[HN Gopher] British naval dominance during the age of sail
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       British naval dominance during the age of sail
        
       Author : surprisetalk
       Score  : 87 points
       Date   : 2025-05-16 13:14 UTC (9 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.lesswrong.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.lesswrong.com)
        
       | neonnoodle wrote:
       | APRIL 1805
       | 
       | NAPOLEON IS MASTER OF EUROPE.
       | 
       | ONLY THE BRITISH FLEET STANDS BEFORE HIM.
       | 
       | OCEANS ARE NOW BATTLEFIELDS.
        
         | alabastervlog wrote:
         | 1) God damn that movie is so good.
         | 
         | 2) I think part of why it stands out so much is that there are
         | incredibly few excellently-made age of sail war films. A few of
         | the black & white and early color era ones are pretty good (
         | _The Sea Hawk_ and such) but those are pretty different in
         | tone. _Master and Commander_ is very nearly unique. You have to
         | switch over to sci fi (Star Trek, maybe _Forbidden Planet_ ) to
         | scratch a similar itch. If you want specifically age of sail,
         | with that structure and tone (war, edge-of-civilization
         | exploration with a ship), your options are _very_ limited.
         | 
         | 3) I have discovered only very-belatedly that Peter Weir is one
         | of my favorite directors. I had no idea for the longest time
         | that the same guy did _The Mosquito Coast_ , _Master and
         | Commander_ , _The Year of Living Dangerously_ , _Dead Poet 's
         | Society_, _Witness_ , and _The Truman Show_. Dude just knocked
         | out one quietly-great movie after another, across multiple
         | genres. I 've gone back and picked up some others ( _Gallipoli_
         | , _The Cars that Ate Paris_ ) and have yet to be disappointed.
         | The remainder of his all-too-short catalogue is high up my to-
         | watch list. I've seen zero duds from him so far.
        
           | rienbdj wrote:
           | If you like the exploration type stuff, maybe try the Van
           | Rijn series. It's loosely based on Dutch merchants but in a
           | sci fi setting. Some interesting discussion of capitalism,
           | trade and exploitation too. It is also very much of its time.
        
           | iainmerrick wrote:
           | Don't forget _Picnic at Hanging Rock_!
           | 
           | I really love Peter Weir -- I don't think all of his movies
           | are amazing, but many of them are, and they're all really
           | ambitious and unique. He never rests on his laurels. (Reminds
           | me in that respect of George Miller, director of _Babe_ and
           | _Mad Max_ )
        
             | alabastervlog wrote:
             | That one and _The Last Wave_ are the ones from his
             | remaining ~7 movies I 've not seen, that I fully expect to
             | be good. I know less of the reputation of the other five,
             | but even if all of them are bad that'll leave him with an
             | excellent batting average.
             | 
             | [EDIT] To expand on my late-discovered love of the guy's
             | work, the key figures in my slowly drifting toward being a
             | bit of an actual _film fan_ were all people I knew by name:
             | Spielberg ( _Empire of the Sun_ , plus all his usual
             | biggies), Don Bluth (Learning so young that a movie can
             | _hurt_... and that can be a really good thing!), and George
             | Lucas (first by hooking me on Star Wars, which got me into
             | making-ofs and the craft of film-making and editing, the
             | idea of the pastiche film which sent me chasing down
             | influences, and then with the prequels with wanting, owing
             | to my prior high levels of engagement with the franchise,
             | to dig deeper into  "... but _why_ , exactly, are they so
             | bad?" which was its own kind of education); but then, some
             | time in the back half of my 30s, I discovered that a bunch
             | of other films that'd been key on that journey were all by
             | this one other dude whose name had previously failed to
             | register. He was this fourth major figure in the early and
             | middle parts of this journey, for me, and I didn't even
             | know it!
        
           | kridsdale3 wrote:
           | I have always desperately wanted a Star Wars movie that is
           | essentially nothing more than Master and Commander.
           | 
           | No magical beings, no one-in-a-trillion mega-celebrities.
           | Just professionals doing their jobs within the Navy and the
           | adventures they had as mortal, skilled, men.
           | 
           | What are the TIE Pilots talking about off-shift, how does the
           | Captain feel about the new mission priorities?
           | 
           | Andor is closest we've had to seeing this POV.
        
