[HN Gopher] Laser mapping reveals oldest Amazonian cities, built...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Laser mapping reveals oldest Amazonian cities, built 2500 years ago
       (2024)
        
       Author : indus
       Score  : 174 points
       Date   : 2025-01-03 06:36 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.science.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.science.org)
        
       | ge96 wrote:
       | Everytime I see these I think of lost gold.
        
         | gonzo41 wrote:
         | Every time i see these I think about Spanish explorers who
         | brought small pox over and caused these cities to collapse,
         | only to return to Spain telling stories of jungle cities. Only
         | to have the fleets turn up to dense jungle years later and fine
         | nothing.
         | 
         | But yeah, I also think about lost treasure and Indian Jones a
         | lot with these stories.
        
           | desdenova wrote:
           | Some of those ancient cities disappeared a lot earlier than
           | Spain even existed, though.
           | 
           | People likely abandoned them for some unknown reason and
           | moved to other locations, where they'd eventually get wiped
           | out by the Spanish.
        
             | brabel wrote:
             | Exactly, and likely some of these cities were destroyed by
             | rival kingdoms we don't even know existed, if written
             | history in other regions is anything to go by.
        
             | pegasus wrote:
             | _Most_ of the cities disappeared earlier.
        
           | coffeecantcode wrote:
           | There's proven to be massive amounts of rare earth metals
           | used by the indigenous populations in that area at that time,
           | so it's only natural to imagine that finding "lost" or
           | abandoned cities from around that time has the potential to
           | uncover large amounts of rare metals as well, potentially
           | even cities that explain the stories told of cities filled
           | with gold. The original comment didn't need a history lesson
           | on the Spanish conquests.
           | 
           | Replies like yours belong on Reddit, what an insufferable
           | outlook on life and history.
        
             | coffeecantcode wrote:
             | I woke up cranky
        
           | tenpies wrote:
           | I think you are referencing _La aventura del Amazonas_ by
           | Dominican monk Gaspar de Carvajal.
           | 
           | He was one of the survivors of the first European expedition
           | _through_ the Amazon and provides the only account we have of
           | something resembling the pre-European Amazon. He talks about
           | large cities with tall structures, roadworks, and very
           | elaborate societies - nothing compared to our common notion
           | of the Amazonian people.
           | 
           | His account was largely dismissed because it was never
           | replicated, but those who believe it to be accurate theorize
           | that this first Expedition unintentionally caused a
           | population collapse by introducing European diseases. You can
           | imagine that by the time other expeditions were organized, it
           | was a completely different place and the jungle would have
           | easily overgrown any abandoned cities.
           | 
           | Good starting point: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_
           | Carvajal#The_Relacio...
        
             | gonzo41 wrote:
             | This is what a meant yes. I just couldn't find the
             | reference. Thank you.
        
       | trymas wrote:
       | Needs a date in the title - this was posted a number of times
       | here when it was published.
        
       | trkaky wrote:
       | http://benedante.blogspot.com/2024/01/kunguints-sangay-and-w...
        
         | ricardobeat wrote:
         | The previous common-sense belief was that the Amazon was never
         | densely populated and had always been exactly like it is today,
         | a dense forest with primitive tribes scattered hundreds of km
         | apart.
         | 
         | Twenty years ago, brazilian researchers who would mention this
         | theory were considered a bit lunatic, at the "elvis isn't dead"
         | or "the US reads all the world's email" level of conspiracy
         | theories.
         | 
         | So playing down these discoveries with discussions of urban
         | density or cities vs villages is pointless, the important
         | finding is that there was some form of civilization there at
         | all.
        
           | tempodox wrote:
           | Agreed, but:
           | 
           | > "the US reads all the world's email" level of conspiracy
           | theories
           | 
           | Never say never.
        
             | alexey-salmin wrote:
             | Perhaps the parent comment is alluding to Elvis actually
             | being not dead
        
               | lazide wrote:
               | He just went home (/s)
        
           | rockskon wrote:
           | Read, parse for keywords to take action against - what's the
           | difference?
        
             | ricardobeat wrote:
             | The article makes its main point to dispute the "City"
             | characterization and how this is "overblown".
             | 
             | I can only assume trkaky posted in the same spirit of
             | discrediting the news, which I find worth "taking action"
             | against. It might be old news for people in the field, and
             | not reported faithfully (as usual), but what's the purpose
             | of raining down on one of the most interesting
             | archeological discoveries in the Americas?
        
