[HN Gopher] A new pyramid-like shape always lands the same side up
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       A new pyramid-like shape always lands the same side up
        
       Author : robinhouston
       Score  : 607 points
       Date   : 2025-06-25 20:01 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.quantamagazine.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.quantamagazine.org)
        
       | boznz wrote:
       | maybe they should build moon landers this shape :-)
        
         | tgbugs wrote:
         | That is indeed the example they mention in the paper
         | https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.19244.
        
         | orbisvicis wrote:
         | Per the article that's what they're working on, but it probably
         | won't be based on tetrahedrons considering the density
         | distribution. Might have curved surfaces.
        
         | gerdesj wrote:
         | Or aeroplanes. Not sure where you put the wings.
         | 
         | Why restrict yourself to the Moon?
        
           | Cogito wrote:
           | Recent moonlanders have been having trouble landing on the
           | moon. Some are just crashing, but tipping over after landing
           | is a real problem too. Hence the joke above :)
        
             | gerdesj wrote:
             | Mars landers have also had a chequered history. I remember
             | one NASA jobbie that had a US to metric units conversion
             | issue and poor old Beagle 2 that got there, landed safely
             | and then failed to deploy properly.
        
         | weq wrote:
         | Just need to apply this to a drone, and we would be one step
         | closer to skynet. The props could retract into the body when it
         | detects a collision or a fall.
        
         | emporas wrote:
         | They could do that, but a regular gomboc would be totally fine.
         | There are no rules for spaceships that their corners cannot be
         | rounded.
         | 
         | Maybe exoskeletons for turtles could be more useful. Turtles
         | with their short legs, require the bottom of their shell to be
         | totally flat, and a gomboc has no flat surface. Vehicles that
         | drive on slopes could benefit from that as well.
        
           | waste_monk wrote:
           | >There are no rules for spaceships that their corners cannot
           | be rounded.
           | 
           | Someone should write to UNOOSA and get this fixed up.
        
           | nextaccountic wrote:
           | Note that a turtle's shell already approximate a Gomboc shape
           | (the curved self-righting shape discovered by the same
           | mathematician in the linked article)
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6c#Relation_to_a.
           | ..
           | 
           | But yeah a specially designed exoskeleton could perform
           | better, kinda like the prosthetics of Oscar Pistorious
        
             | fruitplants wrote:
             | Gabor Domokos (mentioned in the article) talked about this
             | on one QI episode:
             | 
             | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggUHo1BgTak
        
           | voidUpdate wrote:
           | > There are no rules for spaceships that their corners cannot
           | be rounded
           | 
           | If the inside is pressurized, its even beneficial for it to
           | be a rounded shape, since the sharp corners are more likely
           | to fail
        
         | ErigmolCt wrote:
         | "If tipped, will self-right" sounds like exactly the kind of
         | feature you'd want on the Moon
        
           | shdon wrote:
           | And for cows
        
         | mihaaly wrote:
         | They will only need to ensure that the pointy end does not
         | penetrate the soft surface too much on decent, becoming an
         | eternal pole.
        
       | mosura wrote:
       | Somewhat disappointing that it won't work with uniform density.
       | More surprising it needed such massive variation in density and
       | couldn't just be 3d printed from one material with holes in.
        
         | tpurves wrote:
         | That implies the interesting question though, which shape and
         | mass distribution comes closest to, or would maximize relative
         | uniformity?
        
           | nick238 wrote:
           | Given they needed to use a tenuous carbon fiber skeleton and
           | tungsten carbide plate, and a stray glob of glue throws off
           | the balance...seems tough.
        
         | orbisvicis wrote:
         | Did they actual prove this?
        
           | robinhouston wrote:
           | They didn't need to, because it was proven in 1969 (J. H.
           | Conway and R. K. Guy, _Stability of polyhedra_, SIAM Rev. 11,
           | 78-82)
        
             | zuminator wrote:
             | That article doesn't prove what you say that it does. It
             | just proves because a perpetuum mobile is impossible, it is
             | trivial that a polyhedron must always eventually come to
             | rest on one face. It doesn't assert that the face-down face
             | is always the same face (unistable/monostable). It goes on
             | to query whether or not a uniformly dense object can be
             | constructed so as to be unistable, although if I understand
             | correctly Guy himself had already constructed a 19-faced
             | one in 1968 and knew the answer to be true.
        