             | alabastervlog wrote:
             | Yeah, kind of what _Lower Decks_ (the show, and for that
             | matter also the episode  "Lower Decks") is to Star Trek,
             | but not comedy. _Andor_ is indeed the closest I know of to
             | that, though you see little touches of similar things in
             | some episodes of _The Mandalorian_ and the _Clone Wars_
             | cartoon (though of course that one 's also full of the
             | "magical beings")
        
             | kryogen1c wrote:
             | > Just professionals doing their jobs
             | 
             | This is one of the reasons I love Rogue One. There is a
             | desperation that permeates the film that culminates into
             | the titanic final scene
        
             | xeonmc wrote:
             | If Peter Jackson had followed through with Temeraire I
             | think it'd be right up your alley.
        
         | Lio wrote:
         | Master and Commander[1], I love that film and the series of
         | books.
         | 
         | A detail I loved from both is that the French are treated with
         | respect as formidable adversaries.
         | 
         | There's no love lost in battle but when either side are
         | captured they generally treat each other well[2].
         | 
         | The other detail is the amount that the protagonists get
         | permanently injured; burned, amputated, broken or just lost
         | overboard. That happened, a lot and people just got on with it.
         | 
         | 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_and_Commander
         | 
         | 2. Maturin does get tortured in one of the books but we'll
         | gloss over that.
        
           | tclancy wrote:
           | Well yes, but the torture is outsourced to a villainous
           | Spainiard!
        
             | turtlesdown11 wrote:
             | While the torture takes place in Spanish held Port Mahon in
             | Mallorca, the torturers are unarguably French (Colonel
             | Auger, Captain Dutourd, unnamed other Frenchmen).
        
           | dghlsakjg wrote:
           | Maturin gets tortured because he is involved in
           | "ungentlemanly or dishonorable" forms of warfare (phrased to
           | avoid revealing a plotline).
        
         | dylan604 wrote:
         | It's funny now how the opening of a movie can be read as a
         | prompt to an LLM. Given the heavy copyright infringement, it
         | would not be surprising to get the actual plot line to this
         | specific movie as a response as seen in previous examples
         | posted here before.
        
           | mncharity wrote:
           | > Given the heavy copyright infringement,
           | 
           | Hollywood: "We successfully created a societal archetype!
           | Yay!" Also Hollywood: "Unqualified societal idiom now refers
           | to our archetype! Dreadful infringement machine!"
        
         | libraryofbabel wrote:
         | Highly _highly_ recommend Patrick O'Brian's series of novels on
         | which the movie is based. They are amazing: full of deeply-
         | researched detail about life in the British navy during the
         | napoleonic wars, with wonderful characters, and thrilling page-
         | turners as well. Best historical novels ever written.
        
           | OxfordOutlander wrote:
           | +1
        
           | idontwantthis wrote:
           | And the Simon Vance recordings are delightful.
        
           | mwigdahl wrote:
           | Strongly seconded. For me, they were better than the
           | Hornblower novels (which are excellent in their own right).
        
           | throw0101c wrote:
           | > _Patrick O'Brian's series of novels_
           | 
           | * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey-Maturin_series
        
           | gadders wrote:
           | The Bernard Cornwell's Sharpe books are good as well, if
           | you'd like to see Napoleon's armies defeated on land instead
           | of sea.
        
             | rout39574 wrote:
             | And Allan Mallinson's series about Matthew Hervey adds
             | another branch of the military. Post-napoleonic, but a
             | fascinating trip through colonialism.
        
           | burntalmonds wrote:
           | After seeing the movie I devoured the entire series. Great
           | stuff.
        
           | Khaine wrote:
           | Don't forget the Hornblower book (and tv movie) series by C.
           | S. Forester.
        
