[HN Gopher] Surnames from nicknames nobody has any more
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Surnames from nicknames nobody has any more
        
       Author : JNRowe
       Score  : 628 points
       Date   : 2025-02-10 13:54 UTC (9 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (blog.plover.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (blog.plover.com)
        
       | oniony wrote:
       | I imagine many ~son names are Scandinavian imports. Scandinavian
       | surnames, until quite recently, were formed from the (usually)
       | paternal forename. Iceland still continues this tradition to this
       | day, e.g. Bjork Gudmundsdottir (daughter of Gudmundur).
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_name
        
         | JJMcJ wrote:
         | The singer's name is Bjork.
         | 
         | Gudmundsdottir just tells us her father's name. It's not a
         | family name in the sense that e.g., Swift is for Taylor Swift.
         | If she was Icelandic, it would be Taylor Scottsdottir.
        
           | simiones wrote:
           | Depends on how you define "family name".
           | 
           | In the most pragmatic sense, as in "what should you put in
           | the family name field in legal contexts", then
           | "Gudmundsdottir" is her family name
           | 
           | E.g. her passport will have that value under "Surname".
           | 
           | And if she found herself in Iceland, in any paper where Bjork
           | would write down "Gudmundsdottir", Taylor Swift would write
           | "Swift", not "Scottsdottir".
        
             | pavel_lishin wrote:
             | We visited Iceland recently and asked a tour guide some
             | questions about naming conventions; apparently that's fine
             | for visitors, but to get Icelandic citizenship, you're
             | apparently required to have an Icelandic name.
             | 
             | (Granted, maybe there was a communication gap there; maybe
             | it would only be required of any children we had there?)
        
               | icepat wrote:
               | This is an old law that was changed recently. It's no
               | longer needed that you adopt an Icelandic name to obtain
               | citizenship.
        
               | arnarbi wrote:
               | You used to be required to adopt an Icelandic forename -
               | not surname. You still kept your original name (if you
               | wanted) and it was up to you which one you used on
               | practice.
               | 
               | But as sibling comment says, that's been dropped.
               | 
               | For surnames, anyone (including Icelanders) is allowed to
               | use a family name if they have a claim to one, which is
               | defined as having a parent or a grandparent carrying that
               | name as a surname. So foreigners with family names can
               | pass those to their children if they like and skip the
               | patronym.
        
             | amiga386 wrote:
             | OK, then if Taylor Swift were _born_ in Iceland, she 'd
             | have been called Taylor Scottsdottir, because that would be
             | the naming tradition. And if she were a man, and her wife
             | had children, they'd take the surname "Taylorsson" or
             | "Taylorsdottir". But more realisticly, if she married her
             | current boyfriend and they moved to Iceland and followed
             | the Icelandic tradition, their children would take the name
             | Travisson or Travissdottir
             | 
             | However, if she moved to Iceland, at a time when they still
             | used phone books, people would look in the phonebook under
             | "T" for "Taylor", as they'd look under "B" for "Bjork", as
             | in Icelandic society the "surname" doesn't have the same
             | importance, given it changes _every generation_ and isn 't
             | passed on like it is in other societies.
        
               | NoMoreNicksLeft wrote:
               | Even in Iceland, it's still used primarily in the same
               | way that it's used everywhere else... disambiguation.
               | Which "Taylor", which "Bjork", since given names are
               | reused so often there are typically are many Taylors and
               | many Bjorks.
               | 
               | That their phone book chooses to use a different name for
               | sorting doesn't change this, and given the nature of the
               | second name, it would hardly be more efficient to use one
               | or the other.
        
               | amiga386 wrote:
               | True, and even then, there are currently 7 Bjork
               | Gudmundsdottirs according to their online phonebook... as
               | you might expect
               | 
               | https://en.ja.is/?q=bj%C3%B6rk%20gu%C3%B0mundsd%C3%B3ttir
               | &pe...
               | 
               | Obviously, there are a lot more John Smiths...
        
               | kridsdale3 wrote:
               | At least for those two women, disambiguation is not
               | necessary.
               | 
               | Checking Google.com autocomplete, Bjork is returned for
               | the substring "bjo" and Swift is returned for the
               | substring "t". Making her the eponymous global entity for
               | that entire letter. Her father should renaming himself
               | Scott Taylorsdad.
        
               | NoMoreNicksLeft wrote:
               | >At least for those two women, disambiguation is not
               | necessary.
               | 
               | This seems unlikely. Taylor is a popular-enough
               | millennial name that there must be many women (and more
               | than a few men) named that. If we all ran around using
               | only first/given names, we would certainly discover the
               | need for disambiguation. Even Bjork is nowhere near
               | unique. You didn't think they were the only people to
               | have those names, did you? Disambiguation isn't about
               | whether Google returns the most popular search for a
               | given name, it's about what you need when you're not
               | looking for the most popular target. This is plainly
               | obvious, and a little disturbing that you could find
               | cause to argue about it. The redditification of HN
               | marches onward inevitably.
        
               | munch117 wrote:
               | That says more about how Google has been personalised to
               | you than about Icelandic phonebooks.
               | 
               | By the way, you are misspelling the name. The dots are
               | not decoration, it's a different letter.
               | 
               | Edit: But I guess you know that, and o is just easier to
               | type.
        
             | weinzierl wrote:
             | _Family Name_ has a common definition. It is a type of
             | surname passed down through generations. So Taylor Swift
             | has a family name, Bjork has not.
             | 
             | That is also why passports have a surname field but not a
             | family name field. Not everyone has a surname but
             | conventions to deal with this vary.
             | 
             | Similarly, passports use the terminology _given name_
             | because not everyone has been christened and not everyone
             | has a first name - for example I don 't.
        
               | kgwgk wrote:
               | > not everyone has a first name - for example I don't.
               | 
               | > E-Mail is first name at my domain.
        
               | weinzierl wrote:
               | Good catch! Fixed it, thanks.
        
               | kgwgk wrote:
               | Or you could have "fixed" the comment.
               | 
               | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/first
               | -na...
               | 
               | the name that was given to you when you were born and
               | that comes before your family name
        
               | weinzierl wrote:
               | I have a set of multiple given names, each of them given
               | by a godfather. In our tradition and law they are equal
               | because treating one of them specially is insulting to
               | the godfathers (which you caught me guilty of).
               | 
               | If given name or surname comes first is regional. Where I
               | come from (Bavaria) traditionally the surname comes
               | first, so even by that metric I wouldn't have a first
               | name.
               | 
               | Source:
               | 
               |  _Die Reihenfolge der Vornamen stellt keine Rangfolge
               | dar. Nach hochstrichterlicher Rechtsprechung (BGH,
               | Beschluss vom 15. April 1959 - IV ZB 286 /58) steht es in
               | Deutschland dem Namenstrager frei, zwischen seinen
               | standesamtlich eingetragenen Namen zu wahlen._
               | 
               | [..]
               | 
               |  _Die in der Geburtsurkunde eingetragenen Vornamen durfen
               | von den Namenstragern im privaten Rechts- und
               | Geschaftsverkehr nach Belieben genutzt werden und sind
               | gleichberechtigt._
               | 
               | https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorname_(Deutschland)
        
               | kgwgk wrote:
               | > I have a set of multiple given names, each of them
               | given by a godfather. In our tradition and law they are
               | equal because treating one of them specially is insulting
               | to the godfathers (which you caught me guilty of).
               | 
               | I don't see how changing "first" to "given" lessens the
               | insult to those N - 1 godfathers.
               | 
               | And having "multiple first names" is not that rare.
        
               | weinzierl wrote:
               | All the given names are equal, none of them is first or
               | middle.
        
               | kgwgk wrote:
               | All of them are first names.
        
               | weinzierl wrote:
               | Going by the Cambridge definition you linked above[1],
               | indeed yes. I checked other reputable dictionaries and
               | they are mostly similar.
               | 
               | But by these definitions a middle would also be a first
               | name, which is confusing.
               | 
               | [1] _the name that was given to you when you were born
               | and that comes before your family name_
        
               | kgwgk wrote:
               | > And having "multiple first names" is not that rare.
               | 
               | Example: https://www.service-
               | public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F882?la...
               | 
               | Can you give your child several first names?
               | 
               | There is no rule on the number of first names of the
               | child.
               | 
               | However, the registrar may consider that the multiplicity
               | of first names is contrary to the best interests of the
               | child.
               | 
               | FYI Any first name entered in the birth certificate can
               | be selected as common first name, whatever his order.
        
             | cyberax wrote:
             | Not really. It's a patronymic. Some Slavic countries also
             | use them, in addition to family names.
             | 
             | > E.g. her passport will have that value under "Surname".
             | 
             | Icelandic passports don't have a separate field for
             | "Surname": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_passport
             | #/media/File...
        
               | kgwgk wrote:
               | > Icelandic passports don't have a separate field for
               | "Surname"
               | 
               | I may be missing your point but there is a "Surname"
               | field in that photo, just above "Given names".
        
               | taejo wrote:
               | Moreover, in a later picture on the page you can see an
               | example showing a -dottir name in that field (I had
               | wondered if perhaps it was only used for people who
               | happened to have a "real" surname as opposed to a
               | patronymic, e.g. foreign-born citizens) https://en.m.wiki
               | pedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_passport#/media/Fi...
        
               | cyberax wrote:
               | Facepalm. I don't know how I missed that.
        
         | msh wrote:
         | Not until recently as such. In Denmark it became illegal to
         | form them from the fathers name in 1828.
        
         | arrowsmith wrote:
         | Wouldn't it be -sen, not -son, if it was Danish or Norwegian?
         | And -sson (double S) if Swedish.
         | 
         | I imagine the vast majority of -son Anglo surnames come
         | directly from the English word "son", not from immigrants.
        
           | pavel_lishin wrote:
           | A lot of names get transliterated and/or misspelled when
           | people move around.
        
             | plasticchris wrote:
             | Someone with the last name Blank told me their family lore
             | was that the (Ellis island era) immigration paperwork
             | person just gave up.
        
               | smt88 wrote:
               | "Name changed by staff at Ellis Island" is a myth. Some
               | people, including many Eastern Europeans, did change
               | their own names to make their ethnicity less obvious or
               | to shorten the name (Schwarzenegger => Schwarz, Stein =>
               | Stone, etc.)
        
               | nemomarx wrote:
               | Certainly we could rule it out as a widespread normal
               | practice, but transcription errors or spelling changes
               | would happen, right? Especially from languages that have
               | letters that don't exist in English.
        
               | pavel_lishin wrote:
               | Yeah, I can't imagine that a lot of Russian or Polish
               | immigrants - who wouldn't have spoken English - would
               | have had any idea how to _consistently_ transliterate
               | their last names.
               | 
               | How do you transliterate Zhizhshchenko? Anything with a
               | io in it? Or an y, or i? Was there a policy on
               | differentiating between "e" and "e"?
        
               | smt88 wrote:
               | The transliteration was done by the passengers
               | themselves, by the shipping company that transported the
               | passengers, or by interpreters at Ellis Island.
               | 
               | While many of these immigrants wouldn't have been fluent
               | in English, they still would have had access in their
               | home countries or through the shipping company to someone
               | bilingual who knew English as well. It's not like English
               | was some incredibly inaccessible language to someone in
               | Poland or Russia.
        
               | smt88 wrote:
               | > _rule it out as a widespread normal practice_
               | 
               | That's the part that's a myth: that it was widespread or
               | normal. Of course small errors would happen.
               | 
               | But the main reason it didn't happen frequently is that
               | employees at Ellis Island weren't even recording anyone's
               | name. They were just checking them against manifests that
               | were written elsewhere.
               | 
               | And when passengers were consulted about immigration-
               | related issues, it was through an interpreter who would
               | know the script and language of the arriving passenger.
               | 
               | More info: https://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/07/02/name-
               | changes-ellis-isla...
        
