[HN Gopher] Review of Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the ...
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       Review of Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the Modern World
        
       Author : mitchbob
       Score  : 134 points
       Date   : 2024-11-06 11:54 UTC (5 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.nybooks.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.nybooks.com)
        
       | mitchbob wrote:
       | https://archive.ph/tvAUO
        
       | croisillon wrote:
       | if you are in Vienna on Nov 21st, there is a (free) presentation
       | of the book at the city hall:
       | https://vorlesungen.wien.gv.at/richard-cockett-2111/
        
         | itronitron wrote:
         | it will be streamed online, if you want to attend in person
         | then registration is required here:
         | 
         | https://ticket.wien.gv.at/M09/richardcockett/
        
       | the_mitsuhiko wrote:
       | Vienna to me is a fascinating case of a city that found itself
       | again after having lost its place in history more than once.
       | 
       | If you look at the geography, if you look at the political
       | climate, just at the fundamentals it's not clear why Vienna is a
       | large city. There really is not a lot of reason for this city to
       | matter today yet somehow it is a wonderful place to live in,
       | despite all that.
       | 
       | The city somehow managed to find an identity on its own that
       | somehow makes it work.
        
         | whilenot-dev wrote:
         | > If you look at the geography, if you look at the political
         | climate, just at the fundamentals it's not clear why Vienna is
         | a large city.
         | 
         | Could you elaborate on this a bit please? Vienna has culturally
         | always been considered the front door to eastern Europe (from a
         | central European POV).
         | 
         | Vienna is one of the best cities in central Europe to go for an
         | academic degree: Renting is capped and still affordable (and
         | wants to be kept that way btw, see the ban of AirBnB). There
         | are almost no education fees, even non-austrians can apply for
         | benefits from the government. With 200k students it's the
         | largest german-speaking university city on par with Berlin[0].
         | The employment law is exemplary good. For me personally it
         | isn't surprsing that almost 1/4th of whole Austria lives in
         | Vienna.
         | 
         | [0]:
         | https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures-2023.pd...
        
           | Rinzler89 wrote:
           | _> The employment law is exemplary good._
           | 
           | Taht's not true at all. Employers can lay off workers for no
           | reason at all at any time without paying any severance
           | (unless you have a unio that can negotiate a better deal).
           | Just hand them the notice and you're done.
        
             | whilenot-dev wrote:
             | The notice period is 6 weeks at minimum by law and often
             | negotiated to be 3 months on unlimited contracts - limited
             | contacts can't be terminated unilateral. And, depending on
             | social situation, you can still sue immediately through the
             | Arbeiterkammer[0] without any costs.
             | 
             | [0]: https://www.arbeiterkammer.at/beratung/arbeitundrecht/
             | beendi...
        
               | jahnu wrote:
               | Right there are some restrictions but people seem to have
               | the weird idea that you can't get fired without cause or
               | redundancy. If the employer does it correctly they can
               | essentially get rid of anyone, those restrictions
               | notwithstanding.
        
               | whilenot-dev wrote:
               | You can get fired immediately without cause, but that's
               | against the law, and the law is pretty clear on lawful
               | causes:                 SS 27.            Als ein
               | wichtiger Grund, der den Dienstgeber zur vorzeitigen
               | Entlassung berechtigt, ist insbesondere anzusehen:
               | 1. Wenn der Angestellte im Dienste untreu ist, sich in
               | seiner Tatigkeit ohne Wissen oder Willen des Dienstgebers
               | von dritten Personen unberechtigte Vorteile zuwenden
               | lasst, insbesondere entgegen der Bestimmung des SS 13
               | eine Provision oder eine sonstige Belohnung annimmt, oder
               | wenn er sich einer Handlung schuldig macht, die ihn des
               | Vertrauens des Dienstgebers unwurdig erscheinen lasst;
               | 2. wenn der Angestellte unfahig ist, die versprochenen
               | oder die den Umstanden nach angemessenen Dienste (SS 6)
               | zu leisten;         3. wenn einer der im SS 1
               | bezeichneten Angestellten ohne Einwilligung des
               | Dienstgebers ein selbstandiges kaufmannisches Unternehmen
               | betreibt oder im Geschaftszweige des Dienstgebers fur
               | eigene oder fremde Rechnung Handelsgeschafte macht oder
               | wenn ein Angestellter den in SS 7, Absatz 4, bezeichneten
               | Verboten zuwiderhandelt;         4. wenn der Angestellte
               | ohne einen rechtmassigen Hinderungsgrund wahrend einer
               | den Umstanden nach erheblichen Zeit die Dienstleistung
               | unterlasst oder sich beharrlich weigert, seine Dienste zu
               | leisten oder sich den durch den Gegenstand der
               | Dienstleistung gerechtfertigten Anordnungen des
               | Dienstgebers zu fugen, oder wenn er andere Bedienstete
               | zum Ungehorsam gegen den Dienstgeber zu verleiten sucht;
               | 5. wenn der Angestellte durch eine langere
               | Freiheitsstrafe oder durch Abwesenheit wahrend einer den
               | Umstanden nach erheblichen Zeit, ausgenommen wegen
               | Krankheit oder Unglucksfalls, an der Verrichtung seiner
               | Dienste gehindert ist;         6. wenn der Angestellte
               | sich Tatlichkeiten, Verletzungen der Sittlichkeit oder
               | erhebliche Ehrverletzungen gegen den Dienstgeber, dessen
               | Stellvertreter, deren Angehorige oder gegen
               | Mitbedienstete zuschulden kommen lasst.
               | 
               | The employee can also "fire their employer", see _SS 26_
               | [0] for lawful causes.
               | 
               | The proof of guilt is up to the one who fires in the end.
               | 
               | I know of one person who got fired unlawful, and their
               | ex-employer is now EUR 80k+ poorer.
               | 
               | [0]: https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrag
               | e=Bundes...
        
