[HN Gopher] Endometriosis is an interesting disease
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Endometriosis is an interesting disease
        
       Author : crescit_eundo
       Score  : 303 points
       Date   : 2025-06-13 22:40 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.owlposting.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.owlposting.com)
        
       | twodave wrote:
       | Not sure if the article mentioned it (writing style was getting
       | on my nerves about half way through), but endometriosis is also
       | highly hereditary. My wife's mother has 2 sisters. One sister had
       | endometriosis and the other two had daughters (including my wife)
       | who had it.
       | 
       | It has also been known to degrade egg quality, resulting in total
       | infertility in some (including my wife and her aunt--jury is
       | still out on the cousin).
       | 
       | I don't think most reproductive surgeons think of endometriosis
       | as untreatable. 1% rate of having some kind of complication from
       | the surgery doesn't sound crazy high to me. The recurrence rate I
       | think depends pretty heavily on how pervasive the case was and
       | how soon it was caught.
       | 
       | My wife was in her late 20s when she had surgery to have it cut
       | out via laparoscopy, and it wasn't really a big deal. She had a
       | hysterectomy this year for other reasons, over 15 years later and
       | had no signs of recurrence.
        
         | tptacek wrote:
         | The article mentions it. If you bailed before that point, you
         | bailed _just_ before it got really good.
        
       | cantor_S_drug wrote:
       | I heard about this disease through an education channel.
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzA9VATcZhY
       | 
       | > The speaker had been experiencing symptoms like period pain,
       | bloating, and fatigue for years, visiting many doctors without
       | getting a proper diagnosis. When severe pain developed, a GP
       | ordered an ultrasound but the speaker initially ignored the
       | results, assuming it was just an ovarian cyst. However, after
       | using the Ada AI medical diagnosis app, which asked questions
       | about symptoms and calculated probabilities of various
       | conditions, it suggested endometriosis - a condition the speaker
       | had never heard of. This prompted them to return to their doctor,
       | where the ultrasound results confirmed the AI's diagnosis of
       | endometriosis.
        
       | anon291 wrote:
       | Just wait til you find out men can get it (extremely rare)
        
         | bravesoul2 wrote:
         | Is that with or without hormone treatment?
        
           | lostlogin wrote:
           | There is a strong correlation with hormones. It's in the
           | post.
        
             | bravesoul2 wrote:
             | Thanks I wanted to see the commenters perspective and if
             | they have different information or opinions.
        
         | ddingus wrote:
         | Seriously?
         | 
         | It must be in combination with one or more of the intersex
         | conditions, yes?
         | 
         | I just wrote up thread about a recurring chat between my wife
         | and I all about what if Men got this disease... the law would
         | change quickly!
        
           | tptacek wrote:
           | Nope. Read the article! It's good.
           | 
           | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5833878/
        
           | lazyasciiart wrote:
           | "endometriosis is also found in men with a total of 16 cases
           | previously reported in the literature"
           | 
           | I don't think this is enough to affect funding.
        
           | anon291 wrote:
           | > what if Men got this disease... the law would change
           | quickly!
           | 
           | Honestly I've always thought this line of argumentation is
           | dumb. Pregnancy is complicated, we don't understand it, and
           | there are obvious ethical problems studying pregnant women.
           | 
           | There are many syndromes that affect men and women we
           | similarly know little about.
           | 
           | The body is complicated. We shouldn't attribute to malice
           | what is best explained by lack of knowledge
        
         | abhishaike wrote:
         | This is in the article!
        
         | RamblingCTO wrote:
         | I don't think it's beneficial to just put both in the same pot.
         | It's just a similar condition in similar tissue afaiu. Men
         | don't have a uterus.
        
           | anon291 wrote:
           | Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial like tissue
           | outside the uterus. Male cells retain the ability to
           | transform into endometrial cells given the right stimulus. In
           | rare pathological cases, this happens.
        
       | fsckboy wrote:
       | > _what actually is the clinical definition of endometriosis?
       | Plainly put, it is when tissue that resembles the uterine lining,
       | or endometrial-like tissue, grows outside the uterus. The tissue
       | can implant itself in nearby tissues, like the ovaries and
       | fallopian tubes, or even more distal organs like the bladder and
       | bowel. ... Over time, these repeated cycles of inflammation and
       | fibrosis may lead to permanent structural changes within the
       | abdomen and pelvis, contributing to chronic pelvic pain and
       | infertility._
       | 
       | i feel like something has been left out. why would uterine lining
       | cells outside the uterus lead to infertility inside the uterus?
       | from this description, I can see all sorts of things going
       | haywire, but it was my impression that the uterine lining was
       | scarred and otherwise rendered infertile for implantation.
        
         | streptomycin wrote:
         | The uterus is not the only thing involved in infertility. More
         | generally, endometriosis probably affects fertility in multiple
         | different ways, and a woman with endometriosis and fertility
         | issues may never know what her specific problem is.
         | 
         | On the plus side, IVF works pretty well for many women with
         | endometriosis. IVF patients with endo have only somewhat worse
         | stats than other IVF patients.
        
         | mlyle wrote:
         | You don't understand why uterine cells screwing up the
         | fallopian tubes or ovaries would cause infertility?
        
         | setopt wrote:
         | > why would uterine lining cells outside the uterus lead to
         | infertility inside the uterus?
         | 
         | The quoted text mentions for example the ovaries themselves,
         | which if damaged can not release eggs, and the fallopian tubes,
         | which if damaged can not transmit eggs from the ovaries to the
         | uterus. These are outside the uterus.
        
           | twodave wrote:
           | According to my wife's surgeon (she had endometriosis removed
           | in 2008) there is some belief that the condition can actually
           | cause the womb to become less hospitable to egg development,
           | i.e. the fluids en utero actually weaken the health of the
           | eggs.
        
         | SwtCyber wrote:
         | It's less about scarring inside the uterus, and more about
         | chaos in the neighborhood
        
       | ddingus wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
         | grumpy-de-sre wrote:
         | Honestly it's probably just because the condition responds well
         | to hormonal therapy. If you've got a cheap and effective
         | treatment available for a condition it's hard to justify
         | spending research dollars on digging deeper into it
         | (particularly something as strange as Endometriosis, eg. where
         | do you even start looking).
         | 
         | The strong genetic component also makes it somewhat unlikely
         | that it's something we'll be able to ever eliminate completely
         | but perhaps there will one day be targeted drugs that can stop
         | disease progression. It's good to see more research dollars
         | being made available in recent years.
         | 
         | There's a lot of other conditions that receive a similar lack
         | of attention, for a common male analogue "chronic pelvic pain
         | syndrome".
        
           | d1sxeyes wrote:
           | It doesn't respond _that_ well. But most patients are told
           | that the next option is invasive surgery and that there are
           | no other choices.
        
         | unixhero wrote:
         | On other areas it's the other way around, breast cancer gets a
         | lot of attention while prostate cancer gets less.
        
         | mattigames wrote:
         | Like we put money in fixing homelessness, which affects mostly
         | men right? Like we put money in suicide prevention which
         | affects mostly men in every single country in the world?
         | Feminism portrays a heavily distorted view of the world, such
         | movement helped fix fundamental problems like women's voting
         | rights, but it has a tendency for overcorrection and
         | overestimating the number of problems caused by "the
         | patriarchy" that are actually caused by "humans are shitty
         | sometimes about some major issues"
        
           | morsch wrote:
           | Oh there are various disbalances at work. Maladies that
           | affect the poor are underfunded as well.
        
           | enaaem wrote:
           | I agree. It is time for men activists to vote for parties
           | that put more money in fixing homelessness and mental health.
        
         | shakna wrote:
         | Don't worry, we are susceptible to many pain conditions. Some
         | of which are worse, and some of which women can get, too.
         | 
         | And of these more painful conditions the research is... Just as
         | lacking. I do get the desperation for... Something. Anything.
         | 
         | Actually Covid saw the biggest research boost - my own is seen
         | as a good control for long covid. A number of autoimmune
         | conditions got similar increased interest. Right up until a
         | political group decided covid research was a nice target.
         | 
         | (I've been in pain for 2/3rds of my life. Pain generally
         | described as exceeding childbirth. There is never a lull. There
         | is no treatment that works.)
        
           | pcthrowaway wrote:
           | I don't know how childbirth compares to the pain that I
           | experienced during an incredibly pronounced bout of
           | tonsilitis I had ~4 months ago, but if it's even 80% as
           | painful, I don't know how one could live with that level of
           | pain non-stop.
           | 
           | When I had tonsillitis, the pain was so intense and so
           | persistent until the 3rd day of antibiotics, I was tempted to
           | just throw myself off a bridge to make it stop. Had I been
           | under the impression there was no way to make it stop in a
           | few days, I suspect I would have.
        
