[HN Gopher] Joining Apple Computer (2018)
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Joining Apple Computer (2018)
        
       Author : tosh
       Score  : 387 points
       Date   : 2025-06-07 20:32 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.folklore.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.folklore.org)
        
       | JKCalhoun wrote:
       | > Inspired by a mind-expanding LSD journey in 1985, I designed
       | the HyperCard authoring system that enabled non-programmers to
       | make their own interactive media.
       | 
       | Watching some YouTube about the Beatles and, of course, their LSD
       | trips. More recently the history of Robert Crumb -- on his big
       | acid trip he more or less created a large part of his stable of
       | comic characters.
       | 
       | Somewhere along the way, someone said that LSD alters your mind
       | permanently....
       | 
       | It caused me to wonder if we'll never get the genius of Beatles
       | music, Crumb art without the artist taking something conscious-
       | altering like LSD. Of course then I have to consider all the
       | artists before LSD was "invented" -- the Edvard Munch's, T.S.
       | Eliot's, William Blake's, etc.
       | 
       | (Tried acid once in college. That was enough of that.)
        
         | nine_k wrote:
         | All traditional practices of use of psychedelic substances
         | emphasize the importance of preparation, having the right state
         | of mind, right stimuli / environment, and sitters in un-altered
         | state of mind nearby.
         | 
         | LSD is not known to permanently alter brain; for that you need
         | psilocybin.
        
           | j_bum wrote:
           | You had me up until your last clause...
           | 
           | If you understand that LSD doesn't permanently alter the
           | brain, why do you think PY "permanently" alters the brain? It
           | _does_ alter the brain (like LSD; see the plethora of
           | research on PY altering neurogenesis and functional
           | connectivity [0]), I'm unsure of what you mean by
           | "permanent".
           | 
           | [0] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07624-5
        
             | TechDebtDevin wrote:
             | It permanently changed my buddy's brain when we were in
             | college doing it. He thought he was talkng to God and blew
             | his brains out. Not worth it for me now.
        
               | j_bum wrote:
               | I'm sorry to hear that.
               | 
               | I know that there absolutely are people who shouldn't
               | take it based on their mindset and underplaying
               | predispositions.
               | 
               | There is certainly a point to be made about psychoactive
               | (and other) drugs inducing episodes of psychosis. This is
               | something on the uptick with marijuana legalization in
               | the US [0].
               | 
               | And I think am plainly wrong about my understanding of
               | these effects not being "permanent". I suppose I was
               | thinking about this too much from a "neurotypical" angle,
               | and not from the angle of how substances can alter the
               | neurological trajectory of people with predisposed
               | sensitivity.
               | 
               | [0] https://www.nbcnews.com/health/mental-
               | health/marijuana-induc...
        
               | asveikau wrote:
               | If you've known a few people who suffer psychotic
               | symptoms and get to know the pattern of how they
               | developed, drugs can appear commonly but it's much less
               | cut and dry whether the drugs are responsible.
               | 
               | For example college age, like your buddy was at, is very
               | typically the onset time for schizophrenia even without
               | drugs. And schizophrenia itself may make people gravitate
               | towards drugs.
        
             | nine_k wrote:
             | AFAICT there exists no conclusive biomedical evidence of
             | permanent physiological effects of LSD. This may mean we're
             | just not looking hard enough, but there's no certainty.
             | 
             | For psilocybin, there is plenty, e.g.:
             | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8376772/
        
               | j_bum wrote:
               | First, you're cutting an in vitro study. Second,
               | "permanent" is a serious claim that bears a large burden
               | of proof.
               | 
               | I think defining "permanent" would first be useful. The
               | brain is extremely plastic.
               | 
               | Beyond that, OP comment was referring to psychosis
               | effects. See his comment below.
        
         | pyinstallwoes wrote:
         | Pretty ancient practice probably. See the history of drug use
         | in cultures and spirituality/art. Soma, etc.
        
         | paulryanrogers wrote:
         | Survivorship bias? Plenty of brilliant people smoked tobacco. I
         | didn't think more smoking will produce more brilliance.
        