               | robinhouston wrote:
               | It sounds as though you're talking about the solution to
               | part (b) as given in that reference. Have a look at the
               | solution to part (a) by Michael Goldberg, which I think
               | does prove that a homogeneous tetrahedron must rest
               | stably on at least two of its faces. The proof is short
               | enough to post here in its entirety:
               | 
               | > A tetrahedron is always stable when resting on the face
               | nearest to the center of gravity (C.G.) since it can have
               | no lower potential. The orthogonal projection of the C.G.
               | onto this base will always lie within this base. Project
               | the apex V to V' onto this base as well as the edges.
               | Then, the projection of the C.G. will lie within one of
               | the projected triangles or on one of the projected edges.
               | If it lies within a projected triangle, then a
               | perpendicular from the C.G. to the corresponding face
               | will meet within the face making it another stable face.
               | If it lies on a projected edge, then both corresponding
               | faces are stable faces.
        
               | zuminator wrote:
               | Ah, I see. I saw that but disregarded it because if it's
               | meant be an actual proof and not just a back of the
               | envelope argument, it seems to be missing a few steps. On
               | the face of it, the blanket assertion that at least two
               | faces must be stable is clearly contradicted by these
               | current results. To be valid, Goldberg would needed at
               | least to have established that his argument was
               | applicable to all tetrahedra of uniform density, and
               | ideally to have also conceded that it may not be
               | applicable to tetrahedra not of uniform density, don't
               | you think?
               | 
               | This piqued my curiosity, which Google so tantalizingly
               | drew out by indicating a paper (dissertation?) entitled
               | "Phenomenal Three-Dimensional Objects" by Brennan Wade
               | which flatly claims that Goldberg's proof was wrong.
               | Unfortunately I don't have access to this paper so I
               | can't investigate for myself. [Non working link:
               | https://etd.auburn.edu/xmlui/handle/10415/2492 ] But
               | Gemini summarizes that: "Goldberg's proof on the
               | stability of tetrahedra was found to be incorrect because
               | it didn't fully account for the position of the
               | tetrahedron's center of gravity relative to all its
               | faces. Specifically, a counterexample exists: A
               | tetrahedron can be constructed that is stable on two of
               | its faces, but not on the faces that Goldberg's criterion
               | would predict. This means that simply identifying the
               | faces nearest to the center of gravity is not sufficient
               | to determine all the stable resting positions of a
               | tetrahedron." Without seeing the actual paper, this could
               | be a LLM hallucination so I wouldn't stand by it, but
               | does perhaps raise some issues.
        
               | robinhouston wrote:
               | That's very interesting! I agree Goldberg's proof is not
               | very persuasive. I hope Auburn university will fix their
               | electronic dissertation library.
               | 
               | There's a 1985 paper by Robert Dawson, _Monostatic
               | simplexes_ (The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 92,
               | No. 8 (Oct., 1985), pp. 541-546) which opens with a more
               | convincing proof, which it attributes to John H. Conway:
               | 
               | > Obviously, a simplex cannot tip about an edge unless
               | the dihedral angle at that edge is obtuse. As the
               | altitude, and hence the height of the barycenter, is
               | inversely proportional to the area of the base for any
               | given tetrahedron, a tetrahedron can only tip from a
               | smaller face to a larger one.
               | 
               | Suppose some tetrahedron to be monostatic, and let A and
               | B be the largest and second-largest faces respectively.
               | Either the tetrahedron rolls from another face, C, onto B
               | and thence onto A, or else it rolls from B to A and also
               | from C to A. In either case, one of the two largest faces
               | has two obtuse dihedral angles, and one of them is on an
               | edge shared with the other of the two largest faces.
               | 
               | The projection of the remaining face, D, onto the face
               | with two obtuse dihedral angles must be as large as the
               | sum of the projections of the other three faces. But this
               | makes the area of D larger than that of the face we are
               | projecting onto, contradicting our assumption that A and
               | B are the two largest faces
        
           | mrbluecoat wrote:
           | They probably used AI to convert a cat into a tetrahedron,
           | then virtually dropped it millions of times to arrive at this
           | feet-always conclusion.
        
         | dyauspitr wrote:
         | Yeah isn't this just like those toys with a heavy bottom that
         | always end up standing straight up.
        
           | lgeorget wrote:
           | The main difference, and it matters a lot, is that all the
           | surfaces are flat.
        
