[HN Gopher] Decreased CO2 during breathwork: emergence of altere...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Decreased CO2 during breathwork: emergence of altered states of
       consciousness
        
       Author : bookofjoe
       Score  : 322 points
       Date   : 2025-04-15 16:23 UTC (3 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.nature.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.nature.com)
        
       | jkingsman wrote:
       | I've had this described to me as basically the combination of
       | neuro+psychological effects of hyperventilation (respiratory
       | alkalosis) in a peaceful/positive environment (as opposed to
       | anxiety-attack-driven or etc.), plus the meditative effects of
       | deep breathing, plus the meditative/brain-entrainment effects of
       | rhythmic movement of a major central/core muscle (diaphragm).
       | Together, those often cause euphoria, altered states of
       | consciousness, and cognitive shifts not too far off from
       | psychedelics.
       | 
       | Could someone who is more familiar with it affirm, adjust, or
       | deny that as a general (medically-grounded/secular) summary of
       | breathwork?
        
         | hashmap wrote:
         | Put on a five-minute song and start hyperventilating. You can
         | tell pretty quick.
        
         | a1371 wrote:
         | I have a degree in building science, so maybe I can chime in.
         | Note of caution: you will find yourself breathing heavily after
         | reading this. It's normal.
         | 
         | We do a terrible job at ventilating our indoor spaces. As a
         | cave-dwelling species our brains are quite comfortable with
         | tuning out bad smells and tolerating stale air -- but the
         | effect of it on our mode and well-being is almost immediate.
         | You don't notice the effect, but it is there.
         | 
         | That's why they tell you if the airplane's cabin depressurizes,
         | put on your own mask first. People who don't manage to that
         | quickly enough their eyes stay open, they don't even feel
         | anything is wrong, but they are physically unable to put on
         | their masks until they pass out.
         | 
         | If not eating proper food kills you in 3 weeks, not breathing
         | proper air kills you in 3 minutes. Yet, people spend thousands
         | of dollars on a new diet, but have no idea what kind of stuff
         | are going into their lungs.
         | 
         | The situation is not life and death. It's feeling nice versus
         | feeling low. People end up with indoor air that is often stale
         | and full of volatile compounds. We often make it worse by using
         | essential oil diffusers and not using the vent hood when
         | cooking.
         | 
         | When you do a breathing exercise, all of a sudden you are
         | giving your starving brain a dose of what it could be like.
         | When you have a walk in the nature, you do the same.
         | 
         | So yes, breathing exercises are great, but it's even better if
         | we fix our indoor environments to feel great at all times.
        
           | pkaye wrote:
           | How do you measure indoor air quality? CO2 levels?
        
             | AlchemistCamp wrote:
             | Buy an air quality monitor. There are tons on Amazon.
             | Here's an example: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DZHJSQ7Z/
        
             | accrual wrote:
             | I'ver heard the Aranet4 is quite good for this but haven't
             | yet been able to justify buying one. I do try to open
             | windows frequently, though.
        
               | malfist wrote:
               | I don't get why they're so expensive. You can buy the
               | ndir co2 sensor on AliExpress for around $10. And yet
               | they want $180 for that thing. And measuring humidity and
               | barometric pressure is a component that costs $4 or $5
               | for you or I to buy.
        
               | ivm wrote:
               | Quality CO2 sensors are pricey. I previously had two from
               | AliExpress, but both were unreliable and eventually
               | broke. I finally got an Aranet4, and it's been flawless
               | for over a year so far.
        
               | brians wrote:
               | They're not using a $10 sensor. They're being very
               | careful which $40 sensor they use. And they're
               | calibrating the rest of the device to produce an accurate
               | reading across its range.
        
             | colechristensen wrote:
             | Measure VOCs, PM2.5 particles, and CO2
        
             | a1371 wrote:
             | Our current understanding is that no amount of CO2 is
             | dangerous as long as everything else is fine, but in
             | reality CO2 acts like the canary in the coal mine. When it
             | climbs, it shows accumulation of stuff you don't want to
             | deal with.
             | 
             | Measurement of compounds is best done using a monitor like
             | Aranet, but incidental bumps in different values don't mean
             | much. Long trends matter. If Radon is an issue in your
             | region, a detector for that. Mold testing kits are readily
             | available in market indicating moisture issues and you can
             | get lead and other hazmat testing done diy/professionally
        
               | kadoban wrote:
               | Aren't there several studies showing markedly worse
               | performance at tasks at CO2 levels easily reached in a
               | home? Or you just mean you won't die as the meaning of
               | not dangerous?
        
               | a1371 wrote:
               | Studies have shown correlation with CO2 levels and
               | performance but pinpointing the effect to CO2 alone
               | hasn't been established. In fact, CO2's presence
               | chemically helps with the oxygenation of the blood.
               | 
               | CO2 is an indicator. I don't let it climb in my home, and
               | you shouldn't either. The problem is when people fixate
               | on the CO2 levels. For example, you paint your walls with
               | high VOC compounds, your flooring/furniture off-gas a
               | lot, your vacuum cleaner doesn't have the proper
               | filtration but you don't recognize your issues because
               | your CO2 monitor shows 700ppm. That 700ppm can be a lot
               | worse than a 700ppm your see in a home that has all of
               | those considered.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | You say, "Our current understanding is that no amount of
               | CO2 is dangerous as long as everything else is fine," but
               | I don't think that is correct. Like any other non-oxygen
               | gas, carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant, and it is routinely
               | used as such to kill rats, but it has significant
               | toxicity even at much lower levels. NIOSH says:
               | 
               | > _Signs of intoxication have been produced by a
               | 30-minute exposure at 50,000 ppm [Aero 1953], and a few
               | minutes exposure at 70,000 to 100,000 ppm produces
               | unconsciousness [Flury and Zernik 1931]. It has been
               | reported that submarine personnel exposed continuously at
               | 30,000 ppm were only slightly affected, provided the
               | oxygen content of the air was maintained at normal
               | concentrations [Schaefer 1951]. It has been reported that
               | 100,000 ppm is the atmospheric concentration immediately
               | dangerous to life [AIHA 1971] and that exposure to
               | 100,000 ppm for only a few minutes can cause loss of
               | consciousness [Hunter 1975]._
               | 
               | (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/124389.html)
               | 
               | 100,000 ppm is 10%, so at that point the carbon dioxide
               | has reduced the oxygen in your air from 21% to 19%, far
               | from asphyxiation conditions.
               | 
               | Even at much lower levels, carbon dioxide can produce
               | drowsiness and mental impairment.
               | 
               | On the other hand, reaching 5% or 10% carbon dioxide by
               | oxidizing carbon with oxygen from the air, for example by
               | breathing or having a fire, will reduce the oxygen
               | content of the air to an extent that is more dangerous
               | than the carbon monoxide. So carbon dioxide toxicity is
               | generally not the thing to worry about with respect to
               | indoor air safety. But that doesn't mean it's not real.
        
               | a1371 wrote:
               | It's good to keep in mind that in your home the CO2
               | usually ranges from 400ppm to say 2,000 ppm. Getting to
               | something like 100,000 ppm is not really plausible for a
               | typical home. I get how in a submarine the conditions are
               | different.
               | 
               | From 9:50 onwards of this video explains what I meant:
               | https://youtu.be/CkGDN85I29U?t=590
        
               | samus wrote:
               | The point is that in the scenarios you described CO2
               | increases at the cost of _oxygen_ , which is obviously
               | not good, and that's what GP was referring to as
               | "everything else is fine". It would be interesting to see
               | what happens if instead some of the nitrogen in the air
               | is replaced by CO2. But that's obviously not what usually
               | happens. And there are far more damaging air contents to
               | worry about. Like mold spores.
               | 
               | A crucial difference to CO is that CO2 doesn't cause
               | permanent damage as long as oxygen supply is restored in
               | time. Compared to that, hemoglobine touched by CO becomes
               | essentially useless for the body since CO has a similarly
               | high binding affinity to hemoglobin as oxygen. Recovering
               | from that pretty much requires replacing the affected red
               | blood cells.
        