           | tough wrote:
           | Neither does smoking alter your conscioudness in any
           | remarkable way further than irritability or cravings due to
           | whitdrawal symtpom
           | 
           | at least acid doesnt make sense to consume daily because it
           | stops having the same effects the more you consume it
        
       | JKCalhoun wrote:
       | Surprised he was only at Apple for 12 years. A wild ride, I'm
       | sure.
       | 
       | When I moved out to "the Valley" in 1995, the apartment I picked
       | out turned out to be right next to General Magic (on Mary Ave.).
       | 
       | I knew it as a "spin off" of Apple but at the time did not know
       | the luminaries that were there. It was just a cute rabbit in a
       | hat logo -- lit up when I got home late and was turning off to my
       | apartment.
        
         | plentysun wrote:
         | a wild ride definitely!
        
       | Waterluvian wrote:
       | It feels a bit like he wrote his own obituary with this.
        
         | bravesoul2 wrote:
         | Maybe he did. We are all going to die. And if you have an
         | interesting story (of interest to many) it's good to share it.
        
         | duxup wrote:
         | I find myself, as I get older, telling stories that have a
         | similar perspective flow. It happens.
        
       | mehulashah wrote:
       | Legend. I still remember first putting my hands on a Mac, and the
       | joy of computing that ensued in high school. I could get lost in
       | the computer for days. Thank you, Bill.
        
         | 9d wrote:
         | I had that feeling too.
         | 
         | How do we get it back?
         | 
         | How do we share it with others?
         | 
         | There has to be a way.
        
           | paulryanrogers wrote:
           | > How do we get it back?
           | 
           | Time machine.
           | 
           | > How do we share it with others?
           | 
           | Just like the church, capture them in their most formative
           | years.
        
             | 9d wrote:
             | No. There has to be a way.
        
           | WillAdams wrote:
           | I am looking forward to trying to make use of a Raspberry Pi
           | 5 as much as is feasible once I get a small tablet shell for
           | mine.
           | 
           | If it works out well, I'm going to see about getting a Wacom
           | One display tablet with touch.
        
           | jonstewart wrote:
           | I have been thinking about this more, about how I spent hours
           | and days exploring everything of my family's new Mac SE, and
           | then HyperCard, and creating with it.
           | 
           | There is an aspect of creativity that comes from being
           | inspired, taking off from others' ideas.
           | 
           | But there is also an aspect of creativity that's more
           | ascetic, and requires being bored--when there's nothing else
           | to do, turn the computer into a toy, to play with it, so you
           | are not bored. And I am increasingly of the opinion getting
           | to that state, at least for me, requires turning off the
           | internet.
        
             | 9d wrote:
             | 100% agree, you must be bored to be inspired.
             | 
             | I think I know how to recapture that "whole new world"
             | feeling and share it.
             | 
             | It's on the tip of my tongue, and has been for a while.
             | 
             | But I can't fully see it yet. I need to go offline for a
             | while. You're right.
        
           | criddell wrote:
           | > How do we get it back?
           | 
           | If by _it_ you mean excitement about a personal computer, I'm
           | not sure.
           | 
           | If you are speaking more generally about having some activity
           | that is creative and all-consuming, then look to the arts.
           | There are people picking up a guitar or paintbrush or bread
           | recipe for the first time today and it's going to become
           | everything to them.
        
         | JKCalhoun wrote:
         | Yeah, I think it was MacPaint actually.
        
       | 9d wrote:
       | > It was exciting working at Apple, knowing that whatever we
       | invented would be used by millions of people.
       | 
       | I admit it is exciting to make something you truly believe is
       | good and helpful.
       | 
       | And that it's disappointing when that thing isn't used by anyone.
       | 
       | It's even worse when it turns out it's just not that useful.
       | 
       | But in the end, everything is replaced anyway. So I guess it's
       | fine.
        
         | walterbell wrote:
         | _> whatever we invented would be used by millions of people_
         | 
         | Two billion active Apple devices in 2025.
        
           | 9d wrote:
           | I was reflecting on his thoughts and my life's work.
        