         | ErigmolCt wrote:
         | But I guess with polyhedra, the sharp edges and flat faces
         | don't give you the same wiggle room as smooth shapes
        
       | devenson wrote:
       | A reminder that simple inventions are still possible.
        
         | malnourish wrote:
         | Simple invention made possible by sophisticated precision
         | manufacturing.
        
           | Retr0id wrote:
           | You could simulate this in software, or even reason about it
           | on paper.
        
           | GuB-42 wrote:
           | I think it is a very underestimated aspect of how "simple"
           | inventions came out so late.
           | 
           | An interesting one is the bicycle. The bicycle we all know
           | (safety bicycle) is deceivingly advanced technology, with
           | pneumatic tires, metal tube frame, chain and sprocket, etc...
           | there is no way it could have been done much earlier. It
           | needs precision manufacturing as well as strong and
           | lightweight materials for such a "simple" idea to make sense.
           | 
           | It also works for science, for example, general relativity
           | would have never been discovered if it wasn't for precise
           | measurements as the problem with Newtonian gravity would have
           | never been apparent. And precise measurement requires precise
           | instrument, which require precise manufacturing, which
           | require good materials, etc...
           | 
           | For this pyramid, not only the physical part required
           | advanced manufacturing, but they did a computer search for
           | the shape, and a computer is the ultimate precision
           | manufacturing, we are working at the atom level here!
        
             | adriand wrote:
             | It's funny, I was wondering about the exact example of a
             | bicycle a few days ago and ended up having a conversation
             | with Claude about it (which, incidentally, made the same
             | point you did). It struck me as remarkable (and still does)
             | that this method of locomotion was always physically
             | possible and yet was not discovered/invented until so
             | recently. On its face, it seems like the most important
             | invention that makes the bicycle possible is the wheel,
             | which has been around for 6,000 years!
        
             | eszed wrote:
             | To support your point, and pre-empt some obvious
             | objections:
             | 
             | - I've ridden a bike with a bamboo frame - it worked fine,
             | but I don't think it was very durable.
             | 
             | - I've seen a video of a belt- (rather than chain-) driven
             | bike - the builder did not recommend.
             | 
             | You maybe get there a couple of decades sooner with a
             | bamboo penny-farthing, but whatever you build relies on
             | smooth roads and light-weight wheels. You don't get all of
             | the tech and infrastructure lining up until late-nineteenth
             | c. Europe.
        
               | ludicrousdispla wrote:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukudu
               | 
               | https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-41806781
        
       | xeonmc wrote:
       | Reminded me of Gomboc[0]
        
         | DerekL wrote:
         | Mentioned in the article.
        
       | Retr0id wrote:
       | It'd be nice to see a 3d model with the centre of mass annotated
        
         | Terr_ wrote:
         | We can safely assume the center of mass is the center [0] of
         | the solid tungsten-carbide triangle face... or at least so very
         | close that the difference wouldn't be perceptible.
         | 
         | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroid
        
       | strangattractor wrote:
       | OMG It looks like a cat:)
        
         | neilv wrote:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttered_cat_paradox
        
         | teo_zero wrote:
         | While it always lands on its feet, a cat doesn't spontaneously
         | roll over to stand on them. An external stimulus is required,
         | opening a can of its favorite food will do.
        
       | ChuckMcM wrote:
       | Worst D-4 ever! But more seriously, I wonder how closely you
       | could get to an non-uniform mass polyhedra which had 'knife edge'
       | type balance. Which is to say;
       | 
       | 1) Construct a polyhedra with uneven weight distribution which is
       | stable on exactly two faces.
       | 
       | 2) Make one of those faces _much more_ stable than the other, so
       | if it is on the limited stability face and disturbed, it will
       | switch to the high stability face.
       | 
       | A structure like that would be useful as a tamper detector.
        
         | Evidlo wrote:
         | > A structure like that would be useful as a tamper detector.
         | 
         | Why does it need to be a polyhedron?
        
           | ChuckMcM wrote:
           | I was thinking exactly two stable states. Presumably you
           | could have a sphere with the light end and heavy end having
           | flats on them which might work as well. The tamper
           | requirement I've worked with in the past needs strong
           | guarantees about exactly two states[1] "not tampered" and
           | "tampered". In any situation you'd need to ensure that the
           | transition from one state to the other was always possible.
           | 
           | That was where my mind went when thinking about the article.
           | 
           | [1] The spec in question specifically did not allow for the
           | situation of being in one state, and not being in that one
           | state as the two states. Which had to do about traceability.
        