             | shakna wrote:
             | About 30% of people who end up with my particular illness,
             | do kill themselves in the first five years. Not that
             | severity of pain makes sense person-to-person. Pain is
             | personal. The worst pain is the worst pain you've ever
             | felt, and it's never surprising if you do something about
             | that. (Your worst pain... Was yours. Is yours. Don't try
             | and compare it. No one else entirely gets what yours was
             | like.)
             | 
             | However, if you do survive the first five years... You
             | become unlikely to suicide out of it. You've learnt to live
             | in it.
             | 
             | I think the stats on that are fairly similar to endo, from
             | what little research that there is. If you can make it past
             | the first few years of everyone ignoring you and calling
             | you weak, and telling you to suck it up, you are now better
             | prepared to deal with the daily mental siege.
             | 
             | (Though you _are_ under siege. And sometimes those walls do
             | collapse, and you 're broken again. You can't necessarily
             | take on more, just become you're stronger - you're stronger
             | but you're spending all the extra effort just to stay
             | alive.)
             | 
             | But to end on a completely different note, that can make a
             | few people stare: I'm in pain in my dreams, too. I don't
             | remember what it's like without.
        
             | kqr wrote:
             | Worth mentioning in these threads is that pain is a very
             | personal experience. No two people experience pain the same
             | way. We must have respect for each others' experiences of
             | pain, because we don't know what it is like for them.
             | 
             | It's senseless to compare experiences of pain between
             | people. Unless it's like "a pinprick" vs. "crushed by a
             | motorcycle" or other obviously extreme contrasts.
        
             | basisword wrote:
             | >> When I had tonsillitis, the pain was so intense and so
             | persistent until the 3rd day of antibiotics, I was tempted
             | to just throw myself off a bridge to make it stop. Had I
             | been under the impression there was no way to make it stop
             | in a few days, I suspect I would have.
             | 
             | Easy to say, harder to do. The will to live is probably
             | stronger than you realise. I experienced a short 2 week
             | painful illness and felt similar to you. I later
             | experienced the same thing for 2 years. You adapt and learn
             | to cope.
        
         | basisword wrote:
         | >> My Wife has often said, "If Men were susceptible to a
         | similar, or the same disease, it would see far more research
         | and or funding.
         | 
         | I wish we would stop turning everything into a competition. As
         | a man with a similar 'tricky' condition I can confirm the
         | medical profession is generally shit with anything tricky
         | regardless of your sex. I have experienced the exact same fight
         | for treatment and investigation that I often read of women
         | experiencing.
        
         | tomhow wrote:
         | I know your intention was simply to raise the issue of gender
         | biases in medical research resource allocation, but it set off
         | a gender flamewar, and that's just the kind of thing we're
         | trying to avoid on HN. It's important to think about the
         | consequences of the comments we post, and it was predictable
         | that this kind of thing would happen.
         | 
         | For what it's worth, I saw the comment earlier and thought "not
         | great but don't want to silence a valid point about gender
         | biases in something as important as medical research", but
         | looking now at the flamewar that's resulted, I'm afraid we just
         | have to uphold the guidelines.
         | 
         | Another thought that came to mind when I saw your comment:
         | 
         | Over the years I've had my own experiences with illnesses that
         | cause great pain, distress and limitations on life options, and
         | during those times I often had thoughts along the lines of
         | "people in my category with illnesses like this just aren't
         | considered important enough to attract research funding and
         | care for our plight".
         | 
         | Having continued to look into the topic very deeply, another
         | explanation arises: conditions like this (complex disorders
         | involving autoimmunity - even of the relatively mild kind that
         | I had) are just very difficult to research, because as soon as
         | you start studying a cohort of patients, it turns out to be
         | very difficult to find consistent factors that explain the
         | condition.
         | 
         | My understanding is that endometriosis (and I have learned a
         | little about it from seeing loved ones being diagnosed with it
         | or evaluated for it) is that it's of the same kind; it seems to
         | be at least partially an autoimmune disease (or frequently co-
         | morbid with autoimmune diseases) and, as the article states, it
         | has been found to be extremely difficult to explain, let alone
         | treat. We see similar obstacles with other autoimmune illness
         | like ALS and MS, both of which have had huge amounts of funding
         | over the years but still elude researchers' attempts to even
         | explain them, let alone cure them.
         | 
         | It just seems that some illnesses are extremely hard to explain
         | and cure, even with vast amounts of money invested in them, and
         | that's particularly the case with anything involving
         | autoimmunity.
        
       | codetweep wrote:
       | The article sort of glosses over a major distinction regarding
       | the surgical approach to endometriosis -- 90+% of OB/GYNs are
       | trained to ablate (burn-to-destroy) the affected tissue, whereas
       | more recently, a crop of surgeons have begun to specialize in
       | excising a wide area of tissue surrounding the affected tissue.
       | Many times, the tissue to destroy is not on the surface - it is
       | deeply infiltrating what it has adhered to. Burning it is just
       | like cutting grass, it'll come right back. Success rates with
       | excisional surgery are markedly better, but not a silver bullet.
        
         | twodave wrote:
         | Not to mention the burning creates a lot more scar tissue,
         | which greatly impacts future reproductive prospects depending
         | on where the burning is taking place...
        
       | Sniffnoy wrote:
       | So, why don't cancer treatments work here? Or would they likely
       | work here but they largely haven't been tried yet? (See also
       | codetweep's comment about surgery.)
        
         | Nasrudith wrote:
         | Endometriosisis is 'benign' in the self-contained sense only. I
         | would imagine that changes the target profile. I don't think
         | there is are any rigid 'out of scope' policing drugs or
         | biological mechanisms for that. As opposed to cancerous
         | malformed biomarkers which scream "I shouldn't exist!" to the
         | immune system.
        
           | grumpy-de-sre wrote:
           | I doubt chemotherapy drugs have a favorable risk/benefit
           | ratio. The original article notes that somatic DNA changes
           | might be involved, so perhaps immunotherapy might be useful.
           | Interestingly this is being studied [1].
           | 
           | 1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10150018/
        
       | at_a_remove wrote:
       | I had to gently chide a surgeon who came out in the middle of a
       | friend's hysterectomy (and bonus ovary removal) to do a kind of
       | "drive by, not expecting any kind of feedback" picture show in
       | the middle for not having a plan on adhesion barriers. He hadn't
       | planned on doing them!
       | 
       | I pointed out her history (or hystery, heh) and the kinda obvious
       | gluey, webby bits in the pictures (they're quite visible once you
       | look at enough of them).
       | 
       | Then I grilled him on which of the then-three brands were on the
       | market and which were had on hand. Dude acted like he was just
       | yanking a bad video card on a Friday afternoon, which I found
       | less than optimal.
       | 
       | I was not surprised when, post-surgery, the rest of the staff
       | attempted to hustle us out the door. I had abort their well-
       | rehearsed ejection procedure to get aftercare instructions ...
       | _and_ to make sure the scripts had already been called in ...
       | _and then_ to get the follow-up appointment cemented and the  "oh
       | shit something has gone wrong" post-surgical emergency contact
       | information. I suppose in the future they will have a kind of
       | water slide from the recovery room into the parking lot, and they
       | just will aim for the open passenger-side door.
        
         | a2tech wrote:
         | Any surgeon will tell you the best patient is the one you don't
         | have to talk to, so don't think your experience is an outlier.
         | 
         | Your water slide to the parking lot is an apt description---I
         | can 100% believe people wanting such a thing.
        
         | soared wrote:
         | Sounds like you need to start going to a different hospital.
        
       | emmelaich wrote:
       | Considering the magic of birth and the war in the womb[0] it's
       | amazing that the reproductive system works as well as it does.
       | 
       | Pregnancy relieves the symptoms but is not a cure. But surely
       | you'd have to consider lower fertility has something to do with
       | the increase in endometriosis.
       | 
       | [0] https://aeon.co/essays/why-pregnancy-is-a-biological-war-
       | bet...
        
         | kqr wrote:
         | > Considering the war in the womb it's amazing that the
         | reproductive system works as well as it does.
         | 
         | ...or maybe it's _because_ of that war it works as well as it
         | does? Maybe it takes agents in opposition to evolve enough
         | redundancies and contingency plans to get things working?
         | 
         | Before Mendel, at least some people hypothesised there must be
         | some sort of "battle of the germ cell" that powered evolution,
         | because unimportant functions -- even when they aren't actively
         | detrimental -- tend to be forced nearly out of existence.[1]
         | Even our bodies, miracles of cooperation, evolve to some degree
         | under antagonism.
         | 
         | Thanks for referencing that article, though. I was going to but
         | now I don't have to. Everyone should read it. Utterly
         | fascinating.
         | 
         | [1]: The example that comes to mind are the femurs of whales.
         | They are absolutely tiny. Much smaller than can reasonably
         | explained by them being a problem for the whale itself.
        
       | jwrallie wrote:
       | One interesting thing I observed by being trilingual is that
       | different countries' medical systems will give different and
       | sometimes contradictory instructions when you Google for some
       | medical information.
       | 
       | One of this is sex during menstruation. I was instructed that it
       | was not a problem but in Japan they specifically instruct that it
       | is discouraged because there might be a link with Endometriosis.
       | 
       | If you try to Google if sex in menstruation can lead to
       | infertility you are going to find little information in English,
       | but you are going to find many hits in Japanese.
        
         | pcthrowaway wrote:
         | Do you mind sharing a promising article in Japanese which can
         | be translated?
        
           | worldsayshi wrote:
           | This makes me wonder how to search for content in another
           | language? I mean most sites are almost trivially translatable
           | by now.
        