           | zoky wrote:
           | I mean, as long as the average number of Apple devices per
           | person is > 2 (which seems pretty likely, I have three on me
           | right now), that's still technically in the millions range.
        
         | roughly wrote:
         | > I admit it is exciting to make something you truly believe is
         | good and helpful.
         | 
         | I want to double down on this - I'm lucky enough to have worked
         | places where I truly believed the world would be a better place
         | if we "won," and not on the margins, and it really, really
         | makes a difference in quality of life. I've worked at other
         | places, too, and the cognitive drag of knowing that your skills
         | and efforts - your ability to change the world - is at best
         | being wasted is something you don't truly feel until it's gone.
        
           | 9d wrote:
           | I've wasted countless years on pursuits I thought were good
           | but later determined to have been bad, and therefore deeply
           | regretted. I don't wish this on anyone.
           | 
           | I've also wasted countless years on pursuits I still think
           | were good but overall never truly helped make the world
           | better. This was less bad and seems inevitable.
        
             | roughly wrote:
             | Yeah I got a couple places on my resume I don't like to
             | talk about anymore. Turns out an awful lot of things are
             | bad for the world in the wrong hands.
             | 
             | Still, if I'm going to spend a third of my life on
             | something - and, more importantly, if I'm going to be
             | responsible for my efforts contributing to something - I'd
             | prefer it be something I find value in. I'll take the risk
             | of being wrong - although I'm certainly looking at the
             | world through less rose-tinted glasses than I used to.
        
               | 9d wrote:
               | I agree, and I'm convinced selling my own software is the
               | only way I can do that. At least for me. I just need to
               | put it all together now, all the skillsets I've honed for
               | decades, and the insight I might have gleaned from what
               | people need.
        
         | amelius wrote:
         | > I admit it is exciting to make something you truly believe is
         | good and helpful.
         | 
         | It's sad when management takes that work and locks it down, and
         | puts it in a walled garden.
        
       | acheron wrote:
       | I was wondering recently about where the original sin of "light
       | mode" came from. Guess it was him!
       | 
       | > The Apple II displayed white text on a black background. I
       | argued that to do graphics properly we had to switch to a white
       | background like paper. It works fine to invert text when
       | printing, but it would not work for a photo to be printed in
       | negative. The Lisa hardware team complained the screen would
       | flicker too much, and they would need faster refresh with more
       | expensive RAM to prevent smearing when scrolling. Steve listened
       | to all the pros and cons then sided with a white background for
       | the sake of graphics.
        
         | monkeyelite wrote:
         | The real sin is having both.
        
           | throwanem wrote:
           | I don't get it. I grew up with green and amber CRTs and I
           | don't miss those days at all. What makes it mean so much, to
           | you kids who never knew those days to miss?
        
             | floren wrote:
             | Looks cooler, and you tell yourself that you're saving your
             | eyes as you sit in your blackout-curtained hacker den...
             | but the pitch black hacker den is also part of the desired
             | aesthetic.
             | 
             | Real Hackers didn't use rgb dweeb keyboards though
        
               | throwanem wrote:
               | Oh, I see. In my day we smoked cigarettes, compared with
               | which RGB keyboards seem like a pretty clean win.
               | _Literally_ a clean win; the main reason for keeping the
               | lights off and the windows covered, as I recall it, was
               | to hide all the filth that constantly accumulates in such
               | an environment. Not to say I don 't look back on it
               | fondly, but when I _actually_ look back on the photos I
               | still have of how I lived then, it sort of makes my teeth
               | itch, if you know what I mean.
        
         | wpm wrote:
         | "Sin" of being readable
        
       | dedicate wrote:
       | I'm always blown away by the vision behind stuff like HyperCard.
       | It was all about giving non-techies the keys to the kingdom.
       | 
       | But looking at today's tech landscape, with its walled gardens
       | and app stores, I can't help but feel we've gone backwards.
        
         | ronbenton wrote:
         | Apparently we need to be doing more LSD
        
           | criddell wrote:
           | I wish safe, tested sources were generally available. I'm 55
           | this year and would like to try it, but I'm not going to buy
           | street drugs nor am I capable of producing it. Is there a
           | pharmaceutical version of LSD available somewhere in the
           | world through legitimate channels?
        
