[HN Gopher] Gurus of 90s Web Design: Zeldman, Siegel, Nielsen
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       Gurus of 90s Web Design: Zeldman, Siegel, Nielsen
        
       Author : panic
       Score  : 347 points
       Date   : 2025-05-29 07:33 UTC (15 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (cybercultural.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (cybercultural.com)
        
       | theGeatZhopa wrote:
       | haha I still have "creating killer websites" in my bookshelf. It
       | was a quick buy, never thought of it to become a classic.
       | Nevertheless - it was such an experience to see websites designed
       | the way the book shows. But, not practical INHO. In my eyes, it
       | was just a replication of print media. If one remembers how
       | coldfusion worked at that time, or, dreamweaver -> some things
       | are clearly borrowed from quark express (DTP software). Like to
       | remember the times, though. And never went the road of designing
       | sites.
        
         | larodi wrote:
         | Indeed, your statement may be unpopular, but I would laugh this
         | off in a similar manner. After spending reasonable amount of
         | time in my life creating websites, designs (for print and web)
         | with every technology you can imagine - from REX BBS scripts to
         | ES6, SVG and WebGL these days, I can boldly state that these
         | people had absolutely no clue what they been doing on the WEB.
         | Perhaps they were the top designers for print, which was
         | commendable, but web is not print.
         | 
         | They did not understand this new medium, the screen, and the
         | fact you don't have to put all the information on the same
         | page. It was not until 2010 perhaps, when things started to
         | flatten and simplify again, that people actually started doing
         | reasonable web design. Usability was a new thing even in 2005,
         | and Apple with their K-12 interfaces did not help this much,
         | even though certain design decisions on System OSs make a lot
         | of sense. But this was not the web.
         | 
         | Most of what these books teach is how to get the
         | illustrator/coreldaw/quarkr approach and slap it on top of a
         | webpage. How very little people experimented with the widgets
         | already available to them such as pages, buttons, etc, the fact
         | that it can show little, but be navigated. This is the same for
         | cartography, btw, where things move even slower, and we still
         | getting maps overloaded with information like its 1834.
         | 
         | IMHO, and this may be super unpopular, but game designers and
         | game UI designers served as much more substantial inspiration
         | for the web, rather than these early over-hyped designers,
         | which otherwise did great job for posters and print. Some games
         | are so forward-thinking, and so beautiful in the simplicity of
         | their interfaces, that we can really argue most of the world
         | got where gamers (and demosceners!) already have been for
         | years.
        
           | brailsafe wrote:
           | There are elements of truth in your comment, but it just
           | seems weirdly derisive. The way the web evolved to where it
           | is now happened in a similar fashion to games, through
           | gradual improvement of the underlying platform and people try
           | to do anything and everything with it before it was formally
           | capable of doing it in a standardized way.
           | 
           | > Most of what these books teach is how to get the
           | illustrator/coreldaw/quarkr approach and slap it on top of a
           | webpage. How very little people experimented with the widgets
           | already available to them such as pages, buttons, etc, the
           | fact that it can show little, but be navigated.
           | 
           | People experimented plenty, but print was the start and
           | ultimately those were the tools available at the time, and
           | they were ahead of what the web was actually capable of. At a
           | certain point, pushing the limits meant figuring out how to
           | make rounded corners without rounded corner support or css,
           | how to load images optimally, or debug. Game devs and porn
           | industry absolutely pushed it past those limits, but also
           | hardware got better, standards evolved. Many barely
           | distinguishable bits of underlying primitive tech powers this
           | website, and many others power YouTube, and Zoom, Gmail. It
           | pretty much took until now to come up with decent design
           | tools that sufficiently deal with designing for the
           | complexity of the web.
        
             | larodi wrote:
             | I never said it didnt take time to mature, neither did I
             | say standards were okay from day one. but actually some
             | were.
             | 
             | Tables and buttons were working from day one, and there was
             | a lot one could do images also, spacer.gif including,
             | should you understand design enough and the new medium. JS
             | sizing of elements was available very early on, even before
             | CSS was a thing for all I remember. The widgets and
             | controls were more than enough for many apps.
             | 
             | Sorry, didnt want to sound derisive, but these people cited
             | with the books did design without using the medium's
             | potential, because for them all it was - a sceen. And many
             | people have recognized this lack of underrstanding, not
             | only myself. The sad part is these guys who had no clue
             | about the programming side of the web were touted the
             | gurus, while some early web/dev/ux guys were not given air
             | time for not having enough design elements.
             | 
             | Even with all the vaporwave nostalgia, we have to admit
             | many, if not the majority of 90s pages, were over-designed,
             | over-complicated, and overloading the user cognitively. A
             | classmate once blatantly stated - the web is too colorful
             | to me, I get easily lost.
             | 
             | Man, I have ADHD and get easily lost, but am used to all
             | this, but man, was he prepared for it - not at all. Many of
             | these old pages were not even aesthetically nice, due to
             | this over-complexity, and those guys contributed to this
             | initial notion of having to over-complicate the web.
             | 
             | ASCII text clutter on the terminals pales in comparison.
        
       | whalesalad wrote:
       | I began my career learning from these folks. I loved sites like A
       | List Apart.
       | 
       | I got star struck one day when Zeldman emailed me asking for an
       | enhancement to a WordPress plugin I had created. Felt like I'd
       | come full circle.
        
         | zeldman wrote:
         | Aww.
        
       | Brajeshwar wrote:
       | > Jeffrey Zeldman -- who turned 42 in early 1997
       | 
       | I'm today years old, realizing that Jeffrey Zeldman was 40+ in
       | 1997. I always thought he was kinda just a few years older than
       | us in the early 2000s.
       | 
       | "View Source" of their websites was an educational time well
       | spent. Warning: In some regions, "View Source" may be illegal.
       | Please use it at your own discretion.
       | 
       | Starting my career in the early 2000s, and my design and other
       | Flash Works were on the Internet - Zeldman, Siegel, and a lot of
       | others were the heroes. Nielsen was the villain. By the
       | mid-2000s, I had done extensive work for clinics and physicians,
       | delving into accessibility, HIPAA compliance, and other related
       | areas. By then, Nielsen and the likes became the heroes. :-)
        
         | fauria wrote:
         | > Warning: In some regions, "View Source" may be illegal.
         | Please use it at your own discretion.
         | 
         | Where is "View Souce" illegal?
        
           | yapyap wrote:
           | He's probably saying it with a bit of a wink and referring to
           | this
           | 
           | https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2022/02/journalist-
           | wo...
        
             | mojo74 wrote:
             | Let's have a chuckle...
             | 
             | https://thedailywtf.com/articles/website-hacker
        
           | jjkaczor wrote:
           | Heh - I have been in many corporate and government
           | environments where the desktop browsers are locked down via
           | centralized policies, and not only is "View Source"
           | disabled/removed, but so are the "Developer tools"...
        
         | stronglikedan wrote:
         | > I always thought he was kinda just a few years older than us
         | in the early 2000s.
         | 
         | But he was!
        
       | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
       | Another seminal book for me, was _Web Pages That Suck_. They
       | actually used to throw shade on _Creating Killer Web Sites_. Lots
       | of big egos, back then.
       | 
       | I learned quite a bit from that book. I think Flanders may still
       | have a site. I was on his mailing list, but I haven't heard
       | anything for the last decade or so.
        
         | lifefeed wrote:
         | I loved that site too.
         | 
         | Nowadays everything is so optimized and efficient, I've become
         | nostalgic for the days when webpages sometimes sucked. At least
         | they had personality, even if they were hard to use. It's like
         | cars, I like looking at super old old cars in museums and
         | wondering what all those pedals and levers do, even if I'm
         | happy to not drive them.
        
         | ericras wrote:
         | That book was seminal for me too and is the genesis for where I
         | am today. Flanders' accurate criticism of "mystery meat
         | navigation" was incredibly influential for me and still
         | reverberates in my mind when I think about usability issues.
        
       | oldpersonintx2 wrote:
       | don't forget the greatest webdevs of the late 90s...Larry and
       | Sergey
       | 
       | people now don't seem to appreciate how much Google's radically
       | simple homepage changed the web
       | 
       | look at web design right before Google took off - it was always
       | about adding _more_ to the page, and most sites were a mess
       | 
       | Larry and Sergey showed that radical simplicity was literally
       | worth a trillion dollars
        
         | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
         | I remember thinking that "The Google" was onto something, when
         | my friends told me that they were replacing AltaVista with it,
         | as their main search engine.
        
         | JimDabell wrote:
         | The simplicity was nice, but people switched to Google because
         | of PageRank.
        