               | Rinzler89 wrote:
               | I think you're mixing up firing and dismissing. You need
               | a reason to fire someone but firing means no notice
               | period and no unemployment benefits, but you don't need a
               | reason to dismiss someone with notice, which is
               | relatively unique nerf in terms of EU workers rights by
               | comparison.
        
               | whilenot-dev wrote:
               | GP was talking about firing and you were talking about
               | the usual termination of an employment contract with a
               | notice period.
               | 
               | You don't need a reason to terminate an employment
               | contract with a notice period, correct, but that doesn't
               | mean it wasn't socially discriminating in origin - that
               | depends on the social situation (eg. older employees can
               | sue for discrimination on age) and the Arbeiterkammer
               | will fight for it.
        
               | Rinzler89 wrote:
               | If they don't need to provide a reason for terminating
               | you then you also can't have a case for discrimination
               | even if that were to happen since no employer is gonna
               | tell you "yeah, we're firing you behause you're too
               | black/woman", they'll just say "you're fired". AK was
               | never of any use with despicable employers since the
               | employee protection laws are very lax and employers very
               | good at skirting the law so they can abuse you without
               | being legally liable. Just read Kununu reviews of several
               | Austrian companies.
        
               | whilenot-dev wrote:
               | > Just read Kununu reviews of several Austrian companies.
               | 
               | I'd rather suggest to go to the _Arbeits- und
               | Sozialgericht_ [0] and listen to some real cases, they
               | are public anyway.
               | 
               | [0]: https://www.justiz.gv.at/asg-wien/arbeits-und-
               | sozialgericht-...
        
               | Rinzler89 wrote:
               | How does looking at "real cases" help me? They don't make
               | my own cases any less real?
               | 
               | Just because cases don't go through the court system,
               | doesn't mean employer abuse doesn't happen.
        
               | em-bee wrote:
               | you can still suspect discrimination, and if you sue they
               | have to prove that it wasn't.
        
               | Rinzler89 wrote:
               | This isn't America. AK won't help you sue based on
               | suspicions of discriminations if you don't bring written
               | evidence that makes it a slam dunk case. And the court
               | isn't biased towards the employee like the US jury.
        
               | whilenot-dev wrote:
               | Austrian law isn't US law, correct. I still don't
               | understand your persistent pessimism though...
               | 
               | What I once saw when I went to the _Arbeits- und
               | Sozialgericht_ was a man, in the beginning of his 40s,
               | suing for unlawful termination of his employment
               | contract, after notice period and 7 months of employment.
               | He sued with the help of the _Arbeiterkammer_. The judge
               | asked the employer for their reasons, and tried to figure
               | out if the termination has been made through thoughtful
               | reasoning and after consideration of any other options.
               | It is the responsibility of the employer too(!), and
               | frankly in their best interest, to bring their employees
               | up to speed and make them succeed in their work.
               | 
               | "We don't need to state any reason" won't fly in front of
               | the judge in Austria, as the judge wants to make an
               | informed decision.
        
