[HN Gopher] Divers recover Phoenician shipwreck that sank 2.6k y...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Divers recover Phoenician shipwreck that sank 2.6k years ago off
       coast of Spain
        
       Author : bookofjoe
       Score  : 202 points
       Date   : 2025-01-16 20:25 UTC (4 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.smithsonianmag.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.smithsonianmag.com)
        
       | ivan_gammel wrote:
       | A good book to read more or less related to this shipwreck:
       | 
       | https://www.amazon.com/How-World-Made-West-History/dp/059372...
        
       | behnamoh wrote:
       | How did people come up with alphabet? Phoenicians were one of the
       | first to invent this technology, but I assume language existed
       | way before that? How did that happen? Like, how did people agree
       | on saying certain things to mean specific things? Starting from
       | the mind of the first humans who didn't have language, how did we
       | get to where we had language and it was so ubiquitous that even
       | ancient civilizations like Phoenicians put it in writing?
        
         | detourdog wrote:
         | Realize that any successful language came from a close family
         | with repeative daily tasks. To be successful they would need
         | common terms to cooperate.
        
         | fouronnes3 wrote:
         | This is basically unknown.
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_language
        
         | gostsamo wrote:
         | try to recreate reality and a limited but repeatable form. roar
         | like a lion, sing like a bird. remove everything that a thing
         | looks like in order to leave what it is. break it into
         | components and try to recompose them in new ways. general
         | principals of intelligence, I'd say.
        
         | Tainnor wrote:
         | > but I assume language existed way before that
         | 
         | Way, way, way older.
         | 
         | Writing is an _incredibly_ novel development. There are still
         | today linguistic communities without writing, although they 're
         | becoming much rarer. Writing was unknown in parts of the world
         | until quite recently - the Aborigines of Australia didn't have
         | it, nor did many pre-Columbian civilisations.
         | 
         | It's a safe bet that writing first emerged out of a need for
         | accounting and this thus closely tied to larger agricultural
         | civilisations. That's why we find it in places like Mesopotamia
         | and Egypt first. Of course, those weren't alphabets yet, but
         | logosyllabic writing (characters could stand for either
         | meanings or syllables). The alphabet is a specifically
         | Phoenician innovation, although similar systems (such as
         | abugidas), which are also phonetic, have emerged elsewhere.
        
           | yread wrote:
           | > the Aborigines of Australia didn't have it, nor did many
           | pre-Columbian civilisations.
           | 
           | No need to go that far, the Slavs didn't write down their
           | languages until ~800s.
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagolitic_script
        
             | defrost wrote:
             | > No need to go that far ..
             | 
             | Seems relative .. I _literally_ grew up on Aboriginal land
             | in the Kimberley and attended school with multi lingual
             | kids that had non English speaking parents.
             | 
             | Most are _still_ not writing in their own language.
             | 
             | What is "Far" for you is neighbours from school and locals
             | of the town I now live in.
             | 
             | Certainly these are closer in space and time than Slavs
             | from a few hundred years past.
        
               | mattclarkdotnet wrote:
               | Perthite Brit here. I'm hugely curious about the
               | situation before the Europeans came. Was there really no
               | writing? Were there really no boats? It's all so murky
               | because the history was literally not written by the
               | aboriginal communities. But has a story been passed down?
        
               | defrost wrote:
               | No writing _but_ a lot of drawing and oral transmission
               | .. spending a few hours on a sand drawing while reciting
               | a story that changes little across generations is another
               | kind of map (and features in a massive tome on historic
               | maps).
               | 
               | No "boats" ala coracles or oak keel ships but
               | (regionally) plenty of canoes ..
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Canoes isn't set on the
               | Swan River.
               | 
               | Perth, of course, once had many lakes and swampy wetlands
               | before all the market garden bore went in and drainage
               | ditches.
               | 
               | > But has a story been passed down?
               | 
               | Many, all over. DM from up where I grew up touched up
               | pretty old paintings and told stories:
               | https://magabala.com.au/products/yorro-yorro
               | 
               | There were|are a _lot_ of language areas each with
               | stories of their own: https://mgnsw.org.au/wp-
               | content/uploads/2019/01/map_col_high...
        
