[HN Gopher] Bispecific antibodies potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Bispecific antibodies potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of
       concern
        
       Author : ohjeez
       Score  : 360 points
       Date   : 2025-03-10 00:46 UTC (22 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.science.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.science.org)
        
       | tomrod wrote:
       | Sign me up!
        
       | mkoryak wrote:
       | What does this mean? A better vaccine?
        
         | blooalien wrote:
         | > What does this mean? A better vaccine?
         | 
         | Probably eventually, yeah. Assuming all goes well with further
         | research and development.
        
           | fastball wrote:
           | No, this is a treatment. Vaccines are preventative by priming
           | your immune system, this directly targets SARS-CoV-2 itself,
           | so is for people who actively have COVID.
        
             | genewitch wrote:
             | Opposite.
        
               | neuronic wrote:
               | Of course it is for therapeutics design, it's the literal
               | last sentence of the abstract:
               | 
               | "In conclusion, NTD-RBD bsAbs offer promising potential
               | for the design of resilient, next-generation antibody
               | therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs."
        
         | harshreality wrote:
         | Antibodies are not vaccines. Antibodies bind to an antigen
         | (virus component in this case) to get the immune system to
         | attack and destroy the antigen and whatever it's attached to.
         | 
         | A vaccine causes the patient to develop specific immunity (fast
         | reaction to a specific antigen) by introducing (usually
         | injecting) a large amount of an antigen. That prompts the
         | immune system to react by developing B-cells that produce their
         | own antibodies to the antigen. It turns the body into its own
         | antibody factory to deal with whatever you injected, but that
         | takes time.
         | 
         | Injecting antibodies, as in this study, bypasses the natural
         | (slow) specific immunity generation process. Antibodies are
         | created some other way (in a lab, or in some other animal) and
         | then directly injected. It's done for serious diseases or
         | dangerous toxins or immuno-compromised individuals, when
         | waiting for the patient to develop their own specific immunity
         | is too slow or dangerous.
         | 
         | Critically, a vaccine allows the body to maintain the ability
         | to fight off similar-enough infections for a while, but usually
         | takes weeks or more to reach near full effect, sometimes
         | requiring multiple shots for better effectiveness. If you're
         | trying to treat an infection you think you might already have
         | or will get in the next few days, vaccines only work if the
         | progression of the disease is very slow, as in rabies which
         | takes something like 1-2 months to make it into the CNS.
         | 
         | Injecting antibodies is a one-shot treatment that must be
         | repeated until the virus (or toxin or other bad thing) is gone.
         | It's commonly done for toxins (spider or snake venoms), or
         | sometimes for severe diseases (ebola, tetanus), but sars-cov-2
         | has so much attention that now they're doing it for that too.
         | In patients who aren't immunocompromised, antibody treatments
         | for less-lethal infections give their immune systems more time
         | to generate their own antibodies without developing severe
         | symptoms.
         | 
         | The similarity in the two approaches is that they both
         | ultimately involve antibodies binding to coronavirus proteins.
         | The difference is in where those antibodies come from, and
         | whether the body can produce more at will (vaccine --[time]-->
         | natural immunity), or whether you have to keep injecting them
         | (antibody treatments).
         | 
         | That's only a rough approximation. The immune system is very
         | complicated. Wikipedia, or a book on molecular biology or
         | immunology, will go into a lot more detail.
        
           | ggm wrote:
           | So it could be given eg daily prophylactically to health
           | workers, and important functional workers during a breakout
           | pandemic to ensure they can continue to work, with very high
           | likelihood of exposure. If it meant less biohazard cosplay
           | (really? it works but it's such a high burden to get right
           | and its exhausting from what health workers say)
           | 
           | I'd say it's worth exploring on those grounds alone. Anything
           | to keep health and vital service staff functional during the
           | bad times.
        