               | em-bee wrote:
               | exactly, this isn't america. despite not needing to have
               | a specific reason for letting someone go you are not
               | allowed to use morally questionable reasons (which goes
               | beyond outright discrimination), and you must evaluate
               | how the loss of employment affects the employee. that
               | means, for example, the likelihood of that employee
               | finding a new job with similar pay, (so you can't easily
               | let go of older people), their family situation, or if
               | they have another income. so you basically have to choose
               | the employee who would be least affected. as far as i
               | understand these kinds questions are not considered at
               | all in the US. only discrimination againt protected
               | classes, as defined by the law.
        
               | Rinzler89 wrote:
               | _> The notice period is 6 weeks at minimum by law and
               | often negotiated to be 3 months _
               | 
               | The issue is being able to let go of workers for no
               | reason, not the notice period itself, which BTW, every EU
               | country has, Austria is nothing special here, quite the
               | opposite. Do you feel this imbalance of power that you
               | can be let go at any time for any reason is a fair to the
               | workers in a so called socialist country?
               | 
               | Wouldn't be such a big issue if unemployment wouldn't be
               | a pitiful 60% of your salary for ~3 months (yes it can be
               | longer but you're then at the mercy of the system handler
               | if they agree with the job search you're doing, otherwise
               | they can also cut you off if you don't want to take hard
               | jobs like warehouse work) .
               | 
               |  _> you can still sue immediately through the
               | Arbeiterkammer_
               | 
               | AK will only help you sue only in case of unfair
               | dismissal which rarely happens because employers don't
               | need to provide a reason for terminating you as long as
               | they give you the 6-week-3-month notice. So long hours,
               | burnout and hire-and-fire mentality is rampant among
               | Austrian companies, but rarely talked about because it
               | contradicts the "most livable country" narrative paid for
               | by Austria to the Economist who runs that yearly
               | campaign-ad.
        
               | whilenot-dev wrote:
               | > The issue is being able to let go of workers for no
               | reason, not the notice period itself, which BTW, every EU
               | country has, Austria is nothing special here, quite the
               | opposite. Do you feel this imbalance of power that you
               | can be let go at any time for any reason is a fair to the
               | workers in a so called socialist country?
               | 
               | I don't think of Austria as a socialist country and I
               | think it's fair to be able to let people go without
               | reason, but with a notice period (and unemployment
               | benefits and social healthcare).
               | 
               | In practice, it won't be much different than with the
               | requirement of a reason anyway: If you'll want to fight
               | it, then you'll need to go through legal ways and contest
               | the employers decision anyway. In Austria there's a
               | 2-week time limit to bring in a lawsuit on unlawful
               | termination of an employment contract if you still want
               | to work there.
        
               | rettetdemdativ wrote:
               | Where did you get the idea that Austria is a socialist
               | country? It used to be to a certain degree, but those
               | times are long gone, except for strong unionization, the
               | social safety net and worker protections. Austria is a
               | deeply conservative country and has been for much of its
               | history. Vienna is a bit of an exception, as it has
               | actually been ruled by social democrats for ~100 years
               | (with a violent break during the 30s and 40s).
        
             | the_mitsuhiko wrote:
             | I would argue that's what makes it good employment law.
        
               | Rinzler89 wrote:
               | How so? Wages are still lower than in Germany, Belgium,
               | Sweden or Netherlands where it's difficult to dismiss
               | someone without proper cause and a long process.
               | 
               | Where are the benefits for Austrian workers for this lack
               | of protection against firing versus countries that have
               | protections?
               | 
               | And where is this HN simping for ruthless capitalist that
               | lay you off you the moment you get sick coming from? What
               | am I not seeing here?
        
               | whilenot-dev wrote:
               | > And where is this HN simping for ruthless capitalist
               | that lay you off you the moment you get sick coming from?
               | 
               | Sounds like you made some experiences with the wrong
               | people.
               | 
               | The process is faster than in other european countries,
               | true, but we're still far away from a short process...
               | unemployment benefits, social healthcare, sick leave,
               | holidays etc. A shorter process can open up good
               | opportunities, but demands some security to enjoy the
               | risks. I think we're mostly balancing this act and it's a
               | good thing when it makes Austria more attractive to
               | employers. Competition against Germany, Belgium, Sweden,
               | or the Netherlands is in my own interest.
               | 
               | Especially in the case of software engineering it can be
               | beneficial to join unstable employments and be ready to
               | change frequently. I'm mostly seeing it as grateful
               | (depending on market), as you can only see so many system
               | designs fail in your lifetime. :D
        
               | Rinzler89 wrote:
               | _> Sounds like you made some experiences with the wrong
               | people._
               | 
               | This might shock you, but lot of Austrian employers
               | behave like this: Hire and fire. Got sick? So long. This
               | shouldn't be acceptable in an EU country. AK is also
               | useless here because the laws are toothless.
               | 
               |  _> unemployment benefits, social healthcare, sick leave,
               | holidays etc_
               | 
               | Those exist in every other EU company where you can't lay
               | off people just because you don't like their face
               | anymore.
               | 
               |  _> Competition against Germany, Belgium, Sweden, or the
               | Netherlands is in my own interest._
               | 
               | Yet those countries score better at innovation,
               | entrepreneurship while having better worker rights and
               | higher wages. How do you explain that? I'm not sure
               | working yourself to death in a race to the bottom on
               | lowering workers rights is a good strategy.
        