         | sklargh wrote:
         | Assemble the dads for the dad film!
         | 
         | (Incredible movie and very enjoyable novels, recommend Master
         | and Commander and Aubrey Maturin to all HN users)
        
       | roter wrote:
       | There is also the theory that the British just had more practice
       | at gunnery and sailhandling while blockading the French/Spanish
       | in the various ports.
        
         | IAmBroom wrote:
         | Which leads to the theory of why the USS Constitution was so
         | superior to British ships.
         | 
         | The Americans drilled daily with live cannon, while the British
         | drilled less often, and without live fire (presumably to
         | conserve powder and balls).
         | 
         | As an unsurprising result, American crews were more experienced
         | at reloading under the duress of cannonade. The sound on the
         | gun decks was so great it would burst eardrums. The smoke made
         | it too hard to see anything a few feet from the portals.
         | 
         | If you've never been near a gunpowder cannon fire, it's hard to
         | comprehend the surreal rupture of reality it causes in your
         | perception. I was to the side, but in front, of one. My world
         | went black, then lightening values of gray. Sound returned.
         | Then people appeared in the fog, moving with their arms out
         | trying to get away blindly from the threat they perceived (that
         | was already over).
         | 
         | Without proper training, new sailors will stumble badly in
         | their first firefight, and each man on the gundeck is crucial
         | to a team. The officers were outside the deck, so they could
         | receive orders. If you can't load your cannon while blind and
         | deaf, your cannon sits quiet a long time.
        
           | sklargh wrote:
           | My first time hearing 5.56 fire when I incidentally had ear
           | pro off was shocking. Cannot imagine what a gun deck was like
           | in the age of sail.
        
             | alabastervlog wrote:
             | Gunfire is _insanely_ loud. Even a little .22 is louder
             | than the apparent volume of heavier rounds in most film and
             | TV. It 's one of those things people can have entirely the
             | wrong idea about if their only exposure to it is media. You
             | see things like people firing rifles from _inside a car_
             | and it 's like... nobody in that car should be able to hear
             | a damn thing for a full minute, and with repeated fire
             | their ears might ring badly through the next day.
             | 
             |  _Archer_ kinda gets this more-right than most things, LOL.
             | "MAWP! MAWP!"
        
               | bee_rider wrote:
               | Comedies often are more accurate because dumb things are
               | allowed to happen and real life doesn't follow the rule-
               | of-cool. See also, Monty Python Holy Grail, and Veep.
        
               | inetknght wrote:
               | > _Gunfire is insanely loud. Even a little .22 is louder
               | than the apparent volume of heavier rounds in most film
               | and TV. It 's one of those things people can have
               | entirely the wrong idea about if their only exposure to
               | it is media._
               | 
               | Part of that is because the sound volume is just _so_
               | drastically different compared to normally talking;
               | microphones have trouble with it, audio amplifiers end up
               | clipping [0], and most speakers would blow out if the amp
               | didn 't clip (especially for the larger guns). And,
               | assuming none of that happened then, just as you would
               | have on a gun deck, your listeners' ears would be
               | damaged. So the sound of gunfire in media is quieted.
               | 
               | Most people simply aren't around guns in the first place,
               | let alone firing guns (eg, going to a gun range with
               | friends/family/etc even if you don't own a gun), to
               | understand just how much media misrepresents it.
               | 
               | [0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(audio)
        
             | lowbloodsugar wrote:
             | Dude was using a shotgun in an indoor range next to me and
             | the air pressure was so bad I had to move. Pressure against
             | my whole body.
        
               | bee_rider wrote:
               | Seems rude.
               | 
               | Is it typical to use a shotgun in an indoor range? I
               | thought shotguns were for killing clay pigeons.
        
               | bluGill wrote:
               | There are indoor clay pigeon ranges. Though I'm guessing
               | it was a shotgun shooting a slug which acts like any
               | other gun (as opposed to shot which spreads and so
               | wouldn't be useful at most ranges since you would hit
               | your neighbor's target as well)
        
               | potato3732842 wrote:
               | First off, most indoor ranges don't allow shotgun target
               | loads and slugs are $$$ so people don't typically shoot
               | them indoors.
               | 
               | It's not explicitly rude but depending on the exact
               | circumstances it's kind of pushing it to shoot 12ga and
               | full power rifle rounds at indoor recreational ranges.
               | Like don't do it on Saturday morning when it's busy and
               | everyone is their with their wife or kids or whatever.
               | Anything with enough concussion to be obnoxious to other
               | shooters is sus.
        