               | mattclarkdotnet wrote:
               | Thank you for this. I'm lucky to live near Galup (Lake
               | Monger). It's wonderful but I'm always reminded how much
               | has been lost of the original wetlands.
        
             | zeckalpha wrote:
             | 1492 is nearer than the 800s
        
               | yread wrote:
               | I didn't mean far in time or space, I meant culturally.
               | These people knew writing (in Latin) just not for their
               | language. They had agriculture, domesticated animals,
               | feudal society, some of them were already Christian,
               | their language was very similar to English conceptually
               | so their concepts would be similar to ours (well at least
               | mine)
        
           | rrr_oh_man wrote:
           | _> Writing is an incredibly novel development._
           | 
           | Stating this as fact is misleading. Lack of evidence isn't
           | proof of absence.
           | 
           | Humanity in its current form has existed for 300,000 years.
           | The idea that writing spontaneously emerged 13,000 years ago,
           | independently in multiple locations all over the world,
           | coincidentally right after glaciers melted and sea levels
           | rose 300-900 feet, reshaping the world's geography, is --at
           | best-- an assumption, not a certainty.
        
             | stevage wrote:
             | We have many artefacts dating 20 to 50,000 years old. They
             | don't have writing on them. It's strong evidence.
        
             | ianburrell wrote:
             | Except writing didn't emerge 13,000 years ago but 5000 for
             | writing and 9000 for proto-writing.
             | 
             | It also wasn't discovered simultaneously. China is 3000
             | years ago, and Maya 2300 years ago. Sumerian or Egyptian
             | were close to same time which probably means they were
             | connected.
        
               | DiogenesKynikos wrote:
               | Also, writing didn't just spontaneously appear at random
               | locations. It emerged in the most highly developed
               | societies of the time, which had cities, agriculture,
               | irrigation, sophisticated central governments, and so on.
        
               | mmooss wrote:
               | Is that necessarily true? Likely we know much more about
               | the most highly developed societies so that's where we
               | would more likely discover ancient writing.
        
               | lazide wrote:
               | If you have no records, then we fundamentally cannot know
               | about it yes?
               | 
               | Literally lost to history.
        
               | mmooss wrote:
               | Though I'm not sure of the point in the parent comment,
               | here's a story about how discovery of writing works:
               | 
               |  _Beowulf_ is the greatest discovery in the history of
               | English. It 's the earliest epic poem in any Germanic
               | language, and by itself it is about 10% of known Old
               | English poetry. The date of the story's creation is
               | unknown, with estimates ranging from 6th-8th century CE.
               | The manuscript we have today is thought to have been
               | written (not printed, of course) in the south of England,
               | maybe between the 10th and 12th centuries CE. And at some
               | point after that, the story and manuscript were lost to
               | time.
               | 
               | The physical document reappeared from oblivion, sometime
               | before 1563 in the collection of Laurence Nowell. Nowell,
               | unfortunately, didn't know (or didn't reveal) what they
               | had. The document was there, but _Beowulf_ the story and
               | that manuscript were still lost.
               | 
               | And that continued to be the situation for over two
               | hundred years, as the manuscript passed through at least
               | two more hands, and still _Beowulf_ was lost to time. In
               | 1731 the manuscript was caught in a fire (!). Almost, it
               | was forever consigned to oblivion before it was even
               | discovered, but the fire only charred it around the
               | edges, costing us a few words here and there, and drying
               | the very old pages to make them even more fragile. Many
               | other manuscripts were lost.
               | 
               | Finally, around 1790, Danish scholar Grimur Thorkelin
               | read it and realized what he had. (Thorkelin then sat on
               | it for another 25 years before finally publishing in
               | 1815!)
               | 
               | Are there records we haven't discovered? Yes. Are they
               | lost to history? Not yet.
        
