[HN Gopher] Classical sorting algorithms as a model of morphogen...
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       Classical sorting algorithms as a model of morphogenesis (2023)
        
       Author : filoeleven
       Score  : 160 points
       Date   : 2024-12-18 23:17 UTC (23 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (arxiv.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (arxiv.org)
        
       | ziofill wrote:
       | I recommend Michael Levin's YouTube channel. Lots and lots of
       | fascinating discussions.
        
       | jstrieb wrote:
       | The last coauthor listed on this preprint is Michael Levin, who
       | has a lot of other cool work.
       | 
       | In particular, this talk of his from NeurIPS 2018 includes
       | fascinating biology research results, as well as musings on the
       | future of biologically-inspired artificial intelligence.
       | 
       | https://youtu.be/RjD1aLm4Thg
       | 
       | HN discussion about the talk:
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18736698
        
         | jcims wrote:
         | He's on Lex Fridman's podcast as well -
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3lsYlod5OU
         | 
         | Great conversation.
        
         | mycall wrote:
         | Artem Kirsanov has many great videos on this subject most of
         | which I fail to absorb on first pass.
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/@ArtemKirsanov/videos
        
         | filoeleven wrote:
         | I first found him through one of his presentations on YouTube.
         | His other work is, to me, waaay more interesting and pertinent.
         | 
         | His lab's model of what cancer is and their effective treatment
         | of it using bioelectricity could very well be a game-changer.
         | All the stuff about making two-headed flatworms using the same
         | mechanics, with no changes to the genome, is fascinating. One
         | of the companies he's with is working on a device to re-grow
         | amputated limbs in humans. It's some serious sci-fi stuff.
         | 
         | I chose to post this paper because text usually does better on
         | HN than video, and it's an unexpected find in one of our basic
         | tools. I fully expect his other research to show up here more
         | often as it grows to fruition.
         | 
         | Anyone interested in checking out more of his work can browse
         | this list of his papers, which goes all the way back to 1995.
         | https://drmichaellevin.org/publications/
        
       | mithametacs wrote:
       | Building something that _isn 't_ Turing-complete is surprisingly-
       | hard once it's complex enough.
       | 
       | If basal intelligence is present in diverse computational
       | structures, then weak intelligence is everywhere.
       | 
       | If weak intelligence is everywhere, Earth-like planets are
       | everywhere, ... where are the aliens?
       | 
       | Personally, I blame game theory. Too many agents too smart in one
       | place, you get conflicts, and eventually someone breaks an atom
       | apart in your direction.
       | 
       | Or do you need emotions to have conflict? Are there basal
       | emotions?
       | 
       | I'm usually not worried about AI uprisings, but I do believe in
       | the possibility of conflict.
        
         | fnord77 wrote:
         | Where is it written that intelligent beings must create the
         | means for interstellar communication, or any technology at all?
         | 
         | Imagine a planet with highly intelligent whales who have no way
         | to manipulate their environment (hands) and no need to.
        
           | Teever wrote:
           | Every organism manipulates their environment in some way. The
           | ones that can manipulate it in a way that allows them access
           | to more resources than the others will out compete the ones
           | who don't.
        
             | abrookewood wrote:
             | Still hard to smelt metal if you live in the ocean.
        
               | bboygravity wrote:
               | That's why genetic mutations happened and they grew hands
               | and started smelting on land.
               | 
               | This happened.
        
             | gf000 wrote:
             | Evolution doesn't really work like that. It's just a low
             | bar that everything has to cross from time to time. Being a
             | specialist, very advanced hunter is in no ways better than
             | a dumb jellyfish that spawns billions of offsprings.
        
           | dboreham wrote:
           | Experience on earth that they eventually evolve hands.
        
             | cutemonster wrote:
             | That's because there's land here, but what about a planet
             | with only water, or just not enough land.
             | 
             | But maybe water-surface-only (no land surface) is unlikely
        
               | manmal wrote:
               | There would still be enough earth like planets with land.
        