             | harshreality wrote:
             | Maybe there's a hypothetical where there's somehow rapid
             | availability of specific antibodies, but no opportunity to
             | vaccinate healthcare workers ahead of time, and it somehow
             | makes sense to rely on antibody injections instead of PPE
             | ("biohazard cosplay"). Here are some reasons why it
             | probably _doesn 't_.
             | 
             | Getting treated with antibodies don't mean you're
             | asymptomatic or that you'll feel well. It only means you'll
             | have less severe symptoms. You'd have healthcare workers
             | walking around sick, spreading the very disease they're
             | trying to treat others for. Or taking up a hospital or
             | clinic bed, not treating patients, using up limited
             | healthcare resources -- which, for the duration of their
             | illness, is a worse outcome _for their patients_ than if
             | the healthcare workers weren 't there at all.
             | 
             | It's expensive. There's no economy of scale for an unusual
             | disease outbreak. That applies to both antibody and vaccine
             | stockpiles.
             | 
             | If the disease is minor (like COVID-19 usually is for
             | otherwise healthy individuals), healthcare workers might be
             | willing to take a chance to avoid the hassle of PPE, but
             | would their employer (such as a hospital, or MSF)? They're
             | the ones who have to pay for antibody treatment if their
             | healthcare employees get sick. They're the ones who have
             | medical ethicists looking out for both the well-being of
             | the frontline healthcare workers and patients.
             | 
             | If the disease has a significant mortality rate,
             | availability of a specific antibody treatment, even if it's
             | stocked and instantly available, wouldn't motivate anyone
             | to go without PPE. Nor would getting vaccinated. They're
             | not guarantees of survival, and preventing healthcare
             | workers from getting sick is more important than treating
             | patients.
        
               | ggm wrote:
               | Yea I hadn't really thought it through. I went straight
               | to a hallelujah outcome when most things "in mice" don't
               | wash through, and are expensive. Disposable PPE is less
               | expensive and we know it works. Sweaty and tiring, but
               | works.
        
               | duskwuff wrote:
               | Not to mention, PPE protects you against diseases which
               | aren't COVID-19 - the common cold, influenza,
               | tuberculosis... health care workers are always going to
               | be safer (and keep their patients safer!) by masking up.
        
               | nradov wrote:
               | You've got to be kidding. There's no way most healthcare
               | workers will ever tolerate constantly wearing masks.
               | Especially not for routine ambulatory care that doesn't
               | involve breaking the skin.
        
               | Synaesthesia wrote:
               | I wore a mask every day to work and outside for over a
               | year. It's not a big deal.
        
               | simoncion wrote:
               | > It's not a big deal.
               | 
               | Agreed. If you don't have respiratory, skin, or sensory-
               | processing issues that make it a big deal, it's not a big
               | deal.
               | 
               | Given the "breaking the skin" comment, I wonder if PP is
               | thinking of clear plastic face shields which protect
               | against spatter, but not aerosols.
        
           | Galatians4_16 wrote:
           | Antibodies are just one re-definition away from becoming
           | vaccines, lol
        
         | Dwedit wrote:
         | More like a better paxlovid.
        
         | jimmygrapes wrote:
         | I think it's the thing the powers that be said was inconclusive
         | and/or ineffective (monoclonal antibodies) and in the same
         | realm of conspiracy theorist homeopathic solutions. Just takes
         | awhile for things to work out, it's OK.
        
           | Galatians4_16 wrote:
           | Exactly. Didn't you see how green and sickly these things
           | made poor Mr. Rogan?
        
         | thro1 wrote:
         | > What does this mean? A better vaccine?
         | 
         | New mutations (since some chronic, immunocompromised unable to
         | clean the infection patient will get it).
        
       | kens wrote:
       | The title is "Bispecific antibodies targeting the N-terminal and
       | receptor binding domains potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants
       | of concern". Note that although the antibodies were only helpful
       | before infection, "its therapeutic efficacy after infection was
       | limited." Thus, it isn't a treatment. Also, this study was in
       | mice, not humans, so this is something potentially for the
       | future, not something you can use now.
        
         | divbzero wrote:
         | dang, would you be able to update the title for this thread?
         | The full title is too long for HN but could be shortened to:
         | "Bispecific antibodies potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants
         | of concern".
        
           | gus_massa wrote:
           | Mentions like @dang are npt magic in HN, but you can send an
           | email to hn@ycombinator.com
        
           | dang wrote:
           | I've put that up there now. Thanks!
        
       | jonlucc wrote:
       | Also of note because of recent political choices, these are
       | humanized mice, meaning they're transgenic. They have a human
       | ACE2 gene instead of the mouse ACE2 gene, which makes the human
       | version of the enzyme that the COVID virus uses to enter cells.
       | This isn't my exact field, so I'm not positive, but I remember
       | hearing that all of the COVID mouse models require transgenic
       | mice.
        
