[HN Gopher] NASA Whoosh Rocket
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       NASA Whoosh Rocket
        
       Author : speckx
       Score  : 149 points
       Date   : 2025-03-18 17:23 UTC (3 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www1.grc.nasa.gov)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www1.grc.nasa.gov)
        
       | AStonesThrow wrote:
       | Two or three drops of fuel! That's a very counterintuitive
       | contraption! I would really be reluctant as a teacher to bring a
       | flame near something made entirely of plastic... and with no fins
       | or guidance control on a ballistic trajectory? I mean it's an
       | air-filled soda bottle, but still.
       | 
       | I also seem to recall a type of toy vehicle that was propelled by
       | some compressed gas as it slid, suspended along a horizontal
       | wire/string, but I'm drawing a blank regarding the type of
       | propellant right now. It seemed safe enough to use indoors,
       | especially considering the constrained pathway.
       | 
       | I loved water rockets as a kid and I also enjoyed actual model
       | rocketry, except they seemed too hazardous for me to find a
       | launch area where bystanders felt completely safe. Model rocketry
       | is sometimes 90% modeling, and 10% launching them. Estes can make
       | some really precious designs that fly horribly but look great in
       | a Plexiglas cube on your shelf.
       | 
       | I lost most of the ones I built due to poor launch conditions,
       | and while I chose deserted school campuses during vacation or
       | weekends, I didn't make any friends with security patrols there!
        
         | kelseydh wrote:
         | It looks like a pretty fun demo to do for students:
         | https://youtu.be/xZ3hRrdj7Y0?t=445
        
         | tbrownaw wrote:
         | > _I also seem to recall a type of toy vehicle that was
         | propelled by some compressed gas as it slid, suspended along a
         | horizontal wire /string, but I'm drawing a blank regarding the
         | type of propellant right now. It seemed safe enough to use
         | indoors, especially considering the constrained pathway._
         | 
         | I've heard of using ordinary rubber party balloons for this.
        
         | userbinator wrote:
         | _Two or three drops of fuel!_
         | 
         | The stoichiometric AFR for isopropanol is 10.4:1 according to
         | the sources I found. For 1g of fuel you need 10.4g of air which
         | at SSL[1] corresponds to around 8.5L. One drop of fuel does
         | consume several liters of air to burn. The volume difference is
         | really that huge --- and the higher the AFR, the bigger the
         | difference; gasoline engines are around 14.7:1, and diesels go
         | much higher when idling or under light load.
         | 
         | Relatedly, fuel economy expressed as an area:
         | http://theskepticalzone.com/wp/weirdly-fuel-efficiency-can-b...
         | 
         | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_sea-level_conditions
        
       | timewizard wrote:
       | > WARNING - Extreme care must be exercised in flying a whoosh
       | rocket and students must be supervised when using this type of
       | rocket.
       | 
       | Only surpassed by the time I tried to grab a falling soldering
       | iron by the tip this is the source of the worst burn I've ever
       | received. I cannot stress how vicious an ignited alcohol mixture
       | in a container can be.
        
         | maccam912 wrote:
         | What went wrong?
        
           | timewizard wrote:
           | Something in my childhood I presume. In this specific case,
           | you see how they depict the long necked "BBQ" style lighter?
           | That's a /really/ good idea.
        
             | kbenson wrote:
             | > Something in my childhood I presume.
             | 
             | LOL, I can empathize quite a bit, as someone that has a
             | nasty burn scar on my hand caused by a glob of melted
             | saltpeter and sugar from an accidental ignition of a
             | concoction I was cooking one fourth of July in my youth.
        
               | s1artibartfast wrote:
               | A lot of good lessons to be learned from KNO3. An early
               | lesson was not to melt it and incorporate fuel on a
               | kitchen stove. Next lesson was how to build a outdoor
               | brick stove. Then we learned a couple pounds would fill
               | up several square blocks with dense smoke and burn a hole
               | through blacktop.
               | 
               | Not sure how we made it through our youth without
               | learning what the inside of a jail cell looked like, but
               | I suppose things were different before 9/11.
        