               | oersted wrote:
               | Why would water prevent the evolution of hands? Lots of
               | sea creatures have claws.
               | 
               | The sea is also not all that different from an atmosphere
               | with a higher density in principle, we live "under-air".
        
               | cutemonster wrote:
               | Looking at this planet, it's less likely to happen.
               | 
               | Maybe high density (water) makes tools less useful, and
               | thus hands less useful,
               | 
               | since you cannot move a tool particularly fast under
               | water, compared to on land.
               | 
               | I suppose you've tried throwing a stone underwater --
               | compare with throwing on land.
               | 
               | From this seems to follow, that creatures with human like
               | intelligence, are less likely to appear, if the density
               | of the liquid or gas surrounding them, is too high.
               | (Dolphins are bright but not that bright.)
        
             | RedNifre wrote:
             | That is incorrect, dolphins are unlikely to evolve hands
             | and humanoids evolved hands before they became intelligent
             | (probably to grab branches). It was very lucky that a good
             | brain evolved in a body that already had hands.
        
               | cutemonster wrote:
               | > very lucky that a good brain evolved in a body that
               | already had hands.
               | 
               | The other way around: hands adds evolutionary pressure
               | towards becoming more intelligent. (The ones that
               | understand how to use their hands and tools better...)
        
               | DoctorOetker wrote:
               | The lack of knowledge.
               | 
               | Dolphins do have organs with which they pick up things
               | like rocks or shells and they are able to give them to
               | each other.
               | 
               | They use their sexual organs as "hands"! Both males and
               | females.
               | 
               | In the tree of life brains are correlated much more
               | strongly with locomotion than with hands. The moment you
               | need to do (inverse) kinematics to plan an immediate
               | action, and to plan sequences of motions, and to plan a
               | hunting or fleeing strategy, is what put pressure to
               | evolve brains, static lifeforms can be very complex and
               | have complicated genomes, but brains you wont find in
               | them...
        
             | Shorel wrote:
             | If elephants were carnivores, with their trunks, they would
             | have evolved efficient methods to hunt, and would probably
             | be the dominant species on the earth landmass surface.
             | 
             | All this without hands.
             | 
             | The fact that they are vegetarian gave us the chance to do
             | that evolution ourselves.
        
         | dullcrisp wrote:
         | Are you wondering why Conway's Game of Life or the C++ type
         | system isn't trying to communicate with us from beyond the
         | stars?
        
           | mithametacs wrote:
           | Beyond the stars, a static void. Ions, but no aliens.
           | 
           | Till one day SETI finds a 5k line template compilation error!
           | 
           | Rejoice! We are not alone! Aliens have to deal with C++ too!
        
         | swayvil wrote:
         | >where are the aliens?
         | 
         | It's probably a Plato's Cave situation. You're chained there,
         | staring at flickering shadows on the wall asking, "Where are
         | the aliens?".
         | 
         | Which is to say, the dimension that must be traversed in order
         | to meet the aliens is an invisible one.
        
         | ChainOfFools wrote:
         | > If weak intelligence is everywhere, Earth-like planets are
         | everywhere, ... where are the aliens?
         | 
         | Someone has to be first (in our speed-of-causality bubble),
         | maybe it's us?
        
           | 8n4vidtmkvmk wrote:
           | Doesn't that seem even less likely? Not only do we exist but
           | we're the first?
        
             | thrw42A8N wrote:
             | No, it actually seems to be the most likely explanation.
             | The universe is so young yet. It's just a cosmic blip of
             | time since the current generation of stars has began
             | forming.
        
             | ben_w wrote:
             | Not without more information.
             | 
             | We don't know how long it takes to evolve our level and
             | kind of intelligence, nor if intelligence like ours implies
             | successful expansion such that it could eventually be
             | noticed from the kinds of distances we can sense with our
             | tech, nor how fast it would actually expand.
             | 
             | If the first in any light cone dominates that light cone,
             | expanding at a high fraction of c, then almost everyone
             | starts off thinking they're the first.
             | 
             | We may be the first _in our own light cone_ , and that
             | light cone may be just about to start intersecting with
             | that of a galaxy where every star has been completely
             | Dyson'd by a Kardeshev 3 civilisation.
             | 
             | If the civilisation is two million years older than us,
             | that galaxy could even be the Andromeda galaxy.
        