             | LoganDark wrote:
             | Not exactly LSD, but psilocybin clinics have been legalized
             | in certain locations, such as the US state of Oregon.
             | Psilocybin is of the same psychedelic class (tryptamines),
             | so it is not an entirely dissimilar experience, although
             | for me it's less stimulating than LSD, so YMMV.
             | 
             | I understand though that clinics aren't the ideal for many
             | (they are for some), since you aren't allowed to have the
             | trip at home or leave the clinic until it is over.
        
               | criddell wrote:
               | I actually think I would be more comfortable in a clinic.
        
               | LoganDark wrote:
               | Then that may be an option for you. It just needs ... a
               | diagnosis of treatment-resistant depression and a
               | prescription for psilocybin therapy by a specially
               | licensed psychiatrist...
        
             | apples_oranges wrote:
             | Not sure about "safe and tested" but LSD prodrugs
             | (substances that metabolise into LSD which then works as
             | usual) are available in many places. One example is this
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1D-LSD .
             | 
             | Eventually they are made illegal but new ones appear.
        
             | carlosjobim wrote:
             | If you haven't done it by 55, you probably aren't going to
             | do it. There are easy ways to get safe LSD if you want it.
             | But you do not actually want it.
        
               | LoganDark wrote:
               | It's possible to want something but not enough to break
               | the law and risk your safety for it. I use LSD regularly,
               | but that doesn't mean sourcing it is for everyone.
        
           | LoganDark wrote:
           | LSD can be quite helpful to the right mind and when used with
           | the right mindset. It can also be quite harmful if used
           | improperly. Still wish it were legal though.
        
         | gyomu wrote:
         | It's really hard to extract computing from the capitalistic,
         | consumerist cradle within which it was born.
         | 
         | Every other human creative practice and media (poetry, theater,
         | writing, music, painting, etc) have existed in a wide variety
         | of cultures, societies, and economic contexts.
         | 
         | But computing has never existed outside of the immensely
         | expensive and complex factories & supply chains required to
         | produce computing components; and corporations producing
         | software and selling it to other corporations, or to the large
         | consumer class with disposable income that industrialization
         | created.
         | 
         | In that sense the momentum of computing has always been in
         | favor of the corporations manufacturing the computers dictating
         | what can be done with them. We've been lucky to have had a few
         | blips like the free software movement here and there (and the
         | outsized effect they've had on the industry speaks to how much
         | value there is to be found there), but the hard reality that's
         | hard to fight is that if you control the chip factories, you
         | control what can be done with the chips - Apple being the
         | strongest example of this.
         | 
         | We're in dire need of movements pushing back against that. To
         | name one, I'm a big fan of the uxn approach, which is to write
         | software for a lightweight virtual machine that can run on the
         | cheap, abundant, less/non locked down chips of yesteryear that
         | will probably still be available and understandable a century
         | from now.
        
           | bigyabai wrote:
           | Part of the problem trying to isolate computing is that it's
           | fundamentally material. Even cloud resources are a flimsy
           | abstraction over a more complex business model. That
           | materialism is part of the issue, too. You can't ever escape
           | the churn, bit rot gets your drives and Hetzner doesn't sell
           | a lifetime plan. If you're not computing for the short-term,
           | you're arguably wasting your time.
           | 
           | I'm not against the idea of a disasterproof runtime, but
           | you're not "pushing back" against the consumerist machine by
           | outlasting it. When high-quality software becomes
           | inaccessible to support some sort of longtermist runtime,
           | low-quality software everywhere sees a rise in popularity.
        
           | swyx wrote:
           | you can only blame capitalism so much for the unpopularity of
           | hypercardlike things vs instagram/facebook/twitter etc
           | 
           | on some level it is just human nature to want to consume than
           | create. just is. its not great but lets not act like people
           | havent tried to make creative new platforms for self
           | expression and software creation and they all kinda failed
        
             | Nevermark wrote:
             | > is just human nature to want to consume than create
             | 
             | That may be true.
             | 
             | But it doesn't really explain why the tools for simple
             | popular creation are not there. There are a lot of people
             | in the world who would use them, even if its only 1%.
        