             | FredPret wrote:
             | The easier it is to fire or retrench someone, the easier it
             | is to hire them.
             | 
             | And if it's easy for _me_ to hire... then it 's easier for
             | the next entrepreneur to hire... paradoxically driving
             | wages up and forcing businesses to keep hiring high so as
             | to keep their competitive edge.
             | 
             | The only people suffering under such a system are
             | freeloaders - who get hired and then proceed to lean on
             | labour laws to stick around for a long time after their
             | welcome has worn out.
        
           | the_mitsuhiko wrote:
           | > Could you elaborate on this a bit please?
           | 
           | Austria has no sea access, no navy, few natural resources.
           | Vienna is strategically not in a particularly amazing
           | position compared to most other cities around. It's not clear
           | to me what the fundamental reasons are why Vienna should be a
           | large city other than that it historically was one, declined
           | a bit and somehow regrew.
           | 
           | I think it's great here, but I also cannot really understand
           | why.
        
             | empath75 wrote:
             | > Austria has no sea access, no navy, few natural
             | resources.
             | 
             | Austria used to have all of those things. Vienna itself is
             | not particularly different from any other imperial capital
             | in terms of its location.
        
             | whilenot-dev wrote:
             | Austria was mostly about mathematics, engineering and human
             | sciences. There was an Austro-Hungarian Navy, and Josef
             | Ressel gave the Royal Navy the world's most powerful navy
             | with his invention of the propeller. :D
        
               | inglor_cz wrote:
               | Maths was stronger in Germany, especially in Heidelberg.
               | Riemann, Hilbert et al. were all Germans.
               | 
               | There was also a fairly strong Polish school of maths and
               | formal logic, but it can only be called Austrian with
               | some stretching of the word; while Galicia was part of
               | the empire, it was about as far (ethnically, culturally
               | and physically) from Vienna as possible.
        
             | kingkawn wrote:
             | Even a cursory look at its history would resolve these
             | questions
        
             | paulgerhardt wrote:
             | Coffee.
             | 
             | While Vienna is located at the crossroads between the
             | planes and the Alps along the Danube making it modestly
             | fortifiable from previous Ottoman incursions in 1529 and
             | essential hub for quarterly markets. As the easternmost
             | capital not to fall to the Ottomans, merchants that went to
             | the Viennese markets would have valuable first arbitrage
             | opportunities on eastern spices, textiles, medicines, gems,
             | and ceramics coming from the east (the taxes on which
             | solidified the Hapsburg position). However, it wasn't until
             | the siege of 1683 [1] that resulted in the Ottomans
             | crushing defeat and withdrawal much like a port city by a
             | sea only to see the sea recede.
             | 
             | In that withdrawal the Ottomans left behind enough coffee
             | in their abandoned provisions that the Viennese were able
             | to open Europe's first coffee house and cement Vienna as
             | Europes premier nexus for academia :-)
             | 
             | [1] https://youtu.be/ukyquQkQAYo
        
             | em-bee wrote:
             | _Austria has no sea access_
             | 
             | austria had sea access right up to WW1. and vienna only
             | started to decline after that. vienna is also on the
             | danube, a river that is connected to the main and rhine and
             | allows ships to travel all the way from the north sea to
             | the black sea. that makes it better positioned than paris,
             | berlin or munich in this aspect. although i doubt that the
             | river had much to do with its regrowth in the last few
             | decades. it is more likely that its closeness to eastern
             | europe made it an attractive destination once the eastern
             | bloc fell apart, which was just before the time vienna
             | started growing again.
        
               | the_mitsuhiko wrote:
               | Sure, but Austria lost a lot of this many, many years
               | ago. Yet Vienna continues to be an important city :)
        
             | numewhodis wrote:
             | > I also cannot really understand why.
             | 
             | That's exactly why. Some wonderfully peculiar people were
             | born from that gene pool. But that's history. They don't
             | build em like that anymore.
        
