[HN Gopher] Doomsday Book (2006) [pdf]
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Doomsday Book (2006) [pdf]
        
       Author : Jimmc414
       Score  : 260 points
       Date   : 2025-01-07 15:09 UTC (7 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.crisesnotes.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.crisesnotes.com)
        
       | jprd wrote:
       | I initially thought this was trolling due to the MS Comic Sans
       | right up front.
        
       | Mistletoe wrote:
       | Is that Comic Sans on the second page?
        
         | marcusestes wrote:
         | Came here to say the same thing. It's a chilling font choice
         | for a document like this.
        
           | morsch wrote:
           | It also reads hilariously like a document from the SCP wiki,
           | blacked out passages and all.
        
           | baryphonic wrote:
           | 2006 was peak "Great Moderation," where there hadn't been any
           | serious financial crises since the 80s. The consensus wisdom
           | was that many of the policies of the 80s & 90s, particularly
           | around inflation and reducing uncertainty, had made financial
           | crises almost obsolete.
           | 
           | It seems dark today given that we know the outcome, but I'm
           | sure at the time, Comic Sans seemed appropriate for a set of
           | tools that they thought likely would never be used. Or maybe
           | it indicates a certain hubris undone within about 18 months.
        
             | banku_brougham wrote:
             | _Stares in Long Term Capital Management_
        
               | grantsucceeded wrote:
               | probably anyone this far in the thread remenbers long
               | term capital managment, I did, but couldnt remenber if it
               | was in the 80's or 90's. (1998)
               | 
               | https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/longtermcapital.asp
        
             | asdff wrote:
             | Wasn't 2006 just off the heels of the dot com bubble?
        
           | divbzero wrote:
           | I bet they use Comic Sans for nuclear launch codes too.
        
         | JumpCrisscross wrote:
         | I guess if you're at the precipice of a financial crisis,
         | starting with laughs around the table isn't the worst.
        
       | FrustratedMonky wrote:
       | This seems like some pedestrian financial agreements.
       | 
       | What is the TLDR on why it is called 'Doomsday'?
        
         | toomuchtodo wrote:
         | > The so-called Doomsday Book, an internal document used to
         | guide the Federal Reserve's actions during emergencies, has
         | long been the subject of intrigue and suspicion. Largely a
         | compilation of legal opinions, the book has been a key resource
         | for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for decades, allowing
         | it to play a unique and oversize role during financial crises.
         | No other regional Federal Reserve bank has such a resource.
         | 
         | > The book is a living document that records pivotal decisions
         | made during times of financial distress. It played a crucial
         | role in then New York Fed President Timothy Geithner's decision
         | to rescue Bear Stearns from bankruptcy in 2008.
         | 
         | Economic system failure runbook.
         | 
         | https://www.wsj.com/articles/sun-shines-on-new-york-fed-doom...
         | | https://archive.today/YbgG7
         | 
         | https://www.crisesnotes.com/the-new-york-federal-reserves-do...
        
         | tekla wrote:
         | Its explained on the first page italicized
         | 
         | The "Doomsday Book" is a compendium of legal opinions, in some
         | cases stretching back decades, that explore the legal limits of
         | the Federal Reserve in the event of a financial crisis.
        
           | FrustratedMonky wrote:
           | Every company has a disaster recovery plan. Seems like
           | calling it 'Doomsday', is the question. It seems rather
           | dramatic naming for a bank.
        
             | tekla wrote:
             | I think the imminent collapse of the US economy is aptly
             | named "Doomsday" to the Federal Reserve.
             | 
             | I mean, you bring up a disaster recovery plan for
             | companies, but is it REALLY a "disaster"?
        
               | themadturk wrote:
               | For the company and its employees, the answer may well be
               | "yes."
        
       | cj wrote:
       | > The Doomsday Book is intended to help lawyers of the Federal
       | Reserve Bank of New York aid their clients in crisis management.
       | It was originally distributed to a limited set of lawyers and
       | select senior staff members. This has changed with time, as more
       | lawyers are drawn into crisis management. Now, all FRBNY lawyers
       | receive a copy of the Doomsday Book. Since the Doomsday Book
       | seemed more confusing than helpful to non-lawyers, it is no
       | longer distributed outside of the Legal Function. However, some
       | individuals may have older versions on their shelves, and there
       | is nothing wrong with sharing this version with clients.
       | 
       | Page 44 of the PDF has a good overview of what this document is
       | intended to be.
       | 
       | Putting "Doomsday book" in the context of crisis management
       | explains why this document exists. Basically, they don't want to
       | be in the middle of a crisis and have legal uncertainties delay
       | their ability to take action.
        
         | MichaelZuo wrote:
         | It seems to be a misnomer as I can't imagine any 'doomsday'
         | scenario where there would still be a functioning judiciary,
         | Justice department, or any functioning clients for the FRBNY to
         | help.
        
           | ArnoVW wrote:
           | I think the fear is not that there is no justice to help
           | them.
           | 
           | The point is that when exceptional measures are needed, you
           | want to know how far you can go, without it coming back to
           | you in the months afterwards.
           | 
           | It's a bit like InfoSec cyber incident playbooks: if customer
           | data is being corrupted, can the production server be shut
           | down? how bad does it need to be before the downtime no
           | longer outweighs the corruption? who can take the decision?
           | 
           | If you don't spell that out in advance, you may find yourself
           | in a situation where you lose time unnecessarily.
        
             | myself248 wrote:
             | Like the Internet Archive feeling that "oh shit the entire
             | society just shut down" in the days after Covid lockdowns
             | started, and uncapping their digital lending because they
             | were the only "library" you could still visit.
             | 
             | And then getting sued six ways from sunday over it, years
             | later when the crisis mood had faded and the help-people-
             | any-way-we-can vibes were thoroughly forgotten. Time to
             | make sure no good deed goes unpunished!
             | 
             | Yeah. This document makes a LOT of sense.
        
               | grapescheesee wrote:
               | WBUR just aired an interview today with Brewster Kahle.
               | It would be a very sad day if the Internet Archive
               | stopped resolving, or was stopped from benefiting the
               | common good.
               | 
               | https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2025/01/07/internet-archive-
               | way...
        
               | sneak wrote:
               | The self-own that was the IA taking it upon themselves to
               | decide that copyright would not be enforced upon them by
               | big rightsholders "because COVID" is not a good deed.
               | 
               | It is foolishness masquerading as virtue. I used to be a
               | donor, but no more, as this was an unforced error. The IA
               | is in danger because the IA management was dumb.
               | 
               | I don't believe in copyright, personally, and I've been
               | an avid pirate of every type of media since I got on the
               | internet at 9.6kbps, but to think that Big Content won't
               | sue whenever and however they can is simply naive.
        
               | AnthonyMouse wrote:
               | > The self-own that was the IA taking it upon themselves
               | to decide that copyright would not be enforced upon them
               | by big rightsholders "because COVID" is not a good deed.
               | 
               | The theory was that the courts would find it to be fair
               | use. Which isn't a crazy theory at all because making
               | exceptions for exceptional circumstances is exactly the
               | sort of things courts do, and fair use is exactly the
               | sort of thing that gives them the latitude to do it if
               | they want to.
               | 
               | IA's issue is that they're librarians and look at things
               | like librarians do. If people lose access to books, is
               | that an emergency? It could _sometimes_ be a matter of
               | life and death -- people need some information or
               | something bad will happen and now they don 't have access
               | to it -- but that's kind of abstract and it's not as
               | visceral. People understand kicking down a door to
               | prevent someone from electrocuting themselves better than
               | they understand that the same thing can happen if people
               | lose access to the information needed to prevent it. So
               | to a librarian, of course that's an emergency.
               | 
               | And then the other side of that is, what are you
               | balancing it against? Some temporary copies being made of
               | books that libraries all over have already paid for and
               | have in their collections, and only for the duration of
               | the pandemic? That's not a ridiculous trade off, that's
               | completely reasonable. The libraries bought the books and
               | the patrons read them, same as it ever was. In a
               | temporary emergency, how much does it matter that the
               | accounting is completely perfect rather than the
               | plausible approximation you get based on assuming that
               | before they knew there would be a pandemic, libraries had
               | purchased books in proportion to how much demand there
               | would be for them? Has it even been proved that a single
               | book was simultaneously lent out more times by IA than
               | there were copies of it on the shelves in locked down
               | libraries everywhere?
               | 
               | That's not a crazy argument. The problem is, it doesn't
               | feel like an emergency anymore. Worse, there was a lot of
               | overreach during COVID, and many people are now of the
               | sense that much of the response was excessive. And then
               | you get a conflation between "shutting down every library
               | might have been an overreaction" and " _given that
               | libraries were forcibly shut down_ , lending books in a
               | different way was temporarily justifiable" and the people
               | making the second argument get painted with the negative
               | sentiment derived from the first by Monday morning
               | quarterbacks.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _theory was that the courts would find it to be fair
               | use. Which isn 't a crazy theory at all_
               | 
               | If they'd been advancing a test case, they would have
               | done what they did and then--when confronted by
               | rightsholders--stopped while the courts deliberated. That
               | asks the question while managing the downside. Instead,
               | IA dialled its rhetoric to eleven, thereby turning what
               | could have been a measured legal contest into a bet-the-
               | farm Hail Mary.
        