               | jvanderbot wrote:
               | Local range only allows shotguns for 1 w/y (to sight in
               | hunting sabots). That's why. Those things are _big_.
               | 
               | But even a .270 /30-06 puts out a lot more noise than you
               | think it will. You jump right out of your skin the first
               | shot.
        
             | ggreer wrote:
             | I've noticed that even with good hearing protection
             | (foamies + earmuffs), being next to loud guns (like .50BMG
             | outdoors or most rifle calibers indoors) disorients me and
             | causes me to feel a little strange for hours afterwards. I
             | think that anyone who spends a lot of time near such
             | explosions risks brain injury.
             | 
             | I'm pretty sure the effect comes from the sound and not
             | something like toxic gasses because I never get the feeling
             | shooting smaller calibers, nor do I get it when shooting
             | with a silencer. It's too bad silencers are so restricted
             | in the US. I think a lot of shooters would be in better
             | health if they were more common.
        
               | fatbird wrote:
               | In the army I had the opportunity to fire the Carl Gustaf
               | 84mm recoilless rifle, which is normally a two person job
               | (one to hold, aim and fire, the other to load and check
               | the backblast area).
               | 
               | We're instructed to exhale before firing because the
               | concussion of the round leaving the front while its
               | propellent leaves the back of the tube creates a brief
               | vacuum. If you don't exhale, the air is forced out of
               | your lungs so violently you feel like you got punched in
               | the chest.
               | 
               | The noise is undoubtedly part of it, but the atmospheric
               | effect is not insignificant, I think.
        
               | potato3732842 wrote:
               | >The noise is undoubtedly part of it, but the atmospheric
               | effect is not insignificant, I think.
               | 
               | Yeah that's exactly why indoor ranges kind of suck for
               | any serious rifle caliber.
        
           | vintagedave wrote:
           | > Then people appeared in the fog, moving with their arms out
           | trying to get away blindly from the threat they perceived
           | (that was already over).
           | 
           | With an actual threat, it sounds like it was a genuine cannon
           | firefight -- though surely not these days. May I ask what
           | this was?
        
           | kayodelycaon wrote:
           | The USS Constitution and her sister ships were "super
           | frigates" armed with ~50 guns of 24lb cannons and 36lb
           | carronades. Most British frigates they went up against had
           | fewer guns and used 18 lb cannons. The USS Constitution also
           | had thicker hulls.
           | 
           | The British had to start using cut down ships of the line
           | against them.
           | 
           | In WW2 terms, they were battle cruisers taking on heavy and
           | light cruisers.
           | 
           | The battle cruiser example is especially apt because a 24lb
           | cannon could pierce any ship of the line's hull.
        
           | OxfordOutlander wrote:
           | This may have been a contributing factor, but the reason the
           | American frigates were successful in the War of 1812 was
           | because they were significantly larger and more powerful
           | ships, with more powerful cannons. They had material
           | advantages in size (100% heavier), crew (50% more numerous),
           | and firepower (30-50% more weight of shot). The crews were
           | well trained (and included many former British navy able
           | seamen, pressed from American merchantmen) but it was the
           | material advantages that swayed these combats.
           | 
           | It was curious how effectively the American naval
           | establishment gamed the European 'honor' system of naval
           | warfare - they knew that if they kept these warships
           | technically rated as 'frigates' (even though they were the
           | largest and most powerful frigates ever built, similar in
           | size to smaller ships of the line), the British would still
           | try to fight them one on one with their frigates.
        
             | wood_spirit wrote:
             | Also the oak used in the construction was much better.
        
               | readthenotes1 wrote:
               | I was surprised, because of your user name, that you have
               | made comments not directly referring to timber.
        