             | thaumasiotes wrote:
             | You can easily autotranslate your question into whatever
             | language you'd like to search, go to a search engine for
             | that language, and see what you get.
             | 
             | If I want to do a search for Chinese content, I go to
             | baidu, enter a query that makes sense to me, and look for a
             | suggested query that looks right.
             | 
             | Doing this is much less useful than you might think. You'll
             | still lack the ability to interpret the search results, or
             | the pages you click through to. It's not an issue of
             | translating the content. You have no idea what kind of
             | pages you've turned up, what the ones you want should look
             | like, or how information is laid out in the foreign
             | websites. Your habits from the English-speaking internet
             | won't apply.
        
             | OJFord wrote:
             | You just search in the language you're looking for?
             | 
             | (And if you have a country filter/hint set on your search
             | engine of choice, you disable or change it appropriately.)
        
           | jwrallie wrote:
           | I just took the first link from a Google search that looked
           | not to be advertisement (edit: but still kinda is)
           | 
           | https://emishia-clinic.jp/low-dose-pill/on-my-period-sex/
        
         | 317070 wrote:
         | There are so many more of these. A common one is everything to
         | do with babies.
         | 
         | * In the UK you should not start solids before 6 months, in
         | France you can start at 3, and should at 4.
         | 
         | * Baby bed room temperature: in the UK 16 degrees Celsius,
         | France 19 degrees, in the nordics you should have them sleep
         | outside while I've been told that in Hungary 25 degrees is
         | considered optimal.
         | 
         | Don't underestimate how much of health science is embedded
         | folklore knowledge by people who thought they managed to
         | extract signal from noise with a lot of confounders, especially
         | if the patient is not sick or cannot express their subjective
         | experience.
        
           | kqr wrote:
           | My favourites are
           | 
           | - How much alcohol can a pregnant person drink? (Not too
           | much, obviously, but is a glass of wine a couple of different
           | days in the third trimester okay? Probably, but it varies a
           | lot deoending on which country you're in.)
           | 
           | - When can children start eating green leaves? (I don't know,
           | but even different counties in Sweden have different
           | guidelines on that one.)
           | 
           | - Should infants sleep on their tummy or back? (Definitely on
           | their back. There is no argument there. But when I was an
           | infant -- which is not _that_ long ago, parents were advised
           | otherwise.)
        
             | maccard wrote:
             | > But when I was an infant -- which is not that long ago,
             | parents were advised otherwise
             | 
             | Medicine is wild. Lots of things that were taken as gospel
             | even 15 years ago have been completely flipped on their
             | head. The NHS massively changed their advice last year on
             | asthma treatment and it's basically the opposite of what
             | they said before. We've seen the same with musculoskeletal
             | injuries, nerve injuries and just general recovery.
        
               | whatevermom wrote:
               | Sorry, but what was the change? Adding corticoid inhalers
               | when treating an asthma episode? Curious since I have
               | asthma and didn't hear about this change yet.
        
               | maccard wrote:
               | The short of it was that they decided salbutamol was
               | overprescribed and shouldn't be given to anyone who isn't
               | taking a corticosteroid inhaler at the same time. The
               | advice has changed from "if you feel like you need your
               | blue inhaler take it" to "your asthma should be managed
               | by your corticosteroid dose, and if it's not you should
               | adjust". Obviously not suitable for everyone but for
               | people like my dad it got him from using his reliever
               | once a week to not having an active prescription for it
               | anymore.
        
               | jmole wrote:
               | That was a worldwide change after they figured out long
               | acting beta agonists were basically killing people
               | because they don't treat the underlying inflammation like
               | inhaled corticosteroids do.
        
               | wbl wrote:
               | Shit I should talk to my doctor again. Although probably
               | for exercises induced things might be a little different.
        
               | maccard wrote:
               | Very possibly, although I wouldn't be surprised if the
               | advice has changed. Asthma is an inflammation of the
               | lungs and the learnings seem to be that any inflammation
               | is bad, so we want to prevent inflammation rather than
               | respond to it.
               | 
               | Definitely worth a conversation!
        
               | maccard wrote:
               | Yeah that doesn't surprise me - I just don't have enough
               | knowledge of outside the UK to know if it was advised
               | elsewhere. Anecdotally, my breathing is so much better
               | since I've adjusted to the correct dose and never missing
               | one, I've gone from needing a reliever with me at all
               | times to not using it once in a year.
        
             | spockz wrote:
             | For sleeping on their back. Our youngest daughter would
             | _not_ sleep on her back. She still sleeps on her tummy with
             | arms folded under her. The only way she sleeps otherwise is
             | in the car seat when properly exhausted. Put her to bed and
             | she will turn around and fall asleep. So what does medicine
             | say then?
        
               | vosper wrote:
               | Sleeping on the back only matters when they are very
               | young. It's for when they don't have the strength to turn
               | themselves out of a face-down / suffocating position.
               | That's why you practice tummy time (neck/head lifting)
               | with an infant. Once they are older they can sleep how
               | they like
        
               | Enginerrrd wrote:
               | Depends on the kid too. All 3 of my kids could lift their
               | head up when they were born. A couple of times I forgot
               | all babies aren't like that and picked up a friend's baby
               | without adequate support.
        
               | LeonardoTolstoy wrote:
               | It says that there is like a 10x risk of SIDS in the
               | first four months of life with tummy sleeping.
               | 
               | I don't agree with her on everything, but Emily Oster's
               | chapter on SIDS (in the second book I think, Cribsheet) I
               | think does a good job outlining the data on it. And my
               | brother just had a kid who also would absolutely not
               | sleep on his back. Once he could roll he just sleeps on
               | his tummy (but once they can roll SIDS is not really an
               | issue)
        
               | kqr wrote:
               | What I was taught is that one should not put them down on
               | their tummy, but if they're able to flip themselves over
               | when put on their back they're no longer so likely to die
               | from it.
        
             | freddie_mercury wrote:
             | > But when I was an infant -- which is not that long ago,
             | parents were advised otherwise.
             | 
             | So...research was done and people learned they were wrong?
             | 
             | I'm not quite following what you think the takeaway was
             | here?
             | 
             | The "Back to Sleep" campaigns saw something like a 50%
             | decrease in infant mortality within 12 months in the UK. It
             | isn't really comparable to "fad diet of the year" medical
             | advice.
        
             | margalabargala wrote:
             | > How much alcohol can a pregnant person drink? (Not too
             | much, obviously, but is a glass of wine a couple of
             | different days in the third trimester okay? Probably, but
             | it varies a lot deoending on which country you're in.)
             | 
             | It's important to differentiate a low individual risk for
             | you, vs what that means to a whole population.
             | 
             | You will easily find someone willing to say "oh I had two
             | glasses of wine a week while pregnant and my kid was fine".
             | 
             | If everyone started drinking 2 glasses of wine a week in
             | the third trimester, FAS rates will increase, and mean IQ
             | score will dip. Will they dip by a lot? Probably not, but
             | definitely not zero. So of course anyone in a position to
             | make a society-wide recommendation, recommends "no
             | alcohol".
             | 
             | Individual parents may look at data and say, that's a risk
             | they're willing to take.
        
           | porphyra wrote:
           | Also, in the US people have a deathly fear of bedsharing with
           | the baby due to concerns about sudden infant death syndrome
           | (SIDS) and yet bedsharing is common in places like Japan
           | while they also have a much lower infant mortality rate.
           | Apparently, newborns just sleep very poorly lying on their
           | backs alone in cold, hard cribs rather than nuzzling against
           | their moms' breasts. As a result, the common advice in the US
           | has not only led to skyrocketing cases of postpartum
           | depression, but also delayed milestones such as head lifting,
           | plus more cases of plagiocephaly and torticollis.
           | 
           | (that said, as a new dad, I'm also deathly afraid of SIDS so
           | I still stuck by the American recommendations, sleep be
           | darned)
        
             | rescripting wrote:
             | Some of that fear isn't necessarily unfounded. In America
             | the people are larger and the beds are softer. This creates
             | a larger, deeper divot around the adult for the baby to
             | roll in to and suffocate.
        
             | scythe wrote:
             | I've come to think the American norm is something of a
             | self-fulfilling prophecy. Bedsharing becomes dangerous
             | _mostly_ when the parents fall asleep intoxicated. You
             | might have noticed that you 're much more likely to wake up
             | with your arm partially numb if you pass out drunk than if
             | you go to sleep sober. But because bed sharing is
             | discouraged, it's mostly less responsible parents who do
             | it, which creates a stronger apparent correlation with
             | infant suffocation.
        
               | randerson wrote:
               | And not just alcohol. America is highly medicated.
               | Someone who takes sleeping pills for example is unlikely
               | to be subconsciously aware of their surroundings.
        
               | svnt wrote:
               | I think this might have been the case early on. Now it
               | seems the reality is more nuanced.
               | 
               | Now the default discourages bedsharing, but we know and
               | can witness personally the many positive effects. The
               | warning causes us to be more conscientious about doing it
               | if we choose to, and for those who default to obeisance
               | they are in their minds making the responsible choice.
               | 
               | Because of the social stigma, those who do bedsharing
               | responsibly are not being accurately reflected in the
               | data, causing only those careless enough to admit it to
               | be captured.
        
               | BobaFloutist wrote:
               | Pretty sure Americans drink less than most Europeans.
        