             | Havoc wrote:
             | Both particle measures and co2 sensors are somewhat
             | affordable especially if buying raw sensors.
             | 
             | The up shot of it is ventilate frequently and dry heat
             | cooking that browns anything (think steak in pan) releases
             | a shit ton of particle so hood and open window
        
             | cptskippy wrote:
             | People seem fixated on measuring CO2 specifically and often
             | purchase expensive sensors ($$+) or devices ($$$) to
             | measure CO2 levels.
             | 
             | There are inexpensive sensors ($) that detect a variety of
             | VOCs but cannot distinguish between them and CO2. They'll
             | never give you exact concentrations but they are
             | consistent, broad spectrum, and will alert you of change.
             | IMO these are a better option.
        
           | Affric wrote:
           | Sounds like you're just making the argument for moving to the
           | wet tropics
        
           | vwcx wrote:
           | The FAA puts on workshops around the country with a portable
           | reduced oxygen training enclosure (PROTE). You sit in the
           | enclosure (looks like a sealed vinyl tent), they reduce the
           | available oxygen and simulate hypoxia. You've got a clipboard
           | with some basic math problems, a maze to trace, etc. The
           | trainers continually engage you for 3-4 minutes as you slowly
           | get more hypoxic.
           | 
           | As a pilot, it was eye opening to see first-hand what happens
           | to _me_ when experiencing hypoxia. The trainers were talking
           | to me, and I was replying, but was unable to tell them what
           | 17 minus 4.5 was. My pulse oximeter was in the low 70s. Two
           | sips of oxygen from a mask and I was right back to normal. I
           | learned that my first symptom (the clue that something is
           | really going wrong in the cockpit) is tunnel vision.
        
           | j_bum wrote:
           | Destin from Smarter Every Day (YouTube) has a wonderful video
           | demonstrating this effect [0]. I'd recommend watching the
           | whole thing, but you can see how much of an effect it has
           | starting around the 6:00 mark.
           | 
           | [0] https://youtu.be/kUfF2MTnqAw?si=LRDtSJSy7jiTIpzy
        
         | quantum_state wrote:
         | What you described is indeed true. There are breathing sessions
         | at the Lifetime gym provide exactly the condition. People
         | involved were amazed by the effect on their metal state.
        
         | ValveFan6969 wrote:
         | I'm a philosopher, not a medical professional. But I can tell
         | you that philosophy and deep breathing are inextricably linked.
         | Breathing deeply in of itself is a philosophical exercise, one
         | that centers and grounds oneself in the here and now of the
         | universe that surrounds you, and the universe that lies deep
         | within you. It's a cosmic balance between the metaphysical and
         | the empirical. As a philosopher, one must be able to breathe
         | deeply, so one can breathe in, hold, and spew out the deepest
         | and most esoteric pearls of knowledge unto the masses.
        
           | tinix wrote:
           | Ah yes, the philosopher's breath: inhale the cosmos, exhale
           | epistemology. Repeat until the loop collapses or you do.
        
             | jkingsman wrote:
             | This made me laugh out loud; thank you haha
        
         | crummyglow wrote:
         | >Together, those often cause euphoria, altered states of
         | consciousness, and cognitive shifts not too far off from
         | psychedelics.
         | 
         | It must vary between people, because no matter the environment
         | if I breath too eager, whether on purpose or accidentally (like
         | working out) it just becomes really hard to think, everything
         | starts to tingle and all my muscles lock up. A very not-fun
         | time. Also dangerous with weights.
        
           | maebert wrote:
           | The tingles and muscle cramps (tetany) are a normal byproduct
           | (basically your neurons on your smallest muscles and under
           | your skin get more excitable due to a molecular rube goldber
           | machine set off by lower CO2 balance in your blood). It's
           | uncomfortable, but unless you are suffering from epilepsy not
           | dangerous and there's no lasting effects.
           | 
           | I did a longer writeup on the physiological effects here if
           | you're interested: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RuDv_E
           | 9osM1CCFWZMywMru9J...
        
         | maebert wrote:
         | Very much on point.
         | 
         | That said when facilitate breathwork sessions i trade the
         | peaceful hippie music for edm (and it actually works better
         | because it encourages people to stay with the rhythm and get
         | into the same mildly trance-like state you might get into while
         | exercising to repetitive music).
        
         | shishironline wrote:
         | Your summary is exact. Medical personnel here
        
       | pedalpete wrote:
       | I've experimented with holotropic breathwork, and was quite
       | amazed at the experience. Unfortunately, as much as I've tried to
       | re-create the experience while not lead, I find my mind just
       | doesn't want to go beyond about 5-10 minutes of breathing, vs the
       | 30 minutes I did in breathwork sessions.
       | 
       | Having said that, I think the design of this study could be much
       | improved. It shouldn't be too difficult to create a double blind
       | group environment using headphones (think like a silent disco)
       | where both participants and researchers don't know who is
       | listening to guided or not.
       | 
       | I'm also not sure if the biomarkers are the best. DMT can
       | apparently be detected in saliva, and I believe the theory is
       | that during holotropic breathwork, the pineal gland releases more
       | DMT than normal.
        
         | rqtwteye wrote:
         | " find my mind just doesn't want to go beyond about 5-10
         | minutes of breathing, vs the 30 minutes I did in breathwork
         | sessions."
         | 
         | Same for me. I did a workshop with Wim Hof and the breathing
         | exercises were great with really profound effects. But I
         | couldn't make myself practicing at home with the same intensity
         | regularly. I also developed a pretty bad cough after a few
         | weeks. Probably from the dry air where I live.
        
         | maebert wrote:
         | it's an incredibly hard workout, depending on the style you're
         | actually using a lot of muscles that you don't typically
         | exercise, so your body wants to naturally give up after a
         | while. it took me probably 6-8 sessions until I could reliably
         | do one myself.
        
       | bentt wrote:
       | I got into doing this Wim Hof breathing exercise a few years ago
       | and it was definitely intense. Unsure if this is related but
       | sounds similar.
       | 
       | https://youtu.be/0BNejY1e9ik?si=kgBBUhqMe9HWaKCG
        
         | onemoresoop wrote:
         | Intense but did you get any lasting change from it? Are you
         | still practicing? I did some breathwork and disturbed something
         | with my natural breathing pattern. For about two weeks I had
         | insomnias and was constantly lightheaded. Im reluctant to try
         | again..
        
           | maroonblazer wrote:
           | What kind of breathwork did you do?
        
             | onemoresoop wrote:
             | Circular but without outside supervision. Not sure if I did
             | something wrong or if I need some customized practice. I am
             | often running out of breath/out of sync breathwise when
             | singing, often getting lightheaded effect which I do not
             | like at all.
        
           | bentt wrote:
           | I did it when I was really working on myself emotionally and
           | it was for a limited time. It could be a bit scary because of
           | the extreme feeling of lightheadedness. But it did cause a
           | pseudo euphoric feeling too. Afterward I felt invigorated.
           | 
           | But yeah it had a layer of unpleasantness that made me not
           | continue long term.
        
           | prox wrote:
           | I used to teach various pranayama's (yogic breathwork) and we
           | tend to go easy, especially if you are not going to go into a
           | 3 year seclusion as a lifetime yogi.
           | 
           | All practices were 3 breaths only. If you really enjoyed one
           | or the other, you can do them a few times a day.
           | 
           | Because exactly as you say, you don't want to disturb the
           | natural pattern. If you have an unhealthy breathing pattern,
           | the idea is that yoga, rest and relaxation will take care of
           | the rest.
           | 
           | Beyond that we are not doctors, so if I noticed something
           | peculiar with someone's breathing, or it came up, I would
           | direct them to a professional.
           | 
           | I never liked the Hof method, it works on the wrong side of
           | the nervous system for me, as it's too activated. I feel it's
           | good perhaps if you got to do something stressful and you
           | need resilience.
        