         | FloorEgg wrote:
         | The Fermi paradox can be answered in so many ways, and is tied
         | to questions like what is the purpose of life and the universe.
         | 
         | Beyond the existence of a single person (such as myself, or
         | you) what do we exist to do?
         | 
         | Is it to learn the universe? (Curiosity) Is it to decrease
         | entropy locally in order to increase it globally? (Spend
         | energy) Is it to increase complexity? (Do interesting things,
         | foster maximum diversity?)
         | 
         | For example, if the purpose is indeed curiosity, maybe all we
         | will need is one Dyson sphere in order to understand the
         | universe. We could have a dozen super intelligent life forms in
         | our galaxy alone and probably wouldn't notice them. Basically
         | would just look like a quiet black hole the size of a star.
        
           | yesco wrote:
           | In my opinion, life is just self-replicating tumbleweeds of
           | matter that drift towards local spaces with high energy. The
           | ideal "shape" of these tumbleweeds is gradually approximated
           | via the algorithm of evolution, filtering out the tumbleweeds
           | that fly too close to the sun and so on. Intelligence becomes
           | an emergent property of these optimal shapes, but
           | intelligence doesn't change the outcome, broadly speaking,
           | they still drift towards local spaces with high energy.
           | 
           | Individual organisms will live their life perusing energy,
           | with every breath, with every meal. Even super organisms,
           | such as a nation, will (attempt to) peruse energy in the form
           | of a thriving economy, which influences the energy allocation
           | of the organisms that make it up.
           | 
           | Even absent these tumbleweeds, high density matter (high
           | energy) will literally bend space, and attract other matter
           | to itself through gravitational force. It's entirely
           | different than what I've already discussed, yet intuitively
           | similar?
           | 
           | How does this apply to the fermi paradox? Maybe the idea that
           | the algorithm of evolution will eventually lead to life self-
           | propagating across the universe is flawed. Maybe the spirit
           | of exploration is not universal. Maybe the the simple fact
           | that interstellar travel and communication is energy
           | inefficient is enough to explain the aggregate effect we are
           | seeing?
        
             | FloorEgg wrote:
             | it sounds like your take is the entropy one, but with a
             | caveat that dark energy prevents Indefinite growth.
        
             | mithametacs wrote:
             | I find the most interesting possibility: - life finds a way
             | - life gets too smart - life kills itself - life finds a
             | way
        
           | vbezhenar wrote:
           | I thought Dyson sphere will emit enormous radiation anyway?
           | Like how do you convert photons into electricity and use that
           | electricity afterwards with 100% efficiency? Is it even
           | theoretically possible? There should be lots of heat emitted
           | as infrared light.
        
             | FloorEgg wrote:
             | Hard to fathom what engineering a civilization like that
             | might be capable of, maybe it would emit extremely hard to
             | detect radio noise.
        
             | kiba wrote:
             | A dyson swarm is nothing difficult to achieve. All you need
             | is the ability to put satellite into orbit. That's the
             | minimum. The other part is mass manufacturing them.
        
               | andsoitis wrote:
               | How much energy and material is needed to manufacture,
               | launch, position, maintain, and then leverage a Dyson
               | swarm?
        
         | exe34 wrote:
         | emotions are just a form of intelligence that's calcified over
         | evolutionary time. each one of our emotions can be linked with
         | survival and/or reproduction.
        