             | treyd wrote:
             | If I recall correctly, there was some recent research
             | connecting the cholinergic system to SIDS, pointing at
             | possible changes in practices to reduce the risk.
        
             | throwaway173738 wrote:
             | If you ask around among other parents you're going to find
             | that bed sharing is a lot more common than the medical
             | community wants it to be. We had a lot of reasons for doing
             | it and so did many of our friends.
        
             | Enginerrrd wrote:
             | Most of the American parents I know practiced bed-sharing
             | including myself. But we would also answer "no" when asked
             | about at the doctor's office because that's the "right"
             | answer. So... I am skeptical about any negative statistics
             | on bedsharing. We're not obese and don't drink or do drugs.
             | That probably mitigates a huge amount of associated risk.
        
             | sarchertech wrote:
             | Bed sharing isn't just about SIDS, it's about litterally
             | just rolling over and smothering your child (sometimes
             | those do get lumped in together, but increasingly they are
             | separated if they can be).
             | 
             | If you are overweight, sleep on a standard western style
             | mattress, have any sleep disorders, smoke, drink, use
             | illegal drugs, or even some prescription medications, you
             | are much more likely to smother your infant.
             | 
             | The risk of all sleep related causes of death is around
             | 1/1000 in the US, but you can reduce that risk 100x if you
             | follow all of the safe sleeping recommendations.
             | 
             | 1/1000 is pretty low but it's higher than the chance of
             | your infant dying in a car accident, disease, or any other
             | cause of death for full term healthy babies.
             | 
             | My wife (pediatric ER doctor) has had to declare numerous
             | babies dead from a parent rolling over and suffocating
             | their infant and usually the parents weren't intoxicated at
             | the time.
             | 
             | I have 2 kids (and a 3rd on the way). I know how hard it is
             | to follow all the safe sleeping recommendations, but the
             | risk is real and the cost is so high.
        
           | freddie_mercury wrote:
           | The temperature thing is one I always wonder about.
           | 
           | The WHO claims the ideal overnight temperature for sleeping
           | is 18 degree (C). I lived in Vietnam for a decade and to a
           | rough approximation 0% of the population ever experiences 18
           | degrees overnight for sleeping. And I imagine it's not too
           | different in much of Thailand, Indonesia, India, etc.
           | 
           | I'm pretty dubious that hundreds of millions, maybe billions,
           | are thriving in "suboptimal" overnight temperatures!
           | 
           | Does the African savanna regularly get down to 18c at night,
           | such that we'd expect that to be some kind of evolutionary
           | equilibrium that just happens to map to (northern) European
           | and North American norms?
        
             | gradus_ad wrote:
             | Well, hot places do tend to have indolent populations.
        
             | akvadrako wrote:
             | Humans can thrive in nonideal situations. I would say too
             | ideal is unhealthy.
             | 
             | Plus the effect might be small or something easily adapted
             | to.
        
           | 0cf8612b2e1e wrote:
           | ...in the nordics you should have them sleep outside...
           | 
           | Is this a joke or are the Nords breeding a race of supermen
           | Vikings a la the Fremen?
        
         | abxyz wrote:
         | Another example is Ureaplasma Parvum which is treated as a
         | serious STD in parts of the world but almost never acknowledged
         | as an STD in the U.S. and therefore almost impossible to get
         | tested for and treated for in the U.S. There's an entire reddit
         | about it: https://www.reddit.com/r/Ureaplasma/
         | 
         | Full background:
         | https://www.reddit.com/r/Ureaplasma/comments/qavqf1/the_urea...
        
         | andrelaszlo wrote:
         | An Argentinian friend of mine said you get cancer from drinking
         | beverages that are too hot. He sent the Wikipedia page to prove
         | it but only the Spanish version of the page had this
         | information.
         | 
         | Is this another example of culturally specific health "facts"
         | or have I just missed something?
        
           | ifwinterco wrote:
           | I think this is true but it's much more of an issue in LatAm
           | countries where they drink mate through metal straws.
           | 
           | In european/North American countries where people normally
           | drink out of ceramic mugs, people generally end up drinking
           | hot drinks at a lower temperature
        
           | viciousvoxel wrote:
           | There's been conflicting information about this over the
           | years. The latest research suggests that it may increase
           | cancer risk when combined with other behaviors that
           | themselves increase risk, but it probably has little to no
           | effect on its own.
           | 
           | https://www.mskcc.org/news/burning-issue-truth-about-hot-
           | dri...
        
           | SwtCyber wrote:
           | The "hot drinks cause cancer" thing is surprisingly legit
        
           | azepoi wrote:
           | Heard this in France too from MD. Link between drinking too
           | hot (over 60degC) and oesophagus cancer
        
         | SwtCyber wrote:
         | Makes you realize how much of what we think is "settled
         | science" is often just what gets repeated in a given language
         | or culture
        
         | decimalenough wrote:
         | Yup, pregnancy/childbirth/rearing is particularly rife with
         | these. Western sources suggest that eating sushi while pregnant
         | is little short of stabbing yourself in the abdomen with a
         | sharp knife, Japanese sources explicitly recommend sushi as a
         | light and healthy meal. In the US giving any form of peanuts to
         | babies is attempted murder, in Israel peanut puffs (Bamba) are
         | among the first foods offered.
        
           | hnthrowaway121 wrote:
           | > In the US giving any form of peanuts to babies is attempted
           | murder, in Israel peanut puffs (Bamba) are among the first
           | foods offered.
           | 
           | This is not the case, peanut puffs are a common early solid
           | food in the US. Before that there are allergen mixes you can
           | add to milk/formula.
           | 
           | All the recommendations I saw when my kid was born said early
           | exposure to allergens is good to reduce chances of allergic
           | reactions.
        
           | edmundsauto wrote:
           | Many of these are due to cultural contexts. For example, I
           | would trust sushi from 7-11 in Japan over most grocery store
           | sushi in the US.
           | 
           | > Western sources suggest that eating sushi while pregnant is
           | little short of stabbing yourself in the abdomen with a sharp
           | knife, Japanese sources explicitly recommend sushi as a light
           | and healthy meal
        
       | pcthrowaway wrote:
       | Indeed, very interesting! I suspect readers who enjoyed this may
       | also enjoy this recent dive into the prostate which was shared
       | here ~7 weeks ago: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43801906
       | . It has a somewhat more hopeful and dare I say, _happier_ ending
        
       | amai wrote:
       | Many doctors just prescribe birth control pills as treatment for
       | endometriosis and call it a day.
       | 
       | So much for it being an interesting disease.
        
       | dillydogg wrote:
       | To help support the "retrograde menses is incomplete" discussion;
       | I was involved in a case where a woman had a bone marrow
       | transplant for her CML. She later developed "appendicitis" when
       | but when the tissue sample came to the pathologist, the
       | appendicitis was actually endometriosis. Even more, the
       | endometriosis was XY karyotype, ie derived from the bone marrow
       | transplant. We wrote up a case report.
       | 
       | NB - It is a known phenomena in bone marrow transplant recipients
       | that the donor DNA can be taken up by host cells by unknown
       | mechanisms, so it isn't a guarantee that the endometriosis was
       | developed from the transplanted bone marrow.
        
         | SwtCyber wrote:
         | It's one thing to know, in theory, that stem cells can end up
         | in strange places after transplantation, but to see that play
         | out in something as enigmatic as endometriosis really
         | underlines how little we know about the underlying mechanisms.
        
           | dillydogg wrote:
           | It was surprising to me when I saw the cells under the scope
           | when I expected appendicitis! The karyotype was just for fun,
           | but the XY testing was quite unexpected.
        
       | SwtCyber wrote:
       | The comparison to cancer is honestly kind of chilling. The fact
       | that endometriosis lesions pick up the same mutations, adapt to
       | evade the immune system, and yet are considered "benign" is such
       | a medical blind spot
        
         | echelon wrote:
         | There are probably other pluripotent cell types that do the
         | exact same thing, but just don't get detected since very few
         | cell types slough off with a hormonal cycle.
         | 
         | There are probably many more instances of this disease in men
         | that never get triggered and discovered due to atypical
         | hormonal levels being required.
         | 
         | Our bodies are weird systems.
        
       | kjellsbells wrote:
       | I'm always struck by stories of how difficult it is to get a
       | condition diagnosed. Endometriosis is a great example as the OP
       | author notes.
       | 
       | The New York Times used to run a series of medical case studies
       | in their magazine, and over and over again the story was
       | essentially that the patient sought care from primary care and
       | specialists, without success, and were generally miserable, until
       | a miraculous event happened, like a friend's aunt knowing someone
       | at Johns Hopkins, and that doctor having the time to think about
       | it. The problem was incredibly evident for female patients.
       | 
       | I don't know whether this is a result of doctors being burned out
       | by the system that they work in, a certain doctorial arrogance
       | that diminishes their listening skills, over-reliance on
       | heuristic diagnoses, some kind of ignorance of womens'
       | conditions, or even a kind of medical misogyny. But it pushes
       | people pretty quickly towards Dr Google and sometimes, sadly,
       | into quackery, and that can't be a good thing.
        