         | iancmceachern wrote:
         | I totally agree
        
         | kibwen wrote:
         | What's worse, in context here, is Apple's distinguished primary
         | role in bringing this about.
        
           | thowawatp302 wrote:
           | Idk 2003-2009 was very much the days of the sort of malware
           | and spyware that showed developers in a company didn't
           | deserve rights anymore
        
             | bigyabai wrote:
             | I don't see what that has to do with Hypercard. If
             | anything, Hypercard (or modern HTML) is living proof that
             | you can create and share a secure software runtime with the
             | world.
             | 
             | If developers "didn't deserve rights" for what they did
             | with that, then I don't see how we should let Apple off the
             | hook for PRISM compliance and backdoored Push
             | Notifications.
        
               | KerrAvon wrote:
               | HyperCard is completely insecure by any reasonable
               | security/privacy standard.
        
           | PontifexMinimus wrote:
           | It's like they remembered their 1984 advert, and decided they
           | wanted to be the baddy in it.
        
           | GeekyBear wrote:
           | Swift Playgrounds is very much in the spirit of HyperCard,
           | but also gives access to the same APIs the professional
           | developers are using.
           | 
           | It's also designed to be usable and educational for kids.
        
         | JKCalhoun wrote:
         | Yeah, Hypercard or MacPaint (really a demo for Quickdraw). Had
         | he done only one of those two he would still rank as a genius.
        
           | KerrAvon wrote:
           | From a particular POV, they're it's the same evolutionary
           | chain. QuickDraw -> MacPaint -> HyperCard.
        
         | Lu2025 wrote:
         | > feel we've gone backwards
         | 
         | The word you are looking for is enshittification.
        
       | mrcwinn wrote:
       | Just had a flashback to the thunk sound of turning on Apple Lisa!
       | 
       | Grateful for all his work.
        
       | duxup wrote:
       | What a wonderful read.
       | 
       | I find myself pining for a lot of the "old days" when anything
       | seemed possible and it was open and exciting. You could DO
       | surprisingly, not a lot, but everything still felt possible.
       | 
       | Now everything seems trapped in advertising dominated closed box.
       | Login and live in this limited little space...
       | 
       | The internet is still there, I can still put up a site that isn't
       | covered with ads. I wish I could surf just that internet and so
       | on.
        
         | 9d wrote:
         | > I wish I could surf just that internet and so on.
         | 
         | You just solved it for me.
         | 
         | I've been wondering what to use 90s.dev for.
         | 
         | That's it.
        
         | promiseofbeans wrote:
         | https://kagi.com/smallweb
        
           | duxup wrote:
           | Thank you.
        
         | zaptrem wrote:
         | I'm around the age these guys were during this story. I feel
         | the exact opposite way. I spent middle/high school feeling
         | similarly, only pining for the 2000s ("wow, with smartphones
         | and the internet the industry was wide open with opportunity,
         | anything was possible. Now it seems like everything's been done
         | and giants rule the world"). However, the GenAI boom completely
         | changed my mind. I feel like we're the most lucky of all the
         | generations of engineers so far considering how many crazy
         | things are now possible with just a few determined individuals.
        
           | TechDebtDevin wrote:
           | What is now possible that wasnt before, other than writing
           | really really bad code fast?
        
           | bigyabai wrote:
           | I don't really think AI solves the engineering problems of
           | our day. Compared to the impact of the tape measure, slide
           | rule or digital calculator, I wager AI will be a blip in the
           | engineering landscape.
        
             | bdangubic wrote:
             | you should try to find a job today and see what the impact
             | is already let alone in a year or two...
        
               | bigyabai wrote:
               | 4 out of 5 technical interviews I have done in the past 3
               | years were whiteboard reviews. I'm really not that
               | worried about Joe Shmoe using ChatGPT to cram for a
               | Typescript examination.
        