         | cbsks wrote:
         | The keyword is "mono-monostatic", and the Gomboc is an example
         | of a non-polyhedra one:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6c
         | 
         | Here's a 21 sided mono-monostatic polyhedra:
         | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.13727v2
        
           | ChuckMcM wrote:
           | Okay, I love this so much :-). Thanks for that.
        
           | jacquesm wrote:
           | Earthquake detector?
        
         | ortusdux wrote:
         | You jest, but I knew a DND player with a dice addicting that
         | loved showing off his D-1 Mobius strip dice -
         | https://www.awesomedice.com/products/awd101?variant=45578687...
         | 
         | For some reason he did not like my suggestion that he get a #1
         | billard ball.
        
           | gerdesj wrote:
           | Love it - any sphere will do.
           | 
           | A ping pong ball would be great - the DM/GM could throw it at
           | a player for effect without braining them!
           | 
           | (billiard)
        
             | hammock wrote:
             | Or any mobius strip
        
               | gerdesj wrote:
               | I think a spherical D1 is far more interesting than a
               | Mobius strip in this case.
               | 
               | Dn: after the Platonic solids, Dn generally has
               | triangular facets and as n increases, the shape of the
               | die tends towards a sphere made up of smaller and smaller
               | triangular faces. A D20 is an icosahedron. I'm sure I
               | remember a D30 and a D100.
               | 
               | However, in the limit, as the faces tend to zero in area,
               | you end up with a D1. Now do you get a D infinity just
               | before a D1, when the limit is nearly but not quite
               | reached or just a multi faceted thing with a _lot_ of
               | countable faces?
        
               | zoky wrote:
               | _> However, in the limit, as the faces tend to zero in
               | area, you end up with a D1._
               | 
               | Not really. You end up with a D-infinity, i.e. a sphere.
               | A theoretical sphere thrown randomly onto a plane is
               | going to end up with one single point, or face, touching
               | the plane, and the point or face directly opposite that
               | pointing up. Since in the real world we are incapable of
               | distinguishing between infinitesimally small points, we
               | might just declare them all to be part of the same single
               | face, but from a mathematical perspective a collection of
               | infinitely many points that are all equidistant from a
               | central point in 3-dimensional space is a sphere.
        
             | thaumasiotes wrote:
             | > the DM/GM could throw it at a player for effect without
             | braining them!
             | 
             | If you're prepared to run over to wherever it ended up
             | after that, sure.
             | 
             | I learned to juggle with ping pong balls. Their extreme
             | lightness isn't an advantage. One of the most common
             | problems you have when learning to juggle is that two balls
             | will collide. When that happens with ping pong balls,
             | they'll fly right across the room.
        
             | thaumasiotes wrote:
             | > Love it - any sphere will do.
             | 
             | That's basically what the link shows. A Mobius strip is
             | interesting in that it is a two-dimensional surface with
             | one side. But the product is three-dimensional, and has
             | rounded edges. By that standard, any other die is also a
             | d1. The surface of an ordinary d6 has two sides - but all
             | six faces that you read from are on the same one of them.
        
             | cubefox wrote:
             | A sphere is bad, it rolls away. The shape from the article
             | would be better, but it is too hard to manufacture. And
             | weighting is cheating anyway. The best option for a D1 is
             | probably the gomboc, which is mentioned in the article.
        
               | shalmanese wrote:
               | Technically, a gomboc is a D1.00...001.
        
               | cubefox wrote:
               | Any normal die could also land on an edge.
        
               | layer8 wrote:
               | It's infinitely unlikely to do so, a set of measure zero.
        
               | cubefox wrote:
               | Just as with the gomboc. Though the latter balances on
               | only one unstable axis while a D6 die does so on 20 (12
               | edges and 8 vertices).
        
               | Y_Y wrote:
               | Vertices aren't axes! They have the wrong dimensionality.
        
               | cubefox wrote:
               | Let's instead call the balance things in question
               | "balance things".
        