               | AnthonyMouse wrote:
               | > If they'd been advancing a test case, they would have
               | done what they did and then--when confronted by
               | rightsholders--stopped while the courts deliberated.
               | 
               | Consider what would happen if they did that.
               | 
               | First, this was happening during a pandemic. Emergency
               | happening right now. If you stop doing it at this point,
               | not only do you fail your patrons when they need you,
               | you're undermining your own argument that this is
               | actually an emergency that justifies doing this.
               | 
               | Second, if you stop, do they even sue you? If they don't,
               | you don't even get your test case.
               | 
               | Third, if they do sue you, what does it matter if you
               | were doing it for a month vs. a year? If they hit you
               | with the absurd fictional damages numbers in some of the
               | copyright statutes and you lose, bankrupt is bankrupt.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _not only do you fail your patrons when they need you,
               | you 're undermining your own argument that this is
               | actually an emergency_
               | 
               | Did the emergency argument ever hold legal water? How
               | many actual librarians did the IA consult in crafting its
               | programme?
               | 
               | > _if you stop, do they even sue you_
               | 
               | Injunction. Or at least, let smarter legal minds weigh
               | in. (And actual librarians.)
               | 
               | > _what does it matter if you were doing it for a month
               | vs. a year?_
               | 
               | Damages. It also shows goodwill, which could have
               | influenced not only judges by IA's allies (who largely
               | abandoned it).
               | 
               | IA was arrogant throughout the lawsuit, and it showed in
               | their library partners often publicly rebuking them.
        
               | AnthonyMouse wrote:
               | > Did the emergency argument ever hold legal water?
               | 
               | It's whatever the courts say it is. Fair use is very
               | squishy. Nobody knows until there is a case.
               | 
               | > How many actual librarians did the IA consult in
               | crafting its programme?
               | 
               | They are actual librarians.
               | 
               | > Injunction.
               | 
               | If you voluntarily stop they don't need to file for an
               | injunction, they can just drop the case and then there is
               | nothing for you to appeal.
               | 
               | > Damages.
               | 
               | What's the difference between a billion dollars and a
               | trillion dollars when you don't have a billion dollars?
               | 
               | > Going straight from controlled digital lending to free
               | for all was totally unnecessary when the first hadn't
               | been tested.
               | 
               | They'd been doing controlled digital lending for a good
               | while and nobody sued them. To get a test case somebody
               | has to file a lawsuit. Maybe it shouldn't work that way
               | but "courts don't issue advisory opinions" isn't
               | something IA made up.
               | 
               | > IA was arrogant throughout the lawsuit, and it showed
               | in their library partners often publicly rebuking them.
               | 
               | Issuing a statement that amounts to "please don't sue us"
               | isn't really indicative of much other than that they know
               | they'd need to budget for a bunch of lawyers if they want
               | to get involved and they don't.
        
               | sdwr wrote:
               | Yeah, it was a "we want to and think we can get away with
               | it" type of thing. It's what they would love to be doing
               | 24/7, COVID was just a convenient excuse.
               | 
               | (Publishers can be parasites, but if you're playing with
               | the big boys you have to follow the rules)
        
               | nonrandomstring wrote:
               | In any tricky situation the conditions under which you're
               | judged are a world apart from the conditions under which
               | you operate. Just don't be on the "losing" side.
        
           | rtkwe wrote:
           | More Doomsday as "potentially existential (in a financial
           | system sense) crisis" than a literal Doomsday. It fits
           | perfectly into that frame as a compilation of other times the
           | Fed has explored the limits of it's powers to address extreme
           | situations in the financial system.
           | 
           | It's also unlikely courts etc would completely disappear even
           | far into an actual "Doomsday" crisis. Hell the IRS has plans
           | in place on how to collect taxes post nuclear apocalypse.
        
             | AdamN wrote:
             | Death AND Taxes
        
             | Retric wrote:
             | There's levels of Doomsdays. As emotional as people get
             | over surface level details of government, there's a long
             | way down from a civilization unable to make CPU's before
             | the literal stone age.
             | 
             | So sure people hate the IRS, but codified tax collection is
             | the single most important function of modern government.
             | Without that you don't have private property or free
             | markets just warlords arbitrarily seizing property which
             | destroys whatever is left of society very quickly.
        
               | rtkwe wrote:
               | That's kind of what I'm getting at with the first part of
               | my post. Doomsday for the Fed is "major collapse of
               | sector(s) the US economy they fail to arrest" or esoteric
               | economic woe that requires drastic but relatively novel
               | (legally speaking) measures to address. The kind of
               | systemic seizing that some of the people who had the
               | foresight and money to have made a killing on 2008 but
               | didn't because they feared the wholesale collapse would
               | happen because they didn't factor in the firehose of
               | money that would be directed at the problem.
               | 
               | Complete societal collapse is outside their purview
               | because they depend on there to be an economy to manage
               | which ceases to meaningfully exist at certain points on
               | the Doomsday scale.
        
               | trinsic2 wrote:
               | Maybe with my limited knowledge I am wrong about this,
               | but it seems like "codified tax collection" as it relates
               | to private property and free markets, at least in the US,
               | is that they designed it to create the illusion of a
               | functioning system. In reality it serves special
               | interests because they can afford to navigate it's
               | complexities, while the general population is held
               | hostage to this system. Secondly, income tax money
               | doesn't appear to actually go to the places it should,
               | like infrastructure, and instead towards unjust wars that
               | are waged to democratize(hold-hostage) countries that
               | don't play along with capitalism.
               | 
               | I think the tax system, in its current state, is an
               | illusion of providing a just system when what it really
               | does is turns a country of free people into wage slaves
               | working for overlords (people with money).
        
           | pjc50 wrote:
           | Think "2008 crisis" rather than actual apocalypse.
        
           | mmanfrin wrote:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book
        
           | jowea wrote:
           | https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/28/business/nuclear-war-
           | plan...
           | 
           | > It will take something more than a nuclear attack to wipe
           | out taxpayers' obligations to the Internal Revenue Service.
           | 
           | > An addition to the Internal Revenue Manual, which is
           | supposed to guide the conduct of all I.R.S. employees,
           | declares that if the bomb is dropped, ''operations will be
           | concentrated on collecting the taxes which will produce the
           | greater revenue yield.''
        
             | warner25 wrote:
             | One thing that I think I've learned, to my surprise, even
             | for most people in uniform on either side, is that much of
             | life during wartime is still mostly "business as usual."
             | 
             | I think we all tend to have poorly calibrated mental models
             | of this because coverage of war tends to focus on the
             | heaviest action and worst of the devastation.
             | 
             | I don't mean to downplay how awful that can be, or how far
             | the effects can reverberate (even generations later), but
             | like... the vast majority of people still go about their
             | daily lives, doing their usual jobs, doing the mundane
             | things, even having fun, supply chains and infrastructure
             | and institutions seem to be quite resilient, etc. Locally
             | and individually, everything can change in an instant in
             | combat (even then, most people walk away from that and
             | continue their lives), but nationally things can keep
             | rolling along as war drags on much more slowly than we all
             | might expect or hope.
             | 
             | So I have little doubt that the IRS would keep doing its
             | thing, and tax returns would need to be filed (albeit maybe
             | with extended deadlines), even in the wake of a nuclear
             | attack. I suppose the question is how much do things
             | unravel in a scenario of nuclear counter-attack, and
             | counter-counter-attack, etc. for which we have no
             | historical precedent to think about.
        