         | mhandley wrote:
         | I came of age in the 8-bit era of the early 80s, rode the
         | Internet wave of the 90s and early 2000s, kind of missed the
         | mobile wave but spent that time developing ideas that would
         | eventually turn out to be useful for AI, and now I'm having
         | great fun on the AI wave. I'm happy to have grown up and lived
         | when I did, but I feel that each era of my life has had its own
         | unique opportunities, excitement and really interesting
         | technical problems to work on. And perhaps most importantly,
         | great people to work with.
        
       | swyx wrote:
       | > Inspired by a mind-expanding LSD journey in 1985, I designed
       | the HyperCard authoring system that enabled non-programmers to
       | make their own interactive media.
       | 
       | I'm interested in how to do "good" journeys vs non-good ones...
        
       | gyomu wrote:
       | "I worked at Apple for 12 years, making tools to empower creative
       | people [...]"
       | 
       | I think this was the hook that got many of us to admire Apple as
       | a company (and more broadly, to get excited about computing as a
       | discipline/industry). For a long time, that was arguably (one of)
       | their primary mission.
       | 
       | I suspect to what extent it could still be considered to be the
       | case today would be subject to much debate.
        
         | tilne wrote:
         | Is it even up for debate that that's definitely not what their
         | primary mission is? Their market cap sits at 3.5 trillion,
         | ranking them third behind Microsoft and nvidia. Unlike those
         | other two, Apple makes most of that on selling iPhones and the
         | like to consumers.
        
           | dagmx wrote:
           | That's not really at odds with the goal of empowering
           | creatives.
           | 
           | A significant chunk of every iPhone and iPad release is
           | features specifically for creatives.
           | 
           | This specific site doesn't cater to creatives and will often
           | be full of developers comments bemoaning those things, but I
           | really challenge anyone to look at any of their Mac/iOS
           | product releases in the last decade and point out how
           | creatives aren't still a big component of their DNA.
        
       | r0m4n0 wrote:
       | > I left Apple with Marc Porat and Andy Hertzfeld to co-found
       | General Magic and help to invent the personal communicator.
       | 
       | It's always wild to me how many of the people that are the
       | beginnings of these large prodigy companies and the connection to
       | other powerful rich people. You look up some of these people and
       | see the relationships and it's wild. Like the name Porat rang a
       | bell so I look up Marc and oh? That's Ruth Porat's brother. The
       | ex CFO of Morgan Stanley and current CIO and president of Google.
       | Is it truly talent that drives these leaders to the top of these
       | organizations or is it connections to other crazy powerful
       | people? Maybe both.
       | 
       | Sometimes I feel like I'm over here building cool stuff with
       | talent galore but nothing ever gets what it needs financially.
       | It'd be nice to know these types of people I suppose
        
         | wnc3141 wrote:
         | Access to capital/other's talent and/or access to your market
         | (users) is the primary competitive advantage among those
         | talented enough to design and build a product.
        
         | 0xCE0 wrote:
         | The General Magic movie/document (2018) is amazing and
         | underrated. Always getting teardrops while watching it (watched
         | it ~3 times). A true old-school startup story. And the
         | soundtrack is also beautiful.
        
           | piyiotisk wrote:
           | I totally agree. I watched it 3 times as well. One in London
           | with a panel of the general magic employees. It was an
           | amazing experience
        
             | 0xCE0 wrote:
             | Oh wow, that must have been magical. Have you seen "Halt
             | and Catch Fire"? These two masterpieces are my top 2
             | watchings. Both so amazing but generally
             | unknown/underrated.
        
               | dev_chhatbar wrote:
               | I agree with you! I love that they're both extremely
               | underrated. I remember buying the Documentary and
               | watching it immediately. The fact that they're not well
               | known, gives I guess our side of world our own sorta
               | "special something" to watch/enjoy.
        
               | BolexNOLA wrote:
               | I love h&cf but it's important for people who are curious
               | about it to know that it is definitely an overdramatized
               | AMC piece akin to mad men. It's basically mad men but PCs
               | lol.
               | 
               | It has some brilliant writing and the acting is off the
               | charts (whoever handled casting is unbelievable), but man
               | it can definitely make you roll your eyes occasionally
               | lol
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | Rarely. I actually expected it to go in a somewhat
               | different direction. But as somewhat who was at COMDEX
               | and in the industry in general during that period, it
               | felt pretty true.
        