         | woolion wrote:
         | >Building something that isn't Turing-complete is surprisingly-
         | hard once it's complex enough
         | 
         | The most basic computational device that is studied is the
         | (deterministic) finite automaton, which corresponds to regular
         | languages (regex, although actual implementations are usually
         | way more powerful). If you add a stack (to count parenthesis
         | basically) you have context-free (CF) languages, which
         | correspond to the syntax of most programming languages. Add a
         | second stack and you're already Turing-complete (TC).
         | 
         | If you know that, you can add any extra-power to your machine
         | that is strictly less than a second unbounded stack, and you
         | get a new language class! For a example, a second n-bounded
         | stack. If you do so you will easily get an infinity of language
         | classes. The point is, are they interesting? In particular, the
         | language classes we focus on have some good properties that
         | most arbitrary classes tend to lack.
         | 
         | The Chomsky hierarchy has context-sensitive languages in
         | between CF and TC, but it is already not a very natural class
         | so I've never seen it discussed anywhere, even in complexity
         | theory research --which focuses a lot more in getting links to
         | computability theory or subtle distinctions between
         | deterministic and non-deterministic classes (most famously P vs
         | NP). For the latter, studying analogs of the complexity classes
         | on restricted models of computations is an interesting approach
         | since Turing machines are difficult to work with.
        
           | Al-Khwarizmi wrote:
           | In natural language processing, mildly context-sensitive
           | languages (which sit between context-free and context-
           | sensitive) have seen some study and use, because context-free
           | languages fall short to model certain phenomena but context-
           | sensitive are overkill (and not even polynomial to process).
        
         | kstenerud wrote:
         | > If weak intelligence is everywhere, Earth-like planets are
         | everywhere, ... where are the aliens?
         | 
         | Most certainly outside of our light cone.
         | 
         | It took 4 billion years for this planet to produce intelligent
         | life that can send out radio signals. If we were to wipe
         | ourselves out, it would be another half a billion years for
         | another intelligent species to appear on this planet (probably?
         | - using Cambrian explosion as a benchmark FWIW).
         | 
         | We've been emitting radio signals for a century so far, and
         | mayyyyybe we'll last another 1000 years before we blow
         | ourselves up? This is something we can only conjecture about at
         | this point.
         | 
         | But just for the sake of argument, let's say that a post-radio-
         | emissions intelligent species lasts 10,000 years. This means
         | that our light cone must match up to a 10,000 year period in a
         | planet's 4b year history (or 500m year repeat) TODAY, in order
         | for us to detect anything at all. The chances of that are
         | vanishingly small. And they're certainly not going to visit us
         | a mere 100 years after we began emitting detectable signals.
         | 
         | It's not just a problem of space; it's a problem of time (and
         | timing).
        
           | worldsayshi wrote:
           | Why isn't at least one species expanding across the cosmos
           | though? The light speed limit isn't really much of a hurdle
           | for cosmic timescales.
           | 
           | The guy on cool worlds YouTube channel (Department of
           | Astronomy, Colombia) has argued that we're still in the early
           | days. The conditions for intelligent life in the galaxy
           | hasn't been around for that long.
        
             | kstenerud wrote:
             | Perhaps there is, but once again it would have to be
             | visible from our light cone in order for us to even be
             | capable of detecting it. Even with a civilization of
             | 100,000 or even a million years that's still tiny and
             | highly unlikely to happen within a timeframe that
             | intersects with our small window of awareness.
             | 
             | And even if these aliens have cracked FTL travel, who's
             | ever going to find our little planet on the ass end of some
             | mediocre galaxy, with an EM emissions bubble that has only
             | covered 100 light years so far? Needle in a haystack.
        
               | Gravityloss wrote:
               | Hmm, let's say there's 100 billion stars in our galaxy
               | and one billion habitable planets. Assuming we are
               | average, half, or 500 million have civilizations older
               | than ours. We could assume some sort of distribution
               | where we could say 10% are older than a million years. So
               | 50 million civilizations older than a million years in
               | the milky way. In a million years moving at 0.1c you move
               | 100,000 light years, or across the whole galaxy.
               | 
               | They could have been here already before modern humans
               | even existed.
        
               | worldsayshi wrote:
               | Seeing how it took earth 4 billion years to figure out
               | how to get inhabitants to set foot on another stellar
               | body the rise of intelligence may be the unlikely event
               | here.
               | 
               | Perhaps it's much more likely to have happened elsewhere
               | in the galaxy 4 more billion years from now. If I
               | remember correctly, stars with our particular properties
               | haven't been around for too long.
               | 
               | I recommend looking into cool worlds lab since you seem
               | to like inferring from the numbers.
        