           | nico wrote:
           | > Twenty years ago, brazilian researchers who would mention
           | this theory were considered a bit lunatic
           | 
           | You are right. However, not only Brazilian researchers, an
           | not just 20 years ago
           | 
           | Check out the movie "The Lost City of Z" or the story of
           | Percy Fawcett
        
             | physicles wrote:
             | Also, the amazing story of Helena Valero, kidnapped by an
             | Amazon tribe, survived just on her wits, and escaped years
             | later: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41758857
        
       | TulliusCicero wrote:
       | How do the LIDARs work for this kind of thing? I always imagined
       | that the light used wouldn't be able to penetrate objects that
       | are opaque in the visible light spectrum.
        
         | defrost wrote:
         | If sunlight can reach the forest floor then so can LIDAR.
         | 
         | An airframe with a LIDAR device scatter shots a medium angle
         | "spotlight" of pulses at high frequency downwards within an arc
         | area of angles (straight down, a bit to the left, a bit to the
         | right, a bit forward, etc.)
         | 
         | Of the tens of thousands of 'RAW' data points many reflect from
         | top canopy leaf cover, many penetrate further, a lesser number
         | reach the ground.
         | 
         |  _All_ the raw points are pipeline processed and the floor() of
         | penetration is extracted from the fuzzy cloud that represents
         | the canopy as a whole.
         | 
         | Ancient banks, levels, roads, et al show up where not eroded as
         | per the image in the article.
        
           | roughly wrote:
           | Even when eroded, the presence of straight lines in the
           | eroded remains has typically been used to identify human-made
           | structures.
        
           | naikrovek wrote:
           | Why do tree trunks not show up?
        
             | defrost wrote:
             | Standing or fallen?
             | 
             | .. and who says that fallen logs _don 't_ show up?
             | 
             | Bear in mind that the _final_ display is a _processed_ data
             | product with any number of artefacts smoothed, filtered, or
             | cut away by a data processor.
        
         | sampo wrote:
         | Here is a fisheye photo from the bottom of a rainforest. As you
         | can see, some spots of sky are visible from the bottom. When
         | you fly above the forest and LIDAR is looking down, similarly
         | at some spots the LIDAR laser beams are able to hit all the way
         | to the bottom at some spots through the canopy.
         | 
         | It's not a big fraction, but some of the laser beams are
         | hitting the ground, and after data processing you filter them
         | out and they five you the ground topography profile.
         | 
         | https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/972412/view/rainforest-ca...
         | 
         | Here is a side view that shows how the point cloud profile can
         | look like. This is not from a rainforest but some other forest.
         | 
         | https://www.researchgate.net/figure/LiDAR-point-cloud-profil...
        
       | tempodox wrote:
       | (Jan 2024)
        
       | ryleyrandall22 wrote:
       | The Book of Mormon has made this claim for years
        
         | jmarchello wrote:
         | Every time I see news about cities discovered in south america
         | I look to see if the dates line up with the Nephite/Lamanite
         | civilizations of the Book of Mormon (roughly 600 BC to 400 AD).
         | This is the closest yet that I've seen. I'm eager to see what
         | they discover in the coming years about their culture and
         | government. Will we find traces of their Judge-based
         | government? Signs that they worshiped Christ and practiced
         | Jewish rituals? It will be interesting to watch this
         | investigation unfold.
        
           | krapp wrote:
           | >Will we find traces of their Judge-based government? Signs
           | that they worshiped Christ and practiced Jewish rituals?
           | 
           | No.
        
             | dmvdoug wrote:
             | I began to read this thread just for the horror-show-train-
             | wreck voyeurism of crazy. But your simple riposte made me
             | laugh, so, gold star, you.
        
         | neaden wrote:
         | There is absolutely nothing being found here that is consistent
         | with the Book of Mormon besides very general things like people
         | lived there.
        
           | ryleyrandall22 wrote:
           | Correct. But for a long time people claimed no body even
           | lived there.
           | 
           | But I agree believing in a book like the Book of Mormon
           | because of some random article would be a bad idea
        
             | cogman10 wrote:
             | The book of mormon makes no claim as to geography. Nobody
             | can point to "Zarahemla" on a map. Joseph Smith was almost
             | certainly thinking of the regions he lived in as the basis
             | for book of mormon geography (north america). You just need
             | to read the story of "Zelph" [1] where he picked up a bone
             | and went on a rant about how it was actually a Lamanite
             | warrior named Zelph that lived there.
             | 
             | The main reason the North/Central America geography were
             | abandoned is because significant archaeologic evidence
             | surfaced describing pretty much everything about the native
             | american population that lived there for 1000s of years
             | (spoilers, no correlation with the BoM story). That's why
             | in roughly the 50->80s the church started pivoting to
             | pointing to south america as the geography of the book of
             | mormon.
             | 
             | The church has spent a lot of time burying stories like
             | "Zelph" because of how bad they make JS look.
             | 
             | > But for a long time people claimed no body even lived
             | there.
             | 
             | Show me one reputable person that has claimed there were no
             | ancient inhabitants of south america.
             | 
             | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelph
        