               | DiogenesKynikos wrote:
               | What are you suggesting? That there are undiscovered
               | caches of writing from ancient hunter-gatherers?
        
               | mmooss wrote:
               | I'm saying the GP's claimed causal relationship between
               | advanced civilization and writing might result from
               | advancement causing more evidence to survive. Certainly
               | there are undiscovered caches, of course.
               | 
               | Plenty of people lived in agricultural civilizations that
               | were not the "most highly developed societies". Also, I'm
               | not sure hunter-gatherers couldn't develop writing,
               | though I know theories and could imagine reasons either
               | way. How do you tell your compatriots, coming in the next
               | few weeks, where the good food is?
        
               | DiogenesKynikos wrote:
               | We have plenty of artifacts and paintings from hunter-
               | gatherers, but no evidence at all of writing.
               | 
               | Meanwhile, we have mountains of evidence of writing from
               | the advanced, settled Bronze-Age civilizations.
               | 
               | We can't be sure that nobody ever scribbled some symbol
               | down before the invention of agriculture, but we know it
               | can't have been common.
        
               | empath75 wrote:
               | And they can actually trace the development of writing in
               | Mesopotamia all the way back to impressions of tokens on
               | clay balls used for keeping track of IOUs.
        
           | mmooss wrote:
           | > There are still today linguistic communities without
           | writing, although they're becoming much rarer.
           | 
           | From a 1969 study of preindustrial societies (though I'm not
           | sure if they are all contemporary or if some are historical):
           | 39.2%: No writing         37.1%: Pictures only         23.7%:
           | Writing
           | 
           | It's from a somewhat famous data set in its field: George P.
           | Murdock, D.R. White. Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS).
           | _Ethnology_ (1969)
        
         | mseepgood wrote:
         | People come up with new things all the time. It happens in this
         | very moment, all around the world. I don't see how this is
         | astonishing.
        
         | naasking wrote:
         | Unknown, but I'd hazard a guess that old cave art that depicts
         | animals and sizes probably had sounds associated with them too.
         | Humans like to tell stories, so probably cave art had oral
         | history of some kind, and pictures probably became
         | progressively more precise to handle progressively more complex
         | stories, maybe about seasons, places, counting to keep track of
         | things, etc.
        
           | alganet wrote:
           | That is a sound idea, but it makes more sense for hieroglyphs
           | and ideograms.
           | 
           | My guess for phoenicia is that their alphabet comes from
           | numbers (or maybe other smaller individual set of symbols)
           | borrowed from another culture, but I wouldn't be able to
           | determine from who or where.
        