               | chillingeffect wrote:
               | It depends on how well the country is winning. E.g.
               | Ukraine is still quite functional. Palestine is
               | approaching a complete collapse.
        
               | goatsi wrote:
               | If you are talking about Gaza, there were reports a few
               | days ago that Israel is considering cutting back on the
               | amount of aid allowed in once Trump is in office,
               | claiming that Hamas is still able to fund itself by
               | "taxing" aid.
        
               | Spooky23 wrote:
               | The most important function of a government in wartime is
               | revenue collection.
               | 
               | When you consider how the US funded 20+ years of warfare
               | post-911, it's both fascinating and terrifying,
               | especially when you consider the long term effects of
               | "financial meth" in terms of asset bubble, excluding the
               | American aristocracy from taxes, and structural deficits.
        
         | jessriedel wrote:
         | > Page 44 of the PDF has a good overview of what this document
         | is intended to be.
         | 
         | Yes, but unfortunately it doesn't much explain what the
         | contents are like. Would be great to get an laymen-readable
         | summary of this from an LLM.
        
         | thaumasiotes wrote:
         | > Putting "Doomsday book" in the context of crisis management
         | explains why this document exists.
         | 
         | Really? They could hardly have picked a worse name; the
         | Doomsday Book is, very famously, a register of who owns what.
         | It has absolutely nothing to do with emergency response or
         | crisis management.
         | 
         | But the document that the name implies it should be, a register
         | of who owns what, is not at all an unlikely thing for the
         | Federal Reserve Bank to have.
        
           | jjmarr wrote:
           | You're thinking of the Domesday Book.
           | 
           | It is admittedly the same word written in Middle English, but
           | I think context+spelling is enough to distinguish it.
        
             | thaumasiotes wrote:
             | Som of us haue reuised oure spelynge syns the 1100s.
        
         | 1vuio0pswjnm7 wrote:
         | Interesting how the replies are assuming "doomsday" means some
         | sort of apocalyptic societal collapse instead of acknowledging
         | it could nothing more than a figure of speech used amongst
         | lawyers at the FRBNY.
         | 
         | This PDF is not the book. It is an introduction/summary of
         | changes and a table of contents (TOC). The sample agreements
         | are not included. The letter makes clear that FRBNY is actually
         | not subject to the FOIA. I wonder if they charged for the
         | service.
         | 
         | The presence of these agreements referred to in the TOC
         | suggests that after a "doomsday" event, the FRBNY lawyers
         | expect that other legal entities will still be entering into
         | agreements. One HN comment muses about the lack of a
         | functioning judiciary after this "doomsday". But without one
         | how would such agreements be enforced. What would be the point
         | of providing sample agreements if a doomsday event means
         | agreements can no longer be enforced because the mechanism for
         | enforcing them no longer exists.
        
       | onionisafruit wrote:
       | From the name, I expected a list of the fed's assets similar to
       | the more famous Domesday Book. But this is more interesting.
        
       | CrimsonCape wrote:
       | "Please note that the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (the "New
       | York Fed") is not subject to the Freedom of Information Act
       | ("FOIA") although it complies with the spirit of FOIA when
       | responding to requests of this type."
       | 
       | Isn't it great we have a massive private entity in control of the
       | financial system that pleasantly reminds you that it is not
       | accountable to government laws, and by extension is not
       | accountable to the people ("A government of the people")
        
         | sambaumann wrote:
         | that same independence is the reason it's not subject to the
         | political whims of whoever is in power at a given time, which
         | is important for the long term health of the economy. "The
         | people" did decide this - as congress gave the fed that
         | independence
        
           | aaomidi wrote:
           | The independence could still have stipulations that require
           | FOIA.
        
           | npoc wrote:
           | Sounds good until you discover that its the people who own
           | the fed that are really in power.
           | 
           | Everyone should read at least the first few chapters of "The
           | Creature from Jekyll Island" to understand how much money
           | (power) they have.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _until you discover that its the people who own the fed
             | that are really in power_
             | 
             | This is nonsense. The President and Congress control the
             | Fed. And nobody can knowledgeably claim, today, that its
             | banking members (legally, its shareholders) are more
             | powerful than America's non-bank financial institutions (
             | _e.g._ Blackrock or Brookfield).
             | 
             | The greatest boon our billionaire class could inherit is a
             | politically-controlled Fed. It's why one of any autocrat's
             | first moves is bringing the central bank under their
             | control.
        
               | npoc wrote:
               | It's not nonsense. The banking system printed every
               | dollar out of thin air and is charging interest on every
               | single one (giving a cut to government). For decades and
               | decades.
               | 
               | I made a post earlier detailing the mechanism they use to
               | extract the wealth from us:
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42621878
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _banking system printed every dollar out of thin air
               | and is charging interest on every single one (giving a
               | cut to government)_
               | 
               | This is also nonsense, though less so.
               | 
               | Money is created by private banks through lending. The
               | government gets a cut, but that comes through taxation.
               | Money creation is complicated, but it seems like every
               | year someone watches a YouTube video about inflation and
               | deduces, with zero further thought, that it must be a
               | conspiracy.
        
               | npoc wrote:
               | > Money is created by private banks through lending.
               | 
               | Exactly. Every single dollar was created from thin air,
               | as a "loan".
               | 
               | > it seems like every year someone watches a YouTube
               | video about inflation and deduces, with zero further
               | thought, that it must be a conspiracy.
               | 
               | I've been studying and researching this for years.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _Every single dollar was created from thin air, as a
               | "loan"_
               | 
               | Not quite. Minted currency isn't created from a loan.
               | Neither is fiscal spending.
               | 
               | On the other side of the spectrum, money is destroyed
               | through taxation (by the state) and repayment of debts
               | and defaults (privately).
               | 
               | The monetary hypothesis of income inequality is overly
               | simplistic. It supposes our tax, trade and funding
               | policies are all dictated by monetary policy, which is
               | obviously nonsense. (That or our tax, trade and social
               | spending policies have no effect on inequality. Which is
               | obviously stupid.)
               | 
               | It _is_ an easily-digested hypothesis. We like those,
               | particularly when the alternative is reading lots of
               | arcane monetary financial texts.
        
               | licnep wrote:
               | Fiscal spending is still created as a loan though since
               | the government has to sell bonds to finance it, no?
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _Fiscal spending is still created as a loan though
               | since the government has to sell bonds to finance it, no_
               | 
               | Monetarily speaking, the government creates the money
               | when it spends it. The loan then (and optionally) removes
               | a similar amount of money from the system.
               | 
               | This is an enormous power, so we try to legally limit the
               | government in how it can do this. (If we removed the
               | Fed's independence and put it under the Treasury, the
               | Treasury could just add numbers to the bank accounts of
               | the government's employees and vendors. This is analogous
               | to its minting power. We separate the Treasury and the
               | Fed in part to fracture this power.)
               | 
               | I forgot one more creation/destruction mechanism above:
               | the Fed's open-market operations. When the Fed buys
               | assets, it creates money. When it sells them, it destroys
               | money.
        
               | licnep wrote:
               | Thanks for the clarification, if you have any pointers to
               | learn more about this I'd be interested to check it out.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | Oldie but a goodie: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/med
               | ia/boe/files/quarterly-...
        
               | gnatman wrote:
               | >> The banking system printed every dollar out of thin
               | air
               | 
               | what is the alternative exactly? money created by god?
               | 
               | like no duh the economy & money system was created out of
               | thin air. we created all this shit out of thin air.
        
               | icehawk wrote:
               | > _The banking system printed every dollar out of thin
               | air_ [...]
               | 
               | What banking system doesn't do this?
               | 
               | Ones with steps in between don't count.
        