               | piyiotisk wrote:
               | Yeah in London, I was sitting next to Tony Fadell. I
               | couldn't believe it!
               | 
               | I didn't know about this show. Thanks for the
               | recommendation I'll check it out.
               | 
               | Is it based on a true story?
        
               | wanderingstan wrote:
               | Not based on a true story, but anyone familiar with
               | computing history will see how real-world events were
               | turned into plot lines; e.g. Compaq's reverse engineering
               | of IBMs sdk, the competition between directory-based
               | index of Yahoo and algorithms of Google.
        
         | buran77 wrote:
         | You can be a superstar and still not succeed alone, without
         | other superstars around you. They are so successful _because_
         | they know each other. And survivorship bias guarantees that all
         | those who didn 't make it are unknown, or not mentioned.
         | 
         | This is the role of successful companies like this, just like
         | top universities. They help create the connection between
         | people with huge potential (or money), superstars, and amplify
         | it.
         | 
         | Remember those pictures will all the famous 20th century
         | geniuses in one place. They each got to reach the peak by
         | building a new step on top of someone else's previous step, and
         | so on. Eventually they all climbed the same ladder together.
         | They were like a talent packed sports team dominating the
         | sports for many seasons. It's not a coincidence they're in the
         | same picture.
        
           | bobbiechen wrote:
           | The Fifth Solvay Conference
           | 
           | From back row to front, reading left to right: Auguste
           | Piccard, Emile Henriot, Paul Ehrenfest, Edouard Herzen,
           | Theophile de Donder, Erwin Schrodinger, Jules-Emile
           | Verschaffelt, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, Ralph Howard
           | Fowler, Leon Brillouin, Peter Debye, Martin Knudsen, William
           | Lawrence Bragg, Hendrik Anthony Kramers, Paul Dirac, Arthur
           | Compton, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, Niels Bohr, Irving
           | Langmuir, Max Planck, Marie Sklodowska Curie, Hendrik
           | Lorentz, Albert Einstein, Paul Langevin, Charles-Eugene Guye,
           | Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Owen Willans Richardson.
           | 
           | https://mymodernmet.com/the-solvay-conference-photo/
        
         | cellu wrote:
         | It's purely luck driving success. The book _thinking fast and
         | slow_ illustrates it quite eloquently. Real geniuses are rare
         | and even then they do not necessary become successful
        
           | vl wrote:
           | Thinking Fast and Slow is in the center of Replication
           | Crisis. Basically large parts of it were written based on
           | research that later was found out to be fabricated.
        
             | newsuser wrote:
             | I'm curious, could you plz share the source for the last
             | claim? In my field - distant from the book - it's quite
             | respected.
        
             | dumdedum123 wrote:
             | This is correct. Thanks for pointing it out. Even Daniel
             | Kahneman admitted it.
        
         | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
         | It's very localised and Californian. There were really two big
         | tech scenes - one around MIT and Mass, and one around
         | CalTech/Stanford and adjacent areas - with some also-rans in
         | other areas that were mostly gov mil/aerospace spinoffs.
         | 
         | The Mass scene sort of fizzled in the 90s for various reasons -
         | not dead, but not dominant - and the centre of gravity moved to
         | the West Coast.
         | 
         | So if you were born in CA and studied there - and Atkinson did
         | both - your odds of hitching your wagon to a success story were
         | higher than if you were born in Montana or Dublin.
         | 
         | This is sold as a major efficiency of US capitalism, but in
         | fact it's a major _inefficiency_ because it 's a severe
         | physical and cultural constraint on opportunity. It's not that
         | other places lack talented people, it's that the networks are
         | highly localised, the culture is very standardised - far less
         | creative than it used to be, and still pretends to be - and
         | diverse ideas and talent are wasted on an industrial scale.
        
           | criddell wrote:
           | You said it yourself - universities are the major hubs that
           | bring talented driven people together and provide access to
           | some of the greatest teachers and researchers and other
           | resources. MIT and Stanford _are_ special, somehow, in this
           | regard.
           | 
           | You see this as inefficient and maybe you're right. I think
           | about how little it has cost to run these schools compared to
           | the wealth (financial, cultural, technological) they spin off
           | and to me it looks very efficient.
        