         | timr wrote:
         | There's absolutely no problem with research on transgenic mice.
         | Certain groups have been trying to claim that the US president
         | confused "transgenic" and "trans(sexual|gender)" in his speech
         | last week, but that is incorrect. There really was a series of
         | government-funded studies concerning gender in mice [1,2].
         | 
         | [1] https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/2025/03/yes-biden-
         | spent-...
         | 
         | [2] Just to be clear: I have no opinion on this research, nor
         | am I suggesting that it is wasteful. I'm just pointing out that
         | the entire meme of _" Trump confused transgenic har har har"_
         | is factually incorrect, and also deeply ironic.
        
           | bigmattystyles wrote:
           | The way they complain about it though, it seems to me that
           | they think mouse studies are done for the sake of mice.
           | 'Crazy woke liberals want to make even mice transgender.' Is
           | the whistle they're blowing.
        
             | timr wrote:
             | Our political discourse is especially stupid right now, and
             | it is bi-partisan.
        
               | HeatrayEnjoyer wrote:
               | Drop the "both sides" falsehood.
        
               | timr wrote:
               | So far, there there are multiple replies to my comment
               | arguing with me about something I didn't say (i.e. "the
               | cited studies don't have anything to do with making mice
               | transgender"). So yes, both sides are so eager to score
               | points that they don't even bother to read anymore.
        
               | soco wrote:
               | Sweet summer child. Sometimes the context of an argument
               | is just as important. If the discussion is about somebody
               | who died stabbed, bringing the argument that old doctors
               | helped people by bloodletting, while technically correct,
               | is not exactly helping.
        
               | redeux wrote:
               | I agree with your point but I don't think using
               | pejoratives helps others receive your message.
        
               | timr wrote:
               | The comment I was responding to said/implied that
               | transgenic research is somehow politically prohibited
               | now. This is simply false, and no amount of hand-wringing
               | about what the president _meant_ is relevant to the
               | question I was addressing.
               | 
               | The one thing that is absolutely undebatable is that he
               | _wasn 't_ talking about transgenic research, yet somehow
               | that has become the meme.
        
               | zimpenfish wrote:
               | It's bi-partisan in the way that a paper cut is bi-
               | partisan to having your leg dissolved off with acid.
        
               | coeneedell wrote:
               | Really difficult to argue that "both sides are equally to
               | blame for the bad discourse" when one side had a mob of
               | terrorists storm the capitol (then pardoned all of them)
               | and the other side held up tiny signs during a speech.
        
               | naasking wrote:
               | Or instead of making a bad faith comparison of partisan
               | violence, you could compare it to the George Floyd
               | protests which injured over 700 police officers and
               | killed over 20 people.
        
               | xerox13ster wrote:
               | And in which case did the party leader stand up and
               | incite the mob before they went on their war path?
               | 
               | If we're going to compare January 6 to the George Floyd
               | riots, one was explicitly political, and the other one
               | was fed up populace.
               | 
               | One started with a rally intended to gas the mob up in
               | hopes of securing the capital for their fuhrer. The other
               | was started as the result of the outright murder of an
               | individual by a state actor.
               | 
               | One was essentially organized by the Republican Party
               | leader, and the other was an impromptu display of
               | discontent.
        
               | AuryGlenz wrote:
               | There were quite a few Democrats that encouraged the
               | protests that turned into riots during the George Floyd
               | stuff.
               | 
               | That's literally exactly the same as Trump. He encouraged
               | a protest, but literally told them to peacefully protest,
               | just as many of those Democrats did.
        
               | xerox13ster wrote:
               | And for how many of them were the protests formed around
               | the Democrat politician?
               | 
               | How many Democrats: got up on stage for a rally _for
               | themselves_ then - > told the attendees to go and
               | "peacefully protest" then -> the protestors went and
               | turned into a riot?
               | 
               | How many of the George Floyd protesters were chanting to
               | hang a public official? With the intent of dismantling
               | democracy?
               | 
               | These are not the same.
        
               | Larrikin wrote:
               | Now go one step further and discuss what both sides were
               | protesting.
        
             | ImHereToVote wrote:
             | We can find against the crazy right by making even more
             | extreme strawmen.
        
           | fumeux_fume wrote:
           | You're kinda splitting hairs here which lends me to believe
           | you also fail to grasp the reality of the situation. We have
           | no idea if Trump really knows the difference between the
           | words transgenic and transgender, but we know that these
           | studies are mostly--if not completely--focused on aspects
           | other than simply changing the sex of the mice. If I had to
           | guess, the grant proposals probably contained enough woke
           | buzzwords to make them appear to be such.
           | 
           | source: https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-
           | news/trump-tr...
        