           | unilynx wrote:
           | and not having sponsored links back then
        
           | oldpersonintx2 wrote:
           | right, but they could have polluted the google.com page with
           | endless garbage based off of the popularity of search....but
           | they didn't
           | 
           | for example...they could have dropped some links below the
           | search bar to some homegrown sports site they set up...and
           | that would have become the most popular sports site...its
           | hard for most people to resist that
        
             | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
             | You have a point. Here's what Alta Vista looked like.
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltaVista
             | 
             | Google's simplicity and clarity became part of the brand.
             | No one else was doing that at the time. Even "efficient"
             | designs were maximalist, so extreme minimalism with a
             | splash of colour was a real innovation.
        
               | giantrobot wrote:
               | When AltaVista first appeared its landing page was much
               | sparser than that. Even a year earlier [0] its homepage
               | was pretty sparse and simple. Unfortunately AltaVista got
               | hit with the web portal bug and the site got more
               | bloated. Unfortunately the search also got worse as
               | spammers figured out how to game its search algorithms.
               | 
               | [0] https://web.archive.org/web/19980423064646/http://alt
               | avista....
        
       | vanschelven wrote:
       | This article put Nielsen in the corner of "technically correct",
       | but the influence he had on me at least was a strong focus on
       | "empirically correct". i.e. doing actual tests (with humans) on
       | what kind of things work to convey information. He did this to
       | the detriment of "looking good", which is why his stuff ended up
       | looking "hopelessly outdated", but I think he was on the right
       | side of the fight.
        
         | dcminter wrote:
         | He did a book ("Designing Web Usability" I think) with an
         | unconventional layout and it clearly hadn't been user-tested as
         | it had a flaw (text too close to the binding) that made it
         | ironically hard to use.
         | 
         | I think he was on point with a lot of stuff, but I've been a
         | bit jaded ever since!
        
           | jmisavage wrote:
           | I thought the same thing of his website when he first hit the
           | scene. Great info, but the design was so bad it made it
           | difficult to read. It was quick though, and today's reader
           | view would have fixed that issue. Being usable doesn't mean
           | zero design; everything needs to work together.
        
             | karohalik wrote:
             | It's kind of ironic that Nielsen's site and even his book
             | layouts were often frustrating to use. But maybe that
             | proves his own points.
        
         | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
         | I took a number of courses from the NNG Group, over the years,
         | including from Nielsen and Tog (I don't think Don Norman ever
         | gave classes).
         | 
         | It taught me great respect for usability.
         | 
         | Designers _hated_ Nielsen.
        
           | kristianc wrote:
           | Yes, to be fair, Nielsen essentially has had the last laugh.
           | Simple navigation, consistency, fast loading times, and
           | ruthless minimalism, and the full Flash intro page is a
           | relic.
        
             | thesuitonym wrote:
             | The full flash intro page is only a relic because Apple
             | dropped support for Flash. Now, so many designers have a
             | full page video that play, and prevent text from loading
             | until every bit of bloated JavaScript finishing downloading
             | and executing.
             | 
             | It's a different package, but it's the same junk.
        
               | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
               | I despise the full-background, 4K video pages.
               | 
               | Makes connecting from bad cells a royal pain.
               | 
               | But some of the dependency libraries can be almost as
               | bad.
               | 
               | I don't like 1MB pages, so a button can be animated.
        
               | bandoti wrote:
               | My biggest pet peeve these days is a Nav Bar that takes
               | up too much vertical space and follows when I scroll.
               | Usually these are mobile-first designs, but especially on
               | phone when I rotate to view more horizontal content using
               | iPhone 13 I've got like two text lines visible!
        
             | krupan wrote:
             | "Simple navigation, consistency, fast loading times, and
             | ruthless minimalism"
             | 
             | Modern websites have none of those. It's all pop ups asking
             | you to subscribe and/or give feedback before you have even
             | had a chance to read anything, content that jumps around as
             | images (ads) load, and huge blobs of JavaScript. I feel
             | like the web has regressed massively in the last few years
        
             | mikeryan wrote:
             | I think most practical designers saw the value of what
             | Nielsen was showing but hated how he completely eschewed
             | aesthetics. Fortunately the advent of CSS and the need for
             | responsive mobile design forced everyone to learn how to
             | integrate functionality with aesthetics.
        