               | mithametacs wrote:
               | We've set foot on only 1 other stellar body.
               | 
               | Luna is sort of made from the Earth. And it's so close
               | that Earth has a stronger pull on it than Sun.
               | 
               | So we have set foot on another stellar body, sure. But we
               | also... kind of haven't.
               | 
               | And then we had to retreat from it anyway. Homo sapiens,
               | hunter champions, arrived at an uninhabited body and were
               | outmatched.
               | 
               | Way to go, smartest species we know of. You've done jack
               | shit.
        
             | myrmidon wrote:
             | Maybe interstellar colonization is just never gonna be
             | worth it?
             | 
             | We could already colonize Antarctica, or the sea-- those
             | are easier to reach, supply and colonize than other
             | planets, but we are not trying.
             | 
             | Most of our past exploration/settling efforts happened
             | because there was _some_ gain to be had; it seems quite
             | plausible (if somewhat bleak) to me that interstellar
             | travel could just remain pointlessly expensive regardless
             | of technological progress.
        
               | aflukasz wrote:
               | > We could already colonize Antarctica, or the sea--
               | those are easier to reach, supply and colonize than other
               | planets, but we are not trying.
               | 
               | On the other hand - we were and still are present on the
               | Antarctica, have a permanent base on the South Pole etc.
        
             | nonameiguess wrote:
             | It may simply not be worth it. Outside of sheer curiosity,
             | there are two reasons I can think of to leave your own
             | solar system. One is overcoming resource scarcity. But
             | interstellar space is extremely hostile to anything that
             | isn't a cloud of dust and there are no resources available
             | for thousands if not millions of years. If you've developed
             | technology already to overcome the need for resources and
             | are hardened to endure conditions for that span of time,
             | you may overcome the resource limits of your own solar
             | system anyway.
             | 
             | The second reason is to escape the death of your own sun.
             | That takes long enough that far fewer lifeforms would be
             | expected to even face that challenge compared to resource
             | scarcity. If you manage to sustain a high-level
             | civilization that can overcome resource scarcity and
             | conquer the challenges of interstellar travel for the
             | billions of years it takes a star to die, maybe you can
             | simply prevent that death by technological means we could
             | not possibly foresee or understand?
             | 
             | Those are hand-wavy answers, but this is sort of the
             | problem. We're imagining near god-like beings here and
             | asking why they don't behave the way humans have
             | historically behaved with respect to exploring and
             | colonizing remote parts of our own planet. The analogy
             | breaks down at some point and we have no idea what beings
             | capable of that kind of thing would even want to do.
             | 
             | Even our best sci-fi imagines answers that are pulled out
             | of imaginary asses but frankly no less plausible than
             | anything else anyone here will come up with. The builders
             | of the expanse series expanded to a few hundred systems but
             | then simply didn't need to expand any further. They figured
             | out how to stop fusion and star-aging and tapped into
             | energy sources from other universes (then got killed off
             | anyway, but seemingly would not have kept expanding). The
             | monolith aliens of the space odyssey series evolved into a
             | non-material form that was actually here the whole time but
             | we had no means of detecting them.
        
           | sigmoid10 wrote:
           | In half a billion years our sun will start the end of its
           | life cycle and boil away all oceans on earth. So life as we
           | know it will end then. But intelligent life probably won't
           | take so long to evolve again and we have several species
           | today who have enormous potential if they only manage to
           | evolve usage of tools somehow. We are where we are today to a
           | large part because of our prehensile extremities.
        
             | entropicdrifter wrote:
             | I think you might be off by an order of magnitude. The sun
             | is expected to begin the death process (and therefore swell
             | into a red giant) in 5 billion years, not 500 million
             | years.
        