         | adrian_b wrote:
         | The Phoenicians did not invent their alphabet, they inherited
         | an older alphabet.
         | 
         | Nevertheless they had a very important role in spreading the
         | alphabetic writing system to many other populations, which was
         | a consequence of their travels and commercial relations with
         | everybody around the Mediterranean and even farther away.
         | 
         | Because of this, the ancestry of the majority of the alphabetic
         | systems, even of some far away in South Asia can be traced back
         | to the Phoenician alphabet.
         | 
         | Because of the importance of the commerce with Phoenicians and
         | because of the many Phoenician colonies, the Phoenician
         | language has also been spoken by many non-Phoenicians. This had
         | as a consequence a simplification of the pronunciation of the
         | Phoenician language, because for most foreigners it was
         | difficult to pronounce some of the sounds specific to the
         | Semitic languages.
         | 
         | The result of this simplification in pronunciation was that the
         | number of letters of the Phoenician alphabet has been reduced
         | to 22 letters from the 27 letters of the older North-Semitic
         | alphabet inherited by the Phoenicians, because some of the
         | sounds that were written with different letters in the older
         | alphabet have evolved towards an identical pronunciation, so
         | eventually the redundant letters from each pair with the same
         | pronunciation have been dropped.
         | 
         | 22 letters is a too small number for most languages, which has
         | forced those who have adapted the Phoenician alphabet to other
         | languages to add supplemental letters, like in the Greek
         | alphabet, then in the Latin alphabet.
         | 
         | The small number of letters has created problems also for the
         | writing of other Semitic languages, like Aramaic, Hebrew and
         | Arabic, which did not have the simplified pronunciation of
         | Phoenician. The older North-Semitic alphabet from which the
         | Phoenician alphabet had been derived would have been perfect
         | for such Semitic languages, but by the time when writing has
         | spread from the Phoenicians to their Semitic neighbors the
         | older Semitic alphabet had been forgotten, exactly in the same
         | way (and probably for the same reasons) as the Mycenaean
         | writing had been forgotten in Greece (i.e. toward the end of
         | the 2nd millennium BC there have been a few centuries of "Dark
         | Ages" when much prior knowledge had been lost, after the
         | destruction of many cities).
         | 
         | Because the older Semitic alphabet had been forgotten, the
         | Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters derived from the Phoenician
         | alphabet through the Aramaic alphabet, despite the fact that
         | this number was not enough to write all the consonants of
         | ancient Hebrew. One Hebrew letter has now 2 variants
         | distinguished with diacritic marks, i.e. "shin" and "sin",
         | because originally it was used to write 2 different sounds, one
         | of which no longer existed in Phoenician (modern Hebrew has
         | lost that sound, so now "sin" and "samekh" are pronounced in
         | the same way).
         | 
         | Writing has been invented independently in many places around
         | the world, but in almost all writing systems the written
         | symbols have been used to denote either syllables or words.
         | 
         | The Egyptian writing system and the alphabetic writing systems,
         | all of which have been derived from the Egyptian writing
         | system, are the exception.
         | 
         | A subset of the symbols of the Egyptian writing system was used
         | to denote single consonants, while the remainder were used to
         | denote multiple consonants, regardless of which vowels were
         | pronounced together with the consonants.
         | 
         | The ancient Semitic alphabet has simplified the Egyptian
         | writing system by retaining only the symbols that denote a
         | single consonant. The ancient Semitic alphabet has retained
         | thus the principle of writing only the consonants, and it has
         | also inherited from the Egyptians the direction of writing from
         | right to left, which has been preserved in the Hebrew and
         | Arabic writing systems. Besides changing the meaning of some
         | Phoenician letters from consonants to vowels, developing thus
         | the first alphabetic writing system in the restricted meaning
         | of the term "alphabet", i.e. with an approximately one-to-one
         | mapping between all phonemes and letters, not only between
         | consonants and letters, the Greeks have reversed the writing
         | direction and this has been inherited in the other European
         | writing systems.
        
         | nkrisc wrote:
         | You might be confusing language (a natural human skill which we
         | evolved) and writing (a technology invented by humans, within
         | the last 5-10 thousand years - very roughly).
         | 
         | As far as I'm aware, there no evidence that modern humans ever
         | existed without language. And other recent hominid species that
         | until recently co-existed with our ancestors probably had
         | language too.
         | 
         | So probably there was never a human without language. Any non-
         | lingual ancestor of ours was not human and probably pre-dates
         | humans.
         | 
         | As for writing, to be reductionist, it is essentially
         | arbitrary.
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | We co-evolved with language - the evidence is our adaptations
           | to control over the voicebox, tongue, lips, etc.
        
             | nkrisc wrote:
             | Yes, that is what I meant though in retrospect I see I
             | didn't make that entirely clear. What I meant was that
             | language and vocalizations go way, way back than any
             | ancestor remotely human-like.
             | 
             | Where you draw the line between mere "vocalizations" and
             | "language" is a pretty open question, IMO.
        