               | kbenson wrote:
               | > An early lesson was not to melt it and incorporate fuel
               | on a kitchen stove.
               | 
               | That was, indeed, an aspect of the problem I alluded to
               | before. I have made it a few times before, and I was
               | going to use the gas grill outside, but it seemed to be
               | acting up, and I didn't trust it, so I thought it would
               | be "safer" to move inside.
               | 
               | Combine that with me iterating on a few different batches
               | with "improvements", such as lining the bottom of the pan
               | with tinfoil so I could lift it out, and then next making
               | an extra large batch... well multiple lessons were
               | learned that day, including how to deal with insurance
               | companies from some shrewd negotiating from my parents,
               | given most the entire kitchen needed to be replaces and
               | the entire house needed to be scrubbed floor to ceiling.
               | 
               | > Not sure how we made it through our youth without
               | learning what the inside of a jail cell looked like, but
               | I suppose things were different before 9/11.
               | 
               | Ha, probably true, especially since my recipe came from a
               | copy of the anarchist cookbook my older brother happened
               | to have (and I wouldn't be surprised if you happened upon
               | it the same way). It's got a lot of dangerous stuff in
               | it, but honestly, as a tool for sparking curiosity it
               | works pretty well.
        
               | dhosek wrote:
               | I grew up with a (stolen, of course) copy of _Steal this
               | Book_ in the house.
        
               | dhosek wrote:
               | As a grade school kid, I was taken to the police station
               | for making a bomb with a couple friends. Fortunately for
               | us, no charges were pressed (presumably because we didn't
               | manage to ignite the bomb and it was the 70s).
        
               | hermitcrab wrote:
               | I met someone on holiday whose brother has been blinded
               | for life by a pipe bomb he and a friend made. So the
               | risks of messing around with that sort of thing are very
               | real. Better to couple youthful enthusiasm with some
               | adult oversight. It can still be a lot of fun (see my
               | comments on youth rocketry competitions elsewhere in this
               | discussion).
        
         | dmd wrote:
         | Is this you? https://i0.wp.com/makezine.com/wp-
         | content/uploads/2016/03/Sc...
        
           | qoez wrote:
           | HN is turning into reddit/twitter
        
             | latchkey wrote:
             | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
             | 
             | Please don't post comments saying that HN is turning into
             | Reddit. It's a semi-noob illusion, as old as the hills.
        
               | qoez wrote:
               | I'm aware of this rule but I think it's clearly not true
               | that quality hasn't degraded over time. Look at any pg
               | thread from 2014
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21233848 Anyway I
               | get that commenting this isn't the best use of space but
               | I still think it's true (I also suspect not being allowed
               | to call this out is not helping the quality).
        
             | HeatrayEnjoyer wrote:
             | Thank god.
        
       | nickmcc wrote:
       | For the latest in multi-stage high pressure, high altitude water
       | powered rockets, this group is paving the way:
       | https://youtu.be/xm-tGJxepUw?si=uGA--H1kPgBCVREd
        
         | hermitcrab wrote:
         | That is pretty impressive. Large empty spaces like that are a
         | bit hard to come by in the UK.
        
       | thih9 wrote:
       | Video demonstration (Whoosh Bottle Rocket by RamZland):
       | https://youtube.com/watch?v=Lq_6-0Ra4Hk&t=55s
        
         | michaelmior wrote:
         | My high school chemistry teacher did this a few times with a
         | water cooler bottle. In fact, the morning of our graduation, we
         | were having breakfast at the school when he walked on stage
         | holding a water cooler bottle and a lighter. I think he must
         | have used too much alcohol that time because it blew out the
         | bottom of the bottle and the rest of it shot several feet in
         | the air.
        
           | Retr0id wrote:
           | "too much alcohol" tends to make it _less_ explosive because
           | the oxygen ratio becomes suboptimal.
        
         | hermitcrab wrote:
         | I'm not sure it is a good idea to do that indoors.
        
           | blacksmith_tb wrote:
           | Possibly not, though that larger polycarbonate water bottle
           | is quite heavy, compared to the 2 liter PET soda bottles NASA
           | is suggesting for outdoor firing, and it looks like the
           | "nozzle" is the uncapped mouth, which would also help to keep
           | it from hitting the ceiling.
        
             | hermitcrab wrote:
             | I would be more worried about setting fire to the building.
             | Just seems like a totally unnecessary risk. But I have been
             | called a 'safety Nazi'.
        
       | nealabq wrote:
       | Could you do this with dry corn starch? Shake it up in the bottle
       | and light it before the dust settles.
        