               | toast0 wrote:
               | Plenty of banking systems use currency with names other
               | than dollars.
               | 
               | Brazil's banking system prints _real_ s out of thin air.
               | But that's better, because they're real, says so in the
               | name :)
        
               | 4fterd4rk wrote:
               | You can't just append "out of thin air" to standard
               | monetary policy and pretend you're making some kind of
               | argument. Everything you describe in the comment you
               | linked to is sophomore level economics. I don't
               | understand your point. There is nothing sketchy about it.
               | Do you want us back on the gold standard? That's an awful
               | idea.
        
           | phyzix5761 wrote:
           | I'm curious which country you reside in where congress does
           | the will of the people because I'm in the US and that's
           | definitely not true here.
           | 
           | EDIT: Getting a lot of hate on this comment so allow me to
           | clarify what I meant.
           | 
           | In the US we have a Constitutional Republic meaning elected
           | representatives write the laws. People are not voting
           | directly on laws and issues (on a federal level). The parent
           | comment said that "The People decided this" but that's not an
           | accurate statement. Congress decided this regardless of what
           | people actually wanted. In fact, the public was largely
           | divided on whether they wanted a Federal reserve during this
           | time.
        
             | 9question1 wrote:
             | You greatly overestimate the quality of the will of the
             | people. Just because you don't like certain outcomes
             | because they are stupid doesn't mean that those outcomes
             | aren't what people wanted. Democratic institutions are a
             | much more accurate way of reflecting the will of the people
             | than most other attempts to measure that, for many reasons
             | including the existence of people who don't respond to
             | surveys but vote.
        
               | greenavocado wrote:
               | Democratic institutions can be subverted with first past
               | the post voting systems and the illusion of choice
               | amongst the most vocal and well funded parties
        
               | CamperBob2 wrote:
               | You know what the technical term for a subverted
               | democracy is? "Democracy."
               | 
               | Also known as, "Five people with an IQ of 90 outvoting
               | four people with an IQ of 110," or "One person in Iowa
               | canceling two votes in California."
        
               | llamaimperative wrote:
               | Eh, the (growing) insanity of the electoral college is
               | not a necessary feature of a democracy.
        
               | CamperBob2 wrote:
               | It is as far as this one's concerned.
        
               | llamaimperative wrote:
               | No, not necessary, just (currently) Constitutionally
               | mandated. Those are not the same thing.
        
               | CamperBob2 wrote:
               | Your options for getting rid of it are Congressional
               | ratification with an overwhelming majority (LOL), a
               | Constitutional convention (a horror too frightening to
               | contemplate, given the people who would be involved), or
               | guns. Which do you prefer?
        
               | llamaimperative wrote:
               | I'm not suggesting getting rid of it, stop with the
               | hysterics. I'm saying it's not a necessary feature of a
               | democracy, as you suggested in your original post.
               | 
               | It is a highly idiosyncratic design decision in _one_
               | democracy. It is not at all functionally necessary to
               | America 's system, and it's certainly not necessary to
               | any other, as proven by its conspicuous absence from said
               | democratic systems.
               | 
               | Five stupid people outvoting four dumb people _is_ a
               | natural outcome in every democratic system. One person
               | outvoting two based on geographic location _is not_ a
               | natural outcome in every democratic system.
               | 
               | It's not that hard to understand if you take off your
               | ideology blinkers for a moment and read the words in
               | front of you.
        
               | CamperBob2 wrote:
               | _It 's not that hard to understand if you take off your
               | ideology blinkers for a moment and read the words in
               | front of you._
               | 
               | If you have a point to make, make it.
        
               | _DeadFred_ wrote:
               | It's also a recipe for a tyranny of the majority and a
               | horrible form of government.
        
               | arrosenberg wrote:
               | This is the wrong take. The system reflects the will of
               | the people who the system deems important. The average
               | person wants higher wages, shorter hours and cheaper cost
               | of living w/r/t rent, food, fuel and health. Congress is
               | reflecting none of those desires right now because they
               | serves the needs of the oligarchic selectorate that has
               | been funding unrestricted class warfare against regular
               | people for the last 20 years.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _average person wants higher wages, shorter hours and
               | cheaper cost of living w /r/t rent, food, fuel and
               | health. Congress is reflecting none of those desires_
               | 
               | The average voter does _not_ uniformly express these
               | preferences.
        
               | arrosenberg wrote:
               | Duh? Like, by definition, an average doesn't reflect
               | uniform expression. The people who don't want those
               | things are a minority, but they are getting their way,
               | because the system reflects the desires of the elites,
               | not the desires of the average.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _people who don 't want that are a minority, but they
               | are getting their way_
               | 
               | They're the majority. Almost every voter puts pocketbook
               | issues _near_ the top of their list, but not so far up
               | that they're willing to be civically active about it
               | _unless_ it's a crisis. Herego, we spend most of our non-
               | crisis time on non-pocketbook issues.
        
               | CamperBob2 wrote:
               | _Almost every voter puts pocketbook issues near the top
               | of their list, but not so far up that they're willing to
               | be civically active about it unless it's a crisis._
               | 
               | We're not in a crisis now, but people voted in the last
               | national election as if we were, because Fox News told
               | them that we were.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _because Fox News told them that we were_
               | 
               | This is my problem with the "elites in control"
               | hypothesis. It seems to rely on voters' power existing,
               | but being circumvented because said voters are too stupid
               | to handle it.
        
               | CamperBob2 wrote:
               | Well, that's pretty much the size of it, isn't it?
        
               | ImPostingOnHN wrote:
               | _> This is my problem with the "elites in control"
               | hypothesis. It seems to rely on voters' power existing,
               | but being circumvented because said voters are too stupid
               | to handle it._
               | 
               | You are correct (except that it need only be a subset of
               | voters).
               | 
               | Now that you've done a good job of elaborating on the
               | hypothesis, what exactly is your problem with it?
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _what exactly is your problem with it?_
               | 
               | It doesn't work. Its testable predictions preclude a good
               | amount of extant politics, including practically all
               | populism. Elites the world over are losing in democracies
               | because they presupposed, from afar, that they knew what
               | their constituents wanted. Voters' interests are complex,
               | and they can't be so easily bought.
        
               | llamaimperative wrote:
               | That is a huuugely presumptive interpretation.
               | 
               | Here's another _possible_ interpretation: our information
               | environment makes people extremely vulnerable to actual
               | bullshit in massive volume.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _Here's another possible interpretation: our
               | information environment makes people extremely vulnerable
               | to actual bullshit in massive volume_
               | 
               | That is also true. People get angry and then misdirect
               | it. But the anger is real, and it filters up through the
               | political system when the valves aren't clogged. They
               | aren't, not anywhere in the West. Voters across the West
               | have essentially begun a wholesale replacement of their
               | stable of elites. That is _not_ what happens in an
               | oligarchic system.
        
               | llamaimperative wrote:
               | That is _absolutely_ how oligarchic systems supplant
               | democracies.
               | 
               | Hitler was elected, Orban was elected, Bukele was
               | elected.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _Hitler was elected, Orban was elected, Bukele was
               | elected_
               | 
               | None of them emerged from oligarchic political systems.
        
               | llamaimperative wrote:
               | If your argument is "the US was not a pure oligarchy 4,
               | 8, or 12 years ago", sure.
               | 
               | I don't think that's what people are pointing out.
        
               | immibis wrote:
               | And Putin and the first supreme leader of North Korea.
               | Democracies can turn into dictatorships quickly. But
               | don't worry - _it can 't happen here._
        
               | ImPostingOnHN wrote:
               | _> That is not what happens in an oligarchic system._
               | 
               | The person USAns just voted in is literally an oligarch,
               | as is his co-president, and he has indicated that he will
               | populate his cabinet and advisory board with still more
               | oligarchs. His "inauguration" slush fund has already
               | received hundreds of millions of dollars from other
               | oligarchs to secure their place in the new oligarchy*
               | 
               |  _*: Pure or otherwise_
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _person USAns just voted in is literally an oligarch,
               | as is his co-president, and he has indicated that he will
               | populate his cabinet with still more oligarchs_
               | 
               | America is tending towards an oligarchic system. (This is
               | a history of weak democracies, historically, and a reason
               | we were founded as a republic and not pure democracy.)
               | That doesn't prove it currently is one. Trump's election
               | is largely about replacing the technocratic and cultural
               | elite with a commercial one.
        