               | pavel_lishin wrote:
               | I have a relative in the hospital with a fairly long
               | Russian name. The staff can all be sorted into either the
               | "not even gonna try" category, or the "let me practice my
               | Russian pronunciation while I walk with you down this
               | hallway" category.
        
             | dzdt wrote:
             | Literacy used to be much less common. If you don't spell
             | your own name, what does it mean to misspell it?
        
               | arp242 wrote:
               | You said your name to the civil servant, and they might
               | "misspell" it. That is: it's recorded "correctly"
               | somewhere (e.g. birth certificate) but somewhere along
               | the line it becomes "wrong" (registering your child,
               | getting new papers, etc.)
               | 
               | My surname is Tournoij, which I inherited from my father.
               | him, me, and my brother have that surname: the entire
               | rest of the family is Tournoy. Mistake during
               | registration when he was born ("y" and "ij" are often
               | pronounced identical in Dutch), and apparently it's nigh-
               | impossible to correct afterwards.
               | 
               | As to the original of Tourno(y|ij), my guess is that it's
               | several degrees of misspellings from Tournai, a place in
               | French Belgium.
        
           | oaththrowaway wrote:
           | My surname was originally -sen, and was changed to -son when
           | they got to America due to a typo (according to my Grandma).
           | Name came from Denmark
        
           | elliottcarlson wrote:
           | Interestingly, my paternal great-great-grandfather immigrated
           | to the U.S. in 1868 with Carlson as his last name; later in
           | life, my sister was born in Sweden because we happened to
           | live there at the time, and her birth certificate was written
           | as Carlsson - tbh I always thought my dad just didn't fill
           | things out right and hence why she has a different spelling
           | on her lastname.
        
         | asveikau wrote:
         | Scandinavians were pretty active on the British isles in prior
         | centuries. It's a pretty influential source of English
         | language. "Scandinavian import" sounds very modern, like you're
         | buying a Volvo. The import would probably be more like: Britain
         | and Scandinavia having a common ancestral source.
        
           | nkrisc wrote:
           | True, though there of course have been many different waves
           | of Scandinavian migrants to the British Isles over the past
           | ~2000 years or so.
           | 
           | In an American context, many -son surnames likely are from
           | modern Scandinavian migrants (within the past 200 years),
           | particularly for anyone from the Great Lakes/Midwest regions.
           | 
           | The site seems to have succumbed to HN traffic so I can't
           | read it to see if it's specifically about surnames in the
           | British Isles.
        
         | troupo wrote:
         | As is "Simme" for Simon and possibly many other "nicknames" in
         | the article which are not nicknames but versions of the name
         | used by family, close friends, or used when calling a child.
        
         | decimalenough wrote:
         | Obligatory: https://youtu.be/I-OOpZitfd0?feature=shared
        
       | junto wrote:
       | Likewise there are several patronymic surnames from the Welsh "ap
       | <father's name> (son of) that have ended up as new surnames
       | retained the "ap" in several cases, mainly in reduced form at the
       | start of the surname, as in Upjohn (from ap John), Powell (from
       | ap Hywel), Price (from ap Rhys), Pritchard (from ap Richard), and
       | Bowen (from ab Owen).
        
         | sorokod wrote:
         | Oh nice! Does Upton follows the same pattern?
        
           | nielsbot wrote:
           | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Upton
           | 
           | wiktionary says it's from "up" + "town"
        
             | motes wrote:
             | what's up town?
        
               | wccrawford wrote:
               | Nothing much, town. What's up with you?
        
               | plasticchris wrote:
               | https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/136933/difference
               | -be...
        
               | bell-cot wrote:
               | Worth noting - "uptown" can also mean or imply a part of
               | town that is upstream and/or upwind of most of the
               | municipality.
               | 
               | Centuries ago - when towns were full of domestic animals,
               | and raw sewage just ran into the local waterways - living
               | upstream & upwind were major perks of being well-to-do.
               | 
               | Plausibly the ur-example of this usage is London,
               | England.
        
               | kridsdale3 wrote:
               | This is why the fancy shopping in the UK is on "The High
               | Street".
        
               | saghm wrote:
               | I think "downtown" can also have somewhat mixed meanings
               | depending on context as well. Growing up in smallish
               | suburb, people used the word "downtown" there to refer to
               | the busiest part of Main Street where a lot of businesses
               | were, but after moving to New York, I had to get used to
               | the fact that "downtown" was used to refer to "lower
               | Manhattan", and what I would have expected to call
               | "downtown" based on how I was used to it being used is
               | referred to as "midtown".
        
               | InitialLastName wrote:
               | Part of this is that Manhattan has had a shift in focus
               | between the two urban cores, from Lower Manhattan (where
               | the original town was, and from which the city emanated,
               | and still the financial and governmental core of the
               | city) to midtown (which has become the cultural core of
               | the city) over the last century or so. The language of
               | geography takes some time to catch up.
        
           | arrowsmith wrote:
           | More likely it comes from the very common place name:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton
        
         | thih9 wrote:
         | > Pritchard (from ap Richard)
         | 
         | Also: Pratchett
         | 
         | "The name Pratchett was a Welsh patronymic surname created from
         | the personal name Richard."
         | 
         | https://www.houseofnames.com/pratchett-family-crest
        
         | s3krit wrote:
         | My surname is an example of this! Pugh comes from ap Hugh
         | (though more commonly spelt in Welsh these days as Huw)
        
           | taurknaut wrote:
           | > (though more commonly spelt in Welsh these days as Huw)
           | 
           | Somehow this is also a saner spelling with English
           | orthography. We should probably all use this spelling.
        
             | frandroid wrote:
             | Imagine the chaos if English had a phonetic spelling
             | reformation like Spanish had a while ago...
        
         | saghm wrote:
         | > as in Upjohn (from ap John)
         | 
         | Having never heard this name before, I definitely would have to
         | resist the urge to make an updog-style joke if I met something
         | named this.
        
           | ahoka wrote:
           | The would be "ap Dagbert".
        
         | matsemann wrote:
         | My surename is Svensson, literally "Sven's son". But patronymic
         | surnames aren't used in Sweden/Norway anymore, so at some point
         | we just got stuck with whatever father was the last in line, a
         | bit weird. Maybe I should try to figure out which Sven it was.
         | 
         | I guess the tradition of it being the man's name passed on
         | means that's why there is no common surnames with *dottir as it
         | is with *son? (Not sure what the english version for a daughter
         | is).
         | 
         | Had some Icelandic friends in school (which still has
         | patronymic names, moved here after they were born), and it was
         | for them somewhat problematic at times that the siblings had
         | different surnames (Bjornsdottir and Bjornsson), as people
         | don't assume they're family, and especially not that the
         | parents both had different surnames again. Like school pickup
         | with a teacher not knowing the situation.
        
           | SiVal wrote:
           | The English form of daughter was also -dottir, but it was not
           | common.
        
           | matsemann wrote:
           | When thinking about names: in Norway it's quite common to
           | take both parents' names now. So I'm MKS (initials), where
           | Mats is my first name, K is my middle name being mother's
           | surname, and S my dad's surname. I think it's great to have a
           | connection to both families, and that my mother and dad
           | combines instead of one having to "give up" some of their
           | identity
           | 
           | But what happens next generation? When a partner named ABC
           | with two surnames should be combined with my name. Should a
           | kid then be named DBCKS? And then it doubles every
           | generation? Or should both parents pick one and pass on? And
           | then which one? The father line as always?
        
             | adrian_b wrote:
             | If everyone had two family names, one from mother and one
             | from father, then the two names of child would be chosen
             | one from the two names of the mother and one from the two
             | names of the father. The choice could be random or by
             | preference.
             | 
             | This would match the way how chromosomes are passed from
             | the parents. Neglecting the crossover (whose effect is only
             | that the sequence pairs between which a random choice is
             | made are smaller than the chromosomes), for each pair of
             | chromosomes one is taken from the mother and one from the
             | father. The choice of which of the two chromosomes of the
             | mother and of which of the two chromosomes of the mother
             | are taken, is random.
             | 
             | I believe that this would be a better system for naming
             | people. A random choice of which family name to take from
             | each parent might be preferable, to avoid the reduction in
             | number of the possible family names, if some would be
             | preferred much more often than others.
        
               | jhrmnn wrote:
               | And so we could follow the sex chromosome and
               | mitochondrial DNA convention--you'd inherit the grandma's
               | surname from your mother and the grandpa's surname from
               | your father.
        
               | adrian_b wrote:
               | This is indeed a possible variant of the system.
               | 
               | This variant could lead to a split of the set of existing
               | family names into two disjoint subsets, one that is
               | passed through females and one that is passed through
               | males.
               | 
               | I do not think that this split could create problems,
               | unless at the date when the system would be introduced
               | there would happen to be a serious imbalance between the
               | number of family names carried by females and the number
               | of family names carried by males, which might be then
               | preserved by the system.
        
               | hammock wrote:
               | Interesting thought , tying to chromosomal inheritance.
               | Since one of the chief uses of surnames historically was
               | to track family (financial) inheritance
        
               | tadfisher wrote:
               | Are we considering mitochondrial DNA? Because that is
               | always passed down from the mother's line, so maybe we
               | should always use the mother's maiden name as the "last"
               | name to preserve this trait.
        
               | abecedarius wrote:
               | There was a 70s science fiction future where customarily
               | _both_ parents adopted a new last name when they married.
               | Seemed the obvious sensible policy for women 's lib
               | without a 2^N name-length scaling with the generations.
               | 
               | I only know one person who's done that. In some ways
               | there's been less future shock than we expected.
        
               | kelnos wrote:
               | I know a couple who combined half each of their original
               | surnames to create a new surname. I thought it was a cool
               | idea, but of course won't work for everyone's names.
               | Their "invented" name turned out to be a fairly
               | reasonable surname that is probably in not-uncommon use
               | in general, so that worked well for them.
               | 
               | I feel like that could _kinda_ work for my wife 's name
               | and my name, but the possible new combinations still
               | sound a little off to me. (We both kept our original
               | surnames.)
        
               | abecedarius wrote:
               | Reminds me of the O'Whielacronxes! Though I'd be
               | surprised if that was ever their legal name.
        
               | pempem wrote:
               | Villaraigosa did this - the former mayor of LA. He got
               | divorced _and_ kept the name, so hard to say what happens
               | down the line there.
               | 
               | I tried supremely hard to merge my partner's last name
               | and my own but each iteration sounded multiples worse
               | than our own last names. We've kept our original surnames
               | and given our kiddo a hyphenated one.
        
               | heyjamesknight wrote:
               | My wife and I did this. Seemed like an elegant solution
               | to the problem.
        
               | PaulDavisThe1st wrote:
               | Alternatively, you can make the choice to have
               | matrilineal, patrilineal or both lines.
               | 
               | My first wife and I hyphenated our names after we
               | committed to naming any son we had with my last name and
               | any daughter with hers. We only had 1 child (a daughter)
               | before we divorced, but that daughter carries her
               | mother's family name only, not mine.
        
             | tadfisher wrote:
             | We did this for our children as a US couple, and didn't
             | even make the connection to Scandanavian practices (my
             | wife's heritage, coincidentally). We likened it to the
             | Spanish practice of having two surnames, without the
             | confusion of having four names (due to Falsehoods
             | Programmers Believe About Names [0]).
             | 
             | [0] "People have exactly N names, for any value of N."
             | --https://www.kalzumeus.com/2010/06/17/falsehoods-
             | programmers-...
        