             | bentt wrote:
             | Yeah the Wim Hof breathing feels more like a challenge or
             | test that you come down from than a relaxing thing.
             | Consistent with his "jump in ice water" thing.
        
       | replete wrote:
       | I wonder if there's a vagal nerve effect from the increased chest
       | pressure while holding your breath in.
       | 
       | I do the 'double sharp inhale' method for the anxiolytic effect
       | occasionally - not really something you can do at the office
       | however.
        
         | groos wrote:
         | I hate getting startled, even when I realize right away that
         | there is nothing to worry about. But the physiological effects,
         | once set in motion, carry on. My heart seems to skip a beat and
         | then rev up to a high rate and it's uncomfortable, taking some
         | time to come back down to normal.
         | 
         | Some years ago, I discovered a technique to suppress the effect
         | of being startled. I just breathe in sharply, using mostly my
         | diagphragm, before my heartrate goes up and it keeps things
         | normal as usual. I wonder if this is also using the vagus nerve
         | to suppress being startled?
        
           | djmips wrote:
           | That sounds like an excellent theory.
        
           | ordu wrote:
           | _> I wonder if this is also using the vagus nerve to suppress
           | being startled?_
           | 
           | I don't know about vagus nerve, but I can propose a different
           | explanation. Emotions can change the state of your body, your
           | brain feels the state and triggers emotions. It can become a
           | self-reinforcing loop. In particular, diaphragm contractions
           | or tension can be such a state. For example, I have sometimes
           | issues with getting rid of anxiety, and when it happens, it
           | is because of my diaphragm. It becomes tensed, I feel it and
           | so I feel anxious. To get rid of anxiety I need to a)
           | rationalize it away and b) keep my diaphragm relaxed.
           | 
           | When you overload your diaphragm with some irrelevant
           | activity you may be breaking the self-reinforcing loop. Or
           | maybe this movements of your diaphragm trigger some other
           | response that wins. As a wild guess, your organism expect
           | that after a deep breath you'll hold your breath for some
           | time, and so it limits the heart-rate to not burn oxygen too
           | fast.
        
             | enaaem wrote:
             | This is btw the whole idea behind Vipassana. The idea is
             | that most of your suffering comes from your unconscious
             | reaction to bodily sensations and you can train yourself to
             | become more aware and equanimous.
        
       | chrisweekly wrote:
       | > "Our findings identify physiological boundary conditions for
       | ASCs to arise in a non-pharmacological context, shedding light on
       | the functional mechanisms of breathwork as well as its potential
       | as a psychotherapeutic tool."
       | 
       | Such a great topic for study; these findings are unsurprising to
       | me, but I'm delighted to see them published by Nature.com
        
       | aaron695 wrote:
       | Astronauts in the Gemini and Apollo programs breathed 100 percent
       | oxygen at reduced pressure for up to two weeks
       | 
       | There are no reports of "altered states of consciousness" I know
       | of. There would have been rigorous testing before.
       | 
       | Similarly divers, I've never heard of lack/decreased CO2 causing
       | their hallucinations vs nitrogen narcosis or hydrogen narcosis.
       | 
       | This sounds made up, have they been getting high on their own
       | supply?
        
         | maebert wrote:
         | Good observation! Lower co2 concentration isn't caused by
         | simply inhaling more oxygen, but rather by blowing off too much
         | co2.
         | 
         | Co2 is produced by the body, and the rate at which it is
         | produced doesn't change much if you breathe pure oxygen. it's
         | how we get rid of the co2 is what is being modulated during
         | breathwork.
        
         | LawrenceKerr wrote:
         | Those astronauts maintain normal CO2 levels, and divers can
         | experience increased CO2 buildup if they don't exhale properly,
         | which is the opposite.
         | 
         | It's not made up. Plenty of people here who tried breathwork
         | can attest to its power to bring you in strong trance-like
         | states.
         | 
         | Try it yourself. Ideally in group setting, because doing this
         | on your own (with a YouTube video or whatever) won't give you
         | the same experience at all, and could be dangerous if you take
         | it too far.
        
       | dukeofdoom wrote:
       | I don't mean to be too critical, but why is breathwork/meditation
       | so popular in Atheist circles? When I would presume rationality
       | is the goal, and this seems like it would alter it in a negative
       | way. (depriving your brain of oxygen, presumably decreases its
       | ability to think rationally, or at least run at full capacity)
       | 
       | I get that someone like Sam Harris, makes bank promoting his
       | meditation app. But his atheist audience is very receptive.
        
         | aiiizzz wrote:
         | Depriving? The goal is to oversaturate.
        
         | sp3000 wrote:
         | If you presume rationality is the goal, then the rational mind
         | should point to decades of research and anecdotal evidence that
         | shows the positive effeccts of meditation and breathwork on
         | mental well-being. Why are you assuming depriving your brain of
         | oxygen for a short period of time is decreases the ability to
         | think rationally? That could be a short term effect, but a long
         | term adaptive effect could be the brain thinks more clearly.
         | Same with fasting from food, etc.
        
           | dukeofdoom wrote:
           | Well, if one's thoughts can be altered depending on the
           | amount of oxygen the brain receives. How can you possibly be
           | sure about your own rationality. Couldn't you rationally
           | start to question anything you've come to a conclusion about
           | before, as just a byproduct of your brain's oxygen levels at
           | that time.
        
             | collingreen wrote:
             | The best part about true things is they are still true
             | whether you believe and understand them or not. Seeking
             | truth isn't limited by your ability to understand
             | everything.
        
               | dukeofdoom wrote:
               | I'm not sure about that. If there's no conscious mind to
               | interpret something, can anything possibly be True? Or is
               | it just information.
        
               | rixed wrote:
               | I believe by "true things" what is meant is "as good as a
               | real world experience as one can get", rather than
               | "logically sound".
               | 
               | It is certainly reasonable to argue about whether logic
               | stands on its own without an observer, but not to doubt
               | that there is a true world out there to be experienced.
        
             | HK-NC wrote:
             | Oddly enough becoming a serious athlete, changing my diet
             | and training as my job, completely changed who I am and
             | remembering my thought processes and overall mental state
             | of the previous lifestyle is bizarre as though that person
             | is truly alien to my current self.
        
               | dukeofdoom wrote:
               | So increasing your VO2 max, has improved how your brain
               | functions. A few years ago, I read an article where they
               | improved kids Math scores by having them exercise on a
               | treadmill before class.
        
         | jfengel wrote:
         | I used Harris's app, and was a bit surprised to hear him use
         | language that he'd savage anyone else for.
         | 
         | I get the problem there; you're trying to teach what something
         | feels like, and there just aren't words.
         | 
         | It's not surprising that you can alter the brain by various
         | exercises, or that those exercises are counterintuitive. The
         | brain is complicated and our tools for manipulating it are
         | baroque. Still, it was a little weird to hear Harris give in
         | without apparently reconsidering other forms of mental exercise
         | from that standpoint.
        
         | collingreen wrote:
         | Atheism isn't specifically "a goal of rationality" it's just
         | not believing in a deity (usually because of a rejection of
         | "trust me bro, now pay your tithing" style pitches). I expect
         | for most people the choice to believe or not believe stories
         | with no evidence is orthogonal to the choice of an altered
         | mind.
        