             | redeux wrote:
             | I think we should be beyond giving the Trump regime the
             | benefit of the doubt. They've shown repeated and obvious
             | malicious intent. I think it's more likely that they cherry
             | picked this study because they believed that their rubes
             | would fall for it. I doubt Trump himself knows anything
             | about the study.
        
             | whimsicalism wrote:
             | Splitting hairs? The original comment implied that studies
             | on transgenic mice were becoming politically verboten,
             | which is unambiguously false.
             | 
             | Only because it somewhat goes against one anti-Trump
             | narrative do we now accuse the commentator of "splitting
             | hairs"/being overfocused on details. Sorry, but details-
             | obsession is part of Hacker News for you. Trump does more
             | than enough idiotic things, I've never understood the
             | desire to just make up things about him.
        
           | aredox wrote:
           | It is correct, as the White House's childish response doesn't
           | address "making mouses transgender" at all, and this was
           | Trump's claim.
        
           | thowawatp302 wrote:
           | None of the titles of studies provided on that page support
           | the assertion that the money was spent "for making mice
           | transgender."
        
             | timr wrote:
             | ...I didn't say they did? Not sure why you're arguing with
             | me. I just said that there's no "confusion" between these
             | things and transgenic mice.
        
             | GolfPopper wrote:
             | Yep. There's some immense "the Leader can never be wrong"
             | energy with the response to the (factually inaccurate, and
             | thus untrue) "transgender mice" line in Trump's address to
             | Congress.
             | 
             | Any remotely sane administration, faced with something
             | similar, would just put out a statement about how a
             | speechwriter made a mistake, the intent was different than
             | the exact wording used by the President, and let it go.
             | 
             | Instead, various lackeys are left to performatively
             | scramble and media outlets are under pressure, all to find
             | some twisted interpretation under which he can
             | retroactively have been right all along. Madness
             | reminiscent of Orwell's writing. It makes you wonder,
             | happens if he says "pi is 3"?
        
               | s1artibartfast wrote:
               | The interesting part is that many people correctly
               | understood exactly what Trump meant with his language the
               | first time.
               | 
               | For those people, it is the left that is twisting the
               | words and factually incorrect ( e.g. Trump did not mix up
               | transgender and transgenic).
               | 
               | Using poetic or lose language is rhetorical style that
               | trump has employed since the first term. Trump keeps
               | doing it because the feeble response makes it a winning
               | tactic.
               | 
               | For many people, Trump comes out looking like the sane
               | one when he calls a mouse on HRT a trans mouse, and the
               | rebuttals are "The studies weren't about gender in mice
               | because, gender being a social construct, mice don't have
               | it" or scientists weren't "putting mice in drag and
               | asking them their pronouns."
        
               | ipaddr wrote:
               | I don't think Trump is looking like a same person unless
               | you consider a Trump hotel in Gaza sane. Do you?
        
           | Cthulhu_ wrote:
           | Their wording is very convincing that they are correct, too:
           | 
           | > The Fake News losers at CNN immediately tried to fact check
           | it, but President Trump was right (as usual).
        
             | Toutouxc wrote:
             | I had to double check this was really posted on
             | whitehouse.gov.
        
               | falcor84 wrote:
               | I'm really sad about this. I'm ok with the use of clear
               | and even fully colloquial language by officials, but find
               | myself mourning this total loss of decorum. I grew up
               | believing that our officials should strive to be role
               | models. I feel that by shirking this expectation, the
               | current administration is eroding a central pillar of
               | government as a concept.
        
               | dragonwriter wrote:
               | > I grew up believing that our officials should strive to
               | be role models.
               | 
               | They _are_ striving to be role models, and they _are_
               | role models for their followers, and this is clearly
               | visible in changea in social interactions...
        
               | Tostino wrote:
               | I always rolled my eyes a bit about the decorum calls
               | when anybody would get a little rowdy. I don't know, I
               | seem to find a little bit of profanity and pointed name
               | calling an entirely different thing than an all out
               | assault on truth and reason.
        
               | tw04 wrote:
               | The point of decorum is is that a devolution of language
               | tends to result in an escalation of aggression which
               | frequently ends in physical violence.
               | 
               | You generally don't hear someone screaming "with all due
               | respect I must disagree" before shooting someone.
        