         | cladopa wrote:
         | Actually, the alphabet invention was precisely that the same
         | alphabet could be used for different languages.
         | 
         | They did not agreed on using certain sounds for specific
         | things. They already did that on their own languages, each with
         | their specific sounds. What the Phoenician Alphabet did was
         | transcribing those sounds that already existed to a writing
         | system that was common.
         | 
         | The Phoenicians did not invent the alphabet but they used it so
         | much that developed it a lot. They used it for communication as
         | a Lingua Franca for commerce in the Mediterranean.
         | 
         | It actually became a language on its own. They will use a
         | native word from the native language of some particular good or
         | commodity and then everybody around the Mediterranean Sea will
         | use that written name and sound for referring to that thing.
         | 
         | It was extremely useful, so people used it more and more
         | creating over time latin and greek scripts.
        
           | gwervc wrote:
           | > Actually, the alphabet invention was precisely that the
           | same alphabet could be used for different languages.
           | 
           | No. Multiple languages were written with the same alphabet
           | because of the borrowing of that technology by speakers of
           | other languages, not because it was designed as such.
           | 
           | Actually the process of borrowing is fondamental to the
           | emergence of alphabets: the three biggest (by corpus size)
           | logographic scripts all gave birth to more phonetic scripts
           | across language boundaries. That happened with hieroglyphics
           | (the case we are discussing), but also with Sumerian
           | cuneiform > Akkadian writing and Chinese characters >
           | Japanese kanas.
        
             | p3rls wrote:
             | We have the notes from a zoom meeting between the priests
             | of Ba'al and some early Phoenician scribes when they were
             | designing the alphabet and outside of sacrificing children
             | they were actually really concerned about accessibility
             | standards
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | We're currently evolving back to pictograms.
        
         | ocschwar wrote:
         | The Phoenician alphabet started as the Proto-Sinaitic script.
         | For context, if you're trying to write things down in the
         | Sinai, you're logging the wares carried by caravans going back
         | and forth from Egypt to the Phoenician heartland and back. You
         | don't need the full range of hieroglyphs, so you don't need the
         | training of an Egyptian priest. So you start with a reduced
         | list of symbols.
         | 
         | Someone in this position started using those symbols to
         | register the sounds of the Semitic languages, and the rest is
         | literally history.
        
         | WalterBright wrote:
         | Man's first words were:                   awk grep ping biff ip
         | yum du curl sed
        
           | kedarkhand wrote:
           | and don't the most important of them all, neofetch, it is
           | posited that they used it for colorful displays to attract
           | mates. How successful it was, we do not know ;)
        
           | kstrauser wrote:
           | Written with ed, of course.
        
           | quesera wrote:
           | > _awk grep ping biff ip yum du curl sed_
           | 
           | Not to offend anyone, but ip yum and curl are neologisms
           | introduced in later translations.
           | 
           | Wars have been fought over this disagreement!
        
         | mmooss wrote:
         | Here is a good history, by an expert, of how writing evolved
         | from a counting system to a full written language:
         | 
         | https://sites.utexas.edu/dsb/tokens/the-evolution-of-writing...
        
         | dghughes wrote:
         | Canaanite workers who went to Egypt to work in the mines saw
         | these picture things used on walls. They had an idea to use it
         | only instead of a picture per word the just used them for
         | sounds. The Ox Head they saw they used for their Aleph sound.
         | It was adjusted and rotated a bit then later on rotated again
         | until we get our modern letter A.
        
           | Aloisius wrote:
           | Egyptian hieroglyphs were used sometimes to represent 1-3
           | consonants, rather than words or ideas.
           | 
           | Egyptian Hieratic script simplified the forms down for
           | writing with ink.
           | 
           | Canaanites simplified it further by tossing all the
           | ideograms, logograms and multi-consonant symbols to create an
           | abjad.
           | 
           | The Greeks added the first vowels to create a true alphabet.
        