             | KPGv2 wrote:
             | > But what happens next generation? When a partner named
             | ABC with two surnames should be combined with my name
             | 
             | Look to Hispanic countries. They've been dealing with this
             | for a very long time.
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs
             | 
             | Generally, if a parent has two surnames, the child will
             | take the first of them, so you normally will have two
             | surnames, the first or only from your father, and the first
             | or only from your mother. (Note that this algorithm does
             | eliminate matrilineal names, because a child will
             | effectively be receiving their two surnames from their
             | grandfathers.
             | 
             | From what I understand, if the genetic lineage is
             | particularly elite, you might keep more. My wife grew up in
             | Latin America among the Hispanic elite, and apparently some
             | of her friends had more than two surnames because their
             | bloodlines were extremely blue and they wanted to preserve
             | reference to the lineage.
             | 
             | This is a bit like how Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's
             | kids have the surname Mountbatten-Windsor. The former is a
             | cadet branch of the German House of Hesse, and the latter
             | is a rebranding of the extremely German Haus Sachsen-Coburg
             | und Gotha (and of course right there is a triple-barrel
             | name, Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha.
        
               | Fargren wrote:
               | Yeah. I had to get a second last name when I was granted
               | Spanish citizenship, which leads to my full name not
               | matching my Argentinian ID. This generates (small)
               | problems when flying between Spain and Argentina. Also
               | partially due to my full now being too long to print on a
               | boarding pass.
        
               | KPGv2 wrote:
               | I love paperwork, so I always handle passport
               | applications and stuff for us, and whenever I have to
               | fill out my wife's stuff, there's that part about other
               | last names, and I get super paranoid trying to remember
               | which ones she's officially used (she doesn't even
               | remember, or even have records sometimes due to the
               | nature of immigrating), because between Latin America and
               | the US pre- and post-citizenship _plus_ getting married,
               | it 's kind of a nightmare to remember when there was a de
               | something, an y something, or just one surname, or two
               | surnames.
               | 
               | And then her parents are from _another_ country with
               | different surname rules, throwing a crazy wrench in
               | things when she has to deal with her other citizenship
               | documents, which adhere to that other country 's rules.
        
               | vidarh wrote:
               | > trying to remember which ones she's officially used
               | 
               | I had an uncle who was very proud of the fact that his
               | birth certificate, passport, and the spelling he actually
               | used for his first name all disagreed.
        
               | freetanga wrote:
               | Two names, two ids, two countries????
               | 
               | "Tax Agencies hate this one trick..."
        
               | alricb wrote:
               | > From what I understand, if the genetic lineage is
               | particularly elite, you might keep more.
               | 
               | You mean like Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan
               | Nepomuceno Maria de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santisima
               | Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso
        
               | situationista wrote:
               | Ironic that for all the elite lineage captured here, the
               | one that he ended up stuck with is a very plebeian
               | surname of non-hispanic (Ligurian) origin.
        
               | PaulDavisThe1st wrote:
               | I would like to know more about the conditions under
               | which Spanish family names became "X y Y" rather than "X"
               | or "Y".
        
               | pgris2 wrote:
               | A couple of years ago, in Argentina, my country, some
               | idiot representative tried to create an actual law to
               | force everyone to use the last name of both parents in
               | strict alphabetical order.... and in the next generation,
               | choose 2 out of 4 in strict alphabetical order, and in 10
               | generations everyone would have a couple of last names
               | like aaaa aaab
        
             | bee_rider wrote:
             | I wonder if we can invent a new convention, of compacting
             | last names. So, if John Richards and Mary Jones have a
             | child, they can give it the last name... Jords. Or Richnes.
             | It only really needs to go out for four or so generations
             | anyway, at which point the folks who have a really strong
             | attachment to the name will be dead. Plus the middle names
             | provides a slot to put your family tree's most famous name
             | anyway.
        
               | javawizard wrote:
               | This reminds me of Zach Weinersmith[0], of SMBC fame.
               | 
               | He was originally Zach Weiner, and he married Kelly
               | Smith[1] and they concatenated both their names together
               | and adopted that as their last name.
               | 
               | There's something I love about that.
               | 
               | [0] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Weinersmith
               | 
               | [1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Weinersmith
        
               | bjt wrote:
               | Former LA mayor Antonio Villaraigosa did the same. (He
               | was born Villar. Wife was born Raigosa.)
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Villaraigosa
        
               | mikepurvis wrote:
               | I know some couples who have gone this route-- both
               | taking on a different name at marriage, either a
               | combination of their names or a new one invented from
               | whole cloth. It's definitely a workable option in terms
               | of equalizing the "loss of identity" piece and ensuring
               | that both parties are as all-in on the newly-created
               | family unit.
               | 
               | That said, it does also feel a bit more chaotic and
               | potentially subject to widespread adoption of surnames
               | that are trendy in popular culture.
        
             | nilstycho wrote:
             | I like the idea of union names [1].
             | 
             | If you're AC and your partner is BD, then on marriage you
             | choose a new name X. You become AXC and your partner BXD.
             | Your child is EX. Then each child has equal connection to
             | both parents. The cost is that you lose the deep history of
             | names, but that history only existed for a single lineage
             | anyway, so it's not as important as it seemed.
             | 
             | (1) https://nothingismere.com/2013/11/12/solve-surnames-
             | with-uni...
        
             | bbarnett wrote:
             | Women taking men's names has another side to it.
             | 
             | When you think of it, women live forever, men die. 4B or
             | whatever years ago, life arose. The cells which divided
             | then, are the same cells as now. Women come from an egg,
             | which divided over and over, cells specializing, including
             | dividing and specializing as her eggs/ova which she is born
             | with.
             | 
             | The end result is that those cells are a continuous line,
             | billions of years old. Men contribute sperm, genetic
             | material, but no living cell.
             | 
             | In a sense, women are immortal. Men die.
             | 
             | So, maybe the name change is to honour those soon dead?
             | 
             | (Yes, I know, weird take on it. It's Monday, I'm allowed.)
        
           | vitus wrote:
           | > it was for them somewhat problematic at times that the
           | siblings had different surnames (Bjornsdottir and Bjornsson),
           | as people don't assume they're family, and especially not
           | that the parents both had different surnames again.
           | 
           | I've heard similar things with certain eastern European
           | countries (Bulgarian has different forms for males vs
           | females: Ivanov vs Ivanova), and also with various Indian
           | populations where the child's last name is just the father's
           | first name.
           | 
           | Meanwhile I have the more mundane option where my father's
           | first name is just my middle name.
        
           | colechristensen wrote:
           | Christen's son emigrated to America several generations ago
           | so that's when the name stuck for me.
        
           | cafeinux wrote:
           | Are pat/matronymic surnames still used in the Feroe Isles? As
           | I specifically know at least one _dottir_ , namely Eivor
           | Palsdottir (which I love listening to, especially when she
           | sings in Faroese).
        
           | vidarh wrote:
           | I know from genealogy when the patronymics "froze" in my
           | ancestry, and also has a combination of farm names and
           | patronymic surnames, and it's quite interesting to see how
           | seemingly random the traditions were.
           | 
           | (Incidentally, one of my great-great grandfathers was Swedish
           | and the last one in that branch to take his fathers name +
           | son. All of his children kept his last name; my own last name
           | comes from a farm in Norway)
        
         | Terr_ wrote:
         | Tangentially, the way the leading "a" seems to fall off makes
         | me think of Rebracketing [0].
         | 
         | Ex: "I found an ewt in the pocket a napron" --> "I found a newt
         | in the pocket of an apron."
         | 
         | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebracketing
        
         | joiojoio wrote:
         | Don't forget the infamous ap Doc.
        
         | foobarchu wrote:
         | This one is fascinating, and something i'd never heard of
         | before
        
       | shreddit wrote:
       | I just heard about "Dick" being a nickname for "Richard" but as a
       | non native English speaker i can not see the reason behind
       | that...
        
         | duped wrote:
         | Dick rhymes with Rick short for Richard
        
         | downrightmike wrote:
         | And dick used to be short for detective, and used by private
         | investigators like Dick Tracy. Then there is the implied Dick
         | pun, like "Magnum" PI, where Magnum is a "Big Dick"
        
           | nielsbot wrote:
           | Wiktionary says this sense is shortened from "detective", not
           | related to the name FWIW
           | 
           | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dick (see English etymology
           | #2)
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | Wasn't a detective written as dic without the k? Clearly, the
           | k was going to be used because everyone's inner 12 year old
        
             | madcaptenor wrote:
             | Also "dic" just doesn't look like an English word - compare
             | kick, lick, sick, tick, etc. There are English words ending
             | in -ic but they tend to be longer, Latinate ones.
        
               | ASUfool wrote:
               | Epic mic drop there.
        
               | madcaptenor wrote:
               | OK, that's actually a good example, but "mic" is a
               | clipping of "microphone" and isn't pronounced the same
               | anyway.
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | sic joins the chat
        
         | FactolSarin wrote:
         | A lot of old nicknames don't really make a lot of sense at
         | first glance. The short answer is rhyming slang, and the long
         | answer is there simply used to be a lot less names in English
         | that were acceptable and commonly used. So, for instance,
         | Richard being shortened to "Rick" is pretty straightforward,
         | but you probably knew several Richards and Ricks, and you want
         | to call them different names. So instead of Rick, you call them
         | by a rhyming nickname, in this case "Dick." The same is true of
         | "Rob" being short for "Robert," but "Bob" was too. Because
         | "Bob" rhymes with "Rob".
         | 
         | One of the oddest in this vein is Peggy, which is short for
         | Margaret. Because Margaret would get shortened to Meg, and then
         | rhymed with Peg, and then somehow lengthened back again to
         | Peggy. -\\_(tsu)_/-
        
           | AdmiralAsshat wrote:
           | I'd take Peggy over "Gretchen", which is similarly a nickname
           | for Margaret ("-gret" / Greta + "-chen", the German
           | diminutive suffix, thus meaning "little Margaret").
           | 
           | It might work in German, but to the English ear it sounds
           | _horrible_ for a little girl 's name.
        
             | cdelsolar wrote:
             | https://tenor.com/view/gretchen-weiners-gretchen-lacey-
             | chabe...
        
           | dhosek wrote:
           | In Slavic languages, it's not uncommon to do doubled
           | diminutives, so Pavel - Pavlik - Pavlicek. (Or my ex-wife who
           | didn't like the shortness of my name "Don" but liked the
           | Czech vocative of it, Donicku1 which she then abbreviated to
           | Icku, then she hispanicized that by adding a new diminutive
           | to it, becoming Icquito.
           | 
           | [?]
           | 
           | 1. I'm named after my father and this is how his Czech-
           | speaking great-grandmother who lived with his family until
           | her death called him. On one occasion not long after we were
           | married, the three of us were driving and I made some
           | slightly tasteless joke and my ex-wife from the backseat said
           | in a scolding tone, _Donicku_ which made my dead whip his
           | head around in surprise /shock.
        
             | selimthegrim wrote:
             | Now I am imagining Donald and Ivana Trump arguing
        
         | toast0 wrote:
         | As a Richard, I imagine, it started as Richard -> Rick. And
         | then someone wrote the R with a real big top part and the lines
         | at the bottom got overlooked.
         | 
         | Got in the wrong government records like that, and soon enough
         | it's a long explaination or you just go with it, and Bob's your
         | uncle.
         | 
         | But rhyming as a sibling notes is more likely (and insinuated
         | by Bob) cockney rhyming slang is insiduious but nickname rhymes
         | aren't quite to the same level.
         | 
         | I'm not going with it, fyi.
        