               | anyonecancode wrote:
               | Does make me wonder about the 18th and early 19th C,
               | where the written language was very polite and formal but
               | people regularly had duels and killed each other. But
               | perhaps spoken language at the time was far less polite?
               | What did Hamilton and Burr shout at each other in
               | Weehawken, I wonder.
        
               | indymike wrote:
               | > I grew up believing that our officials should strive to
               | be role models.
               | 
               | This is what we tell our children until they get old
               | enough to process the adult world. Reality is... "it's
               | complicated, ____ (son/daughter name here)." Our leaders
               | (at least in the US) haven't been real role models for
               | probably centuries... reality is the whole "virtuous
               | king" thing has been aspirational since the ancient
               | Greeks.
        
               | falcor84 wrote:
               | > Our leaders (at least in the US) haven't been real role
               | models for probably centuries...
               | 
               | Even when I disagreed with some of what he did (and
               | didn't do), I absolutely can't recall a single time that
               | I didn't admire the manner in which Obama spoke and
               | behaved.
        
               | HumblyTossed wrote:
               | President hector dwayne mountain dew camacho strikes
               | again.
        
               | mapt wrote:
               | While President Camacho is shown in a more theatrical
               | light, what this character actually does on screen is
               | 
               | * find an expert who has apparently superior knowledge
               | about a widespread problem afflicting his people
               | 
               | * immediately seek guidance from that expert and
               | conscript him into solving that problem
               | 
               | * apply that guidance by directing resources to test the
               | theory experimentally
               | 
               | * begin to hold that expert accountable when their
               | experiment fails to follow that expert's predictions
               | 
               | * Stop seeking accountability and reverse course when it
               | does produce results (despite this process being very
               | public), and offer the expert the job of fixing more
               | things.
               | 
               | Could you ask for more? Do you think the current
               | democratic discourse is above or below this level?
               | 
               | Or non-democratic discourse for that matter. How did we
               | deal with Lysenko's theories on crop yields?
        
           | evil-olive wrote:
           | > There really was a series of government-funded studies
           | concerning gender in mice
           | 
           | this is true...in the sense that if you make a list of
           | government-funded studies, and ctrl-F it for "gender", and
           | then ctrl-F that list for "mice", you get a non-zero number
           | of results.
           | 
           | of the $8 million they're claiming, $3.1 million went to
           | "Gonadal hormones as mediators of sex and gender influences
           | in asthma"
           | 
           | so...they're studying asthma. using mice. who are given
           | hormones. this is pretty far from the "they're making mice
           | transgender" talking point.
           | 
           | if you read the abstract that they link to [0]:
           | 
           | > Starting around puberty and peaking during mid-life, women
           | have increased asthma prevalence and higher rates of asthma
           | exacerbations than men. Causes of these disparities remain
           | unclear; however, studies have shown that sex-specific
           | inflammatory mechanisms controlled by hormones contribute to
           | differences in airway reactivity in response to environmental
           | stimuli. Despite this, experimental models of asthma have not
           | explored the contributions of sex hormones to inflammatory
           | mechanisms in the female and male lung
           | 
           | asthma affects men and women differently, and they want to
           | figure out why. specifically, they're trying to isolate the
           | affects of hormones on lung tissue. that seems like a
           | worthwhile subject to me? a simplistic understanding of
           | biology would be that lungs are lungs, and the same between
           | men and women. refining that understanding seems like a good
           | goal for basic research to pursue.
           | 
           | if you continue reading the abstract, _oh my god they mention
           | that trans people exist_
           | 
           | > and no studies have explored the effects of feminizing
           | hormone therapy with estrogen in the lungs of trans women
           | 
           | but...this just seems to me like the scientific method?
           | they're trying to eliminate as many uncontrolled variables as
           | they can:
           | 
           | > In Aim 2, we will study the contributions of estrogens to
           | HDM-induced asthma outcomes using male and female
           | gonadectomized mice treated with estradiol
           | 
           | if you want to study the effects of sex-specific hormones, it
           | seems logical that you would neuter them first, so that
           | they're not producing any hormones of their own, they're only
           | receiving the ones that you inject them with.
           | 
           | so you have female mice, with ovaries removed, who are
           | receiving replacement female hormones. and male mice, with
           | testes removed, who are also receiving female hormones.
           | 
           | if you want to call that "transgender mice", sure, knock
           | yourself out. what I see is just a scientific experiment
           | where they're tried to eliminate as many uncontrolled
           | variables as possible.
           | 
           | now, why are they only doing it with female hormones
           | (estradiol)? why aren't they doing the opposite experiment
           | where the male and female gonadectomized mice are given
           | testosterone? I don't know for certain, but the most likely
           | explanation is that testosterone is a controlled substance in
           | the US (due to its use by weightlifting bros), and so doing
           | experiments with it would be more difficult because of the
           | increased legal requirements.
           | 
           | 0: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10891526
        