           | Izkata wrote:
           | > using Cambrian explosion as a benchmark
           | 
           | I think that's wrong. And thinking of it like that provides
           | another possibility:
           | 
           | The dinosaur era was a local maximum that couldn't develop
           | human-like intelligence and technology. Then around 65
           | million years ago, Earth got "reset" and broke us out of the
           | local maximum. Only after that did life have a chance to
           | develop in a different direction and end up as us.
           | 
           | Seems at least possible to me that life is quite abundant,
           | but local maximums that can't develop intelligence/technology
           | might be more common than we think and it's easy to get stuck
           | there. Earth just got lucky.
        
             | andsoitis wrote:
             | Extending your logic (which is convincing), we, too, could
             | be a local maximum and a form that is relatively low on the
             | "cosmic intelligence scale", if there is such a thing and
             | if it is linear-ish.
        
         | UniverseHacker wrote:
         | > Or do you need emotions to have conflict?
         | 
         | Microbes and insects have massive conflicts.
        
         | naasking wrote:
         | > If weak intelligence is everywhere, Earth-like planets are
         | everywhere, ... where are the aliens?
         | 
         | A species needs more than raw intelligence to create
         | technology. They also need:
         | 
         | 1. Dexterity: dolphins and ravens are intelligent, but they
         | have no fine motor manipulators, so there is no way to build
         | technology.
         | 
         | 2. Reasonably high bandwidth communication: other primates are
         | intelligent, social and dextrous, but don't have sophisticated
         | language for precise and expansive communication.
         | 
         | 3. Social inclinations leading to building cultural knowledge
         | across generations: octopuses are intelligent, are reasonably
         | dextrous, and their colour changing ability could possibly be
         | used for reasonably moderate bandwidth communication, but they
         | are largely solitary creatures.
         | 
         | There are probably even a couple more.
         | 
         | Edit: come to think of it, I think a species that builds
         | technology would need to have all of the above features _and_
         | feature some distinct physical _disadvantages_ in order to
         | drive them towards compensating by developing tools and
         | knowledge to survive. For instance, humans are physically quite
         | weak compared to other primates.
        
           | oefnak wrote:
           | Can't make fire under water either.
        
             | entropicdrifter wrote:
             | Sure you can, it's just harder.
        
           | 6510 wrote:
           | ????
           | 
           | All species are full of technologies, one more exotic than
           | the next. We have a hard time replicating it and we don't
           | understand how it all works.
           | 
           | What we have is an insanely fast research, design and
           | construction process.
           | 
           | But nothing as simple as a competitive pump on the horizon.
           | Trees be laughing at us.
        
       | sitkack wrote:
       | "The Collective Intelligence of Morphogenesis: a model system for
       | basal cognition" by Michael Levin
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAQFO4g7UY8
       | 
       | And from Machine Learning Street Talk
       | 
       | Michael Levin - Why Intelligence Isn't Limited To Brains.
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6w5xr8BYV8M
        
         | sitkack wrote:
         | I highly recommend sitting down and really watching a couple
         | talks by Michael Levin. After Robert Sapolsky, I haven't found
         | a person that changed my perspective on whatever passes for
         | reality more than Levin.
         | 
         | https://drmichaellevin.org/ (link to his lab)
         | 
         | https://www.reddit.com/r/MichaelLevinBiology/comments/18x3vn...
         | 
         | Academic YT channel https://www.youtube.com/@drmichaellevin
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sapolsky
        
       | InDubioProRubio wrote:
       | A beach sorts itself by size of sand, just by applying physics,
       | so any array copied by parallel processes will sort itself given
       | enough time, by computation time spend on the element aka the
       | size of the rocks.
        
         | danwills wrote:
         | I think if you 'just apply physics' (let's say 'just apply
         | computation' shall we?) then an array of numbers can only hope
         | for this to happen In a kind of bogosort-style way?: Shuffle
         | them all, and if now sorted, return! Else, loop and shuffle
         | again, and so on. Such a hillarious sort algo.. but wait till u
         | hear about bogobogosort! lollll!
         | 
         | But different sizes of sand do move against each other
         | differently, and I think maybe that aspect is slightly
         | reminiscent of the every-cell-for-themselves aspect of the
         | cells described in the paper, and especially how the different
         | rules allow different swapping operations when the swap-target
         | is smaller or larger than the current cell. So I think it's a
         | very relevant observation!
        