         | huhtenberg wrote:
         | I wonder if adding a static charge to the dust would help it to
         | stay airborne longer.
        
         | hermitcrab wrote:
         | I'm not sure that corn starch would stay as a fine powder long
         | enough for that to work.
         | 
         | However, if you have a long cardboard tube:
         | 
         | * place the tube vertically with an ignition source at the
         | bottom (small candle perhaps)
         | 
         | * pour fine powder in the top (may need a step ladder if the
         | tube is tall enough)
         | 
         | * satisfying _whoosh_
         | 
         | Don't look down the tube as you are doing it and don't do it
         | indoors, obvs!
        
         | pbhjpbhj wrote:
         | A common science demo in UK used to be exploding a cloud of
         | custard powder - ostensibly powdered sugar and cornstarch.
         | 
         | https://youtu.be/aGBT5pwxThU?si=ay9fm_ZaYImIeNK8 is similar to
         | how it was done.
        
       | rkagerer wrote:
       | Could a 3D printed nozzle of some sort improve its
       | characteristics?
        
         | hermitcrab wrote:
         | Almost certainly. But it might need to be printed out of
         | something with moderate heat resistance.
        
       | Eduard wrote:
       | > soda bottle
       | 
       | The article never states that the bottle should be made of
       | plastic. Or glass.
        
         | fuzzylightbulb wrote:
         | Please go find us a 2 liter soda bottle being sold in the
         | United States in 2025 that is made of glass.
        
         | nancyminusone wrote:
         | I don't think a glass bottle would break at this scale, but it
         | would be too heavy to fly
        
       | k7sune wrote:
       | Humm the next logical step would be to pressurize the rocket
       | before igniting it. Or maybe to add some water in the bottle to
       | increase the propelled mass. They just need a way to ignite the
       | alcohol fume from the top......
        
         | neuroelectron wrote:
         | I would think the next logical step would be pressurizing a
         | stainless steel thermos with liquid methane and mating it to a
         | 3d printed copper prototype manifold and turbine pump.
        
       | DeathArrow wrote:
       | Can't we just have reusable space ships with engines that burn
       | some kind of fuel and we just replenish that fuel?
       | 
       | It seems a waste to use rockets and replace the whole rocket or
       | most parts of it after each flight.
        
         | actionfromafar wrote:
         | This is exactly what the article describes. Only the fuel and
         | oxidant need replacing.
        
           | DeathArrow wrote:
           | Yes, I know. I am only asking why we don't do it and why we
           | didn't do it until now.
        
             | actionfromafar wrote:
             | I think the reason can be the industry incumbents - there
             | just isn't much money to be made with such a simple design,
             | only a nozzle and combined fuel and oxidant tank in PET
             | plastic which can be recycled, no moving parts.
        
             | gus_massa wrote:
             | It's a toy that can go up 50 feet or less. You can't scale
             | it too much. To get to space you need like 100km (x6000)
             | and then a lot of speed sideways to get to orbit.
             | 
             | This model works with a drop of fuel that evaporates and
             | mix with the air. In a real rocket you most inject the fuel
             | and oxygen from the tanks into the very hot and high
             | pressure burning chamber, so you need pumps.
        
         | Sharlin wrote:
         | Heard about the Space Shuttle? Or the SpaceX Falcon 9?
         | 
         | The reason it hasn't been done in scale before SpaceX is that
         | reusability is a _hard_ problem to solve and it is /was more
         | economical to use expendable launch vehicles than to develop
         | recoverable and refurbishable stages.
         | 
         | You might also like to read about single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO)
         | which is something of a pipe dream. The rocket equation is a
         | bitch.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-stage-to-orbit
        
           | philjohn wrote:
           | The shuttle was a re-usable ship, the rockets used to get it
           | into space were not reusable.
        
             | skissane wrote:
             | That's not true... both the RS-25 SSMEs and the SRBs were
             | reused - however, the extent of refurbishment required
             | between flights was so extensive, time-consuming and
             | expensive, that it erased much of the benefits of
             | reusability
        
             | Sharlin wrote:
             | Not so. The solid rocket boosters were reused, as were the
             | three SSMEs bolted to the orbiter itself. The only part
             | that wasn't reusable was the external fuel tank because
             | bringing it back intact from almost orbital speeds would've
             | been hilariously uneconomical.
             | 
             | That said, refurbishing both the SRBs and the SSMEs after
             | each use was labor-intensive and as such expensive.
        
