million Swiss Francs in the highest denomination (1000) weighs
       | just 1.14 kg and is a stack of bills around 10 cm high. That is
       | currently also around 1,261,037 USD
       | 
       | [1] https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/wert-nutzung-
       | gewicht-6-fakten-z...
        
       | efitz wrote:
       | They're using US Treasury accounting standards. Either that or
       | inflation is a $!+(@.
        
       | h1fra wrote:
       | nit: Technically, even if there is exactly $1M you need to
       | account for the box price since they don't specify that it's $1M
       | in cash but just say "what one million dollars looks like".
        
         | jjk166 wrote:
         | That makes it worse, assuming the box has positive value
        
       | erk__ wrote:
       | At the complete other end there is this art piece which should
       | contain a total of $84,000 in Danish kroner and euros, but
       | contains a grand total of $0:
       | 
       | https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jens-haaning-take-the-money-and...
        
       | ZoomZoomZoom wrote:
       | > "No-no-no, that won't do. The cube is too small! Its puny size
       | doesn't convey the crushing might of the American dollar! Hm. Do
       | we have bigger dollars?"
       | 
       | > "I'm afraid we don't, boss."
       | 
       | > "Let's inflate it!"
       | 
       | > "The dollar?"
       | 
       | > "Not the dollar, idiot, the cube! With air.
       | 
       | > "On second thought..."
        
       | doublerabbit wrote:
       | Now show me a cube made of gold worth $1M.
        
         | jjk166 wrote:
         | It's approximately a 3 inch cube.
        
       | devops000 wrote:
       | It's so easy for them to print USD money that they don't care
       | having 1M wasted like this.
        
         | cvoss wrote:
         | It is almost certain that none of these bills represent wasted
         | money. The piece of paper and the money are not identically the
         | same thing. The paper is a document that is made to represent
         | the money. At some point, the document is made to cease to
         | represent the money. The Federal Reserve routinely acquires and
         | destroys old worn bills, replacing them with freshly printed
         | ones. This, by the way, has little or nothing to do with "how
         | much money exists".
        
       | moralestapia wrote:
       | Hey, this is great.
       | 
       | >It's stupidly simple: upload an image, click to drop a dot, and
       | it tells you how many you've placed. That's it. But somehow,
       | nothing like it existed.
       | 
       | A small related story.
       | 
       | I once was an intern on a bioscience laboratory that was working
       | with maize. My very intern-y job was to count the number of white
       | spots on the leaves of like ... thousands of plants.
       | 
       | Improvement # 1 (not by me but a colleage), we scanned the
       | plants, on a regular flatbed scanner, they were small enough to
       | fit in.
       | 
       | Improvement # 2 (this one was me), the plan was to automatically
       | count all the spots with CV but it wasn't really working that
       | well; it was back in 2012 and the algos were not that good, they
       | still missed some and we needed to be as accurate as possible. I
       | ended up doing a web app very similar to the one in the article,
       | you just loaded an image and start tagging stuff and at the end
       | it gave you a count for each type of spot you tagged ...
       | 
       | ... then we spent weeks scanning and tagging plants full-time
       | :'(.
        
       | thisisauserid wrote:
       | On the other hand, due to the provenance of the cube, the whole
       | thing would sell for a lot more than $1 million.
       | 
       | Jack Binion's sister, Becky Behnen, famously sold million-dollar
       | display of one hundred $10,000 bills in '99 for (a rumored) $4
       | million to the currency dealer Jay Parrino.
       | 
       | (Supposedly) one of those $10,000 bills was posted on eBay for
       | $160,000.
        
       | msowers77 wrote:
       | I think I saw this cube back in the day, or one like it. I worked
       | at a place called Coin Wrap and we handled sorting and wrapping
       | money for banks, and also wrapped the Sacagawea coins when they
       | came out. One of the trucks came through and had to offload this
       | large cube of money they told us contained 1 million in dollar
       | bills, so they could offload the pallets of coins behind it. I've
       | told people about it but had not seen a picture or knew it was in
       | the Chicago Fed building.
        
       | 8bitsrule wrote:
       | Kind of off-topic, but I've always wondered. When you use a card
       | to get cash in $20 bills from an ATM, does it record the serial#
       | of every bill it pumps out to you?
        
         | jjk166 wrote:
         | Such scanners exist but most ATMs do not have them. Of course
         | if you fill the ATM with a stack of fresh bills you know the
         | serial numbers for, and you know how many bills were dispensed
         | prior to a particular transaction, you should know which bills
         | got dispensed during that transaction.
         | 
         | Of course the tracking of this information down to that level
         | would be pretty pointless. The moment someone breaks a 20 the
         | connection to the recorded transaction is lost, and there's no
         | one who can prove you didn't break a 20.
        
           | alcover wrote:
           | > tracking of this information down to that level would be
           | pretty pointless
           | 
           | Maybe pretty pointfull tracking shadow economy. When Bob
           | sells moonlight stuff his clients will more often than not
           | simply go to the ATM, withdraw the sum and hand it to him.
           | Bob will then buy at shop with big bill. Shop owner will
           | deposit bill at bank..
        
       | jrflowers wrote:
       | A box with one and a half million dollars in it _does_ contain a
       | million dollars. It just also contains another half million
       | dollars.
       | 
       | Like if I had a box with an apple and pear in it, I could put up
       | a little plaque saying "There is an apple in this box" and it
       | would be a completely accurate statement
        
       | cies wrote:
       | Once more proof the fed cannot be trusted. They are a private
       | (and very secretive) entity at the heart of the US govt, thus not
       | democratically governed.
        
       | calibas wrote:
       | The bills look well used, I assume they were going to be retired
       | anyway.
       | 
       | I bring this up because the article and many of the comments here
       | act like this "cost" the Fed $1.5 million to make the cube.
        
       | ab_goat wrote:
       | I've been thinking about using an app like this to count parking
       | spaces in a city!
       | 
       | Thank you
        
       | linsomniac wrote:
       | I think I have the real explanation: Mint to Contractor: "Those
       | dimensions were supposed to be in yards, not meters."
        
       | Waterluvian wrote:
       | This right here is my favourite flavour of the Web.
        
       | jongjong wrote:
       | This guy could have pulled the greatest heist in the history of
       | mankind. Steal the cube, take out $500K, leave $1 million inside
       | (fluff it up a bit or put some Styrofoam in the center), then
       | return the cube, saying it was a stunt to draw attention to
       | climate change or similar and you intended to return it. Then
       | they would count the dollars, you'd get a minor sentence
       | (maybe)... Then you get to keep $500k.
        
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