         | noneeeed wrote:
         | There is a decent BBC documentary "The Secret History of
         | Writing" which is all about the origins of writing. If you are
         | interested in how it developed in all its different forms it's
         | worth a watch.
        
       | Loughla wrote:
       | This is only tangentially related, but if you like history and
       | ship wrecks and live near Kansas City, go to the Steamboat Arabia
       | museum.
       | 
       | They're digging up a steamboat that sunk, and they found after
       | the river changed its course. It's super cool. When we went the
       | last time we were driving across the states, one of the guys
       | actually doing the excavating was there. He gave our kids a
       | guided tour and talked about all the exhibits with them. It was
       | super cool.
        
         | xandrius wrote:
         | Cool indeed but 1856CE is not quite as incredible as 300BCE.
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | What was in the 1856 wreck has rewritten the history of
           | commerce on the Mississippi.
        
             | Munksgaard wrote:
             | You'll never guess what happened next!
        
               | adolph wrote:
               | This is the one weird trick that museums use to pull in
               | donor dollars.
        
             | joseppudev wrote:
             | did it rewrite the slave trade part as well or did that
             | remain as it is written?
        
               | Alive-in-2025 wrote:
               | Look around Wikipedia, you find a little more info re
               | slavery and this ship. Kansas and Missouri were on the
               | violent border with a mixture of pro and anti-slavery
               | views, even as the geographical boundary of allowed
               | slavery separated "the south". The museum website says
               | there's clothing on the ship that has a pro-slavery mark,
               | to be sent to some store. The ship at one time was
               | boarded by pro-slavery forces who found hidden guns that
               | were being shipped to abolitionists. It does not appear
               | they sent slaves on it en mass.
               | 
               | There were plenty of people who were pro slavery in those
               | days. Mixed all across the US, read Mark Twain. There
               | were plenty of people against it.
               | 
               | More to the point, I wonder if the museum addresses this.
               | I'm going to guess only in a small way, having lived half
               | my life in the south. Maybe someone with actual knowlege
               | can comment instead of web search "experts" like me.
        
           | devoutsalsa wrote:
           | It's not a competition.
        
             | timeon wrote:
             | Yeah but the one from 19th century seems bit random for
             | this thread.
        
               | rUsHeYaFuBu wrote:
               | Loughla did state: "only tangentially related"
        
         | coffeecantcode wrote:
         | Agreed, it is a very cool museum. Go early on a weekend morning
         | in the spring and hit the market while it's bustling, love that
         | part of the city.
        
         | jbarrow wrote:
         | Loved the one in Kansas City! There are some great,
         | thematically-similar museums in other countries as well, if you
         | ever find yourself there:
         | 
         | - the Vasa in Stockholm, Sweden is a ship dredged from the
         | harbor and stabilized, sank in 1628
         | 
         | - the Mary Rose in Portsmouth, England is a Tudor ship that
         | sank in 1545 that was raised and stabilized
         | 
         | In both cases a ton of work was done to stabilize and preserve
         | the remains of the ships that is, imo, almost more interesting
         | than the ship itself.
        
           | gandalfian wrote:
           | Honestly I wouldn't rush to see the Mary Rose unless you are
           | extremely interested. It's a little anticlimactic as a
           | viewing experience.
        
           | viewtransform wrote:
           | The Vasa Museum , Stockholm, Sweden ( Ultra 4K )
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9NQUULR-UE
        
         | c0brac0bra wrote:
         | Go and see it while you can! Its lease ends in 2026 I think its
         | future is uncertain.
        
       | martyvis wrote:
       | FYI 2600 and 2.6k use the same number of characters.
        
         | Bootvis wrote:
         | It doesn't mean the same though, 2.6k implies somewhere between
         | 2550 and 2650 years ago and 2600 an exact number of years.
        
           | kstrauser wrote:
           | 2600 only has 2 significant digits. It's not an exact number.
        