           | cgio wrote:
           | It looks like you put atheism and agnosticism in the same
           | boat. There's a certain belief, trust and conviction to lack
           | of a deity in atheism. Not in agnosticism. That state of mind
           | is orthogonal to belief is mostly true. On the other hand ,
           | there is also a motivation to explain away religious
           | experience as physiological process, which explains the
           | overlap in group membership.
        
             | alpaca128 wrote:
             | > There's a certain belief, trust and conviction to lack of
             | a deity in atheism
             | 
             | Atheism means a lack of belief in a god. Just because many
             | atheists go a step further or the word _agnostic_ exists,
             | that doesn 't change the meaning.
             | 
             | I have yet to see an "official" source that says it's
             | definitely belief of absence and not absence of belief.
             | Agnosticism works just as well if you view it as
             | subcategory of atheism.
        
             | collingreen wrote:
             | My understanding is atheism is not believing in a deity (a
             | - without, theism - belief in deity) and agnosticism is
             | about not knowing (sometimes not knowing if it's possible
             | to know). It gets messy because plenty of folks play games
             | with the words like "clearly I don't believe the major,
             | self-contradicting religions but maybe there is some deity
             | out there somehow that had an influence beyond 'natural
             | processes'" or that Einstein quote about calling the beauty
             | of physics and the universe "god".
             | 
             | Similar to what you said about me, I think you're perhaps
             | putting faith/religious dogma and spirituality/holding
             | things sacred in the same boat. I think having awe or
             | wonder or a feeling of being part of something bigger is
             | again orthogonal to belief in a particular god. I don't
             | even think religion is the dividing line here - religion
             | and ritual exists all over without an overarching deity.
             | 
             | I liked the underlying idea to what you said about
             | motivation to explain away religious experience as
             | physiological process; I think there is something
             | interesting there. I expect this is a result of what people
             | already believe, not a cause, but I like the concept of how
             | people take in new information and default to directing it
             | to "knowable, let's figure it out" or some version of
             | "unknowable".
             | 
             | tl;dr - not believing in a god seems separate from
             | spirituality and religious experience. Theist and atheist
             | are extremely high level (and one dimensional) labels and
             | there is a LOT of diverse (and overlapping) belief and
             | experience under each.
        
         | dayvigo wrote:
         | I study cognitive neuroscience. Meditation is _extremely_
         | evidence-based. It is literally one of the most evidence-based
         | things there is in terms of actions you can take to improve
         | mood, executive function, focus, general cognition, etc., it 's
         | almost as backed as physical exercise. Of course, there is also
         | a lot of woo-woo spiritual stuff around it, but you can just
         | ignore that side and use it effectively. Not sure about
         | breathwork, I'm moderately skeptical of many the claims made
         | about it, but I haven't looked super far into it comparatively.
        
         | FrustratedMonky wrote:
         | You are mixing up religion and meditation.
         | 
         | Think of meditation more as a physical exercise for the brain,
         | like yoga. Is yoga a religion, even if it strengthens your
         | core? Many people do it without any religious ideas.
         | 
         | Same with breathing, 'low CO2' sounds bad, but we do have the
         | next breath, the goals isn't continued low CO2, it can lead to
         | increased oxygen later.
         | 
         | As to rationality. Meditation helps declutter thoughts, so that
         | helps with rationality doesn't it? Why would being strung out
         | and stressed be more rational?
        
       | dripdry45 wrote:
       | In yoga breath work which happens there is directly tied into the
       | rest of the practice. it isn't taught enough in America, but if
       | you find an actual good teacher, of which there do not seem to be
       | many, the benefits are wonderful. Anecdotally and from personal
       | experience, they say that when beginning a consistent practice
       | you will often feel a great euphoria after practicing for 60 or
       | 90 minutes. Can confirm; and it lasts for a couple hours also.
        
         | someothherguyy wrote:
         | At what level do you experience euphoria? Say on a scale of a
         | low dose of codeine to a standard dose of heroin? Or is it more
         | like the euphoria you get from running? Or the euphoria you get
         | from tripping? Or the euphoria associated with some strains of
         | cannabis? Or the euphoria associated with amphetamines? Or the
         | euphoria associated with ethanol consumption?
        
           | ta988 wrote:
           | Or is it the same euphoria that you are perceiving
           | differently
        
         | latchkey wrote:
         | Sivananda teaches pranayama as part of their core practice.
         | They are based globally with multiple ashrams in the US.
         | 
         | https://sivanandayogafarm.org/
        
       | maebert wrote:
       | i am a (former) neuroscientist and breathwork facilitator (mostly
       | conscious connected breath) -- AMA.
       | 
       | the effect of decreased co2 concentration on vasoconstrictions
       | (and also alkalosis-induced tetany, ie your muscles cramping,
       | which happens a lot during breathwork) are well known [1], but
       | i've never seen them quantified in such a clear way. It's cool to
       | see mainstream science give it a closer look!
       | 
       | [1] for anyone interested, I wrote an explainer here:
       | https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RuDv_E9osM1CCFWZMywMru9J...
        
         | s1artibartfast wrote:
         | As a Neuroscientist and breathwork facilitator, do you think
         | there is any harm in intentional apnea (e.g. free diving,
         | static holds, ect)?
         | 
         | At what point does cell damage (not necessarily death), kick
         | in? As someone involved in these sports, I operate under the
         | assumption that any damage would kick in _after_ loss of
         | consciousness. For example, if I hold my breath, even for 4 or
         | 5 minutes but dont pass out, that is an indication I am still
         | in the range of safe practice. Anecdotally, I know many people
         | who have spent their lives doing breathholds, and they dont
         | seem any worse for wear.
         | 
         | Are there any high quality studies that look at potential brain
         | damage prior to loss of consciousness?
        
           | eigenschwarz wrote:
           | Does this help? I am a physicist with interest in these
           | subjects and have always been wary of breathwork because of
           | tetany and the following studies. What do experts closer to
           | this field make of these?
           | 
           | [1] "Brain Damage in Commercial Breath-Hold Divers" https://j
           | ournals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal...
           | 
           | [2] "Do elite breath-hold divers suffer from mild short-term
           | memory impairments?"
           | https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/apnm-2017-0245
           | 
           | Ref. [2] is especially concerning to me in pushing in any
           | sort of static apnea training or breathwork: "The time to
           | complete the interference card test was positively correlated
           | with maximal static apnea duration (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) and
           | the number of years of breath-hold diving training (r = 0.79,
           | p < 0.001)."
        
             | sentimentscan wrote:
             | Could you please explain more about the Ref[2], what does
             | it mean beyond what is in article and how serious is it?
             | "These findings suggest that breath-hold diving training
             | over several years may cause mild, but persistent, short-
             | term memory impairments"
             | 
             | Can you tell more about recreational nitrous oxide and when
             | does the "damage occur"? Is there the same thing with wim
             | hof? (like for example with oximeter 80 Sp02 or below?) I
             | got in wimhof/oxide around 80 Sp02 the interesting thing is
             | I got this feeling with fighting to hold my breath but
             | below 90 I kinda needed to convince myself that I should
             | breath in both cases,
        
               | eigenschwarz wrote:
               | Being a non-expert I can't attempt to speculate on your
               | questions in good faith! All I was suggesting to the
               | parent is that perhaps these articles offer as evidence
               | of damage being done without pushing to the point of
               | unconsciousness? Feedback is definitely welcome by an
               | expert.
        
               | maebert wrote:
               | Key difference here is that freediving is apnea-induced
               | hypoxia, whereas breathwork is literally the opposite:
               | hyperventilation-induced hyperoxia.
               | 
               | So while interesting as a study, I don't think it offers
               | any insight into the kind of breathwork described in the
               | nature study.
        
             | kragen wrote:
             | Thank you, this is terrific! Why should tetany be
             | worrisome?
             | 
             | Edited to add: the second article seems to be about
             | decompression injuries, rather than apnea-induced brain
             | damage?
        