               | ryleyrandall22 wrote:
               | Yeah, you're definitely right that the book makes no
               | geographical claims.
               | 
               | My original comment was mostly in jest considering most
               | members believe it took place in South America.
               | 
               | And yeah, I apologize I didn't mean literally nobody.
               | I'll have to see if I can find anything related online,
               | but in high school I was given an anti-Mormon book that
               | had a section talking about how there was no evidence of
               | major cities and there was never as large a population
               | anywhere in Central or South America as large as is
               | claimed in the Book of Mormon.
        
           | austin-cheney wrote:
           | In all fairness the science at this point also makes no
           | further claims.
        
         | p_j_w wrote:
         | That there were cities on the American continent 2500 years
         | ago? Is this supposed to vindicate the Book of Mormon as
         | somehow being truthful?
        
           | ryleyrandall22 wrote:
           | No. Believing in a religious text because of some
           | archeological evidence would be like doing math through
           | prayer.
           | 
           | But I do find it at least a bit ironic that one of the
           | critiques of the book I have seen most commonly has been "If
           | there were so many people, where were all the cities?"
        
         | austin-cheney wrote:
         | There are a couple of things here to prop up your comment:
         | 
         | * The BOM mentions multiple disconnected societies that go way
         | way back and over simplified them with the label Jaredites.
         | 
         | * That over simplification of the Jaredites is present at the
         | beginning of the Bible's Genesis too when Able was cast out and
         | went to one of two neighboring cities. That indicates others
         | outside the faith existed in the locality of the faith but were
         | largely ignored, perhaps a perspective thing. These weren't
         | meant to be history books.
         | 
         | * The BOM itself is a self described radically abridged work.
         | The book describes at one point a small library worth of
         | religious texts, social history, and likely a variety of
         | secular things that people find more practical day to day.
         | These works were lost during a social collapse. The BOM is a
         | tiny portable collection of religious works taken and compiled
         | by a guy named Mormon and carried by his son Moroni. The word
         | portable there is debatable because the book was made of gold
         | and gold is ridiculously heavy, but nonetheless the book
         | describes being hand carried some distance.
        
       | holmesworcester wrote:
       | My favorite discovery about Amazon civilization is that the
       | incidence of human-edible fruit trees is much higher in any area
       | near navigable water. They were modifying the forest to be more
       | supportive of humans.
        
         | e40 wrote:
         | Where did you read this? I've read in multiple places that the
         | jungle there is quite inhospitable to humans because there is
         | little easily accessible food. The source that comes to mind is
         | the book The Lost City of Z.
        
           | dbspin wrote:
           | There's now a consensus of evidence that large areas of the
           | Amazon were planted and cultivated. Bear in mind this an
           | enormous area, and multiple civilisations would have been
           | active simultaneously over thousands of years.
           | 
           | Two thousand years of garden urbanism in the Upper Amazon
           | https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.adi6317
           | 
           | Early Holocene crop cultivation and landscape modification in
           | Amazonia
           | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2162-7.epdf
        
             | mrintegrity wrote:
             | you mean "large" relative to human populations or large
             | relative to the entire Amazon rain forest? Your sources
             | indicate that there was cultivation widespread around the
             | amazon but not that the /entire/ amazon is as it is due to
             | cultivation. Maybe i misinterpret the intended message of
             | your comment.
        
         | hosh wrote:
         | That didn't just happen in the Amazon. The Pacific Northwest
         | had something like that. My understanding is that the Eastern
         | American forests were curated like that too, before it was cut
         | down.
         | 
         | I have heard of an oasis in North Africa that was curated this
         | way, and it still survived despite being abandoned by humans.
         | 
         | The modern version of this is called a perennial food forest.
        
           | morkalork wrote:
           | It happens unintentionally too, if you've ever been to a
           | state park in North America and seen an apple tree off of a
           | trail, it's because someone once threw away an apple core.
        
             | PittleyDunkin wrote:
             | Yes, much of early cultivation is theorized to have looked
             | like this, particularly before sedentary agriculture. If
             | you have a fairly stable seasonal migration pattern plants
             | you eat or use will naturally "follow" you around and will
             | tend towards forms that make them more attractive to human
             | attention.
        