           | DonHopkins wrote:
           | Certain designers may have hated Nielsen, but their users
           | hated them, and they have more users hating them than Nielsen
           | has designers hating him, and users matter much more than
           | designers, so I think he came out way ahead.
           | 
           | Bruce Tognazzini is the OG GUI Guru of 80's user interface
           | design!
           | 
           | https://asktog.com/atc/about-bruce-tognazzini/
           | 
           | Tog not just invented and implemented, but also deeply
           | rationalized and documented a lot of great user interface
           | techniques, like the "mile high menu bar", which partially
           | exploits Fitts' Law (in the "up" direction), but made more
           | sense on the original single small Mac screens. (While pie
           | menus more fully exploit Fitts' law (in "all" directions")
           | and they work great on large screens, giving you even more
           | "leverage".)
           | 
           | https://www.joelonsoftware.com/2000/04/27/designing-for-
           | peop...
           | 
           | >When the Macintosh was new, Bruce "Tog" Tognazzini wrote a
           | column in Apple's developer magazine on UI. In his column,
           | people wrote in with lots of interesting UI design problems,
           | which he discussed. These columns continue to this day on his
           | web site. They've also been collected and embellished in a
           | couple of great books, like Tog on Software Design, which is
           | a lot of fun and a great introduction to UI design. (Tog on
           | Interface was even better, but it's out of print.)
           | 
           | >Tog invented the concept of the mile high menu bar to
           | explain why the menu bar on the Macintosh, which is always
           | glued to the top of the physical screen, is so much easier to
           | use than menu bars on Windows, which appear inside each
           | application window. When you want to point to the File menu
           | on Windows, you have a target about half an inch wide and a
           | quarter of an inch high to acquire. You must move and
           | position the mouse fairly precisely in both the vertical and
           | the horizontal dimensions.
           | 
           | >But on a Macintosh, you can slam the mouse up to the top of
           | the screen, without regard to how high you slam it, and it
           | will stop at the physical edge of the screen - the correct
           | vertical position for using the menu. So, effectively, you
           | have a target that is still half an inch wide, but a mile
           | high. Now you only need to worry about positioning the cursor
           | horizontally, not vertically, so the task of clicking on a
           | menu item is that much easier.
           | 
           | >Based on this principle, Tog has a pop quiz: what are the
           | five spots on the screen that are easiest to acquire (point
           | to) with the mouse? The answer: all four corners of the
           | screen (where you can literally slam the mouse over there in
           | one fell swoop without any pointing at all), plus, the
           | current position of the mouse, because it's already there.
           | 
           | >The principle of the mile-high menu bar is fairly well
           | known, but it must not be entirely obvious, because the
           | Windows 95 team missed the point completely with the Start
           | push button, sitting almost in the bottom left corner of the
           | screen, but not exactly. In fact, it's about 2 pixels away
           | from the bottom and 2 pixels from the left of the screen. So,
           | for the sake of a couple of pixels, Microsoft literally
           | "snatches defeat from the jaws of victory", Tog writes, and
           | makes it that much harder to acquire the start button. It
           | could have been a mile square, absolutely trivial to hit with
           | the mouse. For the sake of something, I don't know what, it's
           | not. God help us.
           | 
           | Another great technique he documented in the original Apple
           | Human Interface Guidelines was the "drag delay" of popping up
           | "pull right" submenus, to mitigate a problem that linear
           | menus have, but pie menus don't. People keep forgetting and
           | re-inventing it in sometimes better, sometimes worse ways,
           | but he invented and implemented it for the original Mac, then
           | most importantly documented it in the first edition of the
           | Apple's 1987 Human Interface Guidelines, and the Mac UI still
           | supports it. It's the kind of thing nobody notices if it
           | works well, that's invisibly built into the toolkit, that
           | nobody appreciates how much thought and nuance went into it,
           | that deserves a lot of user testing and iteration to get
           | right. (Or you could just use pie menus and not have that
           | problem! ;)
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39210672
           | 
           | >aidenn0 on Jan 31, 2024 | parent | context | favorite | on:
           | Kando: The Cross-Platform Pie Menu
           | 
           | >>For example, while moving horizontally to a sub-menu, you
           | can easily cross the width of a single line since it's not
           | easy to move your mouse absolutely steady horizontally (in
           | pro graphic apps you'd usually hold a Shift for that), so
           | instead of moving to a sub-menu, you switch to another item.
           | In a Pie menu that's much harder since as you move further
           | the menu's area increases, so the tolerance is higher
           | 
           | >This is why properly implemented context menus don't
           | strictly require you to move in a straight line.
           | Implementations vary; I just tried it with the firefox
           | context menu on linux and found that, once the submenu was
           | open, I could move the cursor quickly to the submenu on any
           | path, even taking a diagonal line to the most extreme options
           | in it. I have also seen implementations where you had a ever
           | widening path you could take as the cursor moved closer to
           | the submenu, making the active area of the currently selected
           | parent item trapezoidal.
           | 
           | >DonHopkins on Feb 2, 2024 | prev [-]
           | 
           | >That astonishingly clever technique was invented by Bruce
           | "Tog" Tognazzini and described in the first edition of the
           | Apple's 1987 Human Interface Guidelines (page 87, "drag
           | delay").
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32961306
           | 
           | https://archive.org/details/applehumaninterf00appl
           | 
           | https://andymatuschak.org/files/papers/Apple%20Human%20Inter.
           | ..
           | 
           | >>Two delay values enable submenus to function smoothly,
           | without jarring distractions to the user. The submenu delay
           | is the length of time before a submenu appears as the user
           | drags the pointer through a hierarchical menu item. It
           | prevents flashing caused by rapid appearance-disappearance of
           | submenus. The drag delay allows the user to drag diagonally
           | from the submenu title into the submenu, briefly crossing
           | part of the main menu, without the submenu disappearing
           | (which would ordinarily happen when the pointer was dragged
           | into another main menu item). This is illustrated in Figure
           | 3-42.
           | 
           | >Implementations certainly do vary, but the point is that
           | it's essentially a weird magical non-standardized behavior
           | that isn't intuitively obvious to users why or how or when
           | it's happening. It's extremely difficult to implement
           | correctly (there's not even a definition of what correct
           | means), and requires a whole lot of user testing and
           | empirical measurements and iterative adjustments to get right
           | (which nobody does any more, not even Apple like they did in
           | the old days of Tog). Many gui toolkits don't support it, and
           | most roll-yer-own web based menu systems don't. So users
           | can't expect it to work, and they're lucky when it works
           | well.
           | 
           | >Pie menus geometrically avoid this problem by popping up
           | sub-menus centered on the cursor with each item in a
           | different direction, so no magic invisible submenu tracking
           | kludges are necessary. Don't violate the Principle of Least
           | Astonishment!
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_astonishmen.
           | ..
           | 
           | >I think it's important for users to intuitively understand
           | how the computer is going to interpret their gesture, without
           | astonishment, and for the computer to provide high fidelity
           | unambiguous instantaneous feedback of how it will interpret
           | any gesture.
           | 
           | >I like how Ben Shneiderman defined "Direct Manipulation" as
           | involving "continuous representation of objects of interest
           | together with rapid, reversible, and incremental actions and
           | feedback".
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_manipulation_interface
           | 
           | >>In computer science, human-computer interaction, and
           | interaction design, direct manipulation is an approach to
           | interfaces which involves continuous representation of
           | objects of interest together with rapid, reversible, and
           | incremental actions and feedback. As opposed to other
           | interaction styles, for example, the command language, the
           | intention of direct manipulation is to allow a user to
           | manipulate objects presented to them, using actions that
           | correspond at least loosely to manipulation of physical
           | objects. An example of direct manipulation is resizing a
           | graphical shape, such as a rectangle, by dragging its corners
           | or edges with a mouse.
           | 
           | >Those ideals also apply to pie menus. Pie menus should
           | strive to provide as much direct feedback as possible, via
           | tracking callbacks, previewing the reversible effect of the
           | currently selected item (possibly even using the distance as
           | a parameter), so you can easily use them without ever popping
           | up the menu.
           | 
           | >For both novice and expert users, the directly obvious
           | geometric way pie menus track and respond to input is more
           | intuitively comprehensible, predictable, reliable, and most
           | importantly REVERSIBLE than traditional gesture recognition
           | (like Palm Graffiti, or StrokePlus.net) or "magical" kludges
           | like the submenu hack.
           | 
           | >With pie menus there's a sharp crisp line between every
           | possible gesture, that you can see on the screen.
           | 
           | >But with a gesture / handwriting recognition system, you
           | wonder where is the dividing line between "u" and "v"? The
           | neural net (or whatever) is a black box to the user (and even
           | the programmer). Some gestures are too close together. And
           | most gestures are useless syntax errors. And there's no way
           | to cancel or change a gesture once you've started. And
           | there's no way to learn the possible gestures.
           | 
           | >But with complex magical invisible submenu hacks, you wonder
           | if it's based on how long you pause, how fast you move, where
           | you move, what is the shape, why can't I see it, how does it
           | change, what if you pause, what if my computer is lagging,
           | what if I go back, what if I didn't want the submenu, how do
           | I make it go away, why can't I select the item I want, what
           | do I do?
           | 
           | >But with pie menus, if you make a mistake or it doesn't
           | behave like you expect, you can at least see and understand
           | what went wrong (you were on the wrong side of the line) and
           | change it (move back into the slice you meant to select). No
           | fuzzy gray area or no-man's-land or magic hand waving. And
           | the further out you move, the more "leverage" and precision
           | you have.
           | 
           | >The area and shape of each item target area should not be
           | limited or defined by the font height and the width of the
           | longest label. It should be maximized, not limited, to
           | encompass the entire screen, all the way out to the edges,
           | like the slices of a pie menu. If you move far enough, it's
           | practically impossible to make a mistake, as the target gets
           | wider and wider, so you can even use pie menus during an
           | earthquake or car chase.
        
             | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
             | He was a great teacher, as well. Not sure if he still gives
             | classes.
        
             | lelandfe wrote:
             | > the "drag delay" of popping up "pull right" submenus
             | 
             | Funny enough, this was actually removed in the early
             | versions of OS X:
             | https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/1999/12/macos-x-
             | dp2/#:~:text...
             | 
             | But today it seems to be back.
        
               | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
               | He was (still is, I believe) NOT a fan of the Dock:
               | https://www.asktog.com/columns/044top10docksucks.html
        
         | matsemann wrote:
         | Same. A pretty button is useless if it's not where you expect
         | to find it. You can always make it "less dated" later by
         | changing colors and stuff, but the usability is the most
         | important part.
         | 
         | The Flash 2 screenshot in the article looks dated. But the
         | experience of using it wouldn't change a bit even if it got
         | less 90-sy buttons and looked "modern".
        
         | ale wrote:
         | Nielsen was mostly concerned with labeling himself a "guru" to
         | boost his consultancy firm. The idea of user-driven design goes
         | all the way back to the late 60s with the rise of Participatory
         | Design.
        
         | kome wrote:
         | Fully agree. And we all know beautiful but totally broken UIs
         | and UX, and "ugly" but extremely functional UIs and UXs, that
         | actually make them beautiful
        
           | scoot wrote:
           | And UIs that are neither beautiful nor function (looking at
           | you Salesforce, Oracle, SAP, and many other "Enterprise"
           | applications).
           | 
           | If any of these were functional, most users wouldn't care
           | about the visual appeal. NN were correct, but apparently
           | their message didn't reach that particular sphere of web
           | application developers.
        
             | Avicebron wrote:
             | If an 'Enterprise' applications website were functional
             | people would be able to navigate to assistance when using
             | the app. Therefore costing money in competent support techs
             | or improving the product itself, neither of which are as
             | easy as just being anti-competitive and monopolistic
        
               | scoot wrote:
               | I was referring to the web applications themselves,
               | rather than the marketing, documentation, or support
               | websites. In large vendors, those tend to come from a
               | different part of the organisation, so are often superior
               | to the products themselves.
               | 
               | The productivity drain of a poor UI is largely felt by
               | the customers' employees, while the vendor benefits from
               | sales of professional services and premium support
               | contracts.
        
         | JimDabell wrote:
         | Back then, it felt like he was one of the rare few people who
         | was actually focused on serving the needs of the user. Those
         | were the days when too many sites thought it was a good idea to
         | show a Flash splash screen before entering a site, and
         | designers seemed to have a grudge against text that was big
         | enough for a normal person to read.
        
           | jszymborski wrote:
           | Teenage me thought there was NOTHING cooler than a flashy
           | splash page and those micro bitmap fonts a la "silkscreen".
           | 
           | Who am I kidding I still think it's awesome.
        