           | nostrademons wrote:
           | FWIW CalTech is in southern California and far away (both
           | geographically and socially) from Stanford. Its strengths
           | also tend to be primarily in physics, rocketry, and
           | astronomy, rather than in CS - its primary ties are with JPL
           | and NASA. The Bay Area tech scene is anchored by Stanford and
           | UC Berkeley, though most Stanford alums would probably say
           | it's just Stanford.
        
             | ghaff wrote:
             | There's probably a book in there. The CA axis was probably
             | Stanford/Berkeley with Caltech relatively small and in
             | another part of the state and probably much more
             | theoretical in focus.
             | 
             | Don't really buy Levy's thesis of the migration from east
             | to west and Stallman as "the last hacker" hasn't aged well.
             | 
             | But Boston/Cambridge (really Massachusetts generally) did
             | sort of empty out of a lot of tech for a time as
             | minicomputer companies declined and Silicon Valley became
             | the scene. I actually decided not to go that direction
             | because, at the time in the nineties, it would have been a
             | relative cost of living downgrade.
        
           | majormajor wrote:
           | > This is sold as a major efficiency of US capitalism, but in
           | fact it's a major inefficiency because it's a severe physical
           | and cultural constraint on opportunity.
           | 
           | I don't think social relationships and their geography are a
           | particular characteristic of capitalism - let alone _US_
           | -specific capitalism.
           | 
           | They - and the resulting hub/centralization effects - predate
           | it by millennia. There is no shortage of historical cities or
           | state that became major hubs for certain industries or
           | research. How much of the effort in those places is "wasted"
           | seems hard to quantify in an objective way, but again, the
           | pattern of low-hanging fruit being more available to the
           | first wave and then a lot of smart, hard-working people in
           | the future generations working more around the edges is not
           | capitalism-exclusive.
        
           | dumdedum123 wrote:
           | Huh? Caltech/Stanford? These are two different tech scenes.
        
       | tonyedgecombe wrote:
       | _" In 1990, with John Sculley's blessing, I left Apple with Marc
       | Porat and Andy Hertzfeld to co-found General Magic and help to
       | invent the personal communicator."_
       | 
       | Sculley really wasn't the right person to lead Apple. He should
       | have been begging them to do it in-house.
        
         | eschneider wrote:
         | Sometimes the smart think is to encourage folks to do their
         | thing, and if it's successful buy it back in-house.
        
           | KerrAvon wrote:
           | That has never really worked in the long run for anyone who's
           | tried it. (Counterexamples welcome; I can't think of any.)
        
         | KerrAvon wrote:
         | I don't disagree with that assessment of Sculley but I'm not
         | sure if that would have helped anyone. What the movie makes
         | clear is that General Magic very badly needed adult supervision
         | (all these "geniuses"! doing absolutely nothing of value!
         | together!), and I'm not sure Apple of that era would have been
         | capable of providing it in a productive way.
        
         | tiffanyh wrote:
         | Sculley also joined the Board at General Magic too ... and them
         | missing out on the web/internet, in hindsight, was the death
         | nail.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Magic
        
       | adwawdawd wrote:
       | If the two year lag is still true, the state of the SwiftUI SDK
       | is even more ridiculous.
        
       | FabHK wrote:
       | > my code accounted for almost two thirds of the original
       | Macintosh ROM
       | 
       | Respect. RIP.
        
       | khazhoux wrote:
       | The last 15 years I'm nagged by this thought that we don't let
       | software developers be software developers anymore. Between
       | sprint planning and JIRAs and project managers and constant
       | meetings and "stakeholders" and senior engineering leadership who
       | confuse progress-tracking for progress... when the hell are
       | people supposed to do the amazing work??
       | 
       | I know it's beating a dead horse to pick on these, but it's a
       | real problem. I look back at how productive we were with tiny
       | teams up until right before 2010, and the main thing that stands
       | out compared to today is all this goddamn overhead.
        
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