               | BuyMyBitcoins wrote:
               | >"comments not directly referring to timber."
               | 
               | Sometimes it is good to go against the grain.
        
           | christkv wrote:
           | UK was also busy with the Napoleonic war which caused
           | attrition of skilled crew men and ships. 1812 was a secondary
           | campaign.
        
             | blibble wrote:
             | same is true of the US rebellion in 1776
             | 
             | at most a minor skirmish within the larger ongoing wars
             | with France
        
           | nkrisc wrote:
           | When I visited Oslo we went to Akershus festning, where we
           | heard this enormous blast that sounded like a bomb going off,
           | it really startled us as we weren't expecting it. After
           | recovering, we realized they were firing off some cannons
           | there, I don't know if it's a regular thing or not. I was
           | expecting some massive cannon based on the blast, but it
           | really didn't seem all that large. I can't even imagine what
           | it must have been like on the gun deck of a large warship
           | with 30 or more cannons.
        
           | EdwardDiego wrote:
           | I shoot .308, and have noticed that the position where you
           | were (to the side, but ahead), receives far more noise than
           | when you're behind the barrel shooting. Like phenomenally
           | more.
        
         | simonbarker87 wrote:
         | The rest is history podcast have a three parter on the battle
         | of Trafalgar, they cover a lot of the lead up and essentially
         | it sounds like the Royal Navy professionalised in a way that
         | the the French and Spanish didn't. Portsmouth was very
         | industrialised to constantly develop and churn out naval assets
         | and improvements. Coupled with the kings use of new financial
         | methods and that 25% of the country's GDP was spent on the navy
         | you had basically an unbeatable force by the time Trafalgar
         | happened.
        
           | kridsdale3 wrote:
           | 25%!
           | 
           | If the modern US did that, we'd have Gundams and Super Star
           | Destroyers.
        
             | techterrier wrote:
             | no, just a squillion LCS
        
           | stnmtn wrote:
           | It was well-known during that period that French shipwrights
           | could built better ships - the problem was that the Royal
           | Navy had better seamanship and would win most naval actions,
           | and commandeer the better-built french ships and integrate
           | them into the Royal Navy. So the british had the advantage of
           | their own ships, and many of the better-built french ships.
        
         | wagwangbosy wrote:
         | The french navy had been super formidable throughout the 17th
         | and 18th centuries. I don't really get how they folded so
         | quickly to the UK.
        
           | bell-cot wrote:
           | France ditched most of its senior naval officers late in the
           | 18th century, for the "crime" of being loyal to the prior
           | regime: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution
        
             | zardo wrote:
             | The French army purged old loyalists and replaced them with
             | young officers, but wound up more capable, not less.
        
               | mncharity wrote:
               | Copilot contrasts the army's extensive battlefield
               | promotions, broad and rapid, versus the navy's leadership
               | funnel narrowed and slowed by specialized skills and more
               | limited opportunities to develop and demonstrate them.
        
           | nradov wrote:
           | After the French revolution, their government executed or
           | dismissed many of their best officers. They often came from
           | the aristocracy or had royalist loyalties and were thus
           | politically suspect. Replacement officers were often
           | appointed purely based on revolutionary ideology with little
           | attention paid to experience or competence. At times the
           | government was also just short of cash and supplies needed to
           | keep the navy running.
        
       | _joel wrote:
       | Relevant, also the original meaning of "Copper Bottomed Promise".
       | https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/copper-bottomed.html
        
       | nradov wrote:
       | There was also just a basic matter of competence among the
       | commissioned officers. The British Royal Navy was at least
       | somewhat more of a meritocracy than most of their adversaries.
       | While there was a certain level of nepotism and corruption, even
       | aristocrats and sons of admirals generally needed some level of
       | experience and seamanship in order to earn a promotion to
       | lieutenant. And it was totally possible for a talented enlisted
       | sailor to earn an officer's commission (although there was some
       | luck involved).
        