               | nico wrote:
               | > America is tending towards an oligarchic system. (This
               | is a history of weak democracies, historically, and a
               | reason we were founded as a republic and not pure
               | democracy.) That doesn't prove it currently is one
               | 
               | Maybe that doesn't. But this study does:
               | 
               | > Princeton University study: Public opinion has "near-
               | zero" impact on U.S. law.
               | 
               | > One thing that does have an influence? Money. While the
               | opinions of the bottom 90% of income earners in America
               | have a "statistically non-significant impact," economic
               | elites, business interests, and people who can afford
               | lobbyists still carry major influence
               | 
               | Source: https://act.represent.us/sign/problempoll-fba
               | 
               | The study is from 2004. I'd say things have gotten a lot
               | more "oligarchic" in the last 20 years, and seems like it
               | might get even worse in the next few years
        
               | ImPostingOnHN wrote:
               | _> Its testable predictions preclude a good amount of
               | extant politics, including practically all populism._
               | 
               | How so?
               | 
               |  _> Elites the world over are losing in democracies
               | because they presupposed, from afar, that they knew what
               | their constituents wanted_
               | 
               | Elites the world over are _winning_ in democracies (take
               | the US for example), which could feed into the
               | hypothesis. Indeed, nonzero voters of these elites were
               | easily bought.
        
               | CamperBob2 wrote:
               | _Elites the world over are losing in democracies because
               | they presupposed, from afar, that they knew what their
               | constituents wanted._
               | 
               | ... or perhaps because you 've misidentified the
               | "elites."
               | 
               |  _Voters ' interests are complex, and they can't be so
               | easily bought._
               | 
               | No need to buy cattle you already own. You just herd
               | them.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _perhaps because you 've misidentified the "elites."_
               | 
               | If the elites are constantly changing then the 'elites'
               | being in power is about as threatening as the 'people'
               | holding it.
        
               | CamperBob2 wrote:
               | _If the elites are constantly changing_
               | 
               | Honestly I don't think there's a rivalry among equals in
               | play. I think the previous "elites" slacked off on the
               | job. What's happening now looks less like a transfer of
               | power than a vacuum being filled.
               | 
               | Regardless, it is the height of absurdity to argue that
               | the "elites" aren't in charge now. A New York billionaire
               | teamed up with the world's wealthiest man and the
               | country's most influential cable news network to buy the
               | Presidency, and the rest are now lining up to pay
               | tribute.
               | 
               | The other "elites," to the extent there are any, are
               | short on ambition, short on cash, and short on media
               | reach.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _the previous "elites" slacked off on the job. What's
               | happening now looks less like a transfer of power than a
               | vacuum being filled_
               | 
               | True. But this is how _all_ depositions go. When that
               | process is blocked is when the process stops being
               | peaceful.
               | 
               | > _it is the height of absurdity to argue that the
               | "elites" aren't in charge now_
               | 
               |  _Some_ elites are always going to be in charge. That 's
               | almost tautology. The point is there is no _the_ elites
               | who were in charge and are now.
               | 
               | > _other "elites," to the extent there are any, are short
               | on ambition, short on cash, and short on media reach_
               | 
               | And/or. Plenty have some of those but not all, or at too
               | stupid to know how to wield it. Point remains: we have an
               | amorphous elite with contrasting interests who are
               | constantly fighting because power is fractured among
               | them.
        
               | arrosenberg wrote:
               | No, they aren't the majority. The elites that the system
               | actually serves have successfully ignited a culture war
               | that splits the average people on which issues are
               | driving the economic problems. The overwhelming majority
               | of Americans want higher wages and cheaper cost of
               | living, they just can't agree on how to get there (by
               | design).
               | 
               | Divide et impera.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _overwhelming majority of Americans want higher wages
               | and cheaper cost of living, they just can 't agree on how
               | to get there (by design)_
               | 
               | By design? Or because it's hard? You really think the
               | sole thing keeping us from having more for less is
               | conspiracy?
        
               | arrosenberg wrote:
               | Not conspiracy - culture wars. Conspiracy is a part of
               | that, but racial equality, immigration and abortion have
               | all been wielded to great effect. It's certainly easier
               | to create disruption than consensus, but the money is
               | clearly backing disruption.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _racial equality, immigration and abortion have all
               | been wielded to great effect_
               | 
               | There is plenty of evidence happiness is, in part,
               | relative. I'm not convinced there aren't voters who would
               | rather be a little poorer than better off but not as much
               | as that _other_ group.
               | 
               | > _easier to create disruption than consensus, but the
               | money is clearly backing disruption_
               | 
               | I'm moderately wealthy. Split time between New York and
               | Wyoming. It's certainly wild that a bunch of voters in
               | rural Pennsylvania feel strongly about _lowering_ my
               | taxes so long as it pisses off some liberals. If I had
               | more resources and were more self centred, I could see
               | myself encouraging that.
        
               | ImPostingOnHN wrote:
               | I'd say the average voter actively wants at least 1 of
               | these and has no problem with the others.
        
               | nico wrote:
               | This is just false
               | 
               | > Study: Congress literally doesn't care what you think
               | 
               | > Their study took data from nearly 2000 public opinion
               | surveys and compared it to the policies that ended up
               | becoming law. In other words, they compared what the
               | public wanted to what the government actually did. What
               | they found was extremely unsettling: The opinions of 90%
               | of Americans have essentially no impact at all.
               | 
               | https://act.represent.us/sign/problempoll-fba
               | 
               | There are several articles about the study
        
               | toolz wrote:
               | I think you're over-representing just how well opinion
               | surveys can represent the actual will of the people.
               | 
               | To put this in a less politicized analogy, everyone will
               | tell you they want to be rich, but how many people are
               | willing to make sacrifices to become rich? It turns out
               | many rich people today are rich because they didn't have
               | to make very many sacrifices, while most everyone,
               | including minimum wage employees, can become a
               | millionaire. Mathematically it's not all that complex.
               | 
               | People will tell you what they want with some
               | internalized model that isn't representative of the
               | realistic trade-offs that would have to be made. So in
               | effect what people say isn't based in the reality of what
               | they actually want.
        
               | llamaimperative wrote:
               | Another interpretation: when you sum a bunch of opinions
               | you end up with a result that doesn't look particularly
               | like _any_ of the inputs, and certainly not a large
               | portion of them.
        
               | s1artibartfast wrote:
               | Do you realize this study uses completely subjective
               | post-hoc assessment of what industry lobby's wanted?
        
               | phyzix5761 wrote:
               | > Democratic institutions are a much more accurate way of
               | reflecting the will of the people
               | 
               | You're right but that's not what we have in the US. We
               | have a Constitutional Republic. Elected representatives
               | write the laws. People are not voting directly on laws
               | and issues (on a federal level). I'm not saying we should
               | change it but for the parent comment to say that "The
               | People decided this" is not an accurate statement.
               | 
               | That's all I meant with my comment.
        
             | derektank wrote:
             | If members of Congress are not acting in the interests of
             | their constituents, their constituents have the power to
             | vote them out. The decision not to is what's known as "the
             | consent of the governed". Perhaps that's not exactly the
             | same as "the will of the people" but it's close enough for
             | casual usage.
        
               | nico wrote:
               | Vote them out and elect who?
               | 
               | Some other member from one of the two parties, who will
               | continue to make decisions mostly for their rich donors?
               | 
               | > Princeton University study: Public opinion has "near-
               | zero" impact on U.S. law.
               | 
               | > One thing that does have an influence? Money. While the
               | opinions of the bottom 90% of income earners in America
               | have a "statistically non-significant impact," economic
               | elites, business interests, and people who can afford
               | lobbyists still carry major influence.
               | 
               | https://act.represent.us/sign/problempoll-fba
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _Public opinion has "near-zero" impact on U.S. law_
               | 
               | Re-run that within voting jurisdictions. What that study
               | largely seems to reference is that local representation
               | is, in part, a divide and conquer mechanism.
        