             | usrusr wrote:
             | The SRBs were collected from the sea for reused and the
             | upper stage was reused after landing horizontally. The only
             | thing not reused was the upper stage drop tank. That single
             | use drop tank was rather big, true, but not a rocket, not a
             | rocket at all.
             | 
             | The Soviet lookalike did use a single use rocket as its
             | second stage, with the reusable part just being an orbiter.
        
               | Sharlin wrote:
               | Interestingly, the Buran's Energyia launch vehicle could
               | possibly have been made reusable exactly because the tank
               | and the engines were one unit. At the expense of payload
               | capacity, of course. And anyway the Soviets were confused
               | about the whole shuttle concept because it didn't seem to
               | make economical sense, reusable booster or not - but they
               | assumed the Americans knew something they didn't.
        
               | usrusr wrote:
               | How would Energyia become reusable? Tail landing? Is
               | there more to this, something specific that would make
               | Energyia a candidate for tail landing other than just "if
               | F9 can do it, in theory every liquid fueled rocket could
               | do it"?
        
               | vpribish wrote:
               | all the concepts i've seen were horizontal landing mostly
               | with fold-out wings
        
               | usrusr wrote:
               | Wow, that's ... ambitious. I'd imagine the extra mass to
               | make an energyia-size tank+engines able to land
               | horizontally to be enormous. It's not just wings (plus
               | folding mechanism, if you believe that's worth saving a
               | bit of drag on the way up) but also landing gear plus all
               | the structural strengthening required.
               | 
               | Sounds suspiciously like one of those projects you
               | propose when you want something finer short term but
               | assume that they never survive to the point where they
               | actually need to deliver?
        
               | Sharlin wrote:
               | Ah, no, I was mostly just idly speculating that at least
               | it could've been possible in principle, but there in fact
               | were _some_ (possibly unrealistic) plans to make it fully
               | reusable, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_(rock
               | et)#Energia-2_(GK...
        
             | inglor_cz wrote:
             | "Refurbishable" would be a better term than "reusable".
             | 
             | Refurbishment of the shuttle orbiter took months and tens
             | of thousands of work hours before it could fly again. It
             | was pretty far from what ordinary people understand under
             | "reuse", though not completely outside the meaning of the
             | word.
        
         | numpad0 wrote:
         | Earth's gravity is too strong and human energy exploitation
         | isn't large enough to allow for such reusable rockets. The
         | rockets we humans fly look massive and shame to discard, but
         | they're more like liquid fueled balloons than proper spaceships
         | for their scales.
         | 
         | e.g., the Al-Li metal layer of Shuttle ET was 0.1" thick at
         | thinnest points yet those ET were 150ft+ tall. iPhone back
         | covers are thicker than that. Rocketry gears are infuriatingly
         | flimsy relative to their size, but they have to be because
         | that's what it _currently_ takes to fly to space.
         | 
         | If we could build ships on the Moon from Lunar rocks out of a
         | grinder, or if we could build an all-fusion spaceships, we can
         | (relatively)easily have 2m thick radiation shielding, or 8km
         | wide hulls, or anything we want.
         | 
         | But we're not doing it, but are stuck with lox-fuel chemical
         | propulsion, so we can only make them so durable.
        
           | marsovo wrote:
           | More context on the external tank: https://archive.is/2017.03
           | .30-030831/https://www.nasa.gov/mi...
           | 
           | > The common soda can, a marvel of mass production, is 94%
           | soda and 6% can by mass. Compare that to the external tank
           | for the Space Shuttle at 96% propellant and thus, 4%
           | structure. The external tank, big enough inside to hold a
           | barn dance, contains cryogenic fluids at 20 degrees above
           | absolute zero (0 Kelvin), pressurized to 60 pounds per square
           | inch, (for a tank this size, such pressure represents a huge
           | amount of stored energy) and can withstand 3gs while pumping
           | out propellant at 1.5 metric tons per second. The level of
           | engineering knowledge behind such a device in our time is
           | every bit as amazing and cutting-edge as the construction of
           | the pyramids was for their time.
        