               | eigenschwarz wrote:
               | In a medical setting, where I am more familiar with it,
               | tetany is never good. Personally it is also wildly
               | uncomfortable. Perhaps it's fine and somehow pushing
               | through it is part of the "experience", but if I want an
               | altered consciousness I'll stick to a psilocybin-based
               | retreat every 5-10 years and my meditation practice in
               | between :D.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | It is definitely uncomfortable and can produce at least
               | minor injuries; I was wondering if there were other
               | reasons to worry.
        
               | maebert wrote:
               | yeah in a medical setting it's usually never good, but
               | afaik it's not the tetany that doctors are worried about
               | about but rather what's causing it.
               | 
               | I did a longer write-up on the physiological effects
               | which you might find interesting: https://docs.google.com
               | /document/d/1RuDv_E9osM1CCFWZMywMru9J...
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | Is this the same thing you linked upthread? At first
               | glance the URL looks the same.
        
               | maebert wrote:
               | Yes, sorry for crossposting, just seemed relevant here
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | No worries!
        
             | maebert wrote:
             | So the tetany in breathwork is generally caused by the
             | decreased CO2 concentration causing respiratory alkalosis
             | (ie blood gets more alkaline and has a ph balance of >
             | 7.5), which in turn causes the protein albumin to bind more
             | strongly to calcium and not release it as it's supposed to,
             | and calcium is an important regulator in voltage gated ion
             | channels in neurons.
             | 
             | Long story short, your neurons get just a tad bit more
             | excitable because calcium that usually acts like the
             | bouncer to the hot club is busy snogging albumin. That has
             | very little effect in places in the body, but in motor
             | neurons that control your smallest muscles (face and hand),
             | and in sensory neurons under your skin it does move the
             | needle -- that causes the muscles to contract and your skin
             | to feel tingly, both exactly the same cause.
             | 
             | This is the reason people with epilepsy should _NOT_ do
             | breathwork, but for otherwise healthy adults there are no
             | negative long term effects of respiratory alkalosis -- a
             | few normal breaths to balance out your co2 and the symptoms
             | will go away.
        
               | ScottBurson wrote:
               | I've done breathwork for years, and at some point the
               | tetany simply stopped happening and hasn't returned.
        
         | elevaet wrote:
         | This is a bit off topic, but what do you think about people
         | doing nitrous recreationally? It's always concerned me that
         | people are inhaling close to pure nitrous oxide and holding it
         | in. I've always wondered if this creates damaging low-oxygen
         | conditions without the normal reflexes kicking in, and if this
         | can cause brain/neuronal damage.
         | 
         | I believe in medical settings it's delivered in a mixture with
         | O2, but in recreational settings it's usually inhaled directly.
         | 
         | I see a lot more talk about the risks of vitamin B12 depletion,
         | and not much talk about O2 deprivation, so not sure if everyone
         | else is crazy or if it's me who is the crazy one.
        
           | Youden wrote:
           | I was being treated with nitrous medically. I asked the
           | anaesthesiologist about how it works recreationally and his
           | answer was that yes, it was mostly just hypoxia.
        
             | meindnoch wrote:
             | Bullshit. You aren't supposed to be hypoxic when using
             | nitrous. You take a half-breath of air, and then breathe in
             | the n2o.
        
               | laserlight wrote:
               | So, you get half the oxygen needed and somehow doing so
               | doesn't cause hypoxia, which means "deficiency in the
               | amount of oxygen reaching the tissues"?
        
               | meindnoch wrote:
               | You don't get half the oxygen. You get as much oxygen as
               | you would during normal calm breathing, which is pretty
               | shallow. Basically, you take a normal breath, which is
               | about 50% lung volume, and then fill your lung up to max
               | capacity with n2o.
               | 
               | But you know what? Pulse oximeters are pretty cheap
               | nowadays. Try it for yourself.
        
               | laserlight wrote:
               | I see. So, you take a normal breath and top it up with
               | N2O. That makes sense.
        
             | soulofmischief wrote:
             | This is easily falsified by a cursory internet search about
             | the physiological mechanism behind nitrous oxide's effects.
             | It is appalling that a medical professional would so
             | confidently give you an uneducated, crackpot answer. The
             | exact same mechanism which knocks you out gives you
             | euphoria at lower doses.
             | 
             | If someone holds their breath long enough to cause hypoxia
             | when inhaling nitrous oxide, they have other problems. You
             | can easily hold your breath 1-2 minutes while sitting on a
             | couch without experiencing hypoxia. If you're experiencing
             | euphoria as strong as what nitrous oxide causes from
             | hypoxia, you're basically about to die.
        
             | klik99 wrote:
             | This is why you shouldn't trust experts on stuff outside
             | their speciality, this answer is just wrong.
             | 
             | You don't even need to research it, the lived experience of
             | being in a dentist office with mixed oxygen and nitrous
             | produces the recreational effects - if it was mostly
             | hypoxia, having oxygen mixed in would have a greatly
             | diminished "recreational" effect.
             | 
             | I mean, it is true most people doing it recreationally are
             | giving themselves mild to severe hypoxia, but that doesn't
             | mean the effect is caused by hypoxia
        
           | maebert wrote:
           | I'm not one to tell people not to have fun, but i also lost a
           | friend to respiratory failure after prolonged nitrous abuse,
           | and had more then one start having auditory hallucinations. I
           | think it's waning in popularity compared to 10 years ago, but
           | maybe I'm just out of touch with what the kids get high on
           | these days
        
       | dluan wrote:
       | As a surfer, I've done a few breathwork classes even though I've
       | never been close to being in conditions that really needed it.
       | There is a tremendous amount of training that you can do to
       | basically change your conscious thoughts in an instant. Going
       | from 180bpm heart rate and anxious panic to a static breath hold
       | for up to a minute while being ragdolled and disoriented, is
       | basically ego death. If you watch some gnarly big wave surfers
       | talk about breathwork, they talk about rapidly flushing out your
       | air in 3-4 big breaths, calming your heart rate, and even
       | laughing, all right before or in anticipation of a pounding. Plus
       | the whole Gerry Lopez yoga and meditation era of the 70s made it
       | clear how important breathing and mental state were.
       | 
       | In any case, this is something every single surfer beyond a
       | certain level is required to master, so I'd love to see data from
       | that kind of cohort. The old lady freedivers of Jeju Island would
       | be cool too.
        
         | underdeserver wrote:
         | For someone with no connection to surfing at all, could you
         | elaborate? Why is surfing special, or different from other
         | sports, in needing to control your breathing?
        
           | OsrsNeedsf2P wrote:
           | You can get hit by multiple waves in succession while
           | surfing, preventing you from breathing for up to a minute. If
           | you're at 180bpm and not breathing for a minute, you won't be
           | coming back up
        
           | timewizard wrote:
           | If I need to hold my breath underwater for a longer period of
           | time I'll hyperventilate on the surface just a little before
           | diving. In my experience your lungs don't "burn" as quickly
           | and so you can dive a little longer.
        
             | nikitoci wrote:
             | It's dangerous, since hyperventilating removes co2 from
             | your blood, and raised co2 level is primary trigger for the
             | urge to breathe reflex. It may feel better to
             | hyperventilate and dive longer but you're risking suddenly
             | blacking out. I'm a free diver and this is one of the first
             | things you are trained not to do, as well as never to dive
             | alone, for safety reasons.
        
               | timewizard wrote:
               | Ah the wisdom has changed. This was more often taught
               | when I was younger, which yes, was quite a while ago. The
               | warnings given then were don't go for depth with this
               | method, exhale occasionally while underwater, and manage
               | your breath again immediately on the surface.
        
               | FrojoS wrote:
               | Interesting. Got a good source? I should definitely look
               | into this again.
        