               | daedrdev wrote:
               | in 2024 recently rejected numerous alternative voting
               | systems that would have allowed third party candidates to
               | have a fighting chance
        
             | clucas wrote:
             | What's your best example of something the US Congress has
             | done, or failed to do, that was contrary to the will of the
             | people?
        
               | phyzix5761 wrote:
               | Here are a few examples of times congress passed
               | laws/acts which went against the will of the people:
               | 
               | The Fugitive Slave Act (1850) The Alien and Sedition Acts
               | (1798) The Prohibition Act (1919) The Vietnam War Draft
               | (1960s) The Troubled Asset Relief Program (2008)
        
               | clucas wrote:
               | OK, the only modern example on your list is TARP. I think
               | the strength of your examples does not justify the
               | strength of your statement.
               | 
               | Actually, I just read your update, you've changed from
               | making a bold (and, in my view, wrong) statement about
               | how government is not responsive to the will of the
               | people, to a fairly boring technical point about how a
               | representative democracy works. I have no idea if you're
               | just doing a motte and bailey or if you were never trying
               | to make a bold claim in the first place...
               | 
               | I'll just leave my piece here, in any case: I believe
               | that the US system of government actually works really
               | well, and _in general_ we tend to get laws and
               | regulations that are based on the broad consensus of a
               | very diverse electorate. This is a good thing. In my
               | opinion, when most people complain about how the
               | government doesn 't work for the people, what they
               | actually don't like is that a lot of the country
               | disagrees with them, and that disagreement is reflected
               | in our government.
               | 
               | But, maybe I'm wrong and there's some other system we can
               | come up with that will keep a vast and diverse nation
               | hanging together prosperously for another 250 years.
               | Shrug.
        
               | phyzix5761 wrote:
               | Some more modern examples:
               | 
               | Gun Control Legislation (e.g., Background Checks, 2013)
               | 
               | After the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, polls
               | showed overwhelming public support (over 80%) for
               | universal background checks. Congress failed to pass
               | significant gun control measures despite this broad
               | consensus.
               | 
               | Net Neutrality Repeal (2017)
               | 
               | Public opinion polls showed strong bipartisan support for
               | net neutrality regulations. Despite this, Congress and
               | the FCC rolled back these protections, prioritizing
               | telecom industry interests.
               | 
               | Affordable Care Act (ACA) Repeal Attempts (2017)
               | 
               | Repeated attempts by Congress to repeal the ACA
               | (Obamacare) were made despite consistent public support
               | for key provisions like protections for pre-existing
               | conditions.
               | 
               | Stock Trading by Members of Congress
               | 
               | Polls show overwhelming public support (around 70-75%)
               | for banning members of Congress from trading individual
               | stocks due to conflict-of-interest concerns. Yet, no
               | significant legislation has passed to address this issue.
        
               | clucas wrote:
               | Gun control - fair point, this is one where I think an
               | ambitious legislator could really make a name for
               | themselves by pushing for it. I suspect that there would
               | be more pushback from the electorate than is indicated in
               | the polling, but who knows. This is your best point, I'll
               | be really interested to see how public opinion actually
               | breaks if concrete legislation is introduced.
               | 
               | Net Neutrality - maybe? My read on it is that it's just
               | too wonky of any issue for most people to actually care
               | that much about, and polling can't really tell us much
               | about how the electorate would lean if they actually
               | studied it - phrasing of the survey question can probably
               | skew things strongly one way or the other. But, maybe
               | that's just a cop-out.
               | 
               | ACA - doesn't this strengthen _my_ argument? It 's
               | popular enough that even when the Republicans had a
               | trifecta they still couldn't repeal it, despite running
               | on "repeal and replace"... Maybe if they had actually had
               | a replacement ready to go, they actually would have
               | succeeded... but they couldn't reach consensus on a
               | replacement, so it didn't happen.
               | 
               | Stock trading by members of Congress - the jury is still
               | out on this one... when did this push start, during
               | Biden's term? If (1) public opinion stays strongly in
               | favor of it during Trump's current term but (2) we still
               | don't see any legislation during the next presidential
               | term... then I would call this a mark in your favor, but
               | not until then.
               | 
               | Overall, I'm still not buying your argument that our
               | government is unresponsive to the will of the people.
               | It's certainly not a perfect reflection of the
               | electorate, but _generally_ when we build consensus, we
               | get things done... it 's just that consensus is really
               | hard to come by these days.
               | 
               | Have a good one my friend, thank you for engaging, I
               | think this stuff is really important. :)
        
               | hindsightbias wrote:
               | Difficult to say what the will of the people was on TARP
               | as it changed week to week depending on what the stock
               | market had done that day.
               | 
               | But three days later they were for it before they were
               | against it:
               | 
               | https://www.astrid-
               | online.it/static/upload/protected/GALL/GA...
               | 
               | On the draft, that wasn't a new law. Selective Service
               | was probably a 1940s law. A majority didn't think the war
               | was a bad idea until 1968 and a majority supported Nixon
               | pretty much to the end regardless of the reimagining that
               | hippies were ever a majority.
               | 
               | https://time.com/archive/6875220/a-time-louis-harris-
               | poll-th...
        
               | immibis wrote:
               | The Gaza genocide?
        
               | clucas wrote:
               | What policy proposal related to the Israel-Palestine
               | conflict do you think would actually be agreed to by more
               | than 50% of the US electorate?
        
           | CrimsonCape wrote:
           | I don't know enough about the subject to assign "blame",
           | however I assume it would be the Fed's obligation to blame
           | the political whims of Congress for the massive inflation of
           | national debt, wouldn't it? The Fed only creates money in
           | response to Congress, correct?
        
         | tanaros wrote:
         | > Isn't it great we have a massive private entity in control of
         | the financial system that pleasantly reminds you that it is not
         | accountable to government laws, and by extension is not
         | accountable to the people ("A government of the people")
         | 
         | While I appreciate your desire for more accountability in our
         | financial system, I feel this framing can be interpreted as
         | needlessly alarmist. Although the NY Fed is not subject to FOIA
         | --- because, as written, it excludes them --- they are of
         | course subject to US law in general. Congress (and, by
         | extension, the people) may pass laws to regulate them as they
         | wish.
        
           | ActionHank wrote:
           | Are they privately held or part of the state apparatus
           | though?
        
             | IncreasePosts wrote:
             | Yes.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _Are they privately held or part of the state apparatus
             | though?_
             | 
             | The Fed is part of the state. Unambiguously.
             | 
             | FRB _New York_ is its interface with the private sector,
             | analogous to Fannie Mae or the Tennessee Valley Authority.
        
             | throwaway5752 wrote:
             | When I search Google with your question "NY Fed privately
             | held or part of the state apparatus", the first answer is
             | from the NY Fed explaining this:
             | https://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/more-about-what-we-
             | do
             | 
             | The third result is from the St Louis Fed, a non-technical
             | explanation of this https://www.stlouisfed.org/in-plain-
             | english/who-owns-the-fed....
        
               | hiatus wrote:
               | 404 on your St. Louis link.
        
               | throwaway5752 wrote:
               | Thank you, it is missing a trailing "s", it was a bad
               | copy/paste on my part. The corrected link is
               | https://www.stlouisfed.org/in-plain-english/who-owns-the-
               | fed.... Still really easy for anyone to find the
               | information if they were inclined.
        
             | skissane wrote:
             | I think the Federal Reserve Banks are essentially
             | government agencies.
             | 
             | I know US courts have ruled that they are "private
             | corporations". However, that's really a technical legal
             | definition of "private" vs "government" under US law.
             | 
             | In a broader, globally applicable sense of
             | "government"-versus-"private": they were created by
             | Congress, they have special legal powers granted to them by
             | Congress. Although they have private "shareholders" -
             | nationally chartered banks are required by law to join one
             | of the Federal Reserve Banks, and state chartered banks are
             | permitted to if they desire and meet certain conditions -
             | these private shareholders don't have the kind of power
             | that shareholders have in a genuine private corporation.
             | Although they get to vote for seats on the board, they
             | don't get to set strategic direction or make major
             | decisions, those are dictated to them from above. A body
             | created by the government which you are legally required to
             | join isn't really "private" just because it gives you some
             | rather limited say in its running.
             | 
             | It is actually a bit like "corporatism" in fascist Italy -
             | in which the government created "corporations" (a bit like
             | trade associations) for each industry, which the employers
             | in that industry legally had to join, and in which they
             | could vote for its governing board, but in practice the
             | government called the shots - except just for banks.
        