         | nonchalantsui wrote:
         | From what I recall reading: Richard was a common name so people
         | used nicknames often, and this became shortened versions
         | Rick/Rich. Eventually rhyming into Dick/Hick.
         | 
         | Similar for Robert -> (shortened) Rob -> (rhyme) Bob.
         | 
         | Worth noting, the dick = penis connotations happened later on,
         | so Dick was just a nickname!
        
         | AdmiralAsshat wrote:
         | Rhyming nicknames are common.
         | 
         | See also: "Bill" being a common nickname for "William" (far
         | more common, in fact, than "Will").
        
           | wrboyce wrote:
           | I know a few Williams (I am also one myself) and they all go
           | by Will. I do know a guy whose middle name is William and he
           | goes by Billy. I do not personally know anyone who goes by
           | Bill.
           | 
           | I've only ever been called Bill once and that was by a US
           | Border Agent which leads me to suspect this is a regional
           | thing (the commonality, not the validity). For clarity, I am
           | in the UK.
        
             | zdragnar wrote:
             | Bill Clinton, Bill Nighy, Bill Gates, Bill Cosby, Bill Nye.
             | 
             | Other than Nighy, maybe it's just more of an American
             | thing?
        
               | wrboyce wrote:
               | I suspect that is the case, yeah. I can think of maybe 3
               | other (famous) Bills from the UK but a lot more from the
               | US.
               | 
               | Bill Bailey, Bill Oddie, and Bill Shankly - alas I don't
               | know any of them personally!
        
               | zdragnar wrote:
               | Oh man, Bill Bailey would certainly be a treat to get to
               | know!
        
               | Affric wrote:
               | By all accounts.
        
               | wrboyce wrote:
               | Absolutely! Nearest I have been is seeing him perform
               | live, still a great pleasure; the man is a comic genius.
               | 
               | (If you haven't watched it, he made a short series called
               | "Perfect Pub Walks with Bill Bailey" which was great --
               | I'd highly recommend if you're a fan.
               | https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31434018/)
        
             | myself248 wrote:
             | From my view (in the US), it seems mostly generational.
             | 
             | My grandfather William went by Bill, but most of the
             | Williams in my own generation go by Will. In particular if
             | they're the son of a Bill, they use the different nickname.
             | I wonder if their sons will go back to Bill.
             | 
             | I've seen this alternate nickname scheme in a family that
             | reused women's names down the line, with "Katherine" and
             | "Elizabeth" taking turns and wearing nicknames left and
             | right. Grandma was Katherine, grand-aunt was Eliza, mom was
             | Kate, aunt was Beth, daughters were Kitty and Libby...
        
               | toast0 wrote:
               | > I've seen this alternate nickname scheme in a family
               | that reused women's names down the line
               | 
               | I've been doing a smidge of genealogy lately, and my
               | dad's side of the family is full of this kind of stuff.
               | They have a tradition of first son takes dad's dad's
               | name, first daughter takes dad's mom's name, second son
               | takes dad's uncle's name, etc. Not a lot of middle names.
               | My great grandmother's maiden name is the exact same as
               | her mother's married name, although some records have a
               | shortened form, mostly for my GGM, but sometimes for my
               | GM. For my kid, we tried to look around and pick a name
               | that wasn't super common, but also not unique; I think we
               | did well with the whole name, but there were three of his
               | first name in kindergarten; thankfully with different
               | last names, but the initial of their last names were
               | sequential!
        
             | SoftTalker wrote:
             | My father was William and was often called Willy as a kid
             | but went by Bill among friends as an adult.
        
             | Affric wrote:
             | I think it's partially a generational thing. I know a
             | couple of "Bill"s my age but couldn't count the "Will"s.
             | 
             | My father and older age though there's not one person I
             | know called "Will" but I know countless "Bill"s
        
         | dylan604 wrote:
         | Charles => Chuck in the same head scratching reason to me as
         | well
        
           | madcaptenor wrote:
           | I once had a coworker try to convince me that Chuck was short
           | for William.
           | 
           | (His full name was William Charles Lastname, and he went by
           | Chuck.)
        
             | dylan604 wrote:
             | That sounds like one of the names where "the third" rolls
             | off naturally. I've seen a lot of "juniors" where the
             | senior goes by the first name while junior goes by the
             | middle name.
             | 
             | How parents refer to their kids is an interesting little
             | view into their world
        
               | madcaptenor wrote:
               | I think he was a junior. I don't work with him any more,
               | though, so I can't ask.
        
               | somat wrote:
               | That is my case, same name as my father(no Jr however),
               | so the family called me by my middle name, Which you get
               | used to, to the point where I won't recognize it if
               | called by given name. It is a bit confusing as I have to
               | be mindful to use the correct name when doing government
               | tasks.
        
         | arrowsmith wrote:
         | If it's not obvious: "Dick" was a nickname for Richard long,
         | long before it became a slang word for "penis".
         | 
         | And the newer meaning is probably why almost no Richards go by
         | "Dick" anymore.
        
           | irrational wrote:
           | My wife had an elementary school teacher Richard Weiner who
           | went by Dick. You can't make these things up.
        
             | bryanlarsen wrote:
             | Richard Arthur Assman got more than his 15 minutes of fame
             | due to his name. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Assman
        
               | arrowsmith wrote:
               | No-one believes that I went to school with someone called
               | Ben Deacock, but it's true.
        
             | Huffers2 wrote:
             | I still laugh occasionally when I remember an army career
             | video I saw in school which featured (among other officers)
             | a "Major Richard Head".
        
               | irrational wrote:
               | Major Dick Head must have been praying for a promotion to
               | Lt Colonel.
        
           | qingcharles wrote:
           | My friend knew a Michael "Don't call me Mike" Hunt.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hunt
        
           | SiVal wrote:
           | Yes, Dick has been a nickname for Richard for about 800 years
           | but only got its modern slang meaning in probably late-19th
           | or early 20th century. It seems to have come out of the
           | British military from the phrase "Tom, Dick, and Harry",
           | which were such common names that the phrase meant every
           | ordinary man. (Tommy was already slang for "British
           | soldier".) And from there, one more evolutionary step for
           | mankind....
        
             | chuckadams wrote:
             | [delayed]
        
         | hennell wrote:
         | English does a lot of shorting, rhyming nicknames. We even like
         | to lengthen the rhyming part back out to be even more
         | confusing.
         | 
         | * Richard -> Rick -> Dick
         | 
         | * William -> Will -> Bill -> Billy
         | 
         | * Robert -> Rob -> Bob -> Bobby
         | 
         | * Margaret -> Meg -> Peg -> Peggy
         | 
         | * Edward -> Ed -> Ned | Ted -> Teddy
         | 
         | A lot of common names also have just a variant which barely
         | seems related:
         | 
         | * Henry -> Harry
         | 
         | * John -> Jack
         | 
         | * James -> Jim
         | 
         | And you'll have to Google for all the nicknames for "Elizabeth"
         | because I can't remember them all.
         | 
         | What we lack for creativity in names themselves, we make up for
         | with creative nicknames because every other kid is called
         | Elizabeth.
        
           | kej wrote:
           | To add on to what you said, the rhyming is usually in the
           | direction of easier sounds for children to make. Kids will
           | struggle with R a lot more than D, so you get Richard -> Rick
           | -> Dick but not David -> Dave -> Rave, for example.
        
             | iteria wrote:
             | Now all I can think is how there was a Janet in my family
             | and none of us children could say her name, so she became
             | Janice to us forever even as adults.
        
           | card_zero wrote:
           | And somehow, Mary -> Polly. This is "lambdacism" apparently.
        
             | nemomarx wrote:
             | mary to molly to Polly? I can kinda see the molly step at
             | least
        
             | tsm wrote:
             | It's Mary -> Molly-> Polly, which makes _slightly_ more
             | sense
        
               | Anthony-G wrote:
               | Thanks. I always assumed that Polly was a diminutive of
               | Pauline.
        
           | Jordan_Pelt wrote:
           | Hank and Hal are also short for Henry.
        
           | DavidAdams wrote:
           | There are also a lot of nicknames for Margaret (Marge, Madge,
           | Maggie, etc), I guess because there just aren't nearly as
           | many biblical names for women/girls so people wanted to get
           | creative.
        
           | toyg wrote:
           | Jack is also used for James, since it is the equivalent of
           | Jacques in French and Giacomo in Italian. The apostle was
           | actually called Yakov, after Jacob, which is the root of all
           | those names.
        
           | dmit wrote:
           | Also the r->z substitution. Charles -> Chaz. Barry -> Baz.
           | Jeremy -> Jez. Caroline -> Caz. etc etc
        
         | rectang wrote:
         | My initial thought was that in certain English accents,
         | including some from the northern parts of the UK, the r is
         | "flapped" or "tapped" similar to an r in Spanish. With a tapped
         | r, the pronunciation of "Rick" is much closer to that of
         | "Dick".
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_/r/#V...
         | 
         | However, further research has turned up that rhyming nicknames
         | have been a thing going back centuries and "Dick" is one among
         | many.
         | 
         | https://www.thrillist.com/news/nation/how-did-dick-become-sh...
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH1NAwwKtcg
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_(nickname)
        
         | washadjeffmad wrote:
         | Pronunciations have changed with literacy and dialect. (ich)
         | sounded like (aick) in proto-Germanic, making Richard
         | phonetically more similar to modern Ricardo.
         | 
         | Rhymes are also popular for nicknames, especially if you've got
         | a village full of people with the same name, also especially if
         | the rhyme sounds like something else. Ryke(r)/Rick/Rickon,
         | Dyke/Deek/'Deacon'/Dick, Hyke... that's more of a surname, and
         | perhaps more common to people who encountered the
         | Scandinavians.
         | 
         | There's also Richert, Ricard, and Ricart from the same root.
         | Modern 'Richard' is softer (ich), almost like (ish), and may
         | have been pronounced like Rishard in places before the modern
         | compromise.
        
         | gadders wrote:
         | As well as boys names, girls names have some strange shortened
         | forms:
         | 
         | - Margaret -> Peggy
         | 
         | - Anne -> Nan
        
           | amiga386 wrote:
           | - Margaret -> Madge, Marge, Maggie, Marjorie, Margarethe,
           | Margherita, Greta, Gretchen, Margarita, Rita, Margot, Margo,
           | Molly, ...
           | 
           | - Elizabeth -> Eliza, Liza, Lisa, Liz, Lizzy, Elly, Ellie,
           | Ell, Elle, Elsa, Liesbeth, Lizbeth, Lisbeth, Lizbet,
           | Isabella, Isabel, Isabell, Sabella, Zabel, Bella, Beth,
           | Betty, ...
        
             | gadders wrote:
             | Yes, was just listing the least intuitive ones.
        
         | samspot wrote:
         | Don't feel bad, native English speakers like me can't
         | understand it either. FWIW I think those that explain it are
         | mostly making up reasons.
        
       | nkurz wrote:
       | I had a friend who's last name was Hodgeson. Until this article
       | I'd never really considered that that it meant "son of Hodge".
       | "Hodge" turns out to be a medieval English nickname for "Roger":
       | https://nameberry.com/b/boy-baby-name-hodge
        
       | avvt4avaw wrote:
       | Adam => Ad => Adkin/Atkin => Atkins/Atkinson
        
       | bluejay2 wrote:
       | You see this in Spanish a lot too. Diaz is son of Diego, which is
       | still a common enough name. But there seem to be many more
       | examples where the corresponding name is now rather uncommon from
       | what I can tell. I am thinking of examples such as Menendez,
       | Ortiz, Juarez, and Ordonez.
        