               | Y_Y wrote:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_set
        
             | lloeki wrote:
             | Nitpick: one of the properties of dice is that they stop on
             | one side (i.e they converge towards stable rest on even
             | ground) and the typical rule is that when they come at rest
             | because of something other than even ground then the throw
             | is invalid.
             | 
             | So while a sphere has only one side it basically never
             | comes at a stable enough rest unless stopped by uneven
             | ground (invalid throw), and if it stops because of friction
             | it is unstable rest where the slightest nudge would make it
             | roll again.
             | 
             | Therefore in a sense a sphere only works as a 1D because
             | you know the outcome before throwing.
             | 
             | Edge cases are fun.
        
               | layer8 wrote:
               | Yes, it's more like a D0.
               | 
               | It's debatable though whether a sphere can constitute an
               | edge case. ;)
        
           | MPSimmons wrote:
           | I've always seen a D1 as a bingo ball...
        
             | ofalkaed wrote:
             | You sunk my battleship!
        
           | robocat wrote:
           | That's like saying a donut only has one side.
           | 
           | The linked die seems similar to this:
           | https://cults3d.com/en/3d-model/game/d1-one-sided-die which
           | seems adjacent to a Mobius strip but kinda isn't because the
           | loop is not made of a two sided flat strip.
           | https://wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip
           | 
           | Might be an Umbilic torus:
           | https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilic_torus
           | 
           | The word side is unclear.
        
             | growse wrote:
             | Everyone knows that a donut has two sides.
             | 
             | Inside, and outside.
        
           | lloeki wrote:
           | There's a link to a D2, where prior to clicking I was
           | thinking "well that's a coin, right?" until I realised a coin
           | is technically a (very biased) D3.
        
             | stavros wrote:
             | Huh, now I'm curious, what did the D2 look like?
        
               | riffraff wrote:
               | Lenticoidal, I guess? I.e. remove the outer face of the
               | cilinder by making the faces curved
        
               | stavros wrote:
               | Yeah, that was my thought as well, but that's also
               | basically a D3 with a really small third edge, in
               | practice. I was wondering whether there's some clever
               | shape that actually is a D2, though maybe that's a Mobius
               | strip in reality.
        
               | close04 wrote:
               | > with a really small third edge
               | 
               | Doesn't every die have a bunch of edges or even vertices
               | that aren't considered faces despite having a measurable
               | width? As long as it's realistically impossible to land
               | on that edge, I think it shouldn't count as a face.
        
         | gus_massa wrote:
         | A solid tall cone is quite similar to what you want. I guess it
         | can be tweaked to get a polyhedra.
        
           | MPSimmons wrote:
           | A weeble-wobble
        
           | ChuckMcM wrote:
           | So a cone sitting on its circular base is maximally stable,
           | what position do you put the cone into that is both stable,
           | and if it gets disturbed, even slightly, it reverts to
           | sitting on its base?
        
             | iainmerrick wrote:
             | I think you're overthinking it. The tamper mechanism being
             | proposed is just a thin straight stick standing on its end.
             | Disturb it, it falls over.
        
         | jayd16 wrote:
         | I imagine a dowel that is easily tipped over fits your
         | description but I must be missing something.
        
         | schiffern wrote:
         | >useful as a tamper detector
         | 
         | If anyone's actually looking for this, check out tilt and shock
         | indicators made for fragile packages.
         | 
         | https://www.uline.com/Cls_10/Damage-Indicators
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9hHHt-S9kY
        
           | p0w3n3d wrote:
           | These shock watches and tilt watchers are quite expensive. I
           | wonder how much must be the package worth to be feasible to
           | use this kind of protection
        
             | bigDinosaur wrote:
             | It may not just be monetary value. Shipping something that
             | could be ruined by being thrown around (e.g. IIRC there
             | were issues with covid-19 vaccine suspensions and sudden
             | shocks ruining it) that just won't work may need this
             | indicator even if the actual monetary value is otherwise
             | low.
        
             | Someone wrote:
             | Did you notice the column indicating number of items per
             | box/carton?
             | 
             | Shockwatch is $170 for 50 items, for example, and the label
             | $75 for 200.
             | 
             | Not dirt cheap, but I guess that's because of the size of
             | the market.
        
             | donw wrote:
             | Fun fact: MythBusters used shock watches extensively when
             | testing anything involving impact, because they were
             | massively more reliable than any of their digital
             | instrument.
        
             | eastbound wrote:
             | Problem is when transporting tilt watchers, you can't tilt
             | the package either.
        