             | defanor wrote:
             | Unless the precision (resolution) is known (stated), it is
             | unclear whether the trailing zeroes are significant or not,
             | one may only guess (while such a guess looks reasonable in
             | this case). A convention for writing that unambiguously is
             | to avoid insignificant trailing zeroes: e.g., writing it as
             | 26e2 or 2.6e3. Then the written number carries along its
             | precision.
        
             | golol wrote:
             | Doesn't writing out the trailing zeroes mean that you clain
             | 4 significant digits? At least in the physics context.
        
               | busyant wrote:
               | I think there are a few conventions for expressing sig
               | digits.
               | 
               | Where I was taught...
               | 
               | 2600 has 2 sd
               | 
               | 2600. Has 4 sd
               | 
               | 2.6e3 has 2sd
               | 
               | 2.60e3 has 3 sd
               | 
               | Edit. If I had been in charge of setting sd rules, I
               | would've said ...
               | 
               | 2600 has 4 sd
               | 
               | 260? Has 3 sd
               | 
               | 26?? Has 2 sd
               | 
               | The fact zeros are overloaded (they can be placeholders
               | or they can actually mean 0) is confusing to students.
        
             | olddustytrail wrote:
             | This reminds me of Andrew Scott Waugh, who surveyed the
             | height of Mount Everest. He was sure his method was
             | accurate to the nearest foot but he measured the height of
             | the mountain at exactly 29,000 feet.
             | 
             | Since he thought people would assume it was a rounded
             | figure, he reported it as 29,002. And is therefore known as
             | the man who first put 2 feet on the top of Everest.
        
             | lostlogin wrote:
             | I'm pre coffee so go easy. How do I write the exact number
             | 2600 if 2600 isn't an exact number?
        
               | zamadatix wrote:
               | In contexts significant figures might be relevant, a bar
               | over the last 0 or a decimal point at the end are the
               | easiest methods of saying "no really, these 0s are the
               | real deal". Though you have other options like scientific
               | notation, an explicit uncertainty bound, or natural
               | language context too https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signif
               | icant_figures#Ways_to_de...
        
           | zos_kia wrote:
           | That is intriguing I had never seen xk used in that sense. Is
           | that a common convention?
        
             | rvba wrote:
             | Popular in finance. Often you dont need the details.
        
           | timeon wrote:
           | I would guess that sentence: "that sank 2600 years ago" would
           | imply that we are not talking about exact date. But more
           | explicit word like: "that sank _about_ 2600 years ago " would
           | help.
           | 
           | Using different number formatting instead of word or sign (~)
           | is still implicit and not explicit.
        
         | stevage wrote:
         | Has the advantage that you can't confuse it with 2600BCE.
        
         | ramenbytes wrote:
         | Could use the electronics convention and save a character: 2k6
        
       | Boogie_Man wrote:
       | Phoenicia will rise again
        
         | numbsafari wrote:
         | Bring on the Sea Peoples (maybe)
        
           | mythrwy wrote:
           | Different set of people (although they both traveled on the
           | sea).
        
           | c0redump wrote:
           | The sea peoples likely came from around the Mediterranean,
           | but primarily were Nuragic people from modern-day Sardinia
        
         | nothrowaways wrote:
         | MPGA
        
       | shpx wrote:
       | Preserved ancient shipwrecks are why I don't believe when people
       | say some material "degrades in X years".
        
         | BurningFrog wrote:
         | In most waters, wood will be consumed by various life forms
         | fairly quickly. No ancient shipwrecks are found there.
         | 
         | The exceptions include the Baltic, the Black Sea, and the deep
         | ocean.
         | 
         | Don't know what saved this old boat though.
        
           | userbinator wrote:
           | Of course the Titanic has been continuously rusting away too,
           | along with being eaten by bacteria.
        