       | niemandhier wrote:
       | This is fun, but I would call it an example of self organization
       | / self organized complexity not intelligence.
       | 
       | Cell membranes assemble themselves, so do micella ( little
       | spherical protein baubles ), or to take a non living example
       | lipid bilayers.
       | 
       | We would not call such a system intelligent.
        
         | danwills wrote:
         | One of Levin's main points is to describe agency/intelligence
         | as a continuous spectrum rather than an on/off thing so within
         | the framework of thought that this paper exists in, it's no
         | longer meaningful to treat the answer to the 'is it
         | intelligence?' question as having a boolean answer.
         | 
         | I completely agree with this myself (and have for a long time
         | before I even read any of Levin's frankly amazing work) and I
         | think of the answer to this as more like a float/real-numbered
         | thing - the amount of consciousness/intelligence/agency as a
         | fraction of overall energy usage or something maybe? And that
         | probably will lead to one constantly having to try to work out
         | where the heck zero and one are all the time eh? heheh : )
         | 
         | I think it's fun and fascinating as well though for sure, and I
         | think that even stuff as simple as a reaction-diffusion
         | simulation, can actually contain some tiny elements of agency
         | (just like this paper does with it's self-sorting cells!) Who
         | cares what the scale is, right?, it's the same phenomena at the
         | tiniest scales in my opinion, that led to life, that led to
         | humans.
        
           | mjburgess wrote:
           | Whatever the purpose of this "sliding scale" is, it has
           | little to do with the property of intelligence we are
           | concerned with generally.
           | 
           | When we say one species is more intelligent than another, one
           | breed of dog, or one person -- we aren't describing a
           | difference in their organisational structure. And when we
           | want to build intelligent systems we aim to build things that
           | have specific capacities, not that have this sort of abstract
           | organisation which is entirely orthogonal to these
           | capacities.
           | 
           | One dog is more intelligent than another if it can read the
           | intentions of its owner (theory of mind), coordinate in its
           | environment (eg., open doors, etc.), plan more extended
           | actions, pretend/fake actions to confuse the owner/other-
           | dogs, and so on.
           | 
           | These ranges of capacities do not follow from an abstract
           | 'organisational' description of the dog. The great
           | pseudoscience of this 'computer science' thinking is that
           | abstracts to a degree of description that is almost
           | universal, then claims to make fine-grained distinctions.
           | 
           | That the earth-and-moon are 2, and the tree-and-bird are 2,
           | does not mean the earth-and-sun and the tree-and-bird are
           | sharing in any capacities at all. To instantiate an abstract
           | description implies almost nothing.
        
             | danwills wrote:
             | Yes I agree there's little point in instantiating arbitrary
             | abstract structures, however that isn't what I was
             | suggesting. The related structures and properties
             | identified in Levin's work are specifically those of the
             | 'agential' type (going from molecular-networks/cellular
             | scale right up to and past human-level): Goal-following
             | meta-rules is what would be in the 'class', not just
             | measurements or information attached/correlated to
             | something because some numbers happen to be equal, but a
             | type of memory of intrinsic meta-self-serving micro-
             | behaviors that actually do inform the micro-elements how to
             | behave.
             | 
             | I think that self-organization creates the possibility for
             | the natural nucleation of agential-behavior (akin to
             | crystal-formation) and when the system is also replicative
             | overall, it might cause itself to happen again too! (and
             | down the rabbit-hole we go!)
             | 
             | And I wonder whether it's really ok to just claim there is
             | no micro-organizational structure that gives rise to this
             | meta-goal-following, I mean, this is what Levin's work is
             | all about! My own consciousness/'intelligence' is brought
             | about by many smaller agents (my cells), and I think
             | there's really no sharp categorical barrier here - goal-
             | seeking (and hitting, for the winners of evolution) are
             | pretty clear strategies from the molecular-scale to the
             | blue-whale-sized (and humans too I reckon!)
        