             | ftio wrote:
             | 8pt Tahoma is the GOAT and I miss it desperately.
             | 
             | I remember vividly when Windows (XP I think?) introduced a
             | new kind of font smoothing that messed with the look of
             | those fonts. In hindsight, I feel like that moment was part
             | of the catalyst toward Web 2.0-style designs. Screens
             | started to get bigger, sites became higher resolution as
             | bandwidth increased, and the tiny pixel font started to be
             | both less relevant (you could fit more, larger text
             | onscreen) and less beautiful (it rendered differently with
             | font smoothing).
             | 
             | IIRC this shift also coincided with the shift toward
             | Wordpress, including a more homogeneous set of pre-packaged
             | "themes", and away from custom CMSes (or no CMS at all),
             | the OG blogging "scripts" like Greymatter and b2.
        
               | anthk wrote:
               | Search for Artwiz under Unix. Same feelings.
        
               | pavlov wrote:
               | 8pt Tahoma, lowercase, and using colons for decoration,
               | like this:                 :: news :: contact :: last
               | updated 2000-07-31 ::
        
               | 508LoopDetected wrote:
               | Yep! I'm guilty of continuing to use the double-colon
               | separators to this very day. Just shipped an internal app
               | for my company a few months ago that utilizes them in
               | page titles.
        
               | bradly wrote:
               | > 8pt Tahoma is the GOAT and I miss it desperately.
               | 
               | So good it is bug when it 8pt Tahoma looks off:
               | https://github.com/jdan/98.css/issues/10
        
               | jszymborski wrote:
               | > IIRC this shift also coincided with the shift toward
               | Wordpress, including a more homogeneous set of pre-
               | packaged "themes", and away from custom CMSes (or no CMS
               | at all), the OG blogging "scripts" like Greymatter and
               | b2.
               | 
               | Shout-out to Geeklog, Textpattern, and the monstrosity
               | that was PHPNuke.
        
             | rescbr wrote:
             | Well, the screen resolutions and pixel densities of that
             | time also made those micro bitmap fonts to be not so micro.
             | 
             | I miss it too.
        
               | mikeryan wrote:
               | Serious lack of anti aliasing contributed too.
        
           | cut3 wrote:
           | That 2Advanced flash intro tho...
        
             | mvkel wrote:
             | I can still hear the music
        
           | msla wrote:
           | It seems the next battle we'll have to fight is for fonts
           | that actually present enough information to the user to
           | disambiguate "Weird Al" from "Weird AI". Seems like we used
           | to have these things called "serifs" but modern design knows
           | nothing of such heresies.
        
             | DonHopkins wrote:
             | Actually, Weird Al could see so far into the future that he
             | called himself that on purpose.
        
         | Mistletoe wrote:
         | When I imagine what he would think of the current internet it's
         | really mind-boggling.
        
         | throw0101b wrote:
         | > _i.e. doing actual tests (with humans) on what kind of things
         | work to convey information._
         | 
         | E.g., "Why You Only Need to Test with 5 Users":
         | 
         | * https://www.nngroup.com/articles/why-you-only-need-to-
         | test-w...
        
         | peblos wrote:
         | I realise I'm judging the book (and possibly the authors) by
         | the cover but Nielsen's book cover is objectively more
         | readable.
         | 
         | It's also probably the only one that would still look new, or
         | current, if it was released today
        
           | karohalik wrote:
           | It seems like one is stuck in the past for good (well, the
           | author and the book I suppose).
        
         | shidoshi wrote:
         | Yeah, strong agree here. Nielsen brought a certain weight of
         | rigor to the debate back in those days which made sense to the
         | way I wanted to think about web design as an engineer. I don't
         | really think there's a "winner" or "most right" person amongst
         | the trio, but Nielsen's ethos appealed to me more than the
         | others mentioned.
        
         | dasil003 wrote:
         | I always had more respect for Nielsen's lineage of human-
         | computer interaction than I did for Nielsen himself. At the
         | time I remember thinking how neither designers nor classic HCI
         | people (or programmers) really got the web. Nielsen was at
         | least focused on the web, but the problem is that he was
         | fixated on user expectations for a brand new medium without
         | recognizing that it was early days and would inevitably evolve.
         | He would say stuff like "hyperlinks should always be blue and
         | underlined" because that's what users expect, without realizing
         | that at that point in time we were still so early in the
         | adoption of the web that it made no sense to apply such rigid
         | rules.
        
           | DonHopkins wrote:
           | Ben Shneiderman's the "hyperlinks should always be blue" guy.
           | ;)
           | 
           | https://blog.mozilla.org/en/internet-culture/why-are-
           | hyperli...
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29897811
           | 
           | Seriously, while he was the first to use blue for links in
           | HyperTIES, there was a historical context (like the IBM PC's
           | color palette), and he never meant it in a "640k ought to be
           | enough for anybody" way. His reasons for recommending blue
           | are based on empirical studies, measuring visibility,
           | comprehension, retention, etc.
           | 
           | Blue is good not just because users recognize it (they didn't
           | in 1983), but for how it stands out, because of how the human
           | visual system works. He was originally a fan of cyan aka
           | "light blue".
           | 
           | Ben Shneiderman wrote:
           | 
           | >"Red highlighting made the links more visible, but reduced
           | the user's capacity to read and retain the content of the
           | text... blue was visible, on both white and black backgrounds
           | and didn't interfere with retention,"
           | 
           | >"We conducted approximately 20 empirical studies of many
           | design variables which were reported at the Hypertext 1987
           | conference and in array of journals and books. Issues such as
           | the use of light blue highlighting as the default color for
           | links, the inclusion of a history stack, easy access to a
           | BACK button, article length, and global string search were
           | all studied empirically."
           | 
           | >"My students conducted more than a dozen experiments
           | (unpublished) on different ways of highlighting and selection
           | using current screens, e.g. green screens only permitted,
           | bold, underscore, blinking, and I think italic(???). When we
           | had a color screen we tried different color highlighted
           | links. While red made the links easier to spot, user
           | comprehension and recollection of the content declined. We
           | chose the light blue, which Tim adopted."
           | 
           | HyperTIES Discussions from Hacker News:
           | 
           | https://donhopkins.medium.com/hyperties-discussions-from-
           | hac...
        
           | eadmund wrote:
           | Honestly, I believe that the Web would have been better had
           | we stuck to those expectations more diligently and evolved
           | more slowly and thoughtfully. That one can does not imply
           | that one should.
           | 
           | Blue links and purple visited links were fine. And now on
           | most sites there is no differentiation, and it's sometimes
           | difficult to tell what is a link, and a lot of sites don't
           | even bother linking. This is not an improvement!
        
             | dasil003 wrote:
             | I don't disagree with the opinion, but what individual
             | experts think does not factor in much when you have a
             | groundswell of adoption like the web did. At that point
             | people are going to hack whatever they can on top of it,
             | and there are too many varied interests to have any central
             | control, and so things just evolve well beyond the intent
             | or control of any individual mind or architect.
             | 
             | For me, usability mattered a lot and I saw how a lot of the
             | web design experimentation was falling short, but Nielsen
             | was just too backwards looking. We needed forward thinking
             | UX rooted specifically in web culture, and that's what we
             | got through the Zeldmans, Veens, and 37signals of the era.
        
           | kome wrote:
           | "hyperlinks should always be blue and underlined"
           | 
           | this honestly make life so much easier...
        
           | eviks wrote:
           | Why didn't he say the same thing about links:
           | 
           | > he was saying that each browser should define how headers
           | would be displayed to their users.
           | 
           | And let the user define the color and underline style?
        
           | jt2190 wrote:
           | > He would say stuff like "hyperlinks should always be blue
           | and underlined" because that's what users expect, without
           | realizing that at that point in time we were still so early
           | in the adoption of the web that it made no sense to apply
           | such rigid rules.
           | 
           | I always remember recommendations from Nielsen as (a) backed
           | by some testing with real users, (b) temporal, i.e. "at this
           | time users expect..." and ( c) only focused on usability,
           | that is, in practice there are other things to consider like
           | design, performance, etc.
           | 
           | I will say that most of this nuance gets rounded to a Boolean
           | like most advice.
        
             | QuantumGood wrote:
             | In creating documents with hyperlinks for training
             | students, I have found blue underlined still catches the
             | most fish, for example some do not realize that accordion-
             | style content can be clicked to reveal more content if it
             | is not blue underlined. Have tested icons, highlighting,
             | different colors of underlining.
             | 
             | I think part of the issue is that early users of the
             | internet were more tech-savvy, and now internet users are
             | simply "anyone with a phone"--in a sense we're going
             | backwards because a higher percentage of users are not
             | learning/adapting to attempts at new approaches/standards.
        