           | immibis wrote:
           | Congress can pass laws to regulate Elon Musk, too, but it
           | doesn't stop anyone from being alarmed about fake news.
        
         | rcxdude wrote:
         | It's not accountable to government laws which _target the
         | government_. Congress could pass a law to make such entities
         | (or indeed, all corporations or people) subject to the act, but
         | they 've decided not to.
        
         | ano-ther wrote:
         | It's accountable to Congress:
         | 
         | https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_14986.htm
         | 
         | > The Federal Reserve System is not "owned" by anyone. The
         | Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act
         | to serve as the nation's central bank. The Board of Governors
         | in Washington, D.C., is an agency of the federal government and
         | reports to and is directly accountable to the Congress.
         | 
         | > Some observers mistakenly consider the Federal Reserve to be
         | a private entity because the Reserve Banks are organized
         | similarly to private corporations. For instance, each of the 12
         | Reserve Banks operates within its own particular geographic
         | area, or District, of the United States, and each is separately
         | incorporated and has its own board of directors. Commercial
         | banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System hold stock
         | in their District's Reserve Bank. However, owning Reserve Bank
         | stock is quite different from owning stock in a private
         | company. The Reserve Banks are not operated for profit, and
         | ownership of a certain amount of stock is, by law, a condition
         | of membership in the System. In fact, the Reserve Banks are
         | required by law to transfer net earnings to the U.S. Treasury,
         | after providing for all necessary expenses of the Reserve
         | Banks, legally required dividend payments, and maintaining a
         | limited balance in a surplus fund.
        
           | yesco wrote:
           | >In fact, the Reserve Banks are required by law to transfer
           | net earnings to the U.S. Treasury, after providing for all
           | necessary expenses of the Reserve Banks, legally required
           | dividend payments, and maintaining a limited balance in a
           | surplus fund.
           | 
           | Going purely off memory here, I recall audits implying this
           | may not actually be happening as legally required. It was
           | back when Ron Paul was making a big deal about it though, I
           | can't remember the specifics so I'm bringing it up to invite
           | discussion.
        
             | beambot wrote:
             | If it's paying dividends, then it has de facto owners.
             | Also, are there explicit constraints on "limited" balances
             | -- eg fraction of money supply or fraction of GDP?
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _If it 's paying dividends, then it has de facto
               | owners_
               | 
               | No, it means the FRBs have legal shareholders. (The Fed
               | _per se_ doesn 't pay dividends.) The Treasury pays
               | interest, that doesn't mean it's owned by bondholders.
               | 
               | We could easily re-write statute so the Fed doesn't pay
               | dividends (it would become interest on reserves), they're
               | an anachronism from the days when the Fed had to compete
               | to induce membership. But that wouldn't do anything
               | practical and it also wouldn't satisfy the conspiracy
               | theorists, so it's not really in anyone's interest to
               | bother with.
               | 
               | > _are there explicit constraints on "limited" balances_
               | 
               | No, though it's maintained at an amount equal to banks'
               | paid-in capital [1]. Broadly speaking, it's another
               | anachronism.
               | 
               | [1] https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-02-939.pdf
        
               | yieldcrv wrote:
               | just because a contract pays dividends doesn't make the
               | bearers the owners
               | 
               | and this entire discussion about "government vs private"
               | just completely neglects the widely used concept of
               | orphaned entities, as if they don't exist
               | 
               | false dilemma
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _I recall audits implying this may not actually be
             | happening as legally required_
             | 
             | There is zero evidence the Fed hasn't been paying the
             | Treasury properly and a _lot_ of audit evidence it has
             | been.
        
               | amyames wrote:
               | Fed hasn't paid Treasury a dime since August 2022:
               | 
               | https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RESPPLLOPNWW
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | The Fed is cutting its balance sheet and thus losing
               | money [1]. (When the Fed wants to lower rates it buys
               | bonds, thus raising their price. That creates accounting
               | profits. When it wants to prop rates up it sells bonds;
               | that depresses their price leading to accounting losses.)
               | 
               | The Fed isn't pocketing change owed to the Treasury. It
               | hasn't properly owed anything on account of having shrunk
               | its balance sheet by trillions of dollars [2].
               | 
               | [1] https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/fed-says-official-
               | net-neg...
               | 
               | [2] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WALCL
        
               | daedrdev wrote:
               | Thats because it lost money. It paid all its profit to
               | the treasury, which was less than zero as raising rates
               | causes it to loose its income
        
           | immibis wrote:
           | Congress doesn't seem to be very accountable to the people,
           | so the chain seems to stop there.
        
             | FuriouslyAdrift wrote:
             | 11 incumbents lost their seats in 2024... that's
             | accountability.
        
               | hanniabu wrote:
               | That's not accountability, it's populism
        
             | mrguyorama wrote:
             | Americans continue to get exactly what they vote for, and
             | have for at least 150 years. If Americans don't understand
             | that, they should read a book and learn.
        
               | ausbah wrote:
               | Americans didn't vote equally for the Senate
        
         | JumpCrisscross wrote:
         | The Fed is subject to FOIA [1]. (Within limits [2].) FRB _New
         | York_ is not.
         | 
         | If you want to know about monetary policy, that's FOIA'able. If
         | you want to FOIA the FRB's trades so you can front run them,
         | that's not allowed. (Similarly, you can FOIA the Department of
         | Education. You can't FOIA Sally Mae.)
         | 
         | [1] https://www.federalreserve.gov/foia/about_foia.htm
         | 
         | [2] https://www.federalreserve.gov/foia/exemptions.htm
        
           | dustyventure wrote:
           | All agencies have process for handling FOIA requests for
           | issues that are often of a more serious nature than some data
           | possibly arriving fresh enough for front running..
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | Congress literally exempted "information that concerns the
             | supervision of financial institutions" from FOIA [1].
             | 
             | [1] https://www.foia.gov/faq.html
        
               | dustyventure wrote:
               | So the other 8 types of exemptions must exempt virtually
               | every agency with a meaningful role, but wait, no, they
               | don't. Agencies are expected to judge every request
               | against these exemptions.
        
           | koolba wrote:
           | > If you want to FOIA the FRB's trades so you can front run
           | them, that's not allowed.
           | 
           | As if anything that operates at the speed of FOIA would be
           | useful for front running. Maybe if it was for some future
           | action, but even that would be months out of date when you
           | finally get a response.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _As if anything that operates at the speed of FOIA would
             | be useful for front running_
             | 
             | What are you basing this on? There was a scandal several
             | years ago when the order of transactions protocol leaked.
             | If you now that X transaction systematically happens after
             | Y, and you see X, you know Y is coming.
        
         | throwaway5752 wrote:
         | Yes, it is great. The US economy has been the strongest in the
         | world for a century and the USD is a global currency. The
         | system has been incredibly successful, in spite of being
         | periodically run by idiots.
        
         | _DeadFred_ wrote:
         | The Judicial branch of the American government is exempt from
         | FOIA. Isn't it great we have a hold 1/3 of our government that
         | thinks they are exempt from us plebes oversight? They don't
         | even hold themselves to the 'although it complies with the
         | spirit of FOIA'. That seems way more concerning than the FED.
        
           | qingcharles wrote:
           | This isn't the whole story (from a serial FOIA person
           | myself). The judicial branch is generally excluded from FOIA
           | laws (it shouldn't be), but it is subject to disclosure under
           | the First Amendment and the common law. While that doesn't
           | provide any statutory wins (e.g. must disclose in X days
           | etc), it does allow you to sue if say a court doesn't provide
           | you with records you want.
           | 
           | see e.g. _Nixon v. Warner Communications, Inc._ (1978):
           | recognizing the common law right of access to judicial
           | records but allowed the court to deny access when interests
           | such as privacy, national security, or fair trial rights
           | outweigh the public 's interest.
        