             | MarkusWandel wrote:
             | The (early) Atlas ICBM was even less substantial than a
             | soda can. There used to be one parked on the front lawn of
             | our local science museum. It had to be kept inflated with
             | pressurized air. When the time came to retire it and they
             | let the air out...
             | 
             | https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/museum-shrugs-
             | as-a...
             | 
             | In service, of course, the necessary pressure would have
             | been maintained by propellant boil-off.
        
               | chipsa wrote:
               | In service, it was pressured with nitrogen, just like it
               | was while not in service. RP-1 is not an especially
               | volatile fuel.
        
         | bityard wrote:
         | I don't think NASA is having any problem finding room in their
         | budget for soda bottles.
        
         | snickerbockers wrote:
         | not sure what this has to do with the middle-school science-
         | fair project in the OP, but the whole "reusable shuttles" idea
         | hasn't really panned out that well. The Russian Soyuuz rockets
         | haven't changed much since the 70s and they have an excellent
         | safety record compared to the space shuttles.
        
       | trhway wrote:
       | >Flying model rockets is a relatively safe and inexpensive way
       | for students to learn ...
       | 
       | according to the current laws - it isn't, and may be even more
       | dangerous than walking to the school on your own.
        
         | Liftyee wrote:
         | Reading this in the UK, I'm not sure if "walking to school on
         | your own" is supposed to be a safe or unsafe reference point.
         | 
         | I thought that children walking to school is unthinkable in the
         | US because everything is designed for cars and public transit
         | is inadequate/nonexistent. Made worse by endless suburbia
         | stretching for miles. Someone please prove me wrong...
        
           | boutell wrote:
           | I could say a lot, but I'll just point out that most American
           | school districts provide school bus transportation.
        
           | Nextgrid wrote:
           | > children walking to school is unthinkable in the US because
           | everything is designed for cars and public transit is
           | inadequate/nonexistent
           | 
           | The hysteria around it is even worse than any of the actual
           | dangers.
        
           | jebarker wrote:
           | I live in the US and my daughter has/will have less than 1
           | mile to walk to every school she'll ever go to before
           | college. Just an existence proof though!
        
             | dhosek wrote:
             | And if she goes to a small residential school, she can keep
             | that up at college. I attended the Claremont colleges where
             | all six campuses (there's a seventh now) of the schools lay
             | within a one square mile area and if you were silly and
             | only attended classes at your own school, your longest
             | distance between dorm and classroom might be half a mile or
             | so.
             | 
             | Even a sprawling area like Tucson has a public elementary
             | school in each square mile of residential neighborhood. I
             | live in an inner-ring suburb of Chicago (Oak Park) which
             | has 8 elementary schools (plus two middle schools) serving
             | an area of 4.5 square miles. The middle schools require the
             | longest travel distance of about 2.5 miles (taxicab
             | metric). The high school serves a broader region, but
             | that's fairly typical in the Chicago area but the furthest
             | students travel is about 4 miles (which is a bit less than
             | the commute distance for the most distant students at the
             | high school I attended as a kid one suburb to the south).
             | My own grade school walk was less than half a mile. High
             | school was three miles away for me, and I would get a ride
             | or take the bus in the morning, but often walked home when
             | there was less of a time pressure (sometimes I would walk
             | with friends who lived in the opposite direction from me
             | after school and then back to my own home which made my
             | walk home five miles).
        
           | SamBam wrote:
           | Depends very much where you are. In a medium city many/most
           | middle schoolers are walking to school.
        
       | ggm wrote:
       | Nearly took out a <5yo kids eye with a bottle rocket showing off.
       | Not my kid either. (he was safely out of distance a bit wiser)
       | Haunts me still.
       | 
       | Rockets are fun. With one remaining eye explain to mummy and
       | daddy how this happened again.
        
         | hermitcrab wrote:
         | Water bottle rockets have a surprising amount of energy. I
         | managed to hit myself in the chest with one, after only a
         | couple of pumps, and it fair knocked the wind out of me.
         | 
         | We also did some messing around with coke/butane rockets. These
         | could easily knock teeth out and I made my son wear his full
         | face cycling helmet before handling them.
         | 
         | Model rockets with solid fuel motors obviously require an even
         | greater level of respect.
        