               | hosh wrote:
               | I think that minimizes the fact that people were
               | deliberately curating and designing perennial food
               | forests, historically and contemporarily. Our ancestors
               | may not have the scientific knowledge we have now, but
               | they were just as smart as we are.
        
               | PittleyDunkin wrote:
               | > I think that minimizes the fact that people were
               | deliberately curating and designing perennial food
               | forests, historically and contemporarily.
               | 
               | I don't see this minimization (after all, we currently do
               | this unintentionally today and nobody sees this as lack
               | of intelligence and I certainly hope I never implied that
               | people in the past were in any way less capable than
               | ourselves) but I do affirm that people were just as
               | capable of understanding the causes and effects of plant
               | reproduction as they are today.
               | 
               | I'm just freely speculating on how to find the most
               | minimal path to explanation and it's easier to explain
               | the differences in the rise of civilization in the middle
               | east vs the new world with other factors rather than
               | something cultural or genetic or otherwise abstractly
               | geographically-bound factors. And besides, I _like_ the
               | idea that people in the past wouldn 't have just sat
               | around ruminating how to maximize crop yields but had
               | more fruitful activities to attend to. I don't celebrate
               | the egyptian engineer who figured out how to haul a
               | multi-ton brick up a high slope, I _mourn_ for him (or
               | her)!
               | 
               | EDIT: softened wording a bit
        
               | hosh wrote:
               | I've been on a quest to find out what went wrong with
               | modernity. Looking through the history, I found out the
               | Renaissance was not what I thought it was. The history of
               | the Silk Roads were not what I thought it was. And I
               | haven't revisited the history of the industrial
               | revolution, but it looks so far, that is where the
               | obsession with maximizing productivity, gains, and work
               | all come from. It is very likely when I look at it again,
               | it is not what I thought it was either.
               | 
               | The significance of perennial food forests is that it's a
               | practice that comes from a very different world view than
               | our normative one that came from the industrial
               | revolution. Yet there's a tendency to evaluate something
               | like a perennial food forest from the world view of
               | maximizing productivity. Maybe we're talking past each
               | other a bit -- I have not put a lot of thought into the
               | difference in how civilizations arose in the old world vs
               | the new world. The patterns of design for something like
               | the perennial food forests in the Americas have shown up
               | in the Old World as well.
               | 
               | I haven't found Occam's Razor very effective in
               | explanatory powers. Treating the minimum path as the
               | floor is one thing; treating it as the most probable
               | theory (and then making decisions based upon it) is
               | something I have concluded for myself as folly. Just my
               | personal opinion; I'm aware I don't hold a popular
               | opinion.
        
               | PittleyDunkin wrote:
               | > treating it as the most probable theory (and then
               | making decisions based upon it) is something I have
               | concluded for myself as folly.
               | 
               | Sure, but your tools reasoning about the past are quite
               | limited. Occam's Razor helps us identify where narrative
               | elements are unnecessary for an explanation, and in that
               | it's quite useful. For most of history we _must_ rely on
               | Occam 's Razor to even construct any sort of probability
               | model. After all what's easier to believe--acting like
               | the historical record was fabricated with the intent of
               | deceiving us, or acting like the people who wrote the
               | historical records generally had rational reasons to do
               | so? The basis for preferring the latter is inherently an
               | application of Occam's Razor.
        
               | hosh wrote:
               | It's been my experience with myself and observing people
               | that beliefs can form in both reasonable and unreasonable
               | ways. While people often times have reasons of their own,
               | I've learned not to take it for granted, or even assume
               | that my reconstruction of those reasoning is correct.
        
               | underlipton wrote:
               | You're misusing Occam's Razor because of a
               | misunderstanding about indigenous people's capacity for
               | engineering.
               | 
               | https://www.jstor.org/stable/24712701
               | 
               | https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-8/targeted-
               | interventions...
               | 
               | https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/indigenous-peoples-
               | have...
               | 
               | Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest actively
               | encouraged the formation of geological structures in
               | order to increase shellfish yield and sustainability. You
               | seem to think that the simplest explanation is that
               | people just copied happy accidents, when the level of
               | sophistication of these systems combined with the
               | documented propensity of humans to actively engineer
               | their way out of problems leads to the simplest
               | explanation being that what we see with both the food
               | forests and mariculture is such active engineering.
               | 
               | The only way to come to a different conclusion is to
               | assume that something is fundamentally different between
               | Old World and New World populations just because one
               | group's processes are relatively well-documented and the
               | other's isn't. However, that conclusion would be colored
               | by your relative inexperience with the shape of New World
               | solutions. We're just discovering these phenomena because
               | we didn't have the vision to see that they existed,
               | biased as we are to the Eurasian perspective. If all you
               | know are wheels, you won't recognize llama tracks, as it
               | were.
        