         | mvkel wrote:
         | It depends on how you define the "fight."
         | 
         | In the Nielsen days, two things were happening:
         | 
         | 1. People were creating quirky, whimsical, odd corners of the
         | internet for nobody but themselves. Art.
         | 
         | 2. Entrepreneurs were starting to build sophisticated web
         | applications for other people, i.e. customers.
         | 
         | Nielsen's dogma was excellent for the latter, and disastrous
         | for the former.
         | 
         | History has been kind to Nielsen in the way that the modern web
         | has lost most/all of its charm for the sake of answering the
         | question "but how does it make money?"
        
         | calmbonsai wrote:
         | I didn't believe that Discount Usability Engineering was useful
         | until we tried it. I was absolutely blown away by the results
         | and have continued the practice for _every_ design and re-
         | design. Thank you Mr. Nielsen.
         | 
         | The old UseIt.com
         | https://web.archive.org/web/19990125092506/http://useit.com/
         | will forever live rent-free in my brain.
        
         | dfxm12 wrote:
         | On the web, the user is rarely a monolith. For a lot of
         | websites (as compared to, say, business software or
         | automobiles), the user could be everyone and anyone. They may
         | all have different mental models, expectations, abilities, etc.
         | 
         | This is important to keep in mind when focusing on user
         | centered design for a general purpose website. You need a
         | testing pool representative of your users (or who you want your
         | user to be), you need to figure out what to do if there are
         | conflicts among users, during testing, etc. It might be
         | obvious, and you can probably still fit in into a framework,
         | but what I'm getting at is that it is less empirical than it
         | might seem at first pass. There is still an art to user
         | centered design, and if you have this in mind, your designs
         | don't have to look hopelessly outdated.
        
           | munificent wrote:
           | _> On the web, the user is rarely a monolith._
           | 
           | Usability folks have understood this for decades. Alan Cooper
           | was writing about defining multiple separate personas [1] to
           | represent different cohorts of your userbase in the 90s.
           | 
           |  _> what I 'm getting at is that it is less empirical than it
           | might seem at first pass._
           | 
           | I would argue that it is still exactly as empirical. You just
           | have to be careful how you aggregate your data and don't try
           | to reduce things to too few clusters. Otherwise you end up
           | making the classic mistake of offering a single T-shirt size
           | at your conference that mostly only fits men because they are
           | the majority of attendees.
           | 
           |  _> There is still an art to user centered design,_
           | 
           | Agreed. No amount of analysis will do your synthesis for you.
           | You still have to make.
           | 
           | [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_(user_experience)
        
       | alphadelphi wrote:
       | Great books. One of the authors looks like now is a climate
       | denier, so I wonder myself about the existance of technical
       | approach detached from the scientific one
        
         | DonHopkins wrote:
         | Which one is that? Let me guess: the one who's into blockchain
         | now?
        
           | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
           | Zeldman is dead*, and Nielsen is still running NNG. I don't
           | think he's interested in getting into politics. Enough people
           | hate on him, just for being the skunk at the graphic design
           | picnic.
           | 
           | * _[EDIT] I'm wrong.
           | 
           | Glad to be wrong.
           | 
           | 'E's not dead. 'E's pining._
        
             | adregan wrote:
             | Zeldman is dead?! Did it happen in the last 24hrs? He
             | posted on his site yesterday
             | 
             | https://zeldman.com/
        
               | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
               | Maybe I'm wrong.
               | 
               | I would have sworn there was a big deal about his passing
               | on this site, not long ago.
               | 
               | Happy to be wrong.
               | 
               |  _[EDIT] Yup. I'm wrong.
               | 
               | Glad to be._
        
               | DonHopkins wrote:
               | Also I'm happy to hear he's alive, and to infer that he's
               | not the crazy climate change denying crypto bro!
        
             | DonHopkins wrote:
             | I hate on Jakob Nielsen for recommending pizza menus over
             | pie menus and hamburger menus! ;)
             | 
             | https://www.nngroup.com/articles/hamburger-menu-vs-pizza/
             | 
             | Not that I have anything against pizza menus, though --
             | they do have their place. But we both agree to hate
             | hamburger menus passionately. ("Hate the menu, not the
             | burger.")
             | 
             | PizzaTool: How I accidentally ordered my first pizza over
             | the internet:
             | 
             | https://donhopkins.medium.com/the-story-of-sun-
             | microsystems-...
             | 
             | Seriously though, I've always been a huge fan of Jakob
             | Nielsen, especially for his empirical approach, and he has
             | even said some nice things about pie menus.
             | 
             | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29930500
             | 
             | https://www.nngroup.com/articles/trip-report-chi-88/
             | 
             | >Some new stuff was presented such as the pie menus studied
             | by Callahan, Hopkins, Weiser, and Shneiderman from the
             | University of Maryland. When used as pop-up menus, pies
             | have the advantage that any menu item can be selected by
             | equally small movements of the mouse and the study did
             | indeed show that users performed about 15% faster using a
             | pie menu than using a linear menu. Pie menus also have some
             | potential disadvantages, especially when used with many
             | menu items or in cases that call for hierarchical pop-ups.
             | 
             | >In spite of this and some other novelty items, the main
             | feel of CHI'88 was that of improvements of earlier stuff
             | rather than revolutionary new discoveries. Every year, I am
             | able to summarize the main theme of a CHI conference and
             | this year I am not in doubt that the theme was that we are
             | currently slowed down to steady, evolutionary progress in
             | the user interface field.
             | 
             | This is the paper we presented at CHI'88 that he was
             | referring to (which is why I appreciate his empirical
             | approach to actually measuring usability and performance
             | and error rates):
             | 
             | An Empirical Comparison of Pie vs. Linear Menus:
             | 
             | https://donhopkins.medium.com/an-empirical-comparison-of-
             | pie...
             | 
             | Pie Menus: A 30 Year Retrospective:
             | 
             | https://donhopkins.medium.com/pie-menus-936fed383ff1
             | 
             | >Steve Jobs Thought Pie Menus Sucked
             | 
             | >On October 25, 1988, I gave Steve Jobs a demo of pie
             | menus, NeWS, UniPress Emacs and HyperTIES at the Educom
             | conference in Washington DC. His reaction was to jump up
             | and down, point at the screen, and yell "That sucks! That
             | sucks! Wow, that's neat! That sucks!"
             | 
             | Don Norman, on the other hand, has never been a big fan of
             | pie menus, and went even further than Jobs just yelling
             | "That sucks!" to explain that was because of all the
             | disasters, pollution, and urban sprawl he thought they
             | could cause, and he even unfairly blamed pie menus for a
             | nuclear meltdown, when a linear menu actually caused it! ;)
             | 
             | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37907449
             | 
             | X11 SimCity Demo:
             | 
             | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jvi98wVUmQA
             | 
             | Don Hopkins and Donald Norman at IBM Almaden's "New
             | Paradigms for Using Computers" workshop:
             | 
             | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GCPQxJttf0
             | 
             | Norman: "And then when we saw SimCity, we saw how the pop-
             | up menu that they were doing used pie menus, made it very
             | easy to quickly select the various tools we needed to add
             | to the streets and bulldoze out fires, and change the
             | voting laws, etc. Somehow I thought this was a brilliant
             | solution to the wrong problems. Yes it was much easier to
             | now to plug in little segments of city or put wires in or
             | bulldoze out the fires. But why were fires there in the
             | first place? Along the way, we had a nuclear meltdown. He
             | said "Oops! Nuclear meltdown!" and went merrily on his
             | way."
             | 
             | Hopkins: "Linear menus caused the meltdown. But the round
             | menus put the fires out."
             | 
             | Norman: "What caused the meltdown?"
             | 
             | Hopkins: "It was the linear menus."
             | 
             | Norman: "The linear menus?"
             | 
             | Hopkins: "The traditional pull down menus caused the
             | meltdown."
             | 
             | Norman: "Don't you think a major cause of the meltdown was
             | having a nuclear power plant in the middle of the city?"
             | 
             | (laughter)
             | 
             | Hopkins: "The good thing about the pie menus is that they
             | make it really easy to build a city really fast without
             | thinking about it."
             | 
             | (laughter)
             | 
             | Hopkins: "Don't laugh! I've been living in Northern
             | Virginia!"
             | 
             | Norman: "Ok. Isn't the whole point of SimCity how you
             | think? The whole point of SimCity is that you learn the
             | various complexities of controlling a city."
             | 
             | (My joking but also serious point was that in SimCity
             | "Meltdown" is on the linear "Disaster" menu. So linear
             | menus cause meltdowns. But the pie menus has bulldozers and
             | roads, that you can use to recover from meltdowns with.)
        
             | extra88 wrote:
             | Nielsen hasn't been at NNG for a couple of years and I
             | don't think he was fully engaged in the years before that
             | (Norman isn't there either).
             | 
             | Don't bother with Nielsen today, he's been rambling about
             | how working on accessibility won't matter because AI will
             | create custom UIs for every user.
        