               | timewizard wrote:
               | The people around the pool and lake where I grew up? From
               | what I'm reading while searching it seems that
               | "hyperventilate" is probably a bad term for the type of
               | breathing I was shown. We wouldn't do it until we felt a
               | conscious change like dizziness but more like 4 to 8 good
               | deep full and fast breaths before holding, enough to
               | notice, but not so much that it presented the dangers I'm
               | now reading about.
        
               | Azrael3000 wrote:
               | That is still considered hyperventilation as a freediver,
               | even though you might not feel any symptoms. The
               | suggestions you gave in your previous post are dangerous
               | and should not be done. Please take a proper course to
               | learn about free diving physiology and safety. Otherwise
               | this sport can get dangerous very quickly.
        
               | literalAardvark wrote:
               | Any freediving course. You have to breathe normally for
               | an extended time, then dive, then take an extended break,
               | hyperventilation just makes it easier for you to get
               | yourself killed.
        
               | jboggan wrote:
               | https://www.divessi.com/en/get-certified/freediving
               | https://www.padi.com/education/freediving
               | https://www.freedivinginstructors.com/ https://www.aidain
               | ternational.org/Education/AIDAFreedivingCo...
               | 
               | I've only taken the SSI training but I guarantee none of
               | the different freediving organizations will recommend the
               | type of breathing you are discussing, and in fact a large
               | part of the intro course hammers home that you don't
               | breathe that way.
        
               | OxO4 wrote:
               | Freedivers are also taught not to exhale underwater,
               | because it wastes oxygen and lowers your CO2 level,
               | making it harder to know when you actually have to come
               | back up. Your body can't sense the level of oxygen it
               | has, so freedivers rely on CO2 levels as a proxy, so
               | messing with it is dangerous.
        
               | nikitoci wrote:
               | And you also becoming much less buoyant and will not
               | surface without actively swimming or pulling the line.
        
               | FrustratedMonky wrote:
               | So just curious. You do want to have the CO2 levels, so
               | you get the trigger to breath? But to free dive don't you
               | want to stay down longer? So is the method more about
               | dealing with the urges? Mental ways to understand the
               | urge to breath, but be able to block it?
        
               | aqme28 wrote:
               | There are two gases that need to be exchanged when you
               | breathe. You need to get rid of CO2 and you need to get
               | O2. When you hyperventilate, you purge CO2, but don't
               | really change your O2 content.
               | 
               | This matters only because CO2 is what triggers your
               | desire to breathe, but O2 is what causes you to actually
               | pass out or not. So what happens is that you might pass
               | out before you realize you need to come up for air.
        
               | Azrael3000 wrote:
               | Correct. You can deal with the urge to breathe with your
               | brain. High co2 has additional benefits for your
               | metabolism, you just need to deal with it. If that sounds
               | interesting take a free diving course its a great way to
               | learn more about this fascinating sport.
        
           | FrojoS wrote:
           | You can somewhat simulate it yourself.
           | 
           | Lie down, do a push up, then jump up to your feet, upright,
           | arms raised (Burpee). Repeat in rapid succession twelve
           | times, then immediately shut your mouth and close your nose
           | with your hand. Hold it. Close your eyes and imagine you are
           | under water and don't know how long it will take till you can
           | resurface.
           | 
           | You will feel an immediate urge to breath, a very unpleasant
           | feeling in your throat, nose, ears, etc, and an immediate
           | feeling of panic. That feeling is AFAIK caused by heightened
           | CO2 levels [1].
           | 
           | Imagine trying to fight your way to the surface, in a panic,
           | but the turbulence of the wave is too strong and keeps you
           | down. Instead you have to accept the feeling of panic without
           | acting on it, converse your energy while being rag dolled and
           | pounded, trying not to dislocate your joints, keep or regain
           | your sense of orientation, and wait for the moment that the
           | turbulence subsides to the point it is possible to surface
           | again.
           | 
           | You have little control over when that moment finally comes.
           | And while seconds start to feel like eternities you might
           | start telling yourself to never go surfing again. As time
           | drags on, your resolve increases, to the point you might act
           | on it once, and if, you finally resurface.
           | 
           | [1] I have no expertise but this is what I was told and this
           | source seems to somewhat confirm https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
           | /articles/PMC3138667/#:~:text=In...
        
             | cbogie wrote:
             | > Lie down, do a push up, then jump up to your feet,
             | upright, arms raised (Burpee). Repeat in rapid succession
             | twelve times, then immediately shut your mouth and close
             | your nose with your hand. Hold it. Close your eyes and
             | imagine you are under water and don't know how long it will
             | take till you can resurface.
             | 
             | you forget, 'put a blindfold on and tie your leg to a
             | doberman's leash then fall down 3-6 flights of stairs'
             | 
             | pretty similar forces and sensory at play, or at least a
             | similar thrashing to big Teahupo'o over a sharp reef.
        
               | pizzafeelsright wrote:
               | A safe way to get a similar disorienting experience is
               | hold your breath under water while in a tight ball and
               | have someone spin you on every direction and reverse it
               | until you can't stand it and then wait another ten
               | seconds.
               | 
               | I recall being swallowed by a wave and while under for
               | only a short period i thought it was annoying not knowing
               | when I'd return to the surface.
        
           | zemvpferreira wrote:
           | Because panicking when you're being rag-dolled by even
           | smallish waves can kill you, let alone waves of consequence.
           | I don't have the words to describe what it feels like to be
           | pushed to the bottom of the ocean by a wave, then just as you
           | feel like you're running out of air be pushed back down by
           | the next wave, and the next wave. You have no idea which
           | direction is up and which is down, or how long it's been
           | since you stopped breathing. 30 seconds will feel like death
           | if you're not properly trained. Your very large very stiff
           | board will be tumbling with you and could knock you
           | unconscious or split your head open at any time.
           | 
           | My girlfriend got to be a decent surfer (~5 years practice
           | and a former competitive swimmer) but never invested in
           | learning the ocean. In 2018 she went out in a break she
           | didn't know, in conditions above her league. Nothing too big
           | (maybe 5 feet) but strong and relentless. Conclusion: She got
           | sucked into the washing machine during a set and nearly
           | drowned. Had to have the water beaten out of her lungs to
           | restart breathing. Now she has panic attacks just getting
           | into a flat ocean for a swim.
           | 
           | The sea is no joke. I encourage everyone to try surfing, it's
           | a great hobby. But less than 10% of it is riding waves.
        
             | Davidzheng wrote:
             | Not the most convincing advertisement
        
               | endlessvoid94 wrote:
               | Just a different type of fun. I find avalanche training
               | to have a similar effect for backcountry.
               | 
               | For some it's sobering, for others it's terrifying.
        
               | elif wrote:
               | Yes my wife and I were watching a group of hikers one
               | time and we both looked at each other and talked about
               | how none of them had even seen a demo on using an ice
               | axe. It felt like walking into a kitchen and seeing the
               | chefs juggling knives
        
               | endlessvoid94 wrote:
               | Yep, and sadly it's a typical story in the backcountry,
               | sometimes ending tragically.
        
               | mnky9800n wrote:
               | I find it highly motivating
        
               | FrustratedMonky wrote:
               | He's using an anecdote. So, yeah, not a study.
               | 
               | The only point being made is panicked breathing before
               | disaster, versus a little training and a few controlled
               | breaths before disaster. And that he also experienced
               | maybe some of the same mind altering effects of
               | breathing.
               | 
               | Since we all breath, I think in this type of thread we'll
               | find lots of anecdotes around this subject.
        
               | zemvpferreira wrote:
               | Surfers try to scare away would-be-surfers. Less waves
               | for thee, more waves for me. I don't even have a
               | girlfriend.
        
               | bolognafairy wrote:
               | THAT's where I knew to not believe you!
        