         | scythe wrote:
         | Popular understanding, particularly in the United States, is a
         | little behind the scientific opinion on the subject. Most women
         | I've talked to are still under the impression that
         | endometriosis can only be diagnosed by laparoscopy. But there
         | have been improvements in the use of contrast MRI for
         | diagnosis, and as of 2022 the guidelines in Europe recommend
         | MRI as the first option.
         | 
         | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9732073/
         | 
         | However, the protocol isn't perfect, and there is probably
         | still room to develop better contrast agents and MR sequences.
         | 
         | >some kind of ignorance of womens' conditions
         | 
         | Some things are just hard. The treatments for benign prostatic
         | hyperplasia suck too. There is no effective reversible
         | pharmaceutical male birth control. Et cetera.
        
         | placardloop wrote:
         | My significant other is going through this situation, and in my
         | experience it seems as though most doctors just simply don't
         | _care_ to actually find a diagnosis (or at least, don't have
         | the time or motivation to care), combined with a hefty dose of
         | "that's not my job". My SO has been to specialist after
         | specialist who spends a grand total of 2 minutes listening to
         | the symptoms, followed by "well let's do some blood tests and
         | see what they say" (ignoring that the last 5 doctors already
         | did blood tests). And then when the blood tests come back with
         | nothing obvious, the doctor just throws up their hands and says
         | "well I don't know what to do, you should go see  <other
         | specialist>".
         | 
         | The reason the "family member or friend who knows someone who
         | can recommend a doctor" seems to work well, in my experience,
         | is because that doctor then has some motivation to actually
         | care, as the patient is connected to someone they already know
         | and care about.
         | 
         | Our medical system financially incentivizes doctors to see as
         | many patients as possible, but doesn't financially incentivize
         | actually making them better. For that, the system just hopes
         | that doctors will care, without giving them the room to do so.
        
           | Henchman21 wrote:
           | What our "system" seems to actually incentivize is _keeping
           | people chronically ill_ so that they 're forced to
           | continually _pay_ for their non-treatment.
           | 
           | It's hard not to be incredibly cynical in the face of things
           | like this. Way more than once have I thought " _this is a
           | cruel and unusual punishment_ " -- wait aren't those
           | prohibited?? Oh right we get around that by _making cruelty
           | usual_.
        
             | liquidise wrote:
             | I feel this is more a societal failing than a medical one.
             | Most people don't want to take better care of themselves:
             | eating better, portion control, more regular exercise, etc.
             | Too hard.
             | 
             | People want a pill to solve the ailments they have.
        
               | kjkjadksj wrote:
               | Exactly why weight loss pills are a multibillion dollar
               | industry today.
        
             | tekla wrote:
             | People want medication to solve their problems, not
             | actually try and solve things without paying money for it
        
             | margalabargala wrote:
             | I see this view sometimes and it really annoys me.
             | 
             | The number of doctors and nurses that attempt to keep
             | people chronically ill rather than curing them if possible,
             | is essentially zero. People get into that field frequently
             | because they actually care, and people that actually care
             | are the most likely to not follow a vague profit incentive
             | that actively hurts people.
             | 
             | Similarly, most medical researchers would love to cure
             | diseases, and actively seek out jobs where they do so and
             | will object if asked to suppress curative research.
             | 
             | To the extent that what you describe exists, it is limited
             | to MBA people at insurance companies and big pharma
             | determining what gets funded for research. While exceptions
             | always exist, the incidence of that attitude among the
             | people actually doing the work is very close to nil.
        
               | Henchman21 wrote:
               | I think we agree on this point almost entirely. But let's
               | not pretend the doctors, nurses, and researchers are
               | running the show. This attitude of mine persists because
               | of the way the insurance companies run the system:
               | profits first, patients last.
               | 
               | Sorry to annoy you.
        
               | margalabargala wrote:
               | There are a lot of doctors and researchers running
               | research arms of large, well funded institutions. Sloan
               | Kettering for example.
               | 
               | I'll grant you that that is a low percentage of the total
               | US medical research spend. But also, most of the world
               | does not have the same profit motive; in most Western
               | countries, a cure is categorically cheaper for everyone
               | than a chronic illness, because healthcare is paid for by
               | taxpayers. And countries besides the US do plenty of
               | medical research.
               | 
               | If the hypothesis were true that there exist cures to
               | many diseases that simply haven't been explored due to
               | profit motive, then I would expect countries without that
               | profit motive to have a higher proportion of cures among
               | their medical.discoveries than the US. I don't believe
               | that is true though.
               | 
               | Basically my point is that the effect you mention likely
               | has little actual impact on the larger medical field.
        
               | BobaFloutist wrote:
               | There's pretty universally much more demand for doctors
               | than supply. And insurance companies, the other major
               | power that's, to an upsetting degree, "running the show"
               | would love for everyone to be perfectly healthy so they
               | can collect premiums and never pay out.
        
               | tbrownaw wrote:
               | > _so they can collect premiums and never pay out_
               | 
               | That's not actually a thing. A very high portion of
               | premiums always has to be paid out. Not just because the
               | regulators said so (IIRC the requirement is a 90% or 95%
               | loss ratio?), but because they'd be undercut by a
               | competitor _long_ before they got in regulatory trouble.
        
               | majormajor wrote:
               | A chronically ill person is a risk to an insurance
               | company. They could turn into a huge hospital bill for an
               | extended stay any day now. Or, worse, become a permanent
               | disability recipient.
               | 
               | A _healthy_ person is a huge asset to an insurance
               | company. Collect premiums for decades before they need
               | much of any disbursal! They 're still likely to be
               | expensive at end-of-life, but you've profited WAY more
               | from their initial healthy years.
               | 
               | (This, of course, is why insurance companies want to
               | consider health in setting premiums, and why it's SO
               | IMPORTANT that the government not allow that and keep
               | things group-based. Because then you have the incentive
               | to _help the unhealthy people_ instead of just  "milking
               | the unhealthy people.* I pay the same as my coworker for
               | my insurance. The insurance does NOT want my chronic
               | condition to make me much more expensive to them than my
               | coworker. They'd much rather it go away. Sadly, nobody
               | can do that today.)
               | 
               | What the insurance companies _don 't* have is the
               | incentive to actually push doctors and facilities to
               | spend more time and money on looking for rare issues for
               | unhealthy people. Because the searching is expensive, and
               | there's a high risk it won't actually find a magic
               | bullet.
               | 
               | So they'd rather have the median patient go from
               | unhealthy to healthy, but if we want them to invest more
               | in the long tail, it's gonna have to come from
               | regulation.
               | 
               | And targeted investment in _better detection*. But better
               | detection is harder to sell than "expensive treatment
               | drug" so again. Might need to get the state involved.
        
               | renewiltord wrote:
               | This is totally untrue. Slow rolling early care to raise
               | total dialysis likelihood was sufficiently widespread.
               | Not the majority of docs but sufficiently large numbers.
               | It is defensible medically to do that because you don't
               | need to treat something that hasn't happened yet.
        
               | margalabargala wrote:
               | How widespread is "sufficiently"? Especially since you
               | also mention it's a minority? I've not heard of the
               | specific example you mention, do.you have more details?
        
               | frereubu wrote:
               | Taking the strongest plausible interpretation of the
               | comment you're replying to, systems are not the people
               | who work in them. It's perfectly possible for a system to
               | be tuned to something other than pure patient benefit,
               | while the people who work inside that system are trying
               | to bend it towards that.
        
           | epistasis wrote:
           | Another way to look at it instead of "they don't care" is
           | "they have nothing they can offer."
           | 
           | We have progressed fantastically on the common medical
           | conditions, but once you get into more rare stuff it gets a
           | lot harder. Doctors have huge breadth of knowledge, but the
           | sum of human medical knowledge could never fit into a human
           | brain, even within a specialty, and even then there's so much
           | we are not even close to understanding or knowing.
           | 
           | And for rarer stuff that is just getting discovered and
           | learned about, there will only be a few specialists who are
           | the ones figuring it out. That's why you go to lots of
           | doctors that offer nothing, then a hint directs you to the
           | doctors that are in the cutting edge of expanding knowledge.
           | 
           | Even if we financially incentivized each and every doctor to
           | spend hours or days trying to find out what's going on with a
           | patient that the doctor can't help with their current
           | knowledge, it's quite likely that doctor could never help on
           | the basis of a single patient. Medicine advances through
           | discovery in groups of people and transferring knowledge from
           | the results of one patient to others, incrementally. A single
           | patient is far less likely to lead to advancement than a
           | doctor having a group of people with similar symptoms.
           | 
           | The financial incentive for this discovery comes from
           | research hospitals that collect these difficult cases, and
           | obtain federal research grants from the National Institute of
           | Health that allows them to do research and publish papers and
           | share the knowledge. The proposed budget for the US
           | drastically slashes this, greatly reducing our ability to
           | advance medicine. And in advance of the budget cuts, the NIH
           | is in violation of current contracts stopping payment,
           | resulting in massive waste as research dies on the vine.
           | 
           | So what I'm trying to say is that the logistics of advancing
           | medicine require grouping patients, and the place where that
           | happens is at research hospitals, not at the local community
           | doctor for everyday care. And our society is choosing,
           | consciously or unconsciously, to drastically reduce access to
           | that type of care.
        
             | asdf6969 wrote:
             | They genuinely don't care. Don't over think it
        
             | dinkumthinkum wrote:
             | While I might be sympathetic to what you're saying,
             | endometriosis is not a very rare condition.
        