           | soulofmischief wrote:
           | This shameful comment just reflects your own biases and
           | judgemental nature.
           | 
           | There is absolutely no credible reason for you to lump
           | climate deniers in with people who are interested in a
           | particular kind of new, decentralized economy. I think you
           | need to touch grass.
        
             | tclancy wrote:
             | While we still have it?
        
       | vr46 wrote:
       | I enjoyed Zeldman's A List Apart, and had no idea that he was so
       | old at a time that we were all in our mid-twenties, I thought he
       | was our cohort :D
       | 
       | Nielsen I can honestly leave, maybe he did help millions of
       | people have easier to use sites, but I found him rigid and
       | boring; especially rigid with his prescriptive approach to sites
       | - "the home page should have these links". I think Philip
       | Greenspun skewered him at some point.
       | 
       | I understand why a lot of this was like this, as people wanted
       | answers and direction, and were prepared to pay a lot of money
       | for it, and he was a consultant doing consultancy. People have
       | always wanted answers and direction, and will pay for it, but in
       | a rapidly-changing world, the answers have a short shelf-life.
       | Maybe that's why he took his site down a long time ago, aware
       | that his maps were getting very out-of-date.
       | 
       | Still, fun times, what a great age it was.
        
         | mikepurvis wrote:
         | That early 2000s CSS/design blogosphere was such an interesting
         | place; I was just in high school at the time but loved
         | following Dave Shea, Andy Budd, Doug Bowman, Shaun Inman, Mike
         | Davidson, and probably a whole bunch more I'm forgetting now.
        
           | rudasn wrote:
           | There was also this guy, don't remember his name, whom you
           | could email your questions/issues etc, reply with great
           | detail and post the discussion on his website for others to
           | learn from. Like a one on one precursor to stackoverflow.
           | 
           | I remember email him and asking about why my photo gallery
           | didn't work when I tried to save the "currently selected
           | image" as a cookie. He replied and explained to me that
           | cookies contain string values and that you can't save a
           | reference to a DOM element as a cookie. So, cookie =
           | document.getElementById('image0') will not work, but cookie =
           | 'image0' will :)
        
           | squidbeak wrote:
           | A group who never seem to be mentioned in these threads are
           | Jason Arber, Richard May and Rina Cheung. Pixelsurgeon was
           | enormously influential in its day.
        
           | fowkswe wrote:
           | All those guys. Also, the daily visits to lnkedup.com
           | k10k.net, designiskinky.com, newstoday.com were so
           | influential and informative to me (wow, just did an
           | archive.org lookup of some of those and got a nostalgic chill
           | - https://web.archive.org/web/20050303092717if_/http://www.li
           | n...).
        
             | vr46 wrote:
             | K10k! "Newstoday" - Miss that jingle!
             | 
             | Made a friend on k10k back in, maybe 2001, still friends.
             | Texted her a few days ago. Never met yet.
        
           | vr46 wrote:
           | I remember Shaun Inman, did he do Mint?
        
         | onli wrote:
         | The users were also different back then. It was not only about
         | putting it all on one page, but even about putting it all above
         | the fold, based on the today astonishing fact that many users
         | did not scroll down. Because they did not know they could, with
         | later experiments observing a tipping point when scrolling
         | became normal.
         | 
         | Think about that, what a different environment the sites had to
         | work in. Not only technically, but also socially. Completely
         | normal that details like that don't carry over into today.
        
           | ubermonkey wrote:
           | I'm not sure that realization was great, given how often I
           | have to scroll and scroll and scroll to find information on a
           | business web site that should be front and center -- things
           | like location, phone number, hours, etc.
        
         | deltarholamda wrote:
         | As I recall, Greenspun skewered Siegel. Siegel advocated a two-
         | or three-stage "entry portal" to your site in one version of
         | his "Killer" books, and Greenspun thought that was daft.
         | 
         | I appreciate Nielsen's approach quite a lot. We could do a lot
         | worse than a return to "usability" on the Web. We've gone to a
         | lot of effort to recreate a substantial subset of what Flash
         | brought to the table, but do you really want your photos and
         | text blocks flying in as you scroll? It's cool the first time
         | you see it, but after that? Does anybody ever say "man, this
         | site has great information, I just wish it would bounce around
         | my screen like a Jack Russell terrier."
        
           | giantrobot wrote:
           | > Does anybody ever say "man, this site has great
           | information, I just wish it would bounce around my screen
           | like a Jack Russell terrier."
           | 
           | I always find myself thinking "man if only this website would
           | hijack my native browser scrolling...but terribly". Websites
           | that don't hijack scrolling are just too useful and easy to
           | use. Even better is when paragraphs fade-in as I scroll! Oh
           | man I just love seeing shit jump around as I'm trying to
           | read. It's so calming and doesn't induce seasickness at all!
           | 
           | Maybe the people implementing such things never accidentally
           | saw off their fingertips. /s
        
         | LostMyLogin wrote:
         | Wow - just visited A List Apart for the first time in some
         | years and it looks vastly different. Also, there is a post on
         | the home page from a year ago tomorrow that has a new tag on
         | it. Times have changed I guess.
        
       | bluenose69 wrote:
       | The colour choices in the image with caption beginning "Jeffrey
       | Zeldman's homepage, March 1997" are hard on my eyes. However, the
       | point might have been to show folks how to exert control over
       | colours and fonts, as opposed to actually communicating. The 90s
       | were quite a different thing than whatever we call the present
       | decade.
       | 
       | A big annoyance of the early web was all the stupid blinking text
       | and pointless little animations. Luckily we've moved past them.
       | Of course, today it's all about ads, which is the tip of a spear
       | that is quite unpleasant.
       | 
       | Plus ca change.
        
         | detritus wrote:
         | It was all about ads back then too, they just weren't so
         | targeted.
        
         | jeffbee wrote:
         | I don't think we can judge a screenshot of Zeldman's site using
         | today's displays. You are not now seeing what people saw then.
        
       | JimDabell wrote:
       | Some random asides on this slice of nostalgia:
       | 
       | > Note that the typical display size at the time was 800x600
       | pixels, so this and other websites would likely have been
       | designed for those dimensions.
       | 
       | This was before responsive design existed. First we designed for
       | 640x480, then we designed for 800x600, then we designed for
       | 1024x768. Bad developers would design for wider viewports and
       | leave people with smaller screens to scroll horizontally to see
       | everything. Slightly better designers would design for the
       | narrower viewports and leave huge gutters down either the right
       | side or both sides for people with wider screens. Best practice
       | was "fluid design", where you would define widths in percentages
       | to adapt to the screen width, but it was difficult to get
       | designers on board.
       | 
       | > But if the web was a "consumer playground" now, it was still
       | one with many constraints. As Zeldman told budding web designers,
       | "the accepted wisdom is to use as few images as possible, and
       | make them as small as you can (small in file size, though not
       | necessarily in height or width)."
       | 
       | It wasn't just file size. The early web was limited in terms of
       | colours too. There were 216 "web safe" colours.
       | 
       | > the book advocated for "hacks" to HTML in order to make
       | websites more visually appealing. The primary hacks were using
       | invisible tables and single-pixel GIFs to help control layout.
       | 
       | There were a _lot_ of weird hacks. One was to put many  <title>
       | elements in your document, and Netscape 2 would flip between them
       | in the window's title bar to make a crude animation. The title
       | bar because browsers didn't have tabs back then.
       | 
       | > CSS support from the two main browsers at the start of 1997 was
       | patchy at best. Internet Explorer 3.0 was the closest to
       | supporting the W3C standard for CSS, but it was buggy and
       | inconsistent.
       | 
       | It was basically nonexistent apart from very minor things.
       | Internet Explorer 3 didn't even understand the em unit and just
       | treated it as pixels, so if you set something to font-size:
       | 1.5em, it wasn't 50% larger than the parent element's text, it
       | was invisibly small.
       | 
       | > As for Netscape, its 3.0 browser had poor CSS support. In fact,
       | the company even tried to create an alternative to CSS, with a
       | JavaScript-powered styling mechanism called JavaScript-Based
       | Style Sheets (JSSS).
       | 
       | Netscape 4 transcoded CSS to JSSS on the fly, which had the side-
       | effect that when you disabled JavaScript, it also disabled CSS.
       | 
       | > For all their differences, CSS and Flash did have similar
       | goals: both aimed to expand the state of web design on the web.
       | 
       | Before web fonts were supported by browsers, one fairly common
       | technique was sIFR, which looked for specially marked up text on
       | the page and replaced the text with Flash applets rendering the
       | text in an embedded font. It was pretty ugly loading and caused
       | bunch of problems, but the designers didn't mind as long as it
       | let them use custom fonts.
       | 
       | It was a pretty hellish time to be a web developer, but exciting
       | as well. The browser bugs and incompatibilities were a thousand
       | times worse than they are today and could really ruin multiple
       | days at a time on the most trivial stuff, but it was also a
       | period of great inventiveness and variety.
        