             | metalman wrote:
             | "the sea is no joke" trvth I was blessed with "over" sized
             | lungs, and like swimming underwater, and hiking in
             | mountains, so have enjoyed bieng able to do those things
             | with minimal effort. When living in a city, I swam in an
             | olympic size pool, and can go two lengths? (back and forth
             | once+) undewater , but have no idea of how this actualy
             | compares to an average. Got into doing the ?wim hoffman?
             | breathing and like that, but have never noticed any altered
             | conciousness, but that might be because my lungs are so
             | large that I will need to realy realy push it? dont know,
             | but after a car accident I was xrayed, and they were very
             | surprised that the xrays, had to be redone, in two parts,
             | as my lungs dont fit on a standard xray. I sing, and can
             | hold a low note for a long time, and am kind of loud and
             | boomy, unless I am carefull, which is a down side, as it is
             | alarming for people in enclosed spaces. So breath work from
             | the perspective of fine controll and exploring actual true
             | limits, is something that is suddenly, looking like a good
             | idea, for me. consiousness and all that
        
               | Azrael3000 wrote:
               | You should try freediving. 2 length in a 50m pool without
               | weights and fins is way above average. But please take a
               | course first, free diving can be very safe but only if
               | done with a properly trained buddy.
        
             | patall wrote:
             | Or just join the foiling community and go 40% wave riding.
             | 80+% if pure down winding. Entree is a little more
             | expensive but you save on not having to travel exotic
             | locations (or not at all).
        
               | zemvpferreira wrote:
               | Everyone else in the water will hate you though.
               | Everyone. Even the sea janitors are above you in social
               | standing.
        
               | lukas099 wrote:
               | Why?
        
               | ChosenEnd wrote:
               | Nothin personnel
        
               | patall wrote:
               | I think you have got your emotions mixed up, what you
               | mean is called being jealous :)
               | 
               | No, obviously, I understand the hate towards those
               | foiling in a crowed point breaks. But, at least in my
               | circle, most of it happens in places where nobody's
               | surfing anyways. Downwinding is pretty much invisible.
               | Surfing has fallen victim of its own success with
               | overcrowded spots (people intentionally breaking each
               | others surfboards, come on) and the necessary travelling
               | isn't great for the planet either (nor is a carbon foil,
               | obviously)
        
               | S33V wrote:
               | The one time I see surfing mentioned on HN and of course
               | HN squeezes out the most nerdy take on surfing possible
        
               | klik99 wrote:
               | Literally why I'm here
        
       | kapitanjakc wrote:
       | From my personal experience, nothing scientific or proven here.
       | 
       | I sit in a small office since last few years. A year or so ago I
       | started to get less mentally active, as in things were going on
       | in automatic mode.
       | 
       | And I did not feel good in general, a friend who practices Yoga
       | advised me to do breathing exercises.
       | 
       | 15-30 mins of deep breaths in open space in early morning, after
       | shower, before breakfast. Followed by 3-5 min of rapid breathing.
       | And finishing with taking as much air as I can and holding it for
       | 30 sec to a min and repeating it for 2-3 times.
       | 
       | I do feel active after that, I wonder if it's related to these
       | studies.
        
         | crowdyriver wrote:
         | Did you check the co2 levels on your office? that could be one
         | reason.
        
           | AStonesThrow wrote:
           | For several years in a row, I was living every day suffering
           | from severe sleep deprivation. I was not merely homeless, but
           | living on the streets, and I became really intent on walking
           | around all night, rather than trespass or sit down for a
           | rest, in someplace where I didn't belong. Or I would sit in
           | the IHOP, and drink 2 pots of coffee and stare, zombie-like,
           | until the Sun rose. So I lost a lot of sleep and I dozed
           | whenever possible, and not in a bed, but often seated at a
           | table, with my arms folded, and my face buried in those
           | folded arms, while others made chit-chat and the music played
           | around me.
           | 
           | Well, I'd get into an enclosed space with lots of people, and
           | I'd begin to pass out. It happened a lot in church. We'd be
           | singing and standing and sitting and kneeling, and I'd be
           | just ready to conk out and go to sleep. And I would do crazy
           | things like, lunging for the thermostat because it felt so
           | warm and close in there. I thought everyone was feeling the
           | same stale, stuffy air as I was. I don't know. It would also
           | happen in the coffeehouses, but sleep was guaranteed to
           | overcome me during liturgies.
           | 
           | But I came to believe that it was a CO2 buildup sort of
           | situation. With a lot of human bodies in a closed space, and
           | we were all vocalizing for an hour or so, and it was winter
           | so perhaps the heat was on, or the air conditioning was
           | turned off. And so CO2 buildups were the most likely thing.
           | 
           | Once I was housed, and able to catch up on sleep, it doesn't
           | happen anymore. I did complain to my doctor and I asked him
           | if I may have COPD. He insisted that I breathed better than
           | he did. He brought in two young Medical Assistant ladies to
           | do this breathing exercise so that he could prove there's
           | nothing wrong with me. Of course we didn't get to that point
           | of discussing sleep deprivation, because you can't medicate
           | that. Well, a psychiatrist could try, with extra-drowsy meds.
           | And they did try. I resented that.
        
             | kragen wrote:
             | This is really valuable information. Thank you.
        
         | taraparo wrote:
         | I encourage you and everyone else interested to attend a
         | Holotropic Breathwork session to truly grasp the profound
         | impact your breath can have on your mind. This is nothing like
         | your regular five-minute yoga breathing exercise, boxed
         | breathing, or even the Wim Hof breathing. It's a completely
         | different level. These sessions typically last 3 to 5 hours and
         | take place in a safe, supportive setting with a dedicated
         | sitter and experienced facilitators.
         | 
         | And please don't try this stuff alone at home.
        
       | latchkey wrote:
       | This feels like one of those cases where science is catching up
       | with something that's been done for a long time already.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranayama
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Pranayama
        
       | anshumankmr wrote:
       | I rarely practised breathwork in my life but during my final year
       | of high school I was basically locked in my house, and got a
       | vitamin D deficiencey (quelle surprise) so I took up doing
       | breathing meditation in a public park, and that really worked for
       | me in a highly stressful period of time in my life, which got me
       | some very good results, aced my exams, got into a decent college.
       | I don't think I have applied myself as dedicated to anything as
       | intensely as I did. I regret not making it a daily habit in my
       | life, unlike gymming. Although I still sort of deep exhalations
       | in highly stressful situations but thats about it. Also if you
       | count breathing in and out during heavy lifts, that helps a lot
       | too in my form, especially during squats.
        
         | layman51 wrote:
         | What kind of breathwork? Is it kind of the same as box
         | breathing? That's breathing in for four seconds, holding it in
         | for four, exhaling and pausing all for four seconds.
        
         | darkerside wrote:
         | Why not make it a daily habit now?
        
       | 3abiton wrote:
       | This reminds me of James Nestor book on breathing, I should give
       | it another go. While the evidence in the article are not that
       | clear, the book really helped with my sleep and if anything I
       | believe controlled breathing plays a huge role in health.
        
       | sergioisidoro wrote:
       | Personal anecdote: I do freediving, so CO2 tolerance training is
       | common, and I've done it on and off. Basically you do breath
       | holds to train your body to get used to high leves of CO2.
       | 
       | I've found that brief high C02 levels are very good for
       | activation, and to get out of a lethargic state. I don't know if
       | a mix of cortisol and vasoconstriction and dive reflex triggered
       | by the CO2, but I feel like it's a tool I have on my toolbox
       | whenever I need to so something difficult or that requires a lot
       | of will power.
       | 
       | It's not for everyone tho, because many people can't get past the
       | initial urge to breathe, and would probably freak out with the
       | first involuntary contraction.
        