             | troupo wrote:
             | > but once you get into more rare stuff it gets a lot
             | harder.
             | 
             | Endometriosis is not rare. But it's a _female_ disease. You
             | will be shocked to know how many of diseases that women
             | have to deal with are both quite common (some estimate up
             | to _10% of women_ may have it), and completely ignored by
             | medical community (which is still overwhelmingly male)
        
               | epistasis wrote:
               | You are correct, and my language was not very helpful
               | there!
               | 
               | The article shows that 10% is a low estimate.
               | 
               | It is not completely ignored, but research is underfunded
               | nearly to the degree that COPD is underfunded.
               | 
               | I think we need to distinguish two things here too: the
               | bedside manner of doctors and whether they are willing to
               | present the options that could lead to diagnosis, and
               | then the amount of medical research that could give
               | doctors some tools to better manage endometriosis.
        
               | ipaddr wrote:
               | For IBS you get similiar treatment male or female. It's
               | about medicine not having answers for treatment and lack
               | of easy testing not gender roles.
        
               | troupo wrote:
               | Ask women how many of their common maladies still get
               | untreated or misdiagnosed.
               | 
               | White[1] males are extremely over represented in medical
               | literature and research. And I'm saying it as a white
               | male myself.
               | 
               | [1] This actually has ramifications beyond just gender.
               | See e.g. https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/21/dermatology-
               | faces-reckon...
        
             | dragonwriter wrote:
             | > We have progressed fantastically on the common medical
             | conditions, but once you get into more rare stuff it gets a
             | lot harder.
             | 
             | At about 10% of women of reproductive age, endometriosis is
             | _way_ over on the "common medical conditions" side, not the
             | "more rare stuff" side.
             | 
             | There's a bias here, but its not about how common the
             | disease is, but who it affects and how.
        
               | tbrownaw wrote:
               | > _There 's a bias here, but its not about how common the
               | disease is, but who it affects and how._
               | 
               | This worldview requires believing that doctors dgaf about
               | their family members.
        
               | ipaddr wrote:
               | Most doctors who do this type of medicine wouldn't work
               | with family members. Not many fathers, uncles would work
               | on their kids, nieces or mothers and not many mothers
               | either. You would go to a different doctor if possible.
        
               | tbrownaw wrote:
               | "They don't care because it's doesn't affect them
               | personally" requires "they don't care about other
               | people".
               | 
               | My general impression from half recalling whatever
               | stories about new medical discoveries, is that the
               | motivation is more often a problem that a family member
               | of the researcher has rather than a problem that the
               | researcher personally has.
        
               | epistasis wrote:
               | I really regret using "common" here, because the issue
               | with endometriosis is the complexity of the disease, lack
               | of understanding, and lack of clinical management tools.
               | Not the rarity.
        
           | drewg123 wrote:
           | What kind of specialists? An ex of mine had severe endo, and
           | it was finally treated by a reproductive endocrinologist (in
           | Raleigh, NC) after going through many other doctors.
        
         | Spooky23 wrote:
         | Frontline medicine is all about "just do x" hacks to try to
         | move quicker. We turn people into a fault tree, and enforce
         | that with EMR and audit/review you create a bias to focus on
         | the 80/20 approach. Essentially turning medicine into a
         | helpdesk.
         | 
         | A family member ran into this with a brain tumor, which for a
         | patient presenting with a headache is a 1% likelihood. Slightly
         | elevated blood pressure was the focus in that case. Persistence
         | and a subtle symptom changed triggered the CT scan that
         | ultimately led to the diagnosis about 8 weeks later.
         | Unfortunately with melanoma, 8 weeks is a long time.
         | 
         | Ultimately there's no right answer. 99% of people with
         | headaches have high blood pressure or other "normal" causes.
         | Sending 1,000 people to CT to identify 5 tumors will cause 50
         | other complications.
         | 
         | Think of doctors like a helpdesk in a big company. Open a
         | ticket, but work your network to get someone who isn't dumb to
         | think about it. If you're too poor or don't have friends and
         | advocates, your outcome will be no mas.
        
           | margalabargala wrote:
           | > Sending 1,000 people to CT to identify 5 tumors will cause
           | 50 other complications.
           | 
           | This is something frequently missing from discussions like
           | this.
           | 
           | Something that has a fairly small per-patient risk like a CT
           | scan, causes far more pain than reduced missed diagnoses
           | would solve if applied across the whole population.
        
             | Spooky23 wrote:
             | Not only that, but you have red herrings. Going down the
             | rabbit hole chasing random anomalies doesn't solve the
             | patients problem either!
        
           | NooneAtAll3 wrote:
           | what complications are there from CT scan?
           | 
           | asking as someone that had it
        
             | macNchz wrote:
             | Not a doctor, but to my understanding there are two main
             | issues with CT scans in this context: the radiation from
             | the scan itself, and the fact that it can lead to
             | "incidental findings" which then might cause a cascade of
             | other, more invasive tests with risks of their own.
             | 
             | CT scans are super valuable for all sorts of things, and
             | the radiation dose/risk for an individual is small, but at
             | a societal level using them freely as a "might as well"
             | kind of test results in a lot of excess radiation exposure.
             | This recent research suggests up to 5% of cancer diagnoses
             | each year could be from CT scan radiation:
             | https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2025/04/429791/popular-ct-scans-
             | co...
             | 
             | The "incidental findings" side is an interesting dilemma:
             | CT scans often reveal other stuff beyond what they were
             | initially ordered for, but which can't be identified solely
             | by the CT scan itself. So, if something looks a little
             | weird on the CT scan it creates an imperative to figure out
             | what it is, so there are additional tests, each of which
             | carries its own risks and also consumes limited resources
             | that might otherwise have been used for people with more
             | definitively concerning findings.
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental_imaging_finding
        
         | smeej wrote:
         | I just had an "on this day" reminder pop up that told me I've
         | been searching for the answers to two relatively common
         | problems for _twelve years_ with no progress, unless you count
         | ruling out the same damn primary suspects over and over and
         | over. I get migraines at the same time of month every month,
         | and I have chronic pain in my heel and 2nd metatarsal--and no,
         | it 's not plantar fasciitis.
         | 
         | Every couple of years, I get renewed energy to try the search
         | again. It lasts for a year or two before I run out of steam,
         | give up, and decide to live with it, because I'm easily 6
         | figures into trying to be able to walk without pain and not be
         | laid out with a headache every month.
         | 
         | 100% of doctors started with telling me the problem was my
         | weight. I lost 50 lbs and all my symptoms got worse, so they
         | pivoted to telling me it's psychogenic. All of them. But I've
         | been through all the recommended types of psych treatment too,
         | and a few experimental ones besides.
         | 
         | In point of fact, I cannot convince anybody who might know to
         | care enough to find out, and it seems unlikely I ever will.
         | There doesn't seem to be any _good_ reason I should be stuck
         | with these pains, but there are only so many times I 'm willing
         | to try the same things, expecting different results, because
         | _this_ doctor thinks all the other ones must have been too
         | stupid to rule out the obvious causes.
        
           | wbl wrote:
           | Migraine drugs have improved incredibly in the last few
           | years. As a fellow sufferer I recommend you ask about them:
           | given the same time of month you can likely preempt them
           | entirely. I hope you get some answers!
        
           | itronitron wrote:
           | I recommend taking probiotic Bacilis Subtilis gummies if you
           | feel a migraine starting, I don't know why it works but it
           | does (and I first heard about Bacilis Subtilis hear on HN.)
        
           | dapper_bison17 wrote:
           | That really sucks. It sucks even more that your situation is
           | common to many many women.
           | 
           | One of my best friends faced a similar struggle and took
           | things into her own hands.
           | 
           | Through a lot of trial and error and a lot of studying, she's
           | been able to overcome most endo symptoms and has started her
           | own program where she teaches other women how to do the same.
           | 
           | I'd love to connect you to her if you want!
           | 
           | She's already helped around 30 women with similar struggles.
           | Some have managed to get rid of bloating in a matter of
           | weeks, one even has Crohn's disease and for the first time in
           | 14 years woke up without any stomach pain.
           | 
           | My friend's program isn't a "magic pill" obviously but it
           | sounds like it's worth a shot.
           | 
           | Let me know :)
        
           | BobaFloutist wrote:
           | Are you a woman? Do you take homona birth control other than
           | the "Mini pill"? My wife read online that it's not safe to
           | take typical hormonal birth control on the standard pill if
           | you get migraines with auras, because it increases your risk
           | of stroke and mentioned her migraines to her gyno, who was
           | like "Oh shit yeah we have to put you on the mini pill then."
           | Which was crazy, because aura migraines wasn't on the laundry
           | list of possible conditions on the intake form. Anyway, she
           | got fewer migraines after changing birth control, so...maybe
           | relevant?
        