             | numb7rs wrote:
             | These are pretty normal when shipping scientific equipment.
        
           | nvalis wrote:
           | If it's about intrusion detection of packaged goods lentils,
           | beans or rice are very useful [0]. Cheap but great tamper
           | detection.
           | 
           | [0]: https://dys2p.com/en/2021-12-tamper-evident-
           | protection.html
        
         | ErigmolCt wrote:
         | Sort of like a mechanical binary state that passively
         | "remembers" if it's been jostled
        
         | tlb wrote:
         | If you're not limited to a polyhedron, a thin rod standing on
         | end does the job.
         | 
         | A rod would fall over with a big clatter and bounce a few
         | times. I wonder if there's a bistable polyhedron where the
         | transition would be smooth enough that it wouldn't bounce. The
         | original gomboc seemed to have its CG change smoothly enough
         | that it wouldn't bounce under normal gravity.
        
       | Y_Y wrote:
       | That's not a Platonic solid. Come on, like.
        
         | lynnharry wrote:
         | Yeah. I tried to google what's Platonic solid and each face of
         | a platonic solid has to be identical.
        
           | peeters wrote:
           | It's a meaningless distinction. A solid is defined by a 3D
           | shape enclosed by a surface. It doesn't require uniform
           | density. Just imagine that the sides of this surface are
           | infinitesimally thin so as to be invisible and porous to air,
           | and you've filled the definition. Don't like this answer,
           | then just imagine the same thing but with an actual thin
           | shell like mylar. It makes no difference.
        
             | peeters wrote:
             | Oops disregard this, by "has to be identical" I thought you
             | were objecting to the non uniformity of the surface, not
             | the incongruity of the sides' shapes, so that's where my
             | comment was coming from.
             | 
             | The incongruity of the sides certainly makes it not a
             | Platonic Solid, though the article doesn't actually assert
             | that it is. It just uses some terrible phrasing that's
             | bound to mislead. Their words with my clarification for how
             | it could be parsed in a factually accurate way: "A
             | tetrahedron is the simplest Platonic solid (when it's a
             | regular tetrahedron). Mathematicians have now made one (a
             | tetrahedron, not a Platonic solid)...".
             | 
             | It's a dumb phrasing, it's like saying "Tesla makes the
             | world's fastest accelerating sports car. I bought one" and
             | then revealing that the "one" refers to a Tesla Model 3,
             | not the fastest accelerating sports car.
        
       | kazinator wrote:
       | This is categorically different from the Gomboc, because it
       | doesn't have uniform density. Most of its mass is concentrated in
       | the base plate.
        
         | Nevermark wrote:
         | > This tetrahedron, which is mostly hollow and has a carefully
         | calibrated center of mass
         | 
         | Uniform density isn't an issue for rigid bodies.
         | 
         | If you make sure the center of mass is in the same place, it
         | will behave the same way.
        
           | kazinator wrote:
           | If the constraints are that an object has to be of uniform
           | density, convex, and not containing any voids, then you
           | cannot choose where its centre of mass will be, other than by
           | changing it shape.
        
             | Nevermark wrote:
             | That isn't true.
             | 
             | Look at the pictures. It has the same outer shape, that is
             | all that is required for the geometry.
             | 
             | And for center of mass, you set the positions for the bars,
             | any variations in their thickness, then size and place the
             | flat facet, in order to achieve the same center of mass as
             | for a filled uniform density object of the same geometry.
             | 
             | As the article says:
             | 
             | > carefully calibrated center of mass
             | 
             | Unless an object has internal interactions, for purposes of
             | center of mass you can achieve the uniform-density-
             | equivalent any way you want. It won't change the behavior.
        
               | gus_massa wrote:
               | > _Unless an object has internal interactions, for
               | purposes of center of mass you can achieve the uniform-
               | density-equivalent any way you want. It won 't change the
               | behavior._
               | 
               | That is true, but they are using a very heavy material
               | for a small part and very light material for the other.
               | So in this case the center of mass is almost on one of
               | the faces of the polyhedron.
        
         | JKCalhoun wrote:
         | Wild prices for gombocs on Amazon.
        
           | MPSimmons wrote:
           | https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1985100/files
        
             | XCSme wrote:
             | Does it work when 3rd printed? How sensitive is it to
             | infill options or infill density variations?
        