           | Loughla wrote:
           | Solid fuel at least is more controlled. You can ignite them
           | from a very safe distance.
           | 
           | I've never been hurt by an actual rocket motor, but I thought
           | I lost a finger with the woosh rocket that exploded. . .
           | Luckily just a cut and some burns and not on my face.
        
             | hermitcrab wrote:
             | Solid fuel motors are quite hard to ignite. So they are
             | pretty safe from that point of view. But:
             | 
             | Once the motor is ignited, nothing will put it out. Not
             | even immersion in water.
             | 
             | The motors are not made to NASA standard and don't always
             | do the expected thing.
             | 
             | Model rockets with solid fuel motors can go 1000s of feet.
             | If they come down in one piece without a parachute (which
             | does happen). You don't want to be under it.
             | 
             | They can set fire to dry ground. I've seen it happen.
             | 
             | None of the above are an issue if you are being sensible,
             | following guidelines and paying attention.
        
               | TeMPOraL wrote:
               | Also: solid fuel motors may be quite hard to ignite for
               | launch, but solid fuel _itself_ is damn easy to ignite
               | _when you 're making it yourself_. Take care, keep
               | containers pointing away from your face at all times, and
               | generally _FIRE HAZARD_.
               | 
               | Also: a bad fuel mixture will clog your nozzle with
               | "solid combustion residue", as we called it with my
               | friend, leading to the infamous rapid unplanned
               | disassembly (the motor will promptly explode), so if you
               | value your life and not being in prison, _never ever use
               | metal containers_ for it. Thin PVC pipe dangerous enough
               | in case of RUD, but is much less likely to kill you.
               | 
               | (Obviously, I too somehow survived childhood unharmed...)
        
               | hermitcrab wrote:
               | Bear in mind that making solid fuel motors without a
               | licence is also illegal in some countries (such as the
               | UK).
        
       | finghin wrote:
       | I have never been to the US, but I wonder if this is equally safe
       | in the EU where plastics regulations appear to have changed the
       | density and feel of drinks containers over the past half-decade
       | or more. They're obviously fine for carbonated drinks, and
       | probably bottle-rocket use too, but I wonder about their
       | structural integrity as a receptacle for alcohol combustion.
        
         | 4gotunameagain wrote:
         | Only one way to find out !
        
         | vvchvb wrote:
         | I think so:
         | 
         | 1. It's only a drop out two of alcohol
         | 
         | 2. Carbonated drinks are at a very high pressure already.
         | 
         | I could, if I wasn't feeling lazy right now, do the math to
         | compare the two pressures. Its easy stuff - two drops of
         | alcohol combusted + assumption all the combustion products are
         | ideal gases vs Henry's law for CO2. This last one will require
         | looking up how much co2 is dissolved in the product, but thats
         | not too hard.
         | 
         | But, like the other commentator pointed out.... there's only
         | one way to find out.
        
         | hermitcrab wrote:
         | Soda bottles are surprisingly strong. Even if one fails, I
         | think it would probably split, rather than creating dangerous
         | shrapnel (citation needed).
        
           | PaulHoule wrote:
           | The patent for the PET soda bottle was granted to one of the
           | Wyeth brothers!
           | 
           | https://patents.google.com/patent/US3733309A/en
           | 
           | The patent says they are good to 100 psi for regular
           | operation and people pump them up to 2x that when they shoot
           | them up as rockets.
           | 
           | It's fun to make a "chemical pressure bomb" out of that kind
           | of bottle, the classiest way to do that is to use liquid
           | nitrogen, the second classiest way is to put in a pellet of
           | dry ice, if you have no class at all you put in some aluminum
           | foil and either a strong acid ("The Works" drain cleaner) or
           | a strong base (Lye/Sodium Hydroxide) which in either case
           | will evolve hydrogen. [1]
           | 
           | The dry ice version goes off in 30-45 minutes if you put in
           | just the pellet, if you add some hot water it works like a
           | hand grenade and will explode less than a minute, cold water
           | is intermediate. These are dangerous at point blank range
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZygYNfAKjNs
           | 
           | but in my experience harmless 10 feet away. [2] [3] When I
           | was in college my friends and I made a bunch of them and
           | threw them into a vacant lot at night and thought 30 minutes
           | later that we'd failed, but soon we heard a series of loud
           | explosions which caused the neighbors to call the police. The
           | cops drove by and shined a spotlight into the area and we
           | were worried that the last one would go off when he was there
           | but it exploded just after he drove off.
           | 
           | See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_liquid_expandi
           | ng_vapor...
           | 
           | [1] ... and spray dangerous chemicals. Don't do it.
           | 
           | [2] had one blow the bottom out of a small plastic waste
           | basket though and read a report which I couldn't find this
           | time about a high school chemistry teacher who tried this in
           | class and it blew up in a student's hand, blinding him
           | 
           | [3] usually the bottle is torn up such that most of the
           | plastic is in one big piece with jagged edges, today people
           | would worry about microplastic generation
        