           | Asooka wrote:
           | It is possible you have an undiagnosed latent infection, I
           | spent nearly a decade with one trying this and that until I
           | hit a winning combination. If you go looking for this
           | protocol you'll find the absolute worst schizo rants online,
           | but the actual ingredients have solid science behind them
           | (you can literally look them up on google scholar):
           | 
           | The N-Acetyl Cysteine Protocol Morning and Evening: 600mg NAC
           | Oregano Oil (min. 40mg Carvacrol) Black Seed Oil (1 teaspoon)
           | 
           | For the natural oils, my strategy is to mix 235ml Nature's
           | Way Black Seed Oil with 30ml Natural Factors Oil of Oregano,
           | take one teaspoon morning and evening. This mix delivers the
           | prescribed amount of carvacrol per teaspoon. Most of my
           | problems were with the upper respiratory tract and taking it
           | orally this way coats the throat well.
           | 
           | The other intervention that had big effect on my health in
           | the last few years was adding a daily mineral supplement. I'm
           | an avid tea drinker and it turns out that can interfere with
           | your absorption of minerals, plus with the nutrition crisis
           | it is not clear if our produce even has enough for optimal
           | health. I simply take the maximum recommended supplementary
           | dose of Mg, Ca and Zn.
           | 
           | Also, check your Vitamin D levels if you haven't. If you have
           | been dealing with this for 12 years, I assume you have
           | already ruled that out, but I'm mentioning it for
           | completeness. Good luck.
           | 
           | P.S. One last thing to mention - try the carnivore diet for a
           | bit (if you haven't, of course). I know people who have found
           | it a big help, but then again for some it didn't do anything.
           | Give it a month, see how it goes, obviously stop immediately
           | if you get serious symptoms.
        
         | GrantMoyer wrote:
         | I think it's probably just really hard to diagnose uncommon
         | diseases in people (although endometriosis in particular may be
         | fairly common). I have trouble diagnosing some bugs in software
         | at my job; I imagine it's much harder to diagnose issues in a
         | human body.
        
         | ozim wrote:
         | "Now it is a strange thing, but things that are good to have
         | and days that are good to spend are soon told about, and not
         | much to listen to; while things that are uncomfortable,
         | palpitating, and even gruesome, may make a good tale, and take
         | a deal of telling anyway."
         | 
         | "Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy
         | in its own way".
         | 
         | To sum it up, not much to write about ones that went to primary
         | care and were handled properly.
        
         | giantg2 wrote:
         | "I don't know whether this is a result of..."
         | 
         | The cause is pretty easy. Patients aren't treated like
         | mysteries, they're treated like BAU Jira tickets - just get it
         | done so you're on to the next one. The system is built to
         | handle the 90%. If you fall into that other 10%, it won't work
         | well for you. If you have provider companies and insurances
         | pressing you to hit some metric, that's what you have to do. If
         | you are concerned about malpractice, then you have to just read
         | from the Epic system. No surprise we're in this situation.
        
           | KaoruAoiShiho wrote:
           | Yep this is something that only AI can solve. Same situation
           | applies to education, sales, HR. Human powered bureaucracies
           | and systems suck.
        
             | dayofthedaleks wrote:
             | Any AI will most certainly reflect the biases of the
             | bureaucracies responsible for their creation.
        
               | KaoruAoiShiho wrote:
               | Nah AI can easily be programmed to be much more patient
               | and investigate edge cases and figure out personalized
               | solutions thoroughly and provide bespoke service. This
               | problem would be solved, though of course there are other
               | issues with biases of the bureaucracies.
        
               | hluska wrote:
               | If you can do that easily, you will have no shortage of
               | investors. But it's not easy - getting the data alone is
               | a huge problem.
        
               | KaoruAoiShiho wrote:
               | I think OpenAI has plenty of investors...
               | 
               | https://x.com/deedydas/status/1933370776264323164
        
               | nradov wrote:
               | OpenAI doesn't lack investment capital. What they still
               | don't have is a good source of high quality clinical
               | data. And this isn't just a matter of buying access to
               | deidentified patient charts from some large health
               | system. Most clinical data quality is kind of crap so
               | using it directly for model training produces garbage
               | output. You need an extensive cleansing and normalization
               | pipeline designed by human clinicians who understand the
               | data at a deep level.
        
               | KaoruAoiShiho wrote:
               | Absolutely true, but is there a system that works
               | perfectly that I can use now that has all that that isn't
               | AI?
               | 
               | In the absence of such a thing OpenAI is already quite
               | good, some theoretical perfect shouldn't be trotted out
               | as a counter if it doesn't actually exist.
        
             | majormajor wrote:
             | AI would be deployed to behave like the median doctor (at
             | best - or maybe the lowest-common-denominator) to avoid
             | blowing up costs with 99%-likely-to-turn-up-nothing hunts
             | for super-rare conditions.
             | 
             | Today you can try to cajole your human doctor into
             | listening more, or ordering more tests, or considering
             | things you heard online or from acquaintances. AI will be
             | guided to take that into account less because a doctor
             | being more sympathetic and bypassing "standard practice" is
             | an expense caused by humanity that the machine can be
             | trained to avoid.
             | 
             | Today you can go across town and try your luck with another
             | doctor. If it's all AI, you'll just repeat your story to
             | the same basic model and get the same basic dismissal.
             | 
             | The problem arose from trying to make people behave like
             | machines _in order to save money_. Making a machine behave
             | like a machine ain 't gonna help.
             | 
             | You need to shift the goal from "saving money" to "helping
             | people." AI doesn't do that.
        
               | KaoruAoiShiho wrote:
               | The costs are so low you can easily inference a bit
               | longer. The idea that a computer would be as lazy as a
               | human is not even close to reality.
        
               | nemomarx wrote:
               | Not the cost of running the ai, the cost of potential
               | tests and medical treatment if they do find something, I
               | think?
        
               | KaoruAoiShiho wrote:
               | Nah those make money not cost money (for providers).
        
               | sfn42 wrote:
               | You can do an obscene amount of inference for a fraction
               | of the cost of an average doctor's appointment.
        
             | snitty wrote:
             | >Yep this is something that only AI can solve.
             | 
             | [citation needed]
        
             | tbrownaw wrote:
             | > _Yep this is something that only AI can solve._
             | 
             | How? I'd expect them to already have standardized lists of
             | the most useful next thing to investigate given what's
             | already known, and a modern "AI" would actually be _worse_
             | at that than some sort of solver engine with a database of
             | costs /risks (for tests) and conditional probabilities.
             | 
             | Maybe if they're still using (digitized versions of) paper
             | flowcharts things could be improved, but the most powerful
             | tech should be old-school stuff rather than modern "AI".
        
               | KaoruAoiShiho wrote:
               | No normal person would actually be able to use a
               | specialized solver database, the woman in this story
               | would already be dead before the guy figures out that
               | such a thing exists and manage to make an account.
               | https://x.com/deedydas/status/1933370776264323164
               | 
               | LLMs already work fantastically with pretty good UX.
        
               | tbrownaw wrote:
               | Does "here are the most useful things to find out next"
               | really need that complex of a user experience?
        
           | renewiltord wrote:
           | Amusingly this is why people say LLMs will beat doctors. It's
           | because the 90% of cases is so easy that a motivated guy with
           | Google can get there and a smart NP can get there too.
           | 
           | It isn't that it's easy to do all a doctor does. But their
           | training and knowledge shines in the 99th percentile case
           | except they never exercise it there so you can usually get
           | there with Google.
           | 
           | "Oh but an LLM will guess the common case and never think of
           | the rare!"
           | 
           | Yeah but so will a doctor given 10 minutes on it. They're not
           | exactly going to House MD you. You're gonna die.
        
             | giantg2 wrote:
             | I think a great use case for AI is to act as triage for a
             | new case so that it can send you to the right specialist
             | and have them evaluate you. It could potentially remove the
             | need to see a GP for a referral to a specialist, thus
             | freeing the GP up to spend more time treating others.
        
               | cess11 wrote:
               | How are you going to make it reliably stop people that
               | lie to get into contact with medical professions?
        
               | rincebrain wrote:
               | Why does it matter if they do?
               | 
               | I've seen a lot of doctors who insist patients must be
               | making up things when they say "but XYZ", and my question
               | becomes...so what?
               | 
               | If someone credibly lies to you and gets codeine or
               | ritalin or something once or twice...that's not really
               | significant, in terms of negative outcomes.
               | 
               | If someone lies to reach a medical professional, then you
               | treat them like any other bad customer interaction and
               | stop doing business with them after some point.
        
               | renewiltord wrote:
               | You don't need a GP for referral to a specialist
               | currently. You just have to pay. It's what I do.
               | 
               | But I understand what you're saying. Insurance gates
               | these but could do so with their own tech rather than
               | relying on the third party. Could help with keeping loss
               | ratios at the minimum.
        
               | edmundsauto wrote:
               | In my experience (arthritis), specialists typically won't
               | take direct appointments without a referral. They don't
               | want to triage the 90%, and most offices are booked
               | weeks-to-months in advance...
        
               | alistairSH wrote:
               | IME, it's highly dependent on region and specialty.
               | 
               | I can get into local dermatologists without problem. But
               | an endocrinologist takes a referral (because there are so
               | few, and they're all fully booked).
        
             | toomuchtodo wrote:
             | I discovered a friend's chronic medical issue that two VA
             | specialists and a PCP couldn't figure out using an LLM
             | health project that had been posted here. Works when it
             | works, n=1. Certainly, don't trust the robot, but it
             | doesn't hurt to rubber duck debug with it to find blind
             | spots. Fancy search engine sometimes is right (although it
             | can lie too!).
             | 
             | (Bone tuberculosis)
        
               | wizzwizz4 wrote:
               | Language models are really good at free association
               | tasks, such as semantic fuzzy search. Next token
               | prediction is among the _worst_ possible ways to use them
               | (although if there 's no other obvious way of getting the
               | information out of the model, it works in a pinch).
               | 
               | Which project did you use?
        