               | alganet wrote:
               | > I've been on a quest to find out what went wrong with
               | modernity.
               | 
               | The late bronze age collapse. Humanity fucked up so bad
               | we don't even know what happened. Everything since then
               | has been meh. Future humans might still see us as in some
               | form of iron age.
        
             | hosh wrote:
             | It can and humans (like birds) do disperse genetic
             | material. However we are talking about deliberately curated
             | food forests.
             | 
             | The European forests, in contrast were not like that. I
             | remember reading about accounts from settlers in North
             | America noting the park like quality of some of the
             | forests.
             | 
             | As another example, here where I live in the Sonoran
             | (Phoenix), there are a lot of chollas. Those have nasty
             | barbed thorns, but they also produce fruits. There is
             | another native plant that has sticky leaves and can be used
             | to brush off the thorns so that the fruits can be
             | harvested. I learned this from one of Brad Landcaster's
             | videos on this; Landcaster said he learned it from one of
             | the native elders. They would deliberately plant the plant
             | with sticky leaves near chollas.
        
             | WalterBright wrote:
             | A slice of my property I leave to grow naturally. I threw
             | out apple cores into it frequently, hoping one will sprout.
             | They never did. I finally just bought an apple tree and
             | planted it there, it now produces delicious apples once a
             | year.
             | 
             | A couple onions I threw there did sprout!
        
           | zackmorris wrote:
           | Permaculture is another word for it:
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture
           | 
           | The city where I live in the PNW has had a huge influx of
           | immigrants from red and blue states who either don't respect
           | the dignity of nonhuman life or want to gentrify communities
           | to their liking. It seems like the first thing they do when
           | they get here is cut down the biggest tree(s) in their yard
           | to live out their pioneer fantasies. I'd say we've lost
           | around 25 trees 75 years or older in just my immediate
           | neighborhood. Then they plant ornamental pears and similar
           | that smell like rotten garbage/death/sex.
           | 
           | Heaven forbid they plant a plumb, walnut or anything they
           | have to (gasp) clean up after. Bumblebees, butterflies and
           | small birds have all but disappeared compared to when we
           | moved in around 2010.
           | 
           | With housing prices going from $100,000 to $500,000 since
           | 2000, while wages haven't even doubled, I'm starting to not
           | recognize this place anymore. It's heartbreaking because it
           | didn't have to be this way. It's not a supply and demand
           | problem, it's a cultural issue. What we value as a society,
           | what we prioritize, how we fund institutions for checks and
           | balances against predatory private equity firms that can't be
           | stopped by the private sector, etc.
        
             | ch4s3 wrote:
             | > or want to gentrify communities to their liking.
             | 
             | I think you've bent this word beyond breaking.
             | 
             | > I'd say we've lost around 25 trees 75 years or older in
             | just my immediate neighborhood.
             | 
             | What kind of trees? Red Alder which are native to the area
             | for example don't live much more than 70 years.
             | 
             | > while wages haven't even doubled,
             | 
             | Median household income in current dollars has more than
             | doubled in Portland since 2000[1].
             | 
             | > It's not a supply and demand problem
             | 
             | Yes it is. Housing prices increase when demand increases.
             | Portland has an arbitrary growth boundary around the city
             | and a lot of restrictions on height.
             | 
             | [1] https://www.statista.com/statistics/205988/median-
             | household-...
        