               | murkle wrote:
               | You need 100% infill to ensure it's working for the right
               | reason.
               | 
               | I've got one mostly working with quite a lot of sanding
        
       | pizzathyme wrote:
       | Couldn't you achieve this same result with a ball that has one
       | weighted flat side?
       | 
       | And then if it needs to be more polygonal, just reduce the
       | vertices?
        
         | Etheryte wrote:
         | A ball that has one flat side can land on two sides: the round
         | side and the flat side. You can easily verify this by cutting
         | an apple in half and putting one half flat side down and the
         | other flat side up.
        
           | Etheryte wrote:
           | Note: the GP comment didn't include the word "weighted" when
           | I made my comment, their edit makes this comment look like
           | nonsense.
        
         | zuminator wrote:
         | The article acknowledges that roly-poly toys have always
         | worked, but in this case they were looking for polyhedra with
         | entirely flat surfaces.
        
       | tbeseda wrote:
       | So, like my Vans?
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vans_challenge
        
         | ErigmolCt wrote:
         | The tetrahedron is basically the high-fashion Vans of the
         | geometry world
        
       | Trowter wrote:
       | babe wake up a new shape dropped
        
       | bradleyy wrote:
       | I hope I can buy one of these at the next DragonCon, along side
       | the stack of D20s I end up buying every year.
        
       | yobid20 wrote:
       | Doesnt the video start out with laying on a different side then
       | after it flips? Doesnt that by definition mean that its landing
       | on different sides?
        
         | jamesgeck0 wrote:
         | Every single shot shows a finger releasing the model.
        
       | yobid20 wrote:
       | Can't you just use a sphere with a small single flat side made
       | out of heavier material? That would only ever come to rest the
       | same way every single time.
        
         | mreid wrote:
         | A sphere is not a tetrahedron.
        
         | dotancohen wrote:
         | Yes, that is not challenging. Finding (and building) a
         | tetrahedron is challenging.
        
       | a_imho wrote:
       | Several gombocs in action https://youtube.com/watch?v=xSdi51HSkIE
        
       | WillPostForFood wrote:
       | Japan's next moon lander should be this shape.
        
       | sly010 wrote:
       | Math has a PR problem. The weight being non-uniform makes this a
       | little unsurprising to a non-mathematician, it's a bit like a
       | wire "sphere" with a weight attached on one side, but a low poly
       | version. Giving it a "skin" would make this look more impressive.
        
         | seniortaco wrote:
         | It appears unsurprising because it is unsurprising.
        
       | yonisto wrote:
       | So cats are pyramids?
        
         | kijin wrote:
         | _Liquid_ pyramids that rearrange their own molecular structure
         | in response to a gravitational field. They 're like self-
         | landing rockets, but cooler and cuter.
        
       | m3kw9 wrote:
       | Gonna make a dice using this
        
       | eggy wrote:
       | Great article!
       | 
       | The excitement kind of ebbed early on with seeing the video and
       | realizing it had a plate/weight on one face.
       | 
       | "A few years later, the duo answered their own question, showing
       | that this uniform monostable tetrahedron wasn't possible. But
       | what if you were allowed to distribute its weight unevenly?"
       | 
       | But the article progressed and mentioned John Conway, I was back!
        
         | K0balt wrote:
         | Made me think of lander design. Recent efforts seem to have
         | created a shape that always ends up on its side? XD
        
         | globular-toast wrote:
         | Initially I thought it was unimpressive because of the plate.
         | But then I thought about it a bit: a regular tetrahedron
         | wouldn't do that no matter how heavy one of the faces was.
        
       | ErigmolCt wrote:
       | Conway casually tossing out the idea, and then 60 years later
       | someone actually builds it... that's peak math storytelling.
        
         | KevinCarbonara wrote:
         | Reminds me of when Mendeleev argued that an element that had
         | just been discovered was wrong, and that the guy who discovered
         | it didn't know what he was talking about, because Mendeleev had
         | already imagined that same element, and it had different
         | properties. Mendeleev turned out to be right.
        