         | madcaptenor wrote:
         | Lopez, Gomez, Gutierrez, Suarez, ...
        
         | pavel_lishin wrote:
         | Both my endodontist and dentist have names ending in -ez, so I
         | looked it up.
         | 
         | I wonder if this is a common pattern across all cultures and
         | languages - if surnames share some sort of phonetic pattern,
         | does it almost always indicate a patronymic, or (whatever the
         | term for your profession/place of origin) is?
        
           | mathieuh wrote:
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals
           | 
           | It comes from the Indo-European genitive.
        
         | mjd wrote:
         | The examples that come to mind for me are Rodriguez, Martinez,
         | Gonzalez, Nunez, Hernandez / Fernandez, Sanchez.
         | 
         | Rodriguez, Martinez, and Hernandez are the 9th, 10th, and 11th
         | most-common surnames in the USA.
        
       | anoncow wrote:
       | Wholesome read. I didn't know that Robin comes from Robertson. So
       | Robinson is Robertgrandson.
        
         | SamBam wrote:
         | It just said Robin used to be a nickname for Robert, so
         | Robinson (or Robins) is basically the same as Robertson (or
         | Roberts).
        
         | wrboyce wrote:
         | You know, I've always wondered what the Dickinsons were up
         | to... I much prefer this explanation!
        
       | gambiting wrote:
       | One other thing that has disappeared from common use(although I
       | have seen it done among some "higher" circles still) is using the
       | husband's full name for the wife here in the UK.
       | 
       | So if you have a man called "John Bridgerton", his wife would be
       | referred to in certain circumstances as "Mrs John Bidgerton".
       | Like you'd get an invite to the King's Ball, and it would say:
       | 
       | "Hereby inviting: Mr John Bridgerton and Mrs John Bridgerton"
        
         | cjs_ac wrote:
         | A real-life example of this is Princess Michael of Kent.
        
         | kevinmchugh wrote:
         | Very old Americans at least still do this as well. My 100 year
         | old grandma insists that using the wife's first name is only
         | appropriate when the husband is deceased.
         | 
         | My wife has a 100 year old grandfather and he until recently
         | followed the rule as well. His last letter he addressed to my
         | wife specifically using her own first name. This was a strange
         | way to learn of my own death.
        
           | triyambakam wrote:
           | That's funny.
           | 
           | My grandmother does it too to my wife. I think the fact that
           | they write letters is also something very old Americans still
           | do.
        
         | ziotom78 wrote:
         | A memorable occurrence in this happens in "Sense and
         | Sensibility", Part III, Chapter XII, when Elinor Dashwood
         | learns that the man she loved and believed had just married was
         | in fact free:
         | 
         | "Is Mrs. Ferrars at Longstaple?"
         | 
         | "At Longstaple!" he replied, with an air of surprise. "No; my
         | mother is in town."
         | 
         | "I meant," said Elinor, taking up some work from the table, "to
         | enquire after Mrs. Edward Ferrars."
         | 
         | She dared not look up; but her mother and Marianne both turned
         | their eyes on him. He coloured, seemed perplexed, looked
         | doubtingly, and, after some hesitation, said,-- "Perhaps you
         | mean my brother: you mean Mrs.--Mrs. Robert Ferrars."
        
           | ziotom78 wrote:
           | Here is a fantastic rendition of the scene:
           | 
           | https://youtube.com/watch?v=IuHZPR8e5c8
        
             | ninalanyon wrote:
             | The whole film is marvellous, Emma Thompson's adaptation is
             | brilliant.
        
         | selimthegrim wrote:
         | This is done still on wedding invitations in the US
        
           | hydrogen7800 wrote:
           | Many of the gift checks for my wedding were made out this
           | way. It made it very inconvenient to cash them since there
           | was not yet such a person by one of the names on those
           | checks, and the bank wouldn't deposit them. They insisted the
           | checks would have to say "Mr. OR Mrs." Who thinks of that
           | when sending a wedding gift? Most annoying to me was that I
           | had never heard of anyone having this difficulty before, but
           | it must happen every day.
        
             | ganoushoreilly wrote:
             | I did run into this with one teller at a bank we use. Wife
             | showed them a copy of our marriage certificate on her phone
             | and the teller said, congrats and that was that. We had 0
             | issues with online check submission though.
        
               | t-3 wrote:
               | That's because online doesn't usually check the names,
               | just the numbers. They wouldn't know unless you called in
               | and told them, such as in case of an error.
        
             | toast0 wrote:
             | The ATM check frontend is much less picky than the teller
             | check negotiation frontend. And the backend generally
             | doesn't care too much either. To my recollection, I've only
             | had one check ever refused by the ATM backend, and that was
             | because the issuer hadn't signed it (on accident... I got
             | the check back, took it to the issuer and they signed it on
             | the spot, no harm done). I have had ATMs refuse a State of
             | California Warrant (like a check, but not because it's
             | drawn on the State's General fund), but a teller took it,
             | no problem.
        
             | Benanov wrote:
             | Having had a bit of it with my wife (she changed her name)
             | my policy is to make the check out to the person who is not
             | changing their name.
        
             | averageRoyalty wrote:
             | I still think it's crazy a first world country is using
             | cheques regularly.
        
           | adzm wrote:
           | Oddly enough this is pretty much the only time this still
           | seems to be encountered
        
             | pavel_lishin wrote:
             | It's only one of the few places where people send an RSVP
             | labeled as such, and an explicit response is required.
        
           | Benanov wrote:
           | When people we know are getting married ask us for our
           | address, I explicitly reply that we are not to be addressed
           | in that manner (I find it somewhat insulting).
           | 
           | I can tell if the couple is doing addressing themselves or if
           | they're having an older relative do it by if our instructions
           | have been followed.
        
         | stoneman24 wrote:
         | A while ago, my wife and I were invited to the Royal Garden
         | Party at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, in the
         | presence of the late Queen. Very nice invitation in the form of
         | Mr <me> and Mrs <me>.
         | 
         | As it was in recognition of my wife's charitable works, She was
         | not pleased at such a form of address. But we still went.
        
         | bregma wrote:
         | In many American weddings it is still traditional for the
         | bride's father to "give her away" to the groom, thus
         | transferring chattel ownership.
        
           | wahern wrote:
           | I suspect that's a reductive "just-so" story that happens to
           | fit into some popular feminist narratives, though coming on
           | the heels of some adjacent theories popular among men in the
           | 18th and 19th centuries that misconstrued the legal history
           | of coverture.
           | 
           | It's difficult to find credible information using Google
           | these days, but I would guess that the giving away of the
           | bride is a custom more tied to exogamy--the practice of
           | marrying outside one's social group (tribe, town, etc). In
           | cultures that practice exogamy, it's typically either the
           | young men (male exogamy) or the women (female exogamy), but
           | not both, who would leave the group to marry. Giving away the
           | bride seems more about relinquishing social and familial ties
           | in the context of female exogamy. In some cultures, e.g.
           | traditional chinese female exogamy AFAIU, the bride and her
           | old family (or whole clan?) were strictly forbidden to
           | communicate after marriage.
           | 
           | If women were just chattel (or something approximating
           | chattel--there's a hole spectrum in-between, and overusing
           | "chattel" this way diminishes the gravity of actual chattel
           | slavery, IMO) then we wouldn't expect to see dowries (the
           | bride's family giving the new couple money and gifts), but
           | only brideprices (the groom's family giving the bride's
           | family money and gifts). Yet AFAIU dowries were more the norm
           | in European culture, notwithstanding there were times,
           | places, and contexts where brideprices also existed,
           | exclusively or in combination. And nobody says the groom is
           | "chattel" just because the bride's family is transferring
           | assets.
           | 
           | Interestingly, while I think female exogamy was historically
           | much more common around the world, modern American culture
           | seems to skew toward male exogamy, at least along some
           | dimensions. It's never discussed in those terms[1], but you
           | can arguably see it in statistics showing how the proximity
           | and frequency of contact with extended family skews very
           | heavily toward the wife's family.
           | 
           | [1] To the extent it's discussed, it's in feminist narratives
           | and termed "emotional labor". It's not mutually exclusive
           | with the anthropological concept. Male/female exogamy is
           | value neutral, and feminist discourse is just slapping a
           | value on it, in this case a negative value.
        
             | hammock wrote:
             | I enjoyed your comment
             | 
             | >Interestingly, while I think female exogamy was
             | historically much more common around the world, modern
             | American culture seems to skew toward male exogamy, at
             | least along some dimensions. It's never discussed in those
             | terms[1], but you can arguably see it in statistics showing
             | how the proximity and frequency of contact with extended
             | family skews very heavily toward the wife's family.
             | 
             | Why do you believe this is so?
        
               | wahern wrote:
               | On reflection, I think I'm mixing some concepts up.
               | Regardless of the sex exogamy pattern (or related
               | patrilocal/matrilocal pattern, where I think female
               | exogamy correlates with patrilocal residency--living with
               | or near the husband's family) I would think women would
               | be doing the "emotional labor" regardless, and for the
               | stereotypical biological predisposition reasons. As for
               | why modern culture might be skewing matrilocal, once
               | reason might simply be because it lessens the burden of
               | emotional labor. In patrilocal systems the woman is
               | dropped into an alien network of relationships, yet bears
               | the burden of managing those relationships and adhering
               | to any divergent customs and norms. As with the Chinese
               | female exogamy example (patrilocal is maybe a more apt
               | term, but I was introduced to it in terms of female
               | exogamy) where the woman was forbidden from contact with
               | her birth clan, patrilocal cultures might tend to impose
               | even stricter norms and taboos to keep the woman engaged
               | in managing her husband's family's relationships, as
               | opposed to finding comfort in her childhood
               | relationships. As sex and gender norms are loosening in
               | many respects (but not all, and not as much we like to
               | think), it might be that the pressures for marriages to
               | fallback to matrilocal patterns are overcoming the
               | pressures for patrilocality. But we're like hundreds, if
               | not a thousand plus years, into major upheavals in these
               | dynamics wrt Western European marriage dynamics in
               | particular, so....
               | 
               | In the literature the motivations behind these systems is
               | more often discussed in terms of avoiding incest,
               | managing intergenerational wealth, exchanging labor (can
               | cut both ways in terms of exploiting men or women) and
               | other biological and cultural needs. The interplay
               | between these seem pretty complex, but especially as we
               | get further away from traditional hunter-gather,
               | pastoral, and agricultural communities these dynamics may
               | be weakening relative to other, more individualized
               | factors, like convenience.
        
               | hammock wrote:
               | Couple thoughts - for your reflection - apropos of
               | nothing:
               | 
               | 1) On motivations/intergenerational wealth, there is the
               | phenomenon of your father-in-law giving you a job at his
               | big firm (or farm, or however that plays out), which is
               | as common as it is commonly looked down upon (maybe?)
               | 
               | 2) I wonder if the matrilocal tendency we see today was
               | as common in the first half of the 19th cent (or
               | earlier), or if it flipped , e.g. in the 1970s
        
           | happyopossum wrote:
           | > thus transferring chattel ownership.
           | 
           | That's reductive _and_ insulting to the women who chose to
           | maintain this tradition. In many cases it 's a very moving
           | and symbolic gesture, akin to a groom's dance with his
           | mother.
        