               | zackmorris wrote:
               | _> while wages haven 't even doubled,_
               | 
               |  _Median household income in current dollars has more
               | than doubled in Portland since 2000[1]._
               | 
               |  _> It 's not a supply and demand problem_
               | 
               |  _Yes it is. Housing prices increase when demand
               | increases. Portland has an arbitrary growth boundary
               | around the city and a lot of restrictions on height._
               | 
               |  _[1]https://www.statista.com/statistics/205988/median-
               | household-..._
               | 
               | Ok I double-checked, and it looks like that graph isn't
               | adjusted for inflation. Here's one that is:
               | 
               | https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MEHOINUSORA672N
               | 
               | From 2000-2023, yours shows $42,499-$88,740, but that
               | shows $70,870-$88,740 in 2023 C-CPI-U Dollars.
               | 
               | Apparently cumulative inflation has about doubled
               | nationally since 2000, making the consumer price index
               | (CPI) about double, so $1 in 2000 was worth the same as
               | about $2 today:
               | 
               | https://inflationdata.com/articles/2022/08/10/u-s-
               | cumulative...
               | 
               | So real inflation-adjusted wages in Oregon have risen
               | about ($88,740 - $70,870)/$70,870 = 25% from 2000-2023.
               | 
               | If household incomes had actually doubled and also kept
               | up with inflation, they would be ($70,870 * 2) = $141,740
               | in today's dollars. Or by your graph, year 2000 wages
               | that doubled and also kept up with inflation (so two
               | doublings) would be ($42,499 * 2 * 2) = $169,996.
               | 
               | Admittedly, I don't know where the $28,256 discrepancy
               | comes from, so expected wages would probably be somewhere
               | between $141,740 and $169,996. Maybe someone more studied
               | in economics can tell us.
               | 
               | From Jan 2000 to Jan 2023 and not adjusting for
               | inflation, housing prices in Oregon have risen from
               | $102,749 to $338,927:
               | 
               | https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POXRMTNSA
               | 
               | So a $100,000 home in 2000 would cost $200,000 by
               | inflation and $250,000 if housing prices matched the 25%
               | wage increase. But they cost $338,927, so are about 1.36
               | times more expensive than expected, even accounting for
               | higher wages.
               | 
               | After writing this out, I question what a wage increase
               | means if housing prices just match it. Is it really a
               | raise if it's eaten up by rising housing costs?
               | 
               | Had people invested in things besides housing bubbles,
               | say medical breakthroughs or renewable energy, then
               | today's housing costs vs inflationary costs would be
               | $338,927/$200,000 = 1.69. So homes today are 69% more
               | expensive/overengineered than in 2000.
               | 
               | To me, this doesn't represent supply and demand. It shows
               | that people have put their wage gains into more expensive
               | homes, which reduced the supply of building materials and
               | raised housing costs for everyone else. It also shows
               | that a larger segment of the population today isn't
               | working, because our economy has been moving from
               | manufacturing to finance. Meaning that young working
               | people are carrying a higher load to support the
               | retirements of older people who have invested in real
               | estate, mostly through private equity firms.
               | 
               | You bring up a good point about aging and sick trees
               | though. Most in our neighborhood were cut down due to
               | neglect and disease. The 2008 housing bubble crash left
               | lots empty for a year or two and the banks didn't bother
               | paying the water bill, so the trees died. We've also had
               | unusually mild winters where I live in Idaho, allowing
               | invasive pests and diseases to survive and harm trees.
               | There's no talk of any of this in the local media or
               | messaging from our city council though, so there's no
               | consensus on saving the trees. I sympathize that trees
               | must be cut down sometimes for safety, but it's been hard
               | to watch.
        
             | underlipton wrote:
             | Not that this is a new idea - when was the term "rat race"
             | coined? - but I imagine that part of the issue is people
             | who are so caught up in their unexamined expectations that
             | they don't have the wherewithal to question them. You then
             | factor in that the examining and decision-making is taken
             | up by people with a lot more money or political influence.
             | Such is the genesis of, say, white flight (and maybe even
             | "manifest destiny"). Doesn't absolve participants of
             | culpability, but helps us to understand the how and a bit
             | of the why.
        
           | cco wrote:
           | In Hell's Canyon Oregon, there were mining camps up and down
           | it and you still see a ton of fruit trees dotting the canyon
           | because of it. Many are intentional, by homes, rows etc, but
           | sometimes you see the odd copse of fruit trees off by itself
           | and well, that's probably where the outhouse as ;)
           | 
           | Only about 100-150 years old, but given how well they've done
           | over that time and how popular they are with the wildlife,
           | I'd bet they stick around.
        
         | PittleyDunkin wrote:
         | > They were modifying the forest to be more supportive of
         | humans.
         | 
         | My understanding is that the rainforest as we know it exists
         | where it does _in part because_ humans spent such effort
         | cultivating edible plants in the area. Many of the most edible
         | crops are not native to the regions in which they now grow,
         | there 's not much evidence of ancient-grown forest before
         | ~5kya, and there's good evidence of burn-based plant and soil
         | management.
        
       | madihaa wrote:
       | So amazing that we can see this without even excavating it all.
        
       | globalise83 wrote:
       | Amazing how many areas of humanities, physical sciences and
       | informatics and engineering were required to achieve this result.
       | Showcases the range and depth of human knowledge perfectly.
        
       | nico wrote:
       | Just finished watching "Ancient Apocalypse" on Netflix. They go
       | over this kind of discovery
       | 
       | It's quite speculative, but also really fascinating. Even if what
       | they claim is not completely right, it definitely shows how the
       | current accepted understanding of the history of the Americas
       | needs an overhaul and a lot more research
       | 
       | PS: if you like this stuff, also check out the movie "The Lost
       | City of Z"
        
         | e40 wrote:
         | The Lost City of Z, the book, was fascinating. Highly
         | recommended. Didn't see the movie.
        