       | bell-cot wrote:
       | If you're seriously interested in this topic, I'd suggest
       | https://www.youtube.com/user/Drachinifel
       | 
       | Upside: He's a professional British naval historian, and knows
       | this subject extremely well.
       | 
       | Downside: That I recall, he's never produced a video that
       | concentrates on answering the "why was the Royal Navy so
       | dominant..." question. Instead, he's covered the subject in bit
       | and pieces across a huge number of videos.
        
       | lupusreal wrote:
       | The more history I read the more I think the British have an
       | unreasonable amount of plot armor
        
         | dsjoerg wrote:
         | Yeah it was a good run.
         | 
         | Britain only became a thing after union in 1707. They had a
         | good ~200 years, what with a great empire and industrialization
         | and then an added bonus with America speaking English and
         | britain being less damaged by WW2 than the rest of europe.
        
       | lurk2 wrote:
       | > Compensation: In addition to huge prizes--capturing a merchant
       | vessel could make a captain wealthy for life--there was a wage
       | system where officers were oversupplied and naval officers that
       | weren't at sea were kept at half pay. The unemployment pool that
       | resulted from this efficiency wage made it easier to discipline
       | officers by moving them back to the captains list. (Allen argues
       | that a fixed-wage system would have led to adverse selection
       | since captains on half pay weren't permanently employees of the
       | navy but would reject commissions that weren't remunerative.)
       | 
       | I reread this three times and I can't make heads or tails of what
       | it's supposed to mean. There is an oversupply of officers. They
       | are kept at half pay. This affords opportunities to discipline
       | officers. This is presumably because there are others willing to
       | take his place, but all that is referenced is a captain's list.
       | Is this the list of officers on half-pay?
       | 
       | I genuinely can't even understand the argument being made in
       | brackets.
        
         | unholyguy001 wrote:
         | There was an oversupply of officers. At any particular point in
         | time many of the officers were "on the bench" at half pay.
         | 
         | This made it easy to replace underperforming officers with
         | those on the bench
        
           | anigbrowl wrote:
           | Now do the part in brackets that appears to contradict it.
        
         | giraffe_lady wrote:
         | I may have some of the terminology wrong (but I think they are
         | also using it sloppily?) but that's the basic idea yeah. The
         | "captains list" is the officers eligible to be posted in the
         | role of captain of a ship, which is not quite the same as the
         | rank of captain.
         | 
         | Officers with the actual rank of captain would normally be
         | permanently posted to a ship's command, and only large,
         | prominent, or prestigious warships were captained by captain-
         | rank officers. So it was highly desirable to at least attain
         | that rank. You could get there by achievement on a temporary
         | command which is part of why they were so sought after. Or
         | simply through politics and patronage: the naval officer corps
         | being intimately tied up with both the waning aristocratic and
         | emerging modern nation-state systems.
         | 
         | Officers on the lists were necessarily "gentlemen" in a
         | technical legal-social sense, and were mostly free to pursue
         | their social, family and business interests when not posted to
         | a command. Depending on their resources and connections outside
         | the navy, they could have quite excellent alternatives to a
         | command that was unlikely to make them much money. Or, like
         | younger sons of small or declining holdings would take anything
         | they could get.
         | 
         | Anyway this is what I remember from all the external reading I
         | did trying to make sense of the politics of command in the
         | aubrey-maturin books which is I think the normal way to learn
         | it these days.
        
         | Keyframe wrote:
         | As is customary, I read only what you quoted before the
         | article.
         | 
         | The way I understood it is that main incentive was to capture
         | ships, that's on top of the pay; So, like a bonus structure in
         | modern day and age. If you weren't assigned to a ship, you'd
         | still get paid but half of what you'd get on a ship. Since
         | there were eventually more officers than ships, this created a
         | pool of officers eager for assignments and thus "if you won't,
         | there's someone that will" management style.
         | 
         | Now, a bit more complicated what Allen argued about, also from
         | what I understood, is if captains were on fixed wage they'd
         | turn down assignments (which they could since they weren't
         | permanently employed) since reward isn't following the risk and
         | you'd probably get only the worst or desperate captains to
         | accept the job instead of competent which have all the reasons
         | to refuse.
         | 
         | I don't know, maybe I read it wrong, but it makes sense like
         | that at least.
        