       | mjaniczek wrote:
       | I'd love to see this sort of design history, but for old
       | terminal/text-mode GUIs (TUIs?). I'm too young to have
       | experienced it outside of the odd DOS cash desk at a grocery
       | store. Does any book/website exist about these? VT220 library
       | systems etc...
        
         | WillAdams wrote:
         | I believe it gets discussed a bit in some Cobol programming
         | texts and ISTR it being discussed in _The Viewport Technician_:
         | 
         | https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4541460-the-viewport-tec...
         | 
         | Usually though it was a direct display of the program state for
         | a given task, which was part of what made it so efficient ---
         | the task needed to be simplified down into chunks which would
         | fit on/make sense when viewed as text on a text screen
         | viewport.
        
       | plun9 wrote:
       | Now David Siegel has changed his opinion on climate change. He
       | created a website with independent climate research:
       | https://www.cuttingthroughthenoise.net
        
         | alphadelphi wrote:
         | indeed, it is indipendent from scientific consensus
        
         | oblio wrote:
         | LOL
         | 
         | It looks pretty nice and it's well written and I won't delve
         | deep into the flaws, I'm sure others will.
         | 
         | However one big thing that climate change skeptics/deniers keep
         | missing or handwaving about renewables is that they've never
         | listened to Wayne Gretzky. None of them are skating to where
         | the puck will be. Living in the past is worse for everyone.
        
         | ViscountPenguin wrote:
         | Thank god the web design sucks, otherwise someone might listen
         | to it!
        
       | hbarka wrote:
       | I think it was more than three, I don't recall the reference of 3
       | horsemen being used. Lynda Weinman and Seth Godin were
       | influential (Godin from a marketing and SEO perspective). Also
       | Krug and Allsop.
        
         | meigwilym wrote:
         | Also Molly.com
        
       | ngneer wrote:
       | I was doing web design in the early days. I recall the thrill of
       | thinking how the possibilities were endless.
       | 
       | This article reminds me of "A List Apart". That website is still
       | running, incidentally.
        
         | JimDabell wrote:
         | Evolt finally shut down last year:
         | 
         | https://web.archive.org/web/20240206220342/https://lists.evo...
         | 
         | However their browser archive, where you can download ancient
         | versions of over a hundred different web browsers, is still
         | online:
         | 
         | https://browsers.evolt.org
         | 
         | And that was back when browsers had their own rendering engines
         | and they weren't all based on Blink, Gecko, or WebKit!
        
       | donatj wrote:
       | I yearn for the early days when I could just "View Source" to see
       | how something neat on a page worked.
       | 
       | Now there's rarely anything neat, and when there is you can poke
       | around with the inspector but it's likely buried deep in some
       | obfuscated JS you'll never decipher.
        
         | squidbeak wrote:
         | It's still a pleasure to explore HTML and CSS on any creatively
         | made site that isn't a js machine. Modern CSS is incredibly
         | rich.
        
         | simonw wrote:
         | Did you poke around in that CSS Minecraft thing recently? One
         | of the best view source experiences I've had in years:
         | https://github.com/BenjaminAster/CSS-Minecraft/tree/main
        
       | tclancy wrote:
       | I always wonder how old I will be before I forget you could only
       | nest tables 7 levels deep in Netscape Navigator 4.
        
       | rchaud wrote:
       | I liked Zeldman's designs and writing style the best of these 3
       | guys. Imagine my shock a few years ago when I visited his site
       | again and saw a hideous Wordpress default theme on it. The
       | article mentions that there'll be a new design coming soon, but I
       | can't help but feel Automattic forced him to use their in-house
       | design when he started working there.
        
       | telesilla wrote:
       | >invisible tables and single-pixel GIFs
       | 
       | The instant marker of my generation
        
         | DonHopkins wrote:
         | I've got an invisible single pixel gif tattoo! It's right above
         | my invisible embedded G4 tracking chip.
        
       | adregan wrote:
       | The irony that web art history (design, ux, &c.) is so much more
       | difficult to study and appreciate--compared to traditional forms
       | --when it should be the easiest, always surprises me.
       | 
       | I try not to profess in mixed company that young designers should
       | know the history of the web (it's so young after all!), lest I be
       | pegged an old man yelling at clouds. However, there was a time
       | when there was a really interesting intersection of print
       | designers coming to work on the nascent web, asking for the moon,
       | and web developers teasing out compromises because the platform
       | was so limited. Now that the platform is so capable that it could
       | accomplish those designs, we don't have designers capable of
       | imagining it.
       | 
       | I'd love for a designer to ask me to do something different for a
       | change of pace. There have been many neat APIs that have slowly
       | made their way to CSS over the years sitting unused.
        
       | mgr86 wrote:
       | > I'd argue that his pragmatic approach to web design --
       | combining web standards with design flair -- was what won out
       | during the 90s and early 2000s. Certainly, of the three web
       | design gurus in 1997, Zeldman's website back then was by far the
       | most interesting and exotic. --
       | 
       | I really looked to him at that time. I would sneak away during
       | lunch my senior year of high school to read his new Web Standards
       | book. I still regularly check A list Apart, albeit its seldom
       | updated these days. But his approach melded nicely with the other
       | things from XML land I had been reading at the time.
        
       | eadmund wrote:
       | > Useit didn't change its design over the years. By the Web 2.0
       | period, it was seen my most in the web design profession as being
       | hopelessly outdated.
       | 
       | Oddly enough, I much prefer it to the corporate NNGroup site. And
       | that last version reminds me a bit of HN itself. Simple, clean
       | and usable -- really simple, really clean and really usable, not
       | mindlessly aping a trend (and getting it wrong) but intelligently
       | setting its own trend.
       | 
       | I wish more sites adopted that style of design.
        
       | Maro wrote:
       | Such nostalgia -- in the seconf half of the 90s I was 15-18 years
       | old, and I was reading these books trying to become a kick-ass
       | "Web Designer/Developer". I quickly realized "Web Designer" is
       | not for me, I have no sense for pixels, I need to focus on the
       | "Web Developer" side. Learn "DHTML" and how to make things work
       | on both IE and Netscape! IE back then had JScript, which was not
       | exactly Javascript, or EcmaScript, which is what you said if you
       | wanted to flex :)
        
       | subpixel wrote:
       | "His current website, cuttingthroughthenoise.net, shows that he
       | now has a variety of business and personal interests."
       | 
       | That is a funny way to not mention that he is a hard-core climate
       | change denialist.
        
         | replwoacause wrote:
         | Whoa you weren't kidding. Right from the first paragraph on the
         | main page: "Humans are not destroying Earth or the climate. The
         | widespread belief in anthropogenic warming is the result of
         | political idealism, bad science, faulty data, social
         | psychopathy, and greed. There is no climate emergency. The
         | Apocalyptic climate narrative is a seriously misleading
         | propaganda tool and a socially destructive guide for public
         | policy."
         | 
         | What a loon
        
       | absurdo wrote:
       | On the flip side, I cherish my torn and beaten up copy of The New
       | Masters of Flash. RIP Macromedia.
        
         | Brajeshwar wrote:
         | Nice. I don't know anyone serious with Flash at that time who
         | does not have that book.
         | 
         | In the early 2000s amazon.com was not in my country, India, but
         | they deliver books for a hefty shipping fee. I bought my first
         | book and the first ever order from Amazon - "Object-Oriented
         | Programming with ActionScript" by Branden Hall for a whooping
         | $51.97 (just checked my order history). After a few years,
         | seating in the room with all of the authors, the whos who, and
         | the father of ActionScript at the Macromedia office in Townsend
         | was sureal for me. Spot them here
         | https://www.flickr.com/photos/brajeshwar/albums/720575940814...
        
       | tunnuz wrote:
       | Zeldman was one of my heroes in the 00s. I would argue that the
       | list could also include Eric Meyer
       | (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_A._Meyer).
        
         | rglover wrote:
         | Still use Eric's CSS Reset 2.0 till this day. Have never found
         | anything quite as simple and to the point.
        
       | tiffanyh wrote:
       | I'm surprised https://alistapart.com wasn't mentioned.
        