         | xdennis wrote:
         | I don't know if you're aware, but Ancient Apocalypse is pseudo
         | science.
        
           | vdupras wrote:
           | Yeah, I'm hesitant about this.
           | 
           | One the one hand, experts pile up pretty hard on this series
           | and on M. Hancock. Maybe deservedly, I don't know.
           | 
           | But I'm still sour about COVID where experts piled up pretty
           | hard on the lab leak theory. When early on, experts were
           | telling us that _science_ said that masks were ineffective.
           | They were adamant.
           | 
           | Here, the very insistence of those experts, the aggressive
           | tone of the wikipedia page give me an air of _deja vu_.
        
             | whatwhaaaaat wrote:
             | The reality of the modern world cannot be explained by the
             | history we are told.
        
               | PittleyDunkin wrote:
               | ? How do you figure? The idea of "fully explaining" the
               | modern world seems a ridiculous concept but it's not like
               | we have alternatives to the concept of looking to the
               | past in a methodical manner.
        
               | vdupras wrote:
               | You mean by the history we are told in the Ancient
               | Apocalypse series? No, probably not.
               | 
               | But that's the point! New information such as these
               | discoveries in the Amazon show that the stories told by
               | "mainstream archeology" can't explain the reality of the
               | modern world either!
               | 
               | Where does that leave us? I don't know, but curiosity
               | should be encouraged.
        
               | pwillia7 wrote:
               | The slow movingness of Science with its method and peer
               | reviewing definitely fights against new ideas becoming
               | accepted overnight, but we do get there, and glomming
               | onto personalities with unaccepted ideas will hurt your
               | 'correctness' more than help it.
               | 
               | I watched some of the first season and was actually
               | already open to all the alt archaeology stuff with the
               | precision arguments people make, but the more I looked
               | the more clear it was just BS.
               | 
               | I think the biggest thing about the old world people miss
               | (and thus makes alt archeology so attractive) is the mass
               | use of slaves and general lack of caring about human
               | suffering.
               | 
               | I couldn't believe Red Fort was built in 9 years in 1640,
               | until I had that epiphany, for instance.
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort
        
               | mmooss wrote:
               | > general lack of caring about human suffering
               | 
               | You may need some evidence. For example, someone looking
               | back on us might think that, because we accept the
               | current level of suffering as normal.
               | 
               | What is alt-arhaeology?
        
               | pwillia7 wrote:
               | All these people that think big archaeology is wrong
               | because of gobekli Teppe and they now have a couple
               | seasons of the Netflix show referenced in this thread
        
           | nico wrote:
           | I know it has that reputation. But besides people saying
           | stuff like your comment, I haven't seen any specifics about
           | exactly what's wrong
           | 
           | Would you care to elaborate? Have you seen the show? Could
           | you point to the things that are wrong and why?
           | 
           | Genuinely curious and wanting to learn
        
             | hoerensagen wrote:
             | I think this video is good Ressource on the topic.
             | 
             | https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-iCIZQX9i1A
             | 
             | Basically Hancock show lots of interesting and fascinating
             | archaeological sites which is great especially since a lot
             | of these are things that most viewers didn't know about
             | before. But sadly he chooses to use these site only to
             | present his theory for which he's doesn't have any actual
             | evidence.
        
               | nico wrote:
               | Thank you for that video. Unfortunately the guy spends
               | the first part of it just hating on Hancock, which I
               | don't think is a good way to debunk stuff
               | 
               | I was also hoping the guy would find whatever papers or
               | publications were made by the scientists Hancock
               | interviews throughout the series, but he's mainly just
               | rebutting the concept of an ancient advanced civilization
               | (which yes, is very speculative, and even Hancock says
               | that himself in the series)
               | 
               | Clearly the guy has a lot of detractors, his grand
               | theories are speculative and they certainly have many
               | holes
               | 
               | But it also seems like even mainstream archaeology is
               | also, to some degree, speculative (we can't really know
               | exactly what happened in the past). And that some of the
               | research that Hancock is supporting his theories on,
               | might actually be right
               | 
               | Anyway, thank you again. I will take Hancock's most
               | grandiose claims with a grain of salt, but I'm also going
               | to keep an open mind about alternative theories of how
               | the Americas might have been first populated by humans
               | (especially the Amazon)
        
         | p_j_w wrote:
         | > Even if what they claim is not completely right
         | 
         | It seems even this is not the case and that the show is just
         | completely wrong.
        