       | cbogie wrote:
       | a skateboard
        
       | ColinWright wrote:
       | The paper says:
       | 
       |  _" What did appear as a challenge, though, was a physical
       | realization of such an object. The second author built a model
       | (now lost) from lead foil and finely-split bamboo, which appeared
       | to tumble sequentially from one face, through two others, to its
       | final resting position."_
       | 
       | I have that model ... Bob Dawson and I built it together while we
       | were at Cambridge. Probably I should contact him.
       | 
       | The paper is here: https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.19244
       | 
       | The content in HTML is here: https://arxiv.org/html/2506.19244v1
        
         | s4mbh4 wrote:
         | Would be awesome to see some pictures!
        
           | ColinWright wrote:
           | I've knocked up a quick page:
           | 
           | https://www.solipsys.co.uk/ZimExpt/MonostableTetrahedron.htm.
           | ..
        
             | gus_massa wrote:
             | I was expecting to see the photos, but the jpg are linked
             | there instead of visible. IIRC you were using a self-made
             | CMS for your blog, with more support for math formulas.
             | Does it not allow images?
        
               | ColinWright wrote:
               | Everyone complains about how crap my website is, so in
               | this case I've just exported a page from my internal zim-
               | wiki. Yes, it can have photos, but it doesn't give any
               | control over sizing or positioning, so I'm providing
               | links for people to click through to.
               | 
               | It's the middle of my working day and I'm in the middle
               | of meetings, so I don't have time to do anything more
               | right now.
        
               | bbkane wrote:
               | Thanks for posting! I'd love a YouTube video too if you
               | get the time later
        
               | jabiko wrote:
               | To be fair, I don't think there is anything wrong with
               | clickable links instead of embedded images.
        
               | SoftTalker wrote:
               | I don't mind the image links. The text weight and
               | contrast could use some work.
        
               | mzs wrote:
               | Your site is fine, thank you very much, I was not able to
               | able to save it in the internet archive though: https://w
               | eb.archive.org/save/https://www.solipsys.co.uk/ZimE...
               | 
               | "Save Page Now could not capture this URL because it was
               | unreachable. If the site is online, it may be blocking
               | access from our service."
        
               | ColinWright wrote:
               | Interesting ... and baffling. I've simply exported that
               | from the zim wiki, not doing anything special, so I have
               | no idea why the internet archive would complain about it.
               | 
               | And it's the other part of my site that people complain
               | bitterly about:
               | 
               | https://www.solipsys.co.uk/new/ColinsBlog.html?yf26hn
        
             | rstuart4133 wrote:
             | That really is a MVP. Or perhaps MVD (Minimum Viable
             | Demonstration).
        
       | hashstring wrote:
       | Nice, would be a good update for turtles & PBJ sandwiches.
        
       | ourmandave wrote:
       | From just the headline, they're describing a cat.
        
       | Elaris wrote:
       | What really gets me is how something that looks off balance ends
       | up being super stable. This shape makes you rethink what balance
       | actually means. It's not just about equal forces. It almost feels
       | like the shape knows where it wants to land every time.
        
       | seniortaco wrote:
       | I wouldn't really call this a "shape" since the highly
       | manipulated center of mass is what is actually doing the work
       | here. I would call this an object or rigid body.
        
         | naikrovek wrote:
         | I agree with you.
        
         | hinkley wrote:
         | It's both. To work you need a polyhedron constructed of a
         | series of polygons, here triangles, and one of those triangles
         | has to have its center of mass outside the base of the object
         | in all orientations. Otherwise the weight will pin it down
         | instead of tilt it over.
         | 
         | That's why in the one orientation it tips back before tipping
         | sideways: the center of mass is inside the footprint of right
         | edge of the tetrahedron but not the back edge. So it tips back,
         | which then narrows the base enough for it to tip over to the
         | right and settle.
        
           | jrowen wrote:
           | The article does a good job of explaining that it's still a
           | non-trivial problem even if you are allowed to distribute the
           | weight unevenly, but I do agree that what is happening here
           | is much more specific than a "shape," which is simply
           | geometry without any density information.
           | 
           | Put another way, most things precisely constructed with that
           | same exact shape (of the outer hull, which is usually what is
           | meant by shape) would not exhibit this property.
        
           | kamel3d wrote:
           | A ball that has a weight attached to one point from the
           | inside would always land on that side, it's the same thing,
           | right?
        
             | Vvector wrote:
             | Last time I checked, spheres are shapes.
             | 
             | But the article references a "pyramid-like shape"
        
       | mannyv wrote:
       | Maybe they should use this shape for interplanetary landers.
       | 
       | Oop, they mentioned that in the article.
        
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