             | FeepingCreature wrote:
             | This often happens:
             | 
             | 1. X says that A did stupid thing B!
             | 
             | 2. Y makes fun of X because obviously A didn't do stupid
             | thing B.
             | 
             | 3. Z (that's you) points out that A did a thing B', that is
             | like B, only not stupid, but technically X described it
             | accurately if tendentiously.
             | 
             | How do you deal with that? I don't think the human
             | political brain is built for this level of indirection. But
             | realistically this will now always be a fight between X's
             | and Y's faction, because Z's position, though _true_ , is
             | too complicated to fit in a soundbite.
             | 
             | I don't know how we get back from that. If it were truth vs
             | lies it would be manageable, but the truth isn't even on
             | the table because it's too big to fit into the
             | argumentative paradigm.
        
               | watwut wrote:
               | > 3. Z (that's you) points out that A did a thing B',
               | that is like B, only not stupid, but technically X
               | described it accurately if tendentiously.
               | 
               | It was not "technically described accurately" tho. It was
               | a lie and comment you are responding to makes that clear.
               | 
               | So I think that response to that tactic would be to
               | simply call it a lie rather then "technically accurate".
        
               | FeepingCreature wrote:
               | It's more accurate to say that "a paper studied gender in
               | mice" than to say "no papers studied gender in mice".
               | 
               | edit: Nevermind I retract this. I think you're right
               | about this paper in particular. I guess it comes down to
               | whether a study involving weird things with gender
               | hormones is "about gender"? But it still seems like the
               | core debate is ultimately not very much attached to
               | actual reality.
               | 
               | edit: It's like the "chemicals in the water that turn the
               | freaking frogs gay" Alex Jones meme - if you thought "no
               | that's nonsense there were no chemicals in the water" you
               | would know _less_ about Atrazine than Alex Jones did,
               | despite Alex Jones also being wrong about what 's going
               | on with the frogs. The way in which you think that
               | someone is wrong can also be wrong, even if that someone
               | is in fact wrong.
        
               | pas wrote:
               | the paper used the word "gender" completely
               | unnecessarily, no? those are sex hormones.
        
               | FeepingCreature wrote:
               | It'd be fascinating - if considerably evil - to see if we
               | could induce dysphoria in mice.
        
               | enragedcacti wrote:
               | No. The studies are attempting to understand the effects
               | of a specific human medical intervention called "gender-
               | affirming hormone therapy" using mice as an analog. GAHT
               | is an umbrella of treatments that includes more than just
               | cross-sex hormones (e.g. transwomen often take
               | testosterone blockers in addition to estrogen) so its a
               | very reasonable use of 'gender' in context.
        
               | s1artibartfast wrote:
               | I love that Alex Jones example.
               | 
               | Atrazine is causing hermaphroditic frogs, chemically
               | castrating them, and turning male frogs into behavioral
               | females.
               | 
               | Trump often plays in a similar gray zone (e.g. dual
               | meaning, hyperbole, simplification) with language because
               | It is often a winning tactic.
               | 
               | Trump and Jones generate soundbites that cant be easily
               | refuted with democratic soundbites. Overly simplistic
               | rebuttals often end up even less accurate and more
               | detached from reality.
               | 
               | I have given some thought to why this is, and I think it
               | is for a few reasons. First, I think that democratic
               | respondents don't share as much linguistic & conceptual
               | framework with the target audience (e.g. a feminized male
               | frog = a gay frog).
               | 
               | Second, and relatedly, I think rebuttals are afraid to
               | engage with certain topics, and therefore end up tying
               | themselves up in knots.
               | 
               | Last, is they have an oppositional defiant disorder where
               | everything must be denied. "YES and" responses are off
               | limits.
               | 
               | They cant just say "Yes, and poor chemical regulation is
               | turning the frogs gay, and that is a bad thing"
        