         | Fuzzwah wrote:
         | Just recently I read about the etymology of the Japanese Ao san
         | Okusan = "your wife"
         | 
         | Until Japan started modernizing in the 19th century, it was
         | considered rude to call people by their real names. If you
         | asked your lord, "So how's Sharon doing," those may have been
         | your last words.
         | 
         | So everyone called each other by their position names or by
         | their nicknames if they were close, and for women in noble
         | families or samurai families, it was usually the place they
         | lived.
         | 
         | In ancient times, nobles had manors that looked like this. This
         | is the entrance, the garden, the main building, and this
         | building in the north of it was always the wife's residence. So
         | they often called her "Kita-no-kata," the lady in the north.
         | 
         | Now, nobles built their houses based on a fung-shuei-like
         | belief that Japanese shamans made everyone believe, like how
         | rich people communities are into weird stuff, so the wife's
         | residence was almost always in the north.
         | 
         | But centuries later, in the age of samurai, priorities shifted.
         | They were invading each other like there was nothing else to
         | do, so they built their houses and castles with defence in mind
         | first and foremost.
         | 
         | So the wife's room wasn't necessarily in the north anymore. So
         | they were like, "So, how is the... umm... lady in the depths of
         | your house?" Ao Fang Yang haikagaoGuo goshidesukana?
         | 
         | Ao Fang Yang  means the lady in the depths, and it was
         | shortened to Ao Yang , after the samurai age, and while Ao Yang
         | is still used now, we needed a slightly less formal version, so
         | now if is often Ao san. Deep-san!
         | 
         | source:
         | https://www.facebook.com/metroclassicjapanese/posts/the-etym...
        
         | mjd wrote:
         | I once wasted a couple of hours trying to find information
         | about my great-grandmother, Selma Brenner Rauh. I found
         | nothing.
         | 
         | ... until I started looking for Mrs. Sidney Rauh ...
        
         | derekp7 wrote:
         | I recall encountering this in the 70's, on a Flintstones
         | episode from the 60's where a scene referenced Mrs. Fred
         | Flintstone and Mrs. Barney Rubble. Confused the heck out of me
         | at a young age.
        
         | dlbucci wrote:
         | I learned about this from my mother, who, like my father, is a
         | doctor. Invitations addressed to "Dr. and Mrs. Father
         | Lastnames" were a source of great offense to her!
        
       | dhosek wrote:
       | It had somehow never occurred to me before reading this that
       | Dixon = Dickson and Nixon = Nickson.
        
       | harry8 wrote:
       | There's an English cricketer called Ben Duckett. His nickname
       | among Australian fans when playing for their local team appears
       | to be "Autocorrect"
       | 
       | Autocorrectson sounds like a fine family name.
       | 
       | In England it'd be "Duckyson"
       | 
       | I wonder if there are real examples of more creative nicknames
       | becoming surnames.
        
         | cjs_ac wrote:
         | _Grosvenor_ , from _gros venor_ , 'fat hunter'.
        
           | card_zero wrote:
           | That's excellent. I'm intrigued by Beaglehole, Clutterbuck,
           | Cronk, Dingus, Eggink, Footlick, Gimbel, Hipkiss, Hollobone,
           | Limp, Midgette, Mincey, Muddle, Nettleship, Noblin, Ogletree,
           | Owl, Pardon, Pickles, Puffinburger, Riddles, Smelley,
           | Spankie, Splatt, Thicknesse, Toadvine, Tremblay, Tubby,
           | Twaddle, Twitt, Underdown, Whatmuff, Windy, Winker, and
           | Wrong, but they probably mostly have mundane and logical
           | origins. The ancestral Pickles probably just pickled things a
           | lot, for instance.
        
         | madcaptenor wrote:
         | "Autocorrect" as in "ducking autocorrect won't let me curse"?
        
           | harry8 wrote:
           | Something like that I guess.
        
       | bpoyner wrote:
       | Along these lines, 'Mc' and 'Mac' mean 'son of' in Scottish and
       | Irish surnames.
        
         | dghf wrote:
         | And similarly 'O' for 'descendant of' in Irish surnames (e.g
         | O'Neill).
        
           | layer8 wrote:
           | Also the famous greek hunter O'Ryan. ;)
        
           | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
           | Like O'Bama?
        
         | psim1 wrote:
         | Martin, son of Fly, the first time traveler and inventor of
         | rock-and-roll music.
        
           | soperj wrote:
           | Technically Einstein was the first time traveler. He traveled
           | one minute into the future.
        
       | raincom wrote:
       | "Fitz" is another patronymic: Fitzsimmons, Fitzgerald,
       | Fitzpatrick, Fitzsimmons, etc.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitz
        
       | fjjjrjj wrote:
       | My Norwegian ancestors arrived in the US as Nordhus surname, and
       | left immigration with a completely unrelated -son surname. That
       | happened a lot and I understand it's because they didn't speak
       | English and the immigration officers had busy lines to process so
       | they used a default name of sorts on the paperwork.
        
         | sparky_z wrote:
         | This is a common myth that often shows up in family lore and
         | has bled into popular culture, but it simply isn't true.
         | Historians are unanimous that it didn't happen (with perhaps
         | some extraordinarily rare edge cases).
         | 
         | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ellis-island-isnt-...
         | 
         | https://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/07/02/name-changes-ellis-isla...
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island_Special
        
           | crazygringo wrote:
           | Yup. It was common in the 1800's and early 1900's for
           | immigrants to change their last name to become more
           | "American", to assimilate better.
           | 
           | I don't believe this was a common thing to do upon arrival --
           | it was more like, when they wanted to open a business and be
           | perceived as more American, more established, more
           | trustworthy. It might not even be the immigrants themselves
           | but their second-generation children, or even third
           | generation.
           | 
           | If you visit a cemetery with lots of 1800's gravestones, it's
           | pretty wild to see crazy diversity of last names from all
           | over Europe, that we just don't have any more. Ellis Island
           | didn't simplify or change anything. And which shows that in
           | many of those cases, it was indeed the children who changed
           | their name.
        
             | FactolSarin wrote:
             | My family's last name was probably Schaefer in Germany. The
             | earliest graves in America show them as Scheffert instead
             | but shortly after they became "Shuford" which I guess they
             | thought sounded more English (they were here pre-
             | Revolution).
             | 
             | I always find it funny they did such a bad job of
             | anglicizing it. Shuford doesn't really sound any more
             | English to my ears.
        
               | crazygringo wrote:
               | Ha, that's a funny one -- Shuford is an unusual one. If
               | they'd gone with "Shefford", it would have sounded 100%
               | Anglicized:
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shefford,_Bedfordshire
        
       | soneca wrote:
       | I didn't know English had a diminutive suffix (-kin). Is it used
       | still in common English?
       | 
       | We have it Portuguese (-inho/-inha) and I find them so useful. It
       | always seemed a missing feature of English.
       | 
       | Also, is there an augmentative suffix as well that I don't know
       | about?
        
         | rrauenza wrote:
         | pumpkin and munchkin come to mind. Googling, apparently napkin
         | is also from that.
        
           | rbalicki wrote:
           | The History of the English language podcast talks about the
           | word napkin in multiple places:
           | 
           | [1] Podcast 110 https://historyofenglishpodcast.com/2018/04/0
           | 7/episode-110-d...
           | 
           | [2] Podcast 133 https://historyofenglishpodcast.com/2020/01/2
           | 1/episode-133-b...
        
         | lolinder wrote:
         | English has a few diminutive suffixes. Which one is used
         | depends a lot on the shape of the word and the era, but the
         | most common one today is -y.
         | 
         | So a child's toy might be Beary, and the kid might go by
         | Johnny. We also have -ling, as in duckling, and a whole bunch
         | of less common ones [0].
         | 
         | You're right, though, that we don't use our diminutives nearly
         | as often as the Iberian languages do. If you tried to use them
         | as much as you would in Portuguese you would definitely not
         | sound like a native speaker, but they do exist.
         | 
         | Mostly they're used in the register of speech that we use when
         | speaking to very young children (i.e. "baby talk"), in
         | nicknames, or in older words that acquired a diminutive a long
         | time ago and now register as just a word on their own.
         | 
         | [0]
         | https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_diminutive...
        
           | jimbob45 wrote:
           | The most common one might be the diminutive for a pot -
           | potty. Potling or potlet would have been much better in my
           | opinion.
        
           | pavel_lishin wrote:
           | Another example: "kiddie pool".
           | 
           | Also, I'll often refer to my child as "kidling" or
           | "childling". English can be a fun language to play in.
        
           | Earw0rm wrote:
           | '-let' is pretty common as well. (Applet, hamlet and so on)
        
           | mjd wrote:
           | And "-let" like in eyelet, bracelet, rivulet, etc.
        
           | o11c wrote:
           | -ette is still productive but collides with the female sense
           | 
           | -kins (I've only heard it with an s) is arguably still
           | productive, but in very limited contexts - unlike other
           | diminutives, it seems to _only_ be used when an actual small
           | baby is involved, not for mere endearment, though in this
           | context it can be used either for the baby or for the people
           | around the baby.
           | 
           | -let is still productive (applet = small app; even Aplet =
           | candied apple is only documented a century back); only takes
           | ordinary nouns.
           | 
           | -ling feels still productive, but new archetypes are rare so
           | it's mostly used with preexisting words.
           | 
           | -ole and variants might be productive in science but are
           | otherwise not even recognized.
           | 
           | -poo is apparently productive but not something I ever reach
           | for
           | 
           | -ses I'm not convinced is actually correctly analyzed; it
           | appears to just be a redundant plural, similar to how
           | "bestest" is a redundant superlative
           | 
           | -sies is actually just -s (diminutive/filler) + -ie/-y
           | (diminutive) + -s (plural). Usually the first -s is required
           | for a word that ends with a vowel (but also after n
           | (including nd/nt with the d/t weakened), m, ng, r, l, p, or
           | b; the need for disambiguation is also relevant)
           | 
           | But -y/-ie remains by far the dominant diminutive. It
           | shouldn't be confused with several other uses of the suffix
           | though (such as with the meaning of -ish).
           | 
           | Influence from Romance languages is strong enough that
           | foreign diminutives are now more common than some of the
           | traditional English diminutives.
        
             | t-3 wrote:
             | > But -y/-ie remains by far the dominant diminutive. It
             | shouldn't be confused with several other uses of the suffix
             | though (such as with the meaning of -ish).
             | 
             | I think the -y meaning of ish is very closely related to if
             | not identical to the diminutive use.
        
             | ouchjars wrote:
             | -o is most characteristic of Australian English but English
             | speakers over the world are familiar with "kiddo",
             | "psycho", and now "doggo".
        
               | mjd wrote:
               | My own kiddo, at the age of two or three, decided that -o
               | was a productive suffix and started calling me and her
               | mother "Daddo" and "Mommo".
        
             | secondcoming wrote:
             | -een is there but probably more common in Ireland/Scotland
             | than in other places.
        
           | dvlsg wrote:
           | One of my favorite jokes relies on this.
           | 
           | Q: Where does a general keep his armies?
           | 
           | A: In his sleevies!
        
           | nicoburns wrote:
           | I think the most common diminutive in English preceding the
           | word with the word "little". This is not a suffix but is used
           | in much the same ways as diminutive suffixes are used in
           | other latin languages.
           | 
           | "little bear" and "little johnny" would both be quite natural
           | phrases.
        
         | Jordan_Pelt wrote:
         | The only example I can think of is "munchkin" which was
         | apparently coined by Frank Baum for The Wizard of Oz.
        