         | micheljansen wrote:
         | That's by Jeffrey Zeldman
        
       | ExMachina73 wrote:
       | Lets be real. The pinnacle of web design was clearly zombo.com
        
         | ok123456 wrote:
         | It can do anything.
        
       | gdubs wrote:
       | Any article on 90s Web Design gurus would not be complete without
       | at least a mention of Jeffery Veen. HotWired completely defined
       | the aesthetic of the 90s web, breaking all sorts of conventions
       | to create something totally new.
       | 
       | Some point along the way I lost my copy of HotWired Style:
       | Principles of Web Design - so I picked up a new one. It's an
       | amazing time capsule of what that time was like, and even if the
       | technology has changed it's still so interesting to me from a
       | standpoint of working within constraints, and understanding a new
       | medium for itself rather than just as a thing to host the
       | previous medium.
       | 
       | https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1864
        
       | levmiseri wrote:
       | Lovely window into the history.
       | 
       | Sometimes I wonder how I (or generally people of that time) would
       | react to seeing the modern web. At least -- the 'good' modern web
       | and design. Awe? Confusion? Understanding that this is the future
       | in the very same way that we understand that 'that' was the past?
        
         | dbg31415 wrote:
         | The modern web is sleek and polished, but something's been
         | lost. I still remember how cool it felt seeing a clean CSS
         | layout for the first time -- text aligned perfectly without
         | tables, seamless transitions -- it was magic.
         | 
         | But now everything feels uniform. Design is so standardized I
         | can't remember the last time a site genuinely surprised me or
         | made me want to dig into the code or copy it for my own.
         | 
         | It feels like we're browsing the Walmart music section...
         | efficient, predictable, and totally sterile. I miss the indie
         | record store vibe -- quirky, surprising, maybe even a little
         | messy, but full of personality.
        
       | fitsumbelay wrote:
       | I'd've put Celement Mok on this list as well ...
        
       | erikig wrote:
       | Every time I work on a website's UI/UX I have that image of
       | Zeldman staring at me from "Designing with web standards"
       | 
       | https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Designi...
        
       | 90s_dev wrote:
       | Can anyone help me find a specific HTML book? It was the first
       | one I ever read, I've been looking for it on Amazon every few
       | years and haven't found it yet.
       | 
       | It must have been released around 1995 or so. It used Mosaic
       | browser throughout all the examples, which looked so different
       | than the IE3 that I was using. There was a heavy focus on forms
       | and controls. And it was hundreds of pages. Familiar to anyone?
        
       | dbg31415 wrote:
       | Krug belongs on this list.
       | 
       | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Make_Me_Think
        
       | replwoacause wrote:
       | Great article, a nice trip down memory lane. I still have my copy
       | of "The Zen of CSS Design: Visual Enlightenment for the Web"
       | somewhere. I know Dave Shea wasn't mentioned, but this book was
       | my intro into design on the earlyish web.
        
       | rkaregaran wrote:
       | Designing with Web Standards was the bible during the web's
       | golden era. Peer's minds were being blown that we could lay stuff
       | out without tables and spacers.
        
         | amatecha wrote:
         | My personal website from those days landed me a job at one of
         | the biggest web firms in my city at that time. Made my own
         | design in Photoshop, laid out the page with tables and of
         | course the trusty spacer.gif! Good times. Unfortunately the
         | archive.org snapshots of my site aren't loading the images,
         | even though they used to :(
        
       | qgin wrote:
       | My late 90s web designing life was based entirely around
       | Zeldman's "Pardon My Icons" collection:
       | https://zeldman.com/icon1.html
        
       | t1234s wrote:
       | Seeing that Flash screen in the article gave me PTSD
        
       | krupan wrote:
       | Such nostalgia, and such a reminder of how awful so many websites
       | are now with pop ups asking you to subscribe and/or give feedback
       | before you have even had a chance to read anything and content
       | that jumps around as JavaScript and images (ads) load. I feel
       | like the web has regressed massively in the last few years, and
       | we don't seem to have anyone talking about it like those guys
       | did.
        
       | cloudpushers wrote:
       | Ugh, such a good read as we enter an era where we kind of have to
       | build interactions from first principals or else we'll be stuck
       | with a clunky search bar and lackluster AI adoption.
       | 
       | Perhaps Nielsen's practices will enjoy a resurgence as it's
       | easier to make personal sites for all sorts of different, non-
       | commercial entities and happenings.
        
       | H1Supreme wrote:
       | Although this article references the 90's, it reminded me of the
       | truly vibrant web design scene of the early 2000's. I was a
       | graphic design (print work back then) student / early in my
       | career at the time. Sites like k10k, Newstoday, Praystation, and
       | many others jump-started my interest in writing software by way
       | of web design. Flash especially.
       | 
       | There was a network of sites (like those mentioned above), that
       | had feeds of interesting work done on the web. Much of it was
       | purely an exercise in creativity. The single 1024x768 resolution
       | target let folks go wild without the constraints of
       | responsiveness that we see today.
       | 
       | While I realize that the web had to evolve, I have a lot of
       | nostalgia for web design from those days. The "design" part of it
       | was really centered around artistic expression, and still had a
       | lot of influence from graphic design.
        
       | rglover wrote:
       | I badly miss this era. It was so happy, positive, and innocent.
       | People were really just having fun making stuff and teaching each
       | other. Nowadays it all feels very fake and vanity-driven.
       | 
       | Will never forget learning HTML + CSS by reading these guys books
       | and constantly refreshing forums like Designer's Talk.
        
       | KaiserPro wrote:
       | Flash was great, but abused to do bad things (like all good tech)
       | 
       | The killer was the iphone not being powerful enough/having enough
       | ram to run the plugin, and adobe refusing to make concessions.
       | 
       | What it got right:
       | 
       | Design once, looks the same _anywhere_
       | 
       | reasonably powerful scripting language
       | 
       | Vectors as a first party drawing primitive
       | 
       | abstracted OS hooks
       | 
       | This was it's downfall, because it was for the time heavy to run.
       | Combined with advertisers wanting rich flashy adverts, meant it
       | became the bane of people's life.
       | 
       | There is still no replacement that is easy to author, and works
       | pretty much anywhere. Sure there are loads of JS frameworks that
       | sorta do one part of what flash did, but none of them have the
       | rich editor that allowed you to have such creative freedom.
       | 
       | The closest thing to it now is unity.
        
         | Yhippa wrote:
         | It seemed to really lower the barrier for creator to make some
         | cool (and really funny stuff) so for that, I'm thankful.
        
         | baw-bag wrote:
         | I worked as a Nailgun operative in a Palette factory for a few
         | dollars with people shooting nails at eachother for fun. I seen
         | turtleshell.com one day and at the time I was like woah.
         | 
         | Flash was my route out of garbage and I miss it on behalf of
         | younger people. I remember making a circle and keyframes.
         | Attaching bits of code to frames to make it do what I want.
         | Remember living at my moms house in the bath reading Flash Math
         | Creativity or Colin Moock's books. I spent so so long
         | understanding the concept of an Object or a Class or functions
         | that call functions.
         | 
         | I feel that if I went back today, I'd be assaulted by package
         | managers, dependencies, build systems, frameworks. No easy and
         | beautiful way to draw a circle that weekend and animate it to
         | an oval.
         | 
         | It is a real loss.
         | 
         | Stuff moves on and I am a developer, but my interest in motion
         | (Penner! Keith Peters!) gave me a real solid feeling of what
         | feels good with interactivity and motion and sometimes I open
         | that ticket but it is rare. Everything is just the same now and
         | I solve the same problems many of you do over and over again.
         | It's boring. No creativity, no inspiration.
        
       | WorldPeas wrote:
       | My two favorites in the 2000s (when these books were kind of
       | dated already) were Lynda's books/cds and Steve Krug's "don't
       | make me think"
        
       | jongjong wrote:
       | I remember writing web pages using invisible tables and other
       | HTML hacks. I also remember later using CSS hacks and different
       | properties for each major browser... Sometimes you would use
       | underscores in the CSS property name so that it would be ignored
       | by some browsers and not others. You had to test almost every
       | styling change you made with at least 3 different browsers. The
       | standard wasn't being followed strictly by IE which was dominant
       | at the time.
       | 
       | Reading this article reminds me of how many opportunities there
       | were to build useful tools and quickly gain traction and grow a
       | community. Nowadays everything including people's attention has
       | been monopolized and growing a community is not feasible for
       | everyone. This rubs salt into the wound that it's also much
       | harder to create viable, differentiated products due to high
       | competition.
        
       | yarone wrote:
       | Nielsen's "Usability Engineering" was my FIRST EVER Amazon.com
       | purchase in June 1998.
        
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