               | toomuchtodo wrote:
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42974851
               | 
               | https://github.com/OpenHealthForAll/open-health
        
               | wizzwizz4 wrote:
               | Aw, it's next-token prediction. This is not generally
               | useful, only a "last resort" research tool.
        
             | baxtr wrote:
             | Why "beat"? Why not "augment" or "improve"?
        
           | ipaddr wrote:
           | Public or private medicine shares the same issue. In fact
           | there is no John Hopkins you can pay in the public system so
           | things never get solved.
        
           | paulryanrogers wrote:
           | Up to 25% of women have endo, in some communities at least.
           | 
           | We need more doctors. The nation has grown, our medical
           | professionals and courts must scale up. Automation isn't
           | going to solve everything.
        
         | matsemann wrote:
         | I wonder how much is due to lack of feedback? I went somewhere
         | due to knee pain. After some time got a diagnosis and some
         | exercises. Didn't feel it made sense, so I went somewhere else
         | and got a better (the correct) diagnosis and got my issue
         | fixed.
         | 
         | To the first PT, the only signal they have is that I didn't
         | come back. If their assumption is it was because I got cured,
         | they will probably give the same wrong diagnosis the next time
         | someone shows up with the same symptoms.
        
         | refurb wrote:
         | I know a few doctors and the vast, vast majority of patients
         | have what you thought they had when they walked in the door.
         | Boring, could-have-guessed illnesses (or maybe not).
         | 
         | 99 times out a 100, if the doctor thinks it's something else,
         | it's not.
         | 
         | So when someone comes in who doesn't fit that mold, they get
         | shuttled around to a bunch of doctors until it gets bad enough
         | someone is forced to think outside the box.
        
         | gosub100 wrote:
         | > The problem was incredibly evident for female patients.
         | 
         | Did the NYT evenly select male and female patients? Knowing
         | about their political leanings, I highly doubt it.
        
         | BrandoElFollito wrote:
         | It was the case when my wife was diagnosed with MS 17 years
         | ago. There was no "test for MS", just a statistical answer "it
         | looks like this is MS because of some symptoms, some non-
         | conclusive reults and how the MRI look like".
         | 
         | We just took it for good money ans she is treated since with
         | reasonable results. But it may be something else.
         | 
         | I wonder if there are better tests today.
        
         | swat535 wrote:
         | I was suffering from Secondary Hypogonadism despite my
         | Testosterone levels showing "normal" for years and suffering
         | from all the symptoms: brain fog, fatigue and no libido.
         | 
         | I spent over a year going through the Canadian healthcare
         | system, seeing different doctors. Most either brushed me off or
         | implied it was all in my head and normal exercise would fix it
         | (I am fairly active and have a healthy BMI). Even the few who
         | took me seriously refused to run further tests or offer any
         | treatment.
         | 
         | Eventually, I gave up and saw a private urologist. He looked at
         | my results, immediately ordered more tests, and it was obvious
         | from the new data what was going on. He prescribed HCG, and
         | within a month I felt like a different person. Symptoms gone, T
         | levels back in range.
         | 
         | Really wish more doctors took the time to actually listen,
         | especially when a patient clearly isn't doing well despite
         | "normal" labs.
        
           | dzink wrote:
           | The major difference between private and public health care
           | providers. Public providers are often burned out to a crisp
           | and have little empathy or energy left. Private providers are
           | compensated for each task and the incentive system and work
           | ethic is dramatically different.
        
           | CjHuber wrote:
           | I'd be interested in what the problem was. Was it too high
           | SHBG and thus too low free testosterone? I'd be shocked if
           | any doctor couldn't recognize that.
        
       | dapper_bison17 wrote:
       | Wow this article came at such a coincidental time!
       | 
       | tl:dr One of my best friends has Endo and through lifestyle
       | changes was able to "cure herself".
       | 
       | It's in quotes because, like asthma, you don't really get rid of
       | it, but it's gotten to the point where her Endometriomas have
       | shrunken to a sixth of their size (verified by an ultrasound),
       | some have even completely disappeared, she feels no pain and can
       | live "normal" life.
       | 
       | For those who may be interested in more details:
       | 
       | She was diagnosed with Endo about 5 years ago. Had to go through
       | 3 doctors until she finally found one who diagnosed her with it.
       | 
       | The only options given to her: 1. Surgery to remove the
       | endometriomas. 2. Pain killers. 3. Weed.
       | 
       | 2 and 3 aren't real solutions, and from doom-scrolling through
       | Facebook / reddit it's evident that at best, 1 only offers
       | temporary relief. So she declined and opted to try and find a
       | different solution.
       | 
       | Since Western medicine failed her, she looked into Eastern
       | medicine. Then she started doing Yoga, took a year-long Nutrition
       | course that also incorporated Eastern approaches. Stopped eating
       | processed foods, started journaling, removing stress from her
       | life as best she could.
       | 
       | After sticking to this, and a bunch of trial and error, she's
       | gotten to the point I mentioned above.
       | 
       | Now she has her own online program where she teaches other women
       | the science and methodology she used to manage her symptoms.
       | 
       | And some of the success stories are insane. Women who have lived
       | with bloating and pain for years are suddenly seeing improvements
       | in a matter of weeks.
       | 
       | Currently the course is in Hebrew but I'm helping to translate it
       | to English.
       | 
       | If anyone here knows someone who has Endo and is interested in
       | getting access to the program during its beta-English phase, let
       | me know :)
       | 
       | breeding_suds837@simplelogin.com
        
       | joshuajooste05 wrote:
       | My girlfriend has endometriosis, I hadn't really read much about
       | it until now, thank you for writing!
       | 
       | I think this is a story too common in women's healthcare.
       | 
       | It's often massively underfunded and underesearched, another
       | symptom of the fact our society had not let women into
       | STEM/politics for decades, and continues to erect barriers to
       | encourage them not too.
       | 
       | I like the fact you spelled out the incentives for PhDs to do so
       | at the end ;). Would be great!
        
         | catigula wrote:
         | >and continues to erect barriers to encourage them not too
         | 
         | Funny, my experience is the absolute opposite of this claim.
         | 
         | Also, I could be wrong but I'm pretty sure breast cancer is the
         | single most well-funded areas of cancer research.
         | 
         | There's a toolbox a certain type of person likes to reach for
         | even when the evidence is inconsistent.
        
           | kjkjadksj wrote:
           | Well outside of breast and ovarian cancer for obvious
           | reasons, most mouse models tend to be male to eliminate the
           | variable of the hormone cycle. But if some effect is actually
           | influenced by that cycle you just ensured you will never find
           | it. I'm also not sure how similar the mouse hormone cycle is
           | to humans.
        
             | catigula wrote:
             | Completely different argument.
        
               | kjkjadksj wrote:
               | It was an example of research on women's health being
               | underfunded or underresearched.
        
               | catigula wrote:
               | No, it was a non-sequitur argument after having your core
               | premise disproven with an extremely common and well-known
               | example of women's health being extremely well-funded.
               | You even carved out special pleading by trying to exempt
               | it.
        
               | vpribish wrote:
               | maybe you could presume sincerity and not respond like a
               | prick?
        
               | catigula wrote:
               | Literally everything I said was completely matter of
               | fact. The prick is you.
        
       | VagabundoP wrote:
       | Having had someone close go through it with Endo, the pain she'd
       | deal with meant she could barely walk 100m and lost 20kg from
       | being bed bound and unable to eat. Eventually Endo nearly killed
       | this person it was so debilitating and only a hysterectomy
       | managed to restore her life back to her, which obviously brought
       | on early menopause.
       | 
       | Not all Endo suffers get that bad. But there's just no way of
       | knowing if you're going to be one of the unlucky ones.
       | 
       | For QOL if you diagnosed, make some plans. If you want kids ever
       | then make that your top priority, because it can effect
       | fertility, and being pregnant can help.
       | 
       | Even when its seems like its gone, it might come back.
       | 
       | If your country doesn't have free public health insurance, get it
       | and get good coverage, you don't want to be left hanging here.
       | 
       | The operations can really help for a time, but it depends on how
       | good the surgeon is. Find a good one that listens to you.
       | 
       | Endo can gum up things and the scar tissue from ops can gum up
       | your insides, and its a real messy treatment(laser ablation).
       | Ovaries can get calcified etc.
       | 
       | If it gets bad bad - and you'll know what I'm talking about if it
       | happens to you or someone you care about- do not put off getting
       | a hysterectomy. There is no point in suffering in pain month
       | after month and not having a life. If I had to do the last twenty
       | years over again I would have counselled her to get the
       | hysterectomy when she couldn't walk down the stairs without pain,
       | after multiple hormone treatments and ops.
        
       | Llamamoe wrote:
       | In the hope that someone finds it useful: I have no idea how
       | likely it is to replicate, but there's a publication linking
       | Fusobacterium infiltration of endometrial tissue with the
       | development of endometriosis:
       | https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.add1531
        
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