         | engineer_22 wrote:
         | Yes, but it's archaic
         | 
         | Some places sell munchkins (little donuts)
         | 
         | and we send our 4-5 yr old children to Kindergarden
         | 
         | but we dont stick it to the end of words like inho/inha in
         | portuguese or ito/ita in spanish
        
           | triyambakam wrote:
           | Kindergarten is not a diminutive but loan word from German.
        
           | leereeves wrote:
           | Kindergarden comes from German, where "kind" means child.
        
         | NobodyNada wrote:
         | No, -kin is not a suffix used anymore. English does have a
         | diminutive suffix though, it's -y/-ie:
         | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-y#Suffix_2
         | 
         | For example, John -> Johnny, Tim -> Timmy, Grace -> Gracie, cat
         | -> kitty, horse -> horsey. As far as I can think of, it can
         | only applied to one-syllable nouns; longer words must be
         | clipped first -- e.g. Katherine -> Kat(y|ey|ie), Tobias ->
         | Toby, Andrew -> Andy, stomach -> tummy.
         | 
         | I can't think of an augmentive suffix that can be applied to
         | names.
        
           | rendang wrote:
           | -kin is not but via your link
           | https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/-kins sometimes
           | "-ikins"/"-ykins" is used, I've heard this before but can't
           | think of any specific examples
        
             | nemomarx wrote:
             | I vaguely associate it with British writing, or at least an
             | antiquated feeling. Reminds me of Widdershins.
        
           | munificent wrote:
           | I'd expect augmentives for names to be rare because they're
           | often pejorative and the opposite of endearing. I have
           | occasionally known people whose nickname is something like
           | "Big Fred".
           | 
           | In modern English, you could probably get away with a
           | nickname like "Fredzilla".
        
         | saghm wrote:
         | I can't say I've ever heard "kin" used in everyday English
         | speech. The only generally recognizable example word I can
         | think of using it is "munchkin", which either refers to certain
         | small residents of Oz (from "The Wizard of Oz" lore) or the
         | name Dunkin' uses for the confection more generically known as
         | a "doughnut hole" (which if you're not familiar with it is
         | essentially the doughy center of the doughnut removed to make
         | the hole and in my opinion should be called something like
         | "inverse doughnut holes", although no one else seems to feel as
         | strongly as me about it).
         | 
         | I had to Google what "augmentative suffix" was; despite having
         | taken several years of Spanish in middle school and high school
         | and being aware of the concept, I somehow hadn't heard that
         | term before! I don't think there's anything common for that in
         | English; the only thing that springs to mind for me is the
         | prefix "big-ass", which probably isn't different enough from
         | the typical adjective used for this purpose to qualify.
        
           | schnable wrote:
           | We have prefixes like "mega" and "super."
        
             | onlypassingthru wrote:
             | See also: jumbo-, hyper-, micro-, nano-, mini-, uber-.
             | 
             | I'm sure there are more but I haven't done enough crossword
             | puzzles lately to be on top of my game.
        
           | wlindley wrote:
           | Also "napkin" (from nappe, old for "tablecloth"). See https:/
           | /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napkin#Etymology_and_terminolo...
        
           | physicsguy wrote:
           | Only one I can think of these days are when kids call their
           | parents something liked 'Daddykins'. But obviously there are
           | words where it's now part of the word in it's own right today
           | like 'napkin' or 'catkin'
        
         | leereeves wrote:
         | I haven't seen -kin is used as a diminutive suffix in modern
         | American English, in the way -ito,-ita is in Spanish (ninito,
         | perrito). Maybe in England?
        
         | stevesimmons wrote:
         | > Is it still used in common English?
         | 
         | pumpkin
         | 
         | Though now I think about it, it's very odd diminutive. Pumpkins
         | are large rather than small.
        
           | munificent wrote:
           | I don't think pumpkin gets is name from the "-kin"
           | diminutive.
           | 
           | Etymologyonline says: _1640s, "gourd-like fruit, of a deep
           | orange-yellow color when ripe, of a coarse decumbent vine
           | native to North America," an alteration of pompone, pumpion
           | "melon, pumpkin" (1540s), from French pompon, from Latin
           | peponem (nominative pepo) "melon," from Greek pepon "melon."_
           | 
           | So the "n" has been on the end of the word for a long time.
        
           | ianburrell wrote:
           | Dictionary says that pumpkin came from French pompon (large
           | melon) and was originally pumpion. English colonists named
           | the orange melon they discovered in New World pumpkin.
           | 
           | Maybe it was joke pronunciation, calling large melon small.
           | It could be a term of endearment for favorite melon. It could
           | be they wanted to distinguish between all large melons and
           | this large melon. Or it could be pronunciation drifting from
           | use.
        
             | onlypassingthru wrote:
             | ... or were early New World squash just of the smaller
             | variety and only recently have we selectively bred them
             | once that Mendel fellow started messing around with his
             | peas?
        
           | Earw0rm wrote:
           | Jack o' lanterns are large, but plenty of the older varieties
           | are softball sized.
        
         | ZeWaka wrote:
         | > Is it used still in common English?
         | 
         | Not at all, really only in words 'munchkin', 'napkin', or
         | 'pumpkin'.
        
         | DavidAdams wrote:
         | A "bodkin," an archaic word for a small knife or sharp
         | implement, is probably a diminutive of "bod" or dagger. A
         | "jerkin" or a tight vest, might be a diminutive of the Dutch
         | "jerk," (dress), but all of these words are so old it's hard to
         | nail down their etymology. As other commenters pointed out,
         | today's diminutive suffix is -y/-ey, used mostly for childhood
         | nicknames and baby-talk names like horsey.
        
         | CamouflagedKiwi wrote:
         | I don't think there are many cases where it's used "correctly"
         | but it does get constructed in some cases - e.g. in Harry
         | Potter some of Ron's brothers call him "ickle Ronniekins",
         | which is slightly nonsense but we recognise it immediately as a
         | maximally diminutive form of his name.
         | 
         | I can't think of an augmentative suffix, only prefixes (super-
         | and things like that).
        
           | quuxplusone wrote:
           | We (via French, I guess) have a mildly productive suffix
           | "-ette" or "-et", as in cigar-ette, kitchen-ette (floret,
           | bassinet, owlet). It doesn't imply animateness the way "-kin"
           | does; e.g. "hotelette" or "showerette" seem like plausible
           | coinages in a way "hotelkin" and "showerkin" don't (but I
           | sense some cross-pollination from Japanese "-kun" messing
           | with my interpretation of the latter). But "-ette" certainly
           | connotes femininity: "little Ronniekins" says he's a baby,
           | but "little Ronnette" says he's a _girl._
        
         | mturmon wrote:
         | If you want to go looking,                 grep '[^s]kin$'
         | /usr/share/dict/words
         | 
         | turns up a lot. You have to guess at the candidates, like:
         | pipkin -- a little earthenware pot       firkin -- a small cask
         | dodkin -- a coin of little value       ciderkin -- watered-down
         | cider
        
           | decimalenough wrote:
           | Don't forget the merkin -- pubic wig.
           | 
           | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merkin
        
         | ASUfool wrote:
         | Bumpkin?
         | 
         | "an awkward, simple, unsophisticated person from a rural area"
         | (dictionary.com)
        
         | mjw1007 wrote:
         | "-let" is another one, which is sometimes used in non-childish
         | contexts (eg in "tasklet" or "chiplet").
        
         | throwaway519 wrote:
         | It's suffiiently understood to be usable in th3 right context.
         | 
         | Ling's another. Both diminuitive but slightly differently.
        
         | Earw0rm wrote:
         | Not much, but it's an anglicisation of the German -chen, which
         | very much is.
        
         | niccl wrote:
         | napkin is literally a small piece of napiery (cloth)
        
         | nrclark wrote:
         | > I didn't know English had a diminutive suffix (-kin). Is it
         | used still in common English?
         | 
         | No, at least not in the US. In American English, you'd use a
         | modifier instead of a suffix. We have some pre-diminutized
         | words like "oopsie", but no general-purpose suffix that you can
         | attach to anything.
         | 
         | There are some _prefixes_ that you can use though. You could
         | prepend just about anything with "micro", and people will know
         | you mean "a small version of X".
         | 
         | > Also, is there an augmentative suffix as well that I don't
         | know about?
         | 
         | Also no (at least not that I can think of). Modifiers are also
         | more common. You can also use prefixes like "Mega" as an
         | augmentative. Depending on the word, this can be used for comic
         | effect.
        
       | AbuAssar wrote:
       | In arabic we have (bin or ibn) which means son of, and (abu)
       | which means father of.
        
       | amiga386 wrote:
       | Another one to add is that Japanese boys names often end _-ro_
       | (-Lang ,  "nth son")... including the very plainly named Yi Lang
       | (Ichiro, "first son"), Er Lang  (Jiro, "second son"), San Lang
       | (Saburo, "third son"), Si Lang  (Shiro "fourth son"), Wu Lang
       | (Goro, "fifth son"), Liu Lang  (Rokuro, "sixth son"), Qi Lang
       | (Shichiro "seventh son"), Ba Lang  (Hachiro, "eighth son") and
       | Jiu Lang  (Kuro, "ninth son")
        
         | kridsdale3 wrote:
         | Iron Maiden: Shichiro no Shichiro
        
         | aleksiy123 wrote:
         | I believe some Ancient Roman names are also like this:
         | 
         | Male: Sextus, Septimus, Octavius, Nonus.
         | 
         | Female: Prima, Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, Quinta, Sexta, Octavia,
         | Nona, and Decima
         | 
         | But on further investigation the males seem to actually be
         | named after months
         | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/zshd6h/when_...
         | 
         | and the women are unclear
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen
        
         | ralgozino wrote:
         | That's pretty convenient and easy to remember
        
       | kr2 wrote:
       | In Farsi / Persian we have "-zadeh" which means child of (born
       | from). Last names were not instituted in Persia / Iran until
       | early 1900s and everyone got to pick their own, so there are a
       | lot of *zadehs as it was an easy choice. So eg Hassanzadeh is
       | child of Hassan
        
       | Anthony-G wrote:
       | Harris and Harrison are other examples of this kind of surname.
       | 
       | In Dublin, the bus routes are bilingual and a couple of years ago
       | I noticed that the Irish translation of Harristown is Baile
       | Anrai1. When I first saw "Baile Anrai" as the destination for a
       | passing bus, I wondered where Henry's Town might be. I then
       | figured that Henry and Harris must be variations of the same name
       | and that Anrai is the Irish version of both names.
       | 
       | Sure enough, when I check this now, Wikipedia concurs2. The
       | article it cites states that Harry is the _"Medieval English form
       | of Henry. In modern times it is used as a diminutive of both
       | Henry and names beginning with Har."_ 3
       | 
       | The surname Hanks may also derive from the use of Hank as a
       | diminutive of Henry4
       | 
       | 1 https://www.dublinbus.ie/getmedia/947fdcee-5f28-46e0-8785-ab...
       | 
       | 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_(given_name)
       | 
       | 3 https://www.behindthename.com/name/harry
       | 
       | 4 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hank#Proper_noun
        
         | codetrotter wrote:
         | Henry the Potter. Doesn't quite have the same ring to it heh.
        
         | mjd wrote:
         | Except that Harry isn't a nickname nobody has any more.
        
           | KPGv2 wrote:
           | If you read the article instead of just the headline, you
           | will find that almost all the names discussed are names
           | people _do_ still have. Jack, Dick, Bob, Nick, Bill, Robin,
           | etc. are nicknames specifically called out in the article.
           | 
           | The article does finish with Hob, Daw, Wat, and Gib. But most
           | of the names highlighted are ones that are still in use. (I
           | personally also have found that a lot of people don't realize
           | Harry is a nickname for Henry, like anyone who wasn't alive
           | for JFK doesn't know "Jack" is "John")
        
             | jsnell wrote:
             | The HN guidelines specifically ask you not to claim that
             | somebody did not read the article:
             | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
             | 
             | But if you're going to do it, the one time it's really
             | misplaced is when you're claiming the author of the article
             | didn't read it.
        