               | mjburgess wrote:
               | If you mean to say that materials which have the property
               | of self-replication with variation are essential to
               | intelligence, then I agree with you.
               | 
               | One finds, in reality, that crystals do not meet this
               | requirement -- the only known chemistry to provide it is
               | a highly specific subtype of carbon chemistry called
               | biology.
        
               | danwills wrote:
               | Yeah I think we are mostly on the same page for sure, I
               | would nearly go so far as to say that self-replicating
               | with variation is 'essential' for intelligence.. and I do
               | utterly love evolution as an idea - but maybe it's just
               | what happened-to-produce the main examples of
               | intelligence we've observed so far in recent history on
               | Earth? (personally I don't think it's just humans that
               | are intelligent either though! so many animals and
               | probably other things are extremely smart too! Just very
               | hard to measure!)
               | 
               | And yeah I was only using the idea of a crystal as an
               | analogy, all replicators (all life?) is a bit like a kind
               | of smooshy-space-and-time-crystal in a way though right?
               | Especially the multicellular kind!!
               | 
               | It's the regeneration/continuation of information of who-
               | knows what type? All types! Obviously there's genes and
               | Levin's vmem and other epigenetic stuff on the
               | biological-side, but now there's also youtube, video-
               | games, recipes, traditions? all memetic-replicators, or
               | meta-memetic ones that control which other memes you
               | allow in your life? I like to remember that all of them
               | are subject to the rules-of-evolution too - there's a
               | success for the memes themselves if they are getting us
               | to carrying them forward!! Can be wildly different types
               | of memories accross epic amounts of time too? Bloody
               | amazing to think about I reckon! Evolution FTW!
        
             | synctext wrote:
             | > The great pseudoscience of this 'computer science'
             | thinking
             | 
             | You spelled Nobel-level science wrong.
             | 
             | Most of Levin work is not easy to understand or appreciate.
             | Our university lab has been doing cooperative intelligence
             | for decades. The insight in some of his work is
             | revolutionary. He shows why randomness is much more
             | intelligent then most scientist think.
        
       | danwills wrote:
       | I just loved this bit in the paper, could be so easily taken on
       | so many tangents!:
       | 
       | ""Delayed Gratification is used to evaluate the ability of each
       | algorithm undertake actions that temporarily increase
       | Monotonicity Error in order to achieve gains later on. Delayed
       | Gratification is defined as the improvement in Sortedness made by
       | a temporarily error-increasing action.""
       | 
       | Is it slightly analogous in some ways to the avoidance of getting
       | stuck in local maxima perhaps?
        
         | vindex10 wrote:
         | Or maybe the fact that the path of minimal effort != sequence
         | of paths with locally simplest steps.
        
           | danwills wrote:
           | I'd love to know more about what you mean!
           | 
           | Is it that with a bit more upfront investment (or 'delayed
           | gratification'), a system might be able to find shorter (or
           | less energy-intensive) paths through the space that they are
           | navigating to get to their targets?
           | 
           | I think it certainly does seem like when there is essentially
           | some 'computational slack' ('extra line' say, slightly over-
           | provisioned or just set-to-explore more) I'd guess there's a
           | good chance that that could yield a better (cheaper/shorter)
           | result than a brute-force (minimal-effort, perhaps more
           | technically 'efficient') solution?
           | 
           | Unfortunately I don't really feel like I really went anywhere
           | with what I said, but your very short comment made me wonder
           | many things about what you meant! Appreciated!
        
       | danwills wrote:
       | I loved this paper, below is the punchline for me I reckon (and
       | summarizes where-they-are-at nicely too I think - finding out a
       | lot of possibly very important things!):
       | 
       | ""The discovery of unexpected problem-solving competencies (such
       | as Delayed Gratification and segregation) that are not apparent
       | from the component policies and algorithms themselves is a
       | critical research program.""
        
       | trenchgun wrote:
       | Are these just traditional distributed algorithms?
        
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