               | watwut wrote:
               | I think it is more simpler. The actual message is not
               | something about frogs and chemicals, it is "liberals are
               | stupid and demented" or "gay are feminine losers" or
               | "fear, liberals harm children". It is basically just
               | exaggerated stereotypical schoolyard bullying, except
               | with massive audience. When you analyze chemicals and
               | hermaphrodism frogs in response, you area acting like a
               | stereotypical nerd who does not understand the social
               | situation or just does not have it in him to hit back.
               | 
               | The message is not scientific complain about frog, read
               | message is that "we" should band up against "them" and
               | collectively now bully this or that person/group. It is
               | in-group bonding based on common enemy that is vilified.
               | 
               | You can not counteract that with rational rebuttal. That
               | never works, not on schoolyard, not in work, not in
               | politics. The whole things is about making people feel
               | certain way.
        
               | tomrod wrote:
               | > How do you deal with that?
               | 
               | Historically, with a slap, either open handed or with a
               | glove to induce a dual. But we live in more genial times
               | where such egregious violence is deemed unavailable.
               | 
               | > I don't think the human political brain is built for
               | this level of indirection.
               | 
               | Indeed. People using incompetent and mistaken assumptions
               | doesn't improve on their desire to tear up the political
               | foundations in the US.
        
           | toddmorey wrote:
           | It's still bullshit. For example, the last cited study ($3
           | million of their claimed $8 million) aimed to find out why
           | asthma is so much more prevalent in women than men and learn
           | more about gender-specific inflammatory mechanisms.
           | 
           | Being scientists, they saw an opportunity to study the
           | contributions of estrogens to HDM-induced asthma outcomes.
           | SHOCKING AND SCANDALOUS.
        
           | whimsicalism wrote:
           | Not really worth fighting it on these issues in forums like
           | HN anymore, they're becoming reddit-ized and tribal. People
           | will probably read your comment as an endorsement/defense of
           | Trump rather than the factual clarification it is.
        
             | timr wrote:
             | This comment thread is indeed pretty depressing.
        
           | tonnydourado wrote:
           | The studies weren't about gender in mice because, gender
           | being a social construct, mice don't have it.
           | 
           | *Some* of the studies were about the potential physiological
           | effects of hormone therapy. They used mice, but the point was
           | to study how humans are affected by HRT.
           | 
           | The way the article is written makes it sound like they're
           | putting mice in drag and asking them their pronouns.
        
             | CamperBob2 wrote:
             | _gender being a social construct, mice don 't have it._
             | 
             | You have to be careful there. Plenty of individual animals
             | in the wild exhibit social behaviors that we would
             | associate with unconventional gender roles if they were
             | humans. There are known evolution-based rationales for many
             | if not most of these behaviors, and it's safe to say there
             | are _unknown_ evolution-based rationales for the rest.
             | 
             | We're not special.
        
               | krapp wrote:
               | Homosexuality is not transgenderism. A homosexual man can
               | still identify as a man and be attracted to men. Being
               | attracted to a man doesn't make them equivalent to a
               | transwoman.
               | 
               | Also conventional gender roles change over time, and vary
               | by culture, because gender is performance. It used to be
               | conventional for men to wear high heels and makeup and
               | kiss each other on the mouth, and sexual relationships
               | between men weren't always considered transgressive of
               | masculine norms.
        
               | CamperBob2 wrote:
               | Yep, all very true.
               | 
               | I spent most of my childhood believing that homosexuality
               | was unnatural, inherently sinful, and entirely unique to
               | humans, because that's the spiel that the local Southern
               | Baptist preachers were selling. The same is true for
               | things we call "gender roles." Some male animals act in
               | ways we once reflexively associated with females of their
               | species, and vice versa.
               | 
               | I'll edit the comment to remove the reference to
               | homosexuality, though, because that point wasn't
               | especially clear or useful.
        