               | jimmaswell wrote:
               | To be fair, I missed the double negative in "isn't a
               | nickname nobody has any more" too until I saw this
               | comment and looked closer.
        
             | ninalanyon wrote:
             | > a lot of people don't realize Harry is a nickname
             | 
             | Does no one know Shakespeare any more?                 I
             | see you stand like greyhounds in the slips,       Straining
             | upon the start. The game's afoot:       Follow your spirit,
             | and upon this charge       Cry 'God for Harry, England, and
             | Saint George!'
        
               | Anthony-G wrote:
               | I had actually read Henry IV, Part 1 in school many
               | decades ago but in that play the young prince Henry was
               | (mostly) called _Hal_ - not to be confused with his
               | opponent, Henry Percy, better known as Harry Hotspur.
               | 
               | Off-topic: I wonder if this the first recorded use of the
               | phrase "the game's afoot"?
        
             | stevetron wrote:
             | Another example for Harry: nickname for Harcourt. Used in 2
             | episodes of the original Star Trek series for Harry Mudd
             | (Harcourt Fenton Mudd).
        
             | humanfromearth9 wrote:
             | Harry also for Harold!?
        
           | m463 wrote:
           | double negative unwinding...
        
           | Anthony-G wrote:
           | I was thinking along the lines that these days "Harry" is
           | (mostly1) a stand-alone name and no longer used as a nickname
           | for Henry (and this was something I only realised in the past
           | couple of years).
           | 
           | Anyhow, I really enjoyed the article and learning about the
           | origins of surnames, e.g., I didn't know that "Peters" should
           | be understood to be in the genitive case and I'd never have
           | associated the surname Dixon with being "Richard's son" -
           | even though I'm familiar with Dick as a nickname for Richard.
           | 
           | 1 Other commentators have pointed out that Prince Harry was
           | actually christened as Henry.
        
         | Xophmeister wrote:
         | Prince Harry's real name is Henry.
        
         | Digit-Al wrote:
         | Isn't Harry short for Harold?
        
           | Digit-Al wrote:
           | I've now checked, and it was originally a form of Henry, but
           | can now also be a diminutive form of any name beginning with
           | Har... So we're both right : - )
        
         | caseyohara wrote:
         | Here's another interesting connection: the Italian forename
         | Enzo is a derivative of the German name Heinz, which is a
         | diminutive of Heinrich and cognate of the given name Henry.
        
           | acjohnson55 wrote:
           | I always thought that it was a nickname for Lorenzo or
           | Vincenzo
        
       | tibbar wrote:
       | A few more I haven't seen mentioned yet:
       | 
       | * "Dob" is another old nickname for "Robert", giving us "Dobson";
       | 
       | * "Dodge" another nickname for Roger, hence Dodgson, as in Louis
       | Carrol's real name, Charles Dodgson;
       | 
       | * "Tibb" is an old nickname for Theobald, giving surnames like
       | "Tibbs" and "Tibbets";
       | 
       | * "Hud" for "Hugh", giving us the Hudsons.
        
         | mjd wrote:
         | Thanks, I'm going to add these to the article. I'll credit you
         | as "Hacker News user `tibbar`" unless you'd prefer something
         | else.
        
           | tibbar wrote:
           | Nope, that sounds great!
        
       | hunter2_ wrote:
       | Simpson (from Simon) is an interesting one. Most of the consonant
       | adjustments are for simplification (e.g., Robkins -> Robins, and
       | Adkins -> Atkins) but expanding Sim to Simp seems like an outlier
       | in this sense because Simson doesn't seem particularly difficult
       | to say. I believe dropping the /p/ is common, even, depending on
       | the dialect.
        
         | SoftTalker wrote:
         | Simpson eh? I'll remember that name.
        
         | Affric wrote:
         | Without the p most English speakers would turn the s into a z
         | because the m is voiced.
        
       | russellbeattie wrote:
       | My last name - Beattie - is also in the "Bartholomew" nickname
       | group along with Bates/Bateson.
       | 
       | Bartholomew means "son of Ptolemy", so the name is sort of
       | "Ptolemy's son Bart's kid".
       | 
       | (Fun fact: Just to drive the Brits crazy, many families in the
       | U.S with that surname (including mine) pronounce it "bee-AT-tee"
       | instead of "bee-tee". God knows why. Maybe it's an attempt to get
       | people to spell it correctly.)
        
         | fragmede wrote:
         | The other pronunciation that drives the Brits crazy is that
         | Bucket is pronounced Boo-Kay.
        
         | madcaptenor wrote:
         | Huh... I had figured "Bartholomew" meant "son of" something,
         | but I had no idea what Tholomew could possibly be.
        
       | raldi wrote:
       | Don't forget Niklaus or Nicholson.
        
       | teleforce wrote:
       | When I was in school in England the most common first names for
       | boys are exactly the first names that were given in the article
       | namely John, Peter, James and Williams. The first three are from
       | the Bible names and the last one is not from the Bible but from
       | the name of Williams the Conquerer or Guillaume in French. The
       | other most popular ones are Andrew, Philip, Matthew and Thomas.
       | Fun facts, most of English people have middle names but it always
       | abbreviated (e.g John F. Peterson) and apparently it's considered
       | very rude to call someone by their middle name.
       | 
       | Later I've found that the typical English popular first names are
       | mostly from the Bible, or to be exact the disciples of Jesus. In
       | the Quran however, the names of Jesus disciples are not given but
       | just called as Hawariyyun or the helpers/disciples. Similarly the
       | names for friends or sahabat of Muhammad are not provided in the
       | Quran. The ones that went to established the Rashidun Caliphates
       | are very popular among Muslim for examples Omar/Umar, Osman/Usman
       | and Ali. These three names are equivalent to the top three given
       | in the article namely John, Peter and James.
        
         | physicsguy wrote:
         | It's funny picking a year on FreeBMD and seeing what names were
         | popular then. At the moment old fashioned names are really
         | popular - I met a little toddler called Margot last week! But I
         | have to think that names like Sylvia, Lisa, Karen, Sharon, etc.
         | might take quite a few generations before they come back into
         | fashion.
         | 
         | In the Victorian era names were pretty creative and different!
         | Lots of ones that haven't come through as 'classics'. My great
         | grandmother's name was Rosina for e.g.
        
           | teleforce wrote:
           | >names like Sylvia, Lisa, Karen, Sharon, etc. might take
           | quite a few generations before they come back into fashion.
           | 
           | Sylvia, Lisa, Karen, Sharon might make a comeback but not
           | Karen due to the recent negative connotation and has been
           | considered to be a pejorative term [1].
           | 
           | Similarly most of the Jesus disciples names become common
           | place, the name Judas is avoided like a plague, since it's
           | considered to be a pejorative term equivalent to traitor
           | based on what he did to Jesus.
           | 
           | [1] Karen (slang):
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_(slang)
        
             | physicsguy wrote:
             | I'm familiar with the pejorative but I reckon that'll die
             | out, plus it's more an American thing that hasn't had that
             | much crossover here in the UK.
        
       | kgeist wrote:
       | There're also cases when a nickname stems from the full name
       | which no one has anymore.
       | 
       | In Kievan Rus, the common form of Vladimir was Volodimir. Ukraine
       | still has this form (Volodymyr Zelensky).
       | 
       | The diminutive of Volodimir was Vova, which makes sense. Later,
       | in Russia, Volodimir was replaced with the Church Slavonic form,
       | Vladimir.
       | 
       | So today diminutive of Vladimir is Vova (not Vlad, a common
       | mistake in the West to call Putin Vlad).
        
       | MrVitaliy wrote:
       | The surnames with the suffix -enko are the most known and common
       | Ukrainian surnames. Where "en" is roughly son-of or a child-of
       | equivalent in English, and the "ko" means a smaller, baby
       | version. For example Kovalenko where "Koval" means blacksmith,
       | Petrenko where Petre or Petro if from a biblical name Peter.
        
       | nickpeterson wrote:
       | Embarrassing how little of this I knew, especially with my
       | username.
        
       | ryanbigg wrote:
       | I wonder if Fitzgibbon fits this pattern? Fitz being "the bastard
       | son of..." and Gibbon, like ape? Or perhaps Gibbon has another
       | meaning?
        
         | Ericson2314 wrote:
         | https://www.behindthename.com/name/gibbon/submitted diminutive
         | of Gilbert.
         | 
         | My guess is its just like Robin:
         | 
         | Rob + kin -> Robkin -> Robin
         | 
         | Gib + kin -> Gibkin -> Gibbon
        
       | floxy wrote:
       | How about Madison? Son of Madi...?
        
       | bilekas wrote:
       | I've always been fascinated by how people of generations have
       | gotten their names, it's usually a good story if you can trace it
       | back enough..
       | 
       | I always found it uncomfortable how in the US (more so than other
       | places) you could just change your name with a fee and a piece of
       | paper. That said a lot of my family who emigrated had their names
       | changed in the immigration office while moving to America, at the
       | same time that has become an extension of ours..
       | 
       | If my nickname was a surname, we probably wouldn't be allowed a
       | passport
        
       | larusso wrote:
       | Reminds me of a great translation I struggled a bit at first.
       | Gimli from Lord of the Rings is named in English: Gimli, son of
       | Gloin. In the German translation his name is Gimli Gloinssohn. So
       | back to English it would be Gimli Gloinson
        
         | ttepasse wrote:
         | By the way, there are two German translations. One "original"
         | by Margaret Carroux which is closer to the English original and
         | who collaborated with Tolkien back in his days, and a newer one
         | from the late 90s by Wolfgang Krebe which tried to transform
         | the text to something closer to spoken German. In the original
         | Sam calls Frodo "Master" or, I believe sometime "Sir", which is
         | to be understood in the gentry commoner relationship. There is
         | no real equivalent to "Master/Sir" in German. Carroux used
         | "Herr" which sounds rather archaic to post-medieval Germans;
         | Krege uses "Chef" which sounds too modern for the text.
         | 
         | If I remember my childhood's Carroux translation correctly she
         | used "Gimli, Gloins Sohn", so not the Scandinavian
         | construction, but a grammatically correct, but still archaic
         | sounding, German construction which is near the original and
         | still got the vibe of Gloinson.
         | 
         | Translation is tricky business.
        
       | drivers99 wrote:
       | Speaking of nicknames, "nickname" was "an eke name" (an
       | additional name) so people thought it was "a nickname", similar
       | to how "a napron" became "an apron". That is, it's one of the
       | words that was "a n-" but the n moved because it sounds like "an
       | -"
        
         | chuckadams wrote:
         | "Orange" got the same treatment, coming from "naranj"
        
       | nashashmi wrote:
       | Another "son" that comes in is when put in a prefix. McDonald is
       | son of Donald (i think this is Irish). In semitic languages, the
       | prefix added is Ben like Benjamin means Son of Jamin. In italian,
       | they add O'Donald (i think) for "of Donald".
        
       | acjohnson55 wrote:
       | The R->H nicknames are interesting considering the northern
       | French "r" sounds like the aspirated "h" in English. Many French
       | would pronounce Robert as approximately "ho-beh(r)". I wonder if
       | this is a place where idiosyncratic spelling captured differences
       | in pronunciation of the name, but the common given name never
       | changed its spelling.
        
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