         | bityard wrote:
         | TFA warned against using bottles other than soda because soda
         | bottles are made to withstand a lot of pressure. Others may or
         | may not.
         | 
         | I don't imagine ANY plastic bottle survives too many lift-offs.
        
           | PaulHoule wrote:
           | See https://waterockets.com/ for commercial kits for making
           | really fancy pressurized water rockets, even 3-stage rockets!
           | You can get many many uses out of a bottle.
           | 
           | In Larry Niven's _Known Space_ books, rockets are launched
           | from earth using some kind of super-compressed material
           | encased in tanks made of some unobtanium, a vastly improved
           | version of those water rockets.
        
       | hermitcrab wrote:
       | Model rocketry is a gateway drug for STEM. I bought my son an
       | Estes model rocket kit when he was about 11. Now he is studying
       | aerospace and astronautic engineering at university.
       | 
       | There are some fantastic model rocketry competitions for
       | youngsters. There is one running in the UK right now (Google
       | 'UKROC') and equivalent ones in the USA, France and Japan. Plenty
       | of guidance is available and it isn't dangerous if you are
       | sensible. We entered a team into UKROC 2 years running and had an
       | amazing time.
        
         | bayouborne wrote:
         | I'm 66, and when I myself was 10 or 11 my friends on my street
         | and I were completely obsessed with the Estes rocket and Cox
         | .049 U-control scenes. Most of us were lucky enough to have
         | engaged fathers and once the standard craft were assembled and
         | flown, we all browbeat them mercilessly for more information
         | for mods, shortcuts, hacks etc. My dad grew very wary of the
         | 'Why can't we' type questions. I had modified a C-type engine
         | Big Bertha rocket with an extra long transparent payload module
         | which set the stage for various kidnappings of lizards, frogs,
         | praying-mantises, eggs, multiple 1 and a quarter inch sockets,
         | etc (all returned to earth unharmed, if not un-rattled). The
         | nichrome wire igniters were troublesome for most of the kids.
         | Bulky and expensive (for 4th graders) lantern batteries were
         | hard to come by. We found we could steal D-cells from
         | flashlights, hack cardboard tubes from paper towel rolls,
         | reinforce with electrical tape, and make passable energy
         | sources from that, etc. But all of that required questions from
         | the closest available parent about voltage and series/parallel
         | connections, as well as other questions about CG when modding
         | the rockets themselves, etc. I think your STEM comment is very
         | much on-point. None of my friends thought we were learning
         | anything at the time. We were mostly just jazzed about doing
         | fun stuff that had the potential for tearing itself apart in
         | mid-air. I know the advent digital everything makes modeling
         | systems for kids [Kerbal,etc] probably pretty trivial now, but
         | actually crashing things in spectacular fashion IRL had/has
         | it's own visceral rewards.
        
           | hermitcrab wrote:
           | My son enjoyed Kerbal Space program. But, fun[1] and
           | educational as that is, it couldn't match the thrill of
           | launching a real home-made rocket to ~1000 feet.
           | 
           | [1]Not for some of the developers, apparently.
           | https://mcvuk.com/development-news/squad-devs-blast-
           | kerbal-s...
        
       | desertmonad wrote:
       | Mentos and cocacola or maybe vinegar & baking soda variant could
       | be safer. I'm sure kids would have fun with this. Loved launching
       | bugs(unharmed) in my nova payloader as a kid :-)
        
       | krunck wrote:
       | When I was a kid I used to do this with propane. I'd fill it with
       | a propane torch - which is set t mix the C3H8 and O2 to the right
       | proportion - and light it. I would not use a restrictor/nozzle
       | cap because it had plenty of thrust without it.
       | 
       | I survived my childhood unscarred, somehow.
        
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