           | Unearned5161 wrote:
           | In water yes, but ancient shipwrecks are found all over the
           | place because they've been buried under sediment. That is the
           | case with this one, you'll notice in the article that they
           | say, "the sand protection is leaving", which I take to mean
           | that while it was discovered in 1993, it was covered up with
           | sand and so protected from issues such as water movement,
           | sun, and life forms. The sand is now eroding away and leaving
           | the ship unprotected, hence the move, hence the article.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks
        
             | BurningFrog wrote:
             | Thanks. I wasn't aware of this!
        
               | LtdJorge wrote:
               | It was also protected with a metallic coffin when
               | discovered in the 90s
        
           | mongol wrote:
           | In Stockholm there now is, in addition to the well known Vasa
           | museum, a museum about wrecks. It is called Vrak (Wreck) and
           | is about wrecks in the Baltic Sea mainly. It is more of the
           | interactive kind, no big wrecks on display, but smaller
           | artifacts and audio/video/VR and so on. Interesting for those
           | curious about the subject.
        
         | mmooss wrote:
         | The extreme lack of ancient shipwrecks should convince you that
         | those materials do degrade, almost every time.
        
         | doctorplop wrote:
         | Sometimes sediments (sand, mud) protect the wooden wreck from
         | decay. Once the wreck is moved, it becomes a race against time
         | to prevent decay. The way that museum wrecks like the Wasa in
         | Stockholm are preserved is by drying every wooden piece and
         | saturating them with plastic resin. This process is slow and
         | labour intensive: the article mentions that preparing the
         | Spanish wreck for display will take four years.
         | 
         | The archeology museum in Arles, France displays a conserved
         | Roman river barge which was conserved in this fashion, see
         | their Youtube documentary [0] There are many more known river
         | barges at the bottom of the Rhone, but these are best preserved
         | by leaving them where they are.
         | 
         | [0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUBvSkdJ4Ig
        
         | deltarholamda wrote:
         | Loggers used to sink logs in water to keep them from rotting.
         | Keeping wood wet is a pretty good preservative.
         | 
         | What gets to wood is critters. A lot of sea creatures will
         | nibble away at it. On land, it's insects and fungus and the
         | like. Tidal action will also scour away exposed wood.
        
         | quesera wrote:
         | > _Preserved ancient shipwrecks_
         | 
         | See also "bog people".
         | 
         | But the results of such extreme anomalies do not extrapolate
         | reliably to the general case.
        
       | ilrwbwrkhv wrote:
       | > They spent 560 hours diving at the wreck site to make detailed
       | diagrams of its many cracks and fissures.
       | 
       | I feel a bit jealous of them, me being in tech, doing hard work
       | like this to preserve the history of humanity.
        
         | fritzo wrote:
         | Diving with a little compressor tube looks fun. I used to clean
         | my dad's pool that way, as a kid.
        
       | dghughes wrote:
       | "The wreck will be conserved, protected and eventually
       | reassembled".
       | 
       | I wonder if Phoenicians labelled the parts of ships like their
       | fellow Carthaginians (Chanani)? Or is this a Carthaginian ship
       | but it's referred to as Phoenician?
        
         | ricardobayes wrote:
         | Fun-fact that the ship was found on a beach that is near the
         | Spanish city called "Cartagena".
        
           | ocschwar wrote:
           | Many of the cities in the region have Carthaginian names.
           | It's a little surreal to see them when you speak Hebrew:
           | 
           | Cadiz: "boundary" - the city that guarded access to Britain.
           | Malaga: "Queen City". Cartagena. Barcelona ("barkel" -
           | blessing)
        
           | marcusverus wrote:
           | Fun fact #2: that city was founded by Hasdrubal Barca, father
           | of Hannibal Barca!
        
         | rsynnott wrote:
         | "Carthaginian" is more or less a subset of "Phoenician".
        
           | thaumasiotes wrote:
           | Which is why the adjective associated with Carthage is
           | "Punic".
        
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