         | FollowingTheDao wrote:
         | Is it healthy to get into a near death experience just to get
         | something done?
         | 
         | Why is it "bad" to be in a lethargic state?
         | 
         | Have you ever asked yourself these questions?
        
           | elric wrote:
           | What makes you say that breath holding for diving is a "near
           | death experience"? It's pretty safe from what I can see?
        
           | jboggan wrote:
           | I wouldn't characterize it as a near death experience but an
           | activation of the mammalian dive reflex. It's a pretty
           | profound physiological set of changes that most people have
           | never experienced, oddly.
        
           | samus wrote:
           | You don't get near death experiences just by holding breath,
           | not even close. You might eventually be able to make yourself
           | pass out though, so never ever practice long breath hold
           | under circumstances where a loss of consciousness would be a
           | danger, e.g., while driving, close or in water, close to
           | streets or high drops or stairs, etc.
           | 
           | Lethargic states stop you from doing what you want to do and
           | to manage your time effectively. Allocate time being in such
           | states for resting or sleeping hours.
        
         | Azrael3000 wrote:
         | I also tend to use my freediving experience for the opposite,
         | when I'm highly stressed I tend to do one or two short (full
         | exhale) breath holds to calm down. This works amazingly quickly
         | and let's me refocus. Note, this will probably not work for
         | untrained individuals.
        
         | gosub100 wrote:
         | I'm in a bad spot because I love swimming but I can barely hold
         | my breath for 20s.
        
       | alwinaugustin wrote:
       | Just asked ChatGPT to summarise it and it gives this. Just
       | published it to share the link, and will delete in a day or two.
       | https://alwinaugustin.medium.com/how-circular-breathwork-boo...
        
         | contravariant wrote:
         | I can't be bothered to read AI generated slop that long, but
         | that typography is _deranged_.
        
       | amelius wrote:
       | Question: will sleeping in a badly ventilated room help with CO2
       | tolerance, somehow?
        
         | mppm wrote:
         | Very unlikely. Here's a back of the envelope calculation: The
         | human energy requirement per day is about 9MJ. This corresponds
         | to about 500g sugar (or starch), which releases around 750g
         | CO2. Metabolic activity is reduced at night, so 250g CO2 is the
         | upper limit for a full night's sleep. At typical temperature
         | and pressure, this is < 0.14 m^2 of CO2. Assuming a very small
         | (20 m^3) and hermetically sealed bedroom, you'll end up with a
         | concentration of 0.7%, or less. Serious physiological studies
         | (with divers and submariners) show that CO2 has a measurable
         | effect starting at about 1% concentration and only becomes
         | pronounced at 3% or so. This is consistent with the fact that
         | exhaled air contains about 4% CO2 during normal breathing and
         | can go much higher (>10%) during breath holds. In summary,
         | sleeping in a stuffy room might give you respiratory problems,
         | but no improved CO2 tolerance.
        
       | crsv wrote:
       | Am I missing something? It looked like the findings were all done
       | from surveying people instead of actually measuring anything
       | objectively?
        
         | LawrenceKerr wrote:
         | Surveying people is pretty important in a study like this, and
         | valid science.
         | 
         | Regardless, if you read the paper, you'd learn that they did do
         | objective measurements, namely etCO2 levels and bio-markers
         | from saliva.
         | 
         | Of note: "when etCO2 fell below approx. 20 mmHg, it was
         | virtually guaranteed to trigger at least some (and often a
         | strong) departure from ordinary waking consciousness. This
         | effect is particularly intriguing because in non-breathwork-
         | related circumstances, an etCO2 of 20 mmHg or less would be
         | considered a sign of severe physiological malfunctions, e.g. of
         | the heart or lungs"
         | 
         | But anyone who tried breathwork, especially in group settings
         | with accompanying music, knows such practices can lead to
         | intense trance-like states.
        
       | keepamovin wrote:
       | At some point the reductive paradigm fails: you cannot reduce
       | conscious experience to reproducible isolatable variables. A more
       | wholistic approach is required and I believe Western science can
       | eventually accommodate that.
       | 
       | Advances in AI and big data may help that: a collection of
       | seemingly disparate variables may define a space that correlates
       | with qualia.
        
       | aeblyve wrote:
       | Worth noting that a decrease in end-tidal CO2 pressure (i.e.,
       | decreased amount of Co2 in an exhalation) is not in itself a
       | statement about the amount of Co2 in tissues. A rudimentary
       | analysis might even say that lower Co2 as measured in exhalation
       | implies that more Co2 is retained in the tissues.
       | 
       | Bohr effect and others corroborate the idea that Co2 is not just
       | a "waste gas" produced by respiration but has an important
       | biological role in its own right.
       | 
       | Ingestion of baking soda, which supplies Co2 to tissues, is so
       | effective at countering the effects of lactic acid from muscle
       | overexertion that its administration is banned in horse racing.
       | 
       | It stands to reason that higher Co2 can protect against lactate
       | throughout tissues, perhaps even including the brain, especially
       | in a condition where the brain favors fermentation over
       | respiration (as in cancer, per Warburg effect, and depending on
       | who you ask, in mental illness/depression)
        
       | reverendsteveii wrote:
       | In the occult community altered states of consciousness are
       | something we regularly pursue in order to affect consciousness on
       | an ongoing basis after a return to baseline. The sort of
       | breathwork talked about in this article (tummo/bellows breath)
       | are big parts of a lot of people's practices, myself included. We
       | also do physical ordeals, flow states, and psychoactive drugs in
       | efforts to take manual control of our perceptions of things.
       | Personally, I meditate for about 20 minutes, then lift heavy
       | weights or do medium-distance high intensity cardio (20-30
       | minutes of going as hard as I can) then smoke marijuana, then
       | play hand drums and hyperventilate in an effort to induce a
       | ritual mindset, then use mantras and sigils to try to create a
       | mindset that's more conducive to my goals. I can't say
       | empirically that it works, of course, but anecdotally before I
       | started doing this I was a 30 year old obese, hopeless college
       | drop-out pillhead living in my childhood bedroom and now I'm a 40
       | year old married homeowner full stack engineer with 10 years off
       | pills who can benchpress his dad and I've learned to play the
       | banjo and the drums in the mean time. All of those good things
       | I've listed came to me through tons of mundane effort, smart
       | decisions and good luck but also at least correlated with me
       | using the ritual structure I outlined above to choose them as
       | goals to focus on and rewrite myself into the kind of person who
       | picks goals, focuses on them and completes them.
        
       | lr4444lr wrote:
       | I don't understand: shouldn't hypocapnia or respiratory alkalosis
       | in all forms lead to reports of altered states of consciousness
       | if decreased CO2 saturation is believed to be the cause of this
       | breathwork's effect?
        
         | yosito wrote:
         | I'm not sure about other forms of respiratory alkalosis, but I
         | do know that it's quite common for people to claim that breath
         | work leads to altered states of consciousness.
        
       | sysrestartusr wrote:
       | Is default a pre-altered state of consciousness?
       | 
       | I would argue that at least a shitload of people don't get
       | _enough_ air via breathing and that 's why they are in whatever
       | state of consciousness they are in.
       | 
       | Shitty posture, 'toxic' (compared to, again, default) air, water,
       | soil, food and constantly being pounded by annoying stuff on the
       | peripheral of perception disrupts our CNS.
       | 
       | I believe we skipped a few important beats in our cognitive
       | evolution because of that and a lot of people would be a lot
       | smoother ... at least less pretentiously pre-modern-evolution
       | "animalistic", or less obedient to and uncritical about
       | liquidity-and-status-based hierarchies, and other stuff that
       | obviously has a net-negative impact on pretty much everything ...
       | ( lots of which has already been quantified ... multiple times
       | over multiple decades )
       | 
       | .. but peeps just laugh and call this world a gangsters paradise
       | or something ...
        
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