         | andrewmutz wrote:
         | The fed of course is accountable to laws passed by the
         | government but not laws about the government (since it is not a
         | part of the government).
         | 
         | It is a wonderful thing that it is independent from the
         | government, and history has shown, across nations, that
         | political independence of central banks is necessary to control
         | the money supply well. Political leaders are more interested in
         | short-term issues and have repeatedly demonstrated an inability
         | to responsibly manage money supply issues.
        
         | emh68 wrote:
         | Much like Facebook and Twitter spy on American citizens for the
         | Federal government.
        
         | asdff wrote:
         | Aren't these positions nominated by the president and confirmed
         | by the senate? That is still a government of the people through
         | representation. If you had people confirm each and every
         | position in the federal government the system would collapse.
        
         | Clubber wrote:
         | >Isn't it great we have a massive private entity in control of
         | the financial system that pleasantly reminds you that it is not
         | accountable to government laws, and by extension is not
         | accountable to the people ("A government of the people")
         | 
         | We have two massive private entities in control of the entire
         | government: our two political parties.
        
         | NoMoreNicksLeft wrote:
         | It's ok. It has made a half-hearted promise to appear to behave
         | according to the spirit of the law, when doing so provides good
         | public relations and otherwise suits its needs.
        
       | bix6 wrote:
       | Wild to me that they can choose which FOIA's to answer. Anybody
       | had one denied?
        
         | bobmcnamara wrote:
         | They're not "the goobermint", so not FOIAble.
        
           | bix6 wrote:
           | Which is crazy as a quasi government agency supervised by a
           | government agency.
        
             | jfengel wrote:
             | Yeah, it's weird. More separation of powers stuff. The
             | intent is to be insulated from politics but not entirely
             | divorced from the will of the people. As Calvin said, a
             | good compromise leaves everyone mad.
        
               | ynniv wrote:
               | The people have no will at the Fed
        
               | jfengel wrote:
               | The Fed chair is appointed by the President and confirmed
               | by the Senate. It's arm's length, to be sure, but I don't
               | think most people would want too much more direct
               | involvement.
        
               | duped wrote:
               | The people, generally, have no understanding of monetary
               | policy either in theory or practice. It's a good thing
               | the Fed isn't at the beck and call of the people.
        
             | Spooky23 wrote:
             | Not really. It's similar to a public authority. Owned and
             | governed by the federal government, but somewhat insulated
             | from the day to day.
             | 
             | It makes sense. Just as you don't want the state sweeping
             | bridge tolls into the governments general fund, you don't
             | want the whims of the executive futzing with money.
        
           | JumpCrisscross wrote:
           | Congress literally exempted "information that concerns the
           | supervision of financial institutions" from FOIA [1].
           | 
           | [1] https://www.foia.gov/faq.html
        
       | th4t1sW13rd wrote:
       | The fact that one of the most powerful financial institutions in
       | the world maintains a "Doomsday Book" of emergency legal
       | procedures, named after the historic record of English lands
       | commissioned by William the Conqueror, suggests they take very
       | seriously the possibility of catastrophic financial crises
       | requiring extraordinary measures. The document states explicitly
       | that "The Doomsday Book is not, and can never be a finished
       | product" - implying an ongoing need to prepare for new types of
       | financial emergencies.
       | 
       | This seems both novel and somewhat concerning, as it indicates
       | the Federal Reserve anticipates and prepares for worst-case
       | scenarios that could severely disrupt the financial system. The
       | very existence and continuous updating of such a manual provides
       | a window into how the Fed thinks about and prepares for potential
       | crises.
        
         | JumpCrisscross wrote:
         | > _somewhat concerning, as it indicates the Federal Reserve
         | anticipates and prepares for worst-case scenarios that could
         | severely disrupt the financial system_
         | 
         | It's concerning a regulator and lender of last resort considers
         | what happens at the precipice of last resorts?
        
         | ndileas wrote:
         | Would you prefer that they would not prepare for unusual
         | circumstances? This is what any serious organization does when
         | there are real stakes. Smart people sit down and gather
         | information, think about likely scenarios, and write a
         | playbook, updated over time. Seems like your response is a knee
         | jerk entirely based on the optics of the name.
         | 
         | The fed responding wrongly to a crisis, even a minor one, could
         | cause enormous pain and suffering -- think famine. I don't have
         | the expertise or patience to actually evaluate the contents of
         | the document, but they are definitely doing the right kind of
         | thing here.
        
         | pjc50 wrote:
         | > it indicates the Federal Reserve anticipates and prepares for
         | worst-case scenarios that could severely disrupt the financial
         | system
         | 
         | Yes! That's the point! You don't want to arrive at a worst-case
         | scenario unprepared!
         | 
         | The US military has all sorts of files and plans on bizarre and
         | implausible scenarios, mostly as intellectual exercises ("if we
         | wanted to invade Canada, how would we do it?"). That doesn't
         | imply anything about their likelihood.
        
           | StefanBatory wrote:
           | nowadays it feels like plans "how to invade Canada" no longer
           | feel so hilarious :(
        
         | Etheryte wrote:
         | Markets are both cyclical and ever-changing, so I don't see
         | what's surprising about new types of emergencies coming up as
         | the times change. The way we slice and dice assets and claims
         | today is very different from how it used to be done just a few
         | decades ago. The markets are a living breathing thing.
        
         | s1artibartfast wrote:
         | I think some concern is warranted, given financial crisis are
         | real threats the the system and consumer.
         | 
         | The consumer can do little to prevent such a crisis, but
         | awareness and modest preparation are a rational response.
         | 
         | I think it is pretty analogous to fema preparations for
         | catastrophies. A homeowner can't stop a pandemics or hurricane.
         | They can have an emergency kit.
        
       | epa wrote:
       | Page 2, comic sans
        
         | 0xEF wrote:
         | Someone should be held accountable for this.
         | 
         | Nevermind the redacted stuff. I want to know who to blame.
        
           | wil421 wrote:
           | Blame the interns!
        
           | grantsucceeded wrote:
           | Blame for using comic sans ? :)
        
         | ngriffiths wrote:
         | This was my first reaction. Why? Trying to downplay the
         | seriousness of the topic or something? Is it ever used in
         | documents like this?
        
           | joe_the_user wrote:
           | I read it more as "here's a page I wrote and printed-out on
           | my nephew's computer during the holidays" unserious rather
           | "I'm joking serious". It's not a page in book of collected
           | opinions Fed official keep, it's the cover page for the
           | public release. Like, "this old thing? It's kind of out-of-
           | date and unimportant but you can take a look if you want".
           | 
           | IE, there's a little effort to hide the significance of the
           | document "in plain sight" here.
        
       | desireco42 wrote:
       | Fascinating to see how the Fed prepares for potential systemic
       | financial crises with this 'Doomsday Book'. The name cleverly
       | references the medieval Domesday Book, adapting that record-
       | keeping concept to modern financial emergency preparedness.
       | 
       | It's essentially a sophisticated crisis management playbook,
       | similar to tech companies' incident response plans but with much
       | higher stakes. The legal and operational complexity revealed here
       | is truly mind-blowing
        
       | mschuster91 wrote:
       | Good lord what is up with that PDF? Half of it seems to be
       | (badly) OCRd, some pages look like a TIFF with 50dpi or lower
       | resolution... that's not what I'd expect to get returned in a
       | FOIA request.
        
       | Bengalilol wrote:
       | I certainly would have thought this 'book' could encompass the
       | Great Depression (1929 and on). It is the most defined 'doomsday'
       | we should all learn from and act upon. I bet it is hard for
       | anyone to learn from a distant past. Then I understood it was
       | very law centric and that nothing was made to prevent a blackout,
       | but mainly to escape any legal process that could interfere with
       | any crisis management.
       | 
       | But my main focus was on the use of the Comic Sans font on page
       | 1.
        
         | divbzero wrote:
         | Comic Sans was definitely my first reaction too.
        
       | motohagiography wrote:
       | having read and understood this doc seems like the bar for having
       | an opinion about the role of the Fed and whether it should be
       | "ended," "audited," or nationalized, given these crisis responses
       | are a list of the essential functions for whatever might replace
       | it.
        
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