           | nico wrote:
           | The show seemed very convincing, not in the speculative
           | theories about an ancient precursor civilization necessarily,
           | but definitely in some of the findings they show
           | 
           | Do you have any resources you could share that debunk the
           | specific things they show? Like the rock paintings they dated
           | to 10k years ago, or some of the other digs that were dated
           | as 20-25k years old?
           | 
           | Are you saying it is all made up? Or just some of it?
        
             | mmooss wrote:
             | > The show seemed very convincing
             | 
             | On a tangent, isn't that a signal of inaccuracy? Accurate
             | people - i.e., committed to be truthful and correct - are
             | very careful and nuanced about what they claim, make
             | weaknesses as clear as strengths, and are careful to _not_
             | be too convincing, because that can distort their reader 's
             | critical thinking.
             | 
             | At least, that's the ideal. But why be especially
             | convincing - why be more convincing than your empirical
             | evidence?
        
             | vdupras wrote:
             | This is precisely what I'm looking for too. All critiques
             | of Hancock I can find with my feeble googling skills seem
             | to be focused on unimportant stuff such as encouraging uses
             | of psychedelics and accusations of racism.
             | 
             | But what's far, far more important, is debunking evidences
             | like rock painting dating, geoglyphs dating. That thing on
             | Rapa Nui about statues being more-than-half buried seemed
             | really intriguing. The speculation he makes about why that
             | might be so (spoiler alert: that famous lost civilization
             | being there first) seemed interesting to me. Is there a
             | specific debunking of that somewhere?
             | 
             | I'd also be interested in specific debunking of his theory
             | that incas didn't have the capabilities to do some of the
             | rock walls they've made. You know, with heated rocks and
             | all. That seemed interesting too.
        
               | AlotOfReading wrote:
               | The moai are half buried because that's just what tends
               | to happen in erosive environments. Sediment buries
               | things.
               | 
               | As for specifically debunking his LGM speculation, there
               | isn't much because no one with public credentials wants
               | to spend time and effort on it in the current academic
               | environment. You can find debunkings in popular media
               | (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-iCIZQX9i1A) and a few
               | scattered "popular" academic publications like the SAA's
               | special edition on Hancock's pseudoarchaeology (http://on
               | linedigeditions.com/publication/?i=634462&p=10&view...),
               | but most of the information is buried in papers and books
               | that don't discuss him at all.
               | 
               | There's just flat out no actual evidence for (virtually?)
               | all of his speculation and you can't prove a negative.
               | Hancock's MO is to take 1-2 anomalous results and spin
               | out media around "these dates don't line up, so let's
               | speculate about something entirely unrelated". The rapa
               | nui episodes in Ancient Apocalypse S2 talk to one actual
               | archaeologist, who doesn't even support the dates
               | discussed in the episodes. They were just anomalous
               | banana phytoliths that were present from sediment
               | intrusions. Dating is hard and this stuff happens
               | regularly, especially in areas without much active
               | research like Rapa Nui. The standard understanding is
               | post-1200, as documented in papers like
               | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105094 and
               | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03902-8
        
         | thinkyfish wrote:
         | You should check out the Miniminuteman series on ancient
         | apocalypse, its pretty interesting.
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-iCIZQX9i1A
        
         | itronitron wrote:
         | "Lies My Teacher Told Me" by James Loewen
         | 
         | https://web.archive.org/web/20200329225058/http://sundown.to...
        
         | sampo wrote:
         | > check out the movie "The Lost City of Z"
         | 
         | And the 2005 Charles C. Mann book "1491: New Revelations of the
         | Americas Before Columbus".
        
           | nico wrote:
           | Thank you. Looks like a fascinating read
           | 
           | I remember seeing some discussions about it and related
           | topics here on HN a few years ago
        
           | roughly wrote:
           | That book is really an incredible eye-opening read, I
           | strongly recommend it.
           | 
           | Graeber and Wengrow's The Dawn of Everything spends quite a
           | bit of time with complex societies in the Americas as well,
           | and is certainly worth a read as well.
        
         | JFingleton wrote:
         | Hancock is great at showing civilizations that I would have
         | never heard of if it wasn't for his "journalism" (that's he's
         | self-appointed title). He's a good communicator and I feel like
         | I learn at lot from his Netflix shows.
         | 
         | However the whole "forgotten civilization" AKA lost city of
         | Atlantis, just seems too far fetched and forced into the
         | various episodes. That part of it makes for good entertainment
         | at least.
         | 
         | In general, I'm a supporter of his work and look forward to
         | further episodes.
        
       | sylware wrote:
       | javascript-walled
        
       ___________________________________________________________________
       (page generated 2025-01-04 23:01 UTC)