         | strken wrote:
         | I think Allen is arguing that, if the beached officers were
         | either on full pay and forced to accept postings by law, or no
         | pay and forced by poverty, they would not be able to reject
         | commissions. They would thus be forced to accept adverse
         | postings that were bad for the navy as a whole.
         | 
         | They were able to reject commissions because they weren't
         | technically employed by the navy while unassigned. Officers
         | could turn down a posting and still draw half pay, and in fact
         | they kept their half pay during retirement.
        
       | dmckeon wrote:
       | While the "weather gage" and heeling does have an effect on
       | cannon range, the more important issue is that the upwind ships
       | (that have the weather gage) thus have more maneuverability, and
       | can more easily pursue a ship trying to flee downwind. Of course,
       | one could always: "Never mind manoeuvres, go straight at 'em"
        
         | turtlesdown11 wrote:
         | The article is a massive oversimplification of the importance
         | of the weather gage, to the point it's not accurate at all.
         | 
         | A ship with the weather gage can choose when and how to engage.
         | 
         | > This was technically inferior since the lower gun ports could
         | often be underwater (see image) and because the downwind
         | (leeward) position made it easier to flee if needed.
         | 
         | This is reductive to the point of error. The ports of the lower
         | gun deck MAY be unable to be fired in very heavy seas, but that
         | doesn't affect frigates, or the upper deck of a ship of the
         | line.
         | 
         | Additionally, if a leeward ship attempts to flee from the
         | windward ship, the leeward ship would risk exposing its stern
         | to the windward ship's raking fire. The stern of a ship is the
         | least armored, least armed and also contains the essential
         | steering elements of a ship. A stern raking fire could pierce
         | the hull and fly the entire length of the ship, causing
         | tremendous damage, in addition to potentially crippling a
         | ship's ability to steer.
         | 
         | Finally, the encouragement to engage with the enemy has an
         | advantage the article omits - massive career incentives - it's
         | a chance for British Navy lieutenants and commanders to earn
         | promotion. Many a commander was made post after a successful
         | engagement with the enemy and many a lieutenant was promoted to
         | commander after a successful battle. Beyond glory, a
         | lieutenants would make roughly half what a commander made, and
         | a post captain could rely on additional pay based on seniority
         | and ship. Since promotion to admiral was almost solely due to
         | seniority on the post captains list, naval officers felt
         | urgency to win promotion and to get on the list as soon as
         | possible. An admiral took a share of any prizes won by vessels
         | under his command and was the true way to gain wealth in the
         | Navy.
         | 
         | Finally, Byng's case is an extreme outlier and relying on it to
         | make arguments is dicey at best.
        
       | ojbyrne wrote:
       | I'm currently reading a book about the American Revolution and it
       | mentions the adoption of "coppering" -
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sheathing
       | 
       | That seems like a significant technological advantage that the
       | British Navy had over their adversaries, probably not specific to
       | battle, but definitely for reliability and length of service,
       | reduced maintenance, etc.
        
       | plank wrote:
       | What I missed in the piece is a description on how they did
       | against the Dutch. Both Spanish and French were more 'land type'
       | armies, as a Dutchmen I remember in the history we were taught
       | that the Dutch punched above their weight on sea warefare.
       | 
       | Indeed, if I had to wager, I would assume that the English
       | against the Portuguese or the Dutch would do worse then against
       | the Spanish or French, given the same firepower/size of ships
       | etc. (For the record, did not check 'the mighty internet' whether
       | my gut feelings are supported by facts) (Edit: but -> both)
        
         | bgnn wrote:
         | Weren't Dutch ships much smaller but more numerous than the
         | English? What I remember is reading that this made Dutch ships
         | more maneuverable and more capable of piracy. They were good at
         | harassing ports too.
        
       | Sniffnoy wrote:
       | Substack link:
       | https://arjunpanickssery.substack.com/p/explaining-british-n...
        
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