             | s1artibartfast wrote:
             | Not a Trump fan, but for many people including me, Trump
             | comes out looking like the sane one when he calls a mouse
             | on HRT a trans mouse, and the rebuttals are:
             | 
             | -"The studies weren't about gender in mice because, gender
             | being a social construct, mice don't have it"
             | 
             | -Scientists weren't actually "putting mice in drag and
             | asking them their pronouns."
             | 
             | -Trump confused transgenic mice with transgender mice
        
               | ipaddr wrote:
               | The last line makes you both seem foolish because he is
               | confusing both terms.
               | 
               | It reminds me of historical elections where one candidate
               | called the other homo sapiens and the ignorance of the
               | public fell for it
        
               | s1artibartfast wrote:
               | How so? From my point of view it seems like the
               | conflation lies with the critics.
               | 
               | The word he used was transgender, and the studies were
               | all for transgender health in a mouse model.
               | 
               | Critics are the ones bringing transgenic into the
               | conversation, which neither matches what he said, or the
               | majority of the studies.
               | 
               | It is as if Bob called the ocean blue, but Sally claims
               | Bob really meant red, while simultaneously pointing out
               | he is wrong because the ocean actually blue. It is a
               | really weak criticism.
               | 
               | A more coherent response is simply: "Studying transgender
               | health in mouse models is important, and those studies
               | were a good use of money"
        
           | consteval wrote:
           | It makes zero sense to claim Trump was referring to
           | transgenic mice because nobody cares about that, regardless
           | of political affiliation.
           | 
           | He attempted a bit of misinformation, which characterizes
           | most of his address. Certainly, his supporters interpreted it
           | to mean transgender mice. IMO, this was deliberate. If it
           | wasn't deliberate, then Trump is just an idiot. If it was
           | deliberate, then he's purposefully spreading misinformation
           | in pursuit of some culture war.
           | 
           | No matter how you cut it, it reflects very poorly on our
           | president.
        
       | petesergeant wrote:
       | Needs an [in mice] tag
        
         | loongloong wrote:
         | Maybe a [TRL x] tag too.
         | 
         | In the current online discourse climate...
         | 
         | The HN community can be a good candidate to collectively, over
         | time and use... develop and refine a set of commonly understood
         | tags to communicate context in post titles.
         | 
         | If not in title, then maybe in the top / "pinned" comment.
         | 
         | If they can spread beyond HN... that would be even better.
        
           | mgcunha wrote:
           | What does TRL mean to you in this context ?
        
       | countWSS wrote:
       | All variants? but N-Terminal is not immune to mutations and the
       | specific antibody will drive evolutionary selection for those
       | mutations - and rapid development of new variants
       | 
       | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8647783/ search
       | "N-Terminal"
        
       | sharpshadow wrote:
       | Sadly that reminds me how positive covid antibody test results
       | haven't been a valid immunization attestation.
       | 
       | Maybe this type of bispecific antibodies could be used to
       | neutralize the spike protein which the body produces through the
       | vaccine. As far as I understand the targeted deltoid muscle is a
       | cell with a long life therefore procuding and releasing spikes
       | for a yet unkown timeframe. Given the various specific boosters I
       | can imagine one taking neutralizing antibodies to avoid a
       | constant immune system stimulation.
        
         | z991 wrote:
         | There's an important detail here -- an advantage of mRNA
         | vaccines is that mRNA does not last all that long in cells [1].
         | Thus, even if the cells live a long time, they won't produce
         | spike proteins for very long (instructions for the production
         | will be degraded and thus not available).
         | 
         | The vaccine's longer-term effectiveness comes from the immune
         | system's memory B cells response to the short-lived expression
         | of spike proteins.
         | 
         | [1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA#Degradation
        
           | weaksauce wrote:
           | you mean memory T cell right? As I understand it B cells are
           | created by T cells to an acute infection.(they also kill
           | infected cells but this is a gross simplification and i'm not
           | a epidemiologist.)
        
           | jbritton wrote:
           | Some individuals have spike protein after 700 days.
           | 
           | https://news.yale.edu/2025/02/19/immune-markers-post-
           | vaccina...
        
       | bogtog wrote:
       | I'm amazed by how virtually every single biology paper in a
       | great-to-elite journal has stunning figures (even setting aside
       | the protein diagrams). This makes me wonder how much of advisors'
       | efforts go toward teaching their students graphic design
        
         | lebimas wrote:
         | Speaking as a former undergraduate and then graduate research
         | scientist at a top 3 biomedical engineering program in the
         | United States, I can tell you, students spend an unseemly
         | amount of time on figures. The professor of one of the labs I
         | worked in said an aesthetic figure can be the difference
         | between getting into Nature or not. His collaborator on that
         | paper happened to be a well-known professor who had papers
         | published in Nature a handful of times. That was, apparently,
         | one of his secrets.
        
           | aprct wrote:
           | Would you be able to share the name(s) of said professor(s)?
           | I'm asking for a scientist I know who is researching figures
           | and their impacts on publication. They'd be very interested
           | in this!
        
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