             | akgerber wrote:
             | Nearly all large cities today are large cities because they
             | historically were one, leading to economies of scale in
             | infrastructure and agglomeration economies in the
             | production and exchange of goods and services. Ease of sea
             | access is not a major determinant of a city's growth &
             | prosperity today.
             | 
             | Many cities historically grew around ports due to the labor
             | intensity of break-bulk shipping and the difficulty and
             | expense of overland goods transport but modern container
             | ports require relatively few employees and can easily move
             | freight intermodally. The old piers in London and Hamburg
             | and New York and San Francisco and their adjacent factories
             | have all been redeveloped, and the working container ports
             | have all relocated away from the city center to places
             | where rail & highway access is easier, to places like
             | Newark, Oakland, and Felixstowe.
        
           | wintermutestwin wrote:
           | >see the ban of AirBnB
           | 
           | Huh? I was there this summer with my daughter and there were
           | plenty of Airbnbs. They were dramatically more affordable
           | (especially given my need for two separate rooms).
           | 
           | I get the AirBnB hate from local renters, but as a frequent
           | traveler, hotels suck so bad that they deserve disruption.
        
             | cg5280 wrote:
             | I actually feel the opposite, I quite like the convenience
             | that hotels offer (such as housekeeping, clean sheets) and
             | I've found that unless you are doing longterm stays (1
             | month+) the prices between hotels and Airbnbs are usually
             | comparable.
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | I've done very little renting from AirBnBs and they _can_
               | be cheaper and there are certainly certain types of
               | properties (like whole house rentals) that aren 't really
               | available from traditional hotels vs. AirBnB/VRBO/etc.
               | 
               | That said, especially for visiting a city, I'll pretty
               | much go with traditional hotels, often chains, for the
               | predictability. I've very rarely had a truly bad
               | experience and it's usually been something like a badly
               | situated luck-of-the-draw room and even that isn't
               | usually a big deal in a city where I'm not spending a lot
               | of time in a room.
               | 
               | I can reliably checkin whenever, there's staff on-call, I
               | don't usually care if I have a kitchen other than a small
               | fridge (which many hotels have these days), and so forth.
               | I've stayed in many B&Bs--some of which are also listed
               | these days on AirBnB. Most have been good, some less so.
               | Usually less of a good option in urban centers.
        
             | isaacremuant wrote:
             | Airbnb is just a scapegoat for the people who want quick
             | solutions for the damage governments have done for ages.
             | 
             | Competition is good and empowering people to make money off
             | their assets (just like Uber) even better. Regulate it and
             | hotels to protect consumers but don't pretend Airbnb's are
             | the cause for housing being unaffordable to rent or buy.
             | Specially not when you're taxing renters like mad and
             | offering little in return.
             | 
             | It's always funny reading takes in HN about places where
             | you have first hand knowledge of, whether it be a
             | geographic location or a company.
        
           | rettetdemdativ wrote:
           | Renting is not capped, unless I'm reading your comment wrong
           | and you mean that the city's government influences it. Vienna
           | does not have an explicit cap. Newer flats and houses are
           | index-bound and rents are raised depending on a certain
           | inflation threshold. Older buildings are usually cheaper and
           | there are strict rules on how much rent can be raised. What
           | Vienna does to make renting an apartment affordable is build
           | social housing. Lots of it. 500.000 people in Vienna live in
           | social housing and the Gemeindebauten are actually nice to
           | live in, priority is given to young Viennese still living
           | with their parents, and you can stay in your apartment even
           | if your income increases. The city can therefore bring down
           | rents in the market as not only the poorest can live in these
           | apartments, but they are a valid choice for many.
           | 
           | There also isn't a ban on Airbnb. As someone else already
           | commented, you can still stay at Airbnbs in Vienna. You
           | cannot rent out apartments in social housing as Airbnbs
           | anymore and there are areas in the city where you would have
           | to get a special permit and other inhabitants of the building
           | would have to agree.
        
             | spacechild1 wrote:
             | Rent in old buildings (Altbau) is capped. The problem is
             | that many landlords don't care and there are no penalties.
             | You can charge back the extra rent but then your landlord
             | will probably not extend your contract...
        
               | whilenot-dev wrote:
               | That's why:                 1. make an unlimited contract
               | 2. sue when you'll leave anyway
               | 
               | The statute of limitations is 30 years.
        
               | spacechild1 wrote:
               | > 1. make an unlimited contract
               | 
               | That's a good one :-D
               | 
               | > The statute of limitations is 30 years.
               | 
               | It's actually 10 years. I thought it was less...
               | 
               | > 2. sue when you'll leave anyway
               | 
               | So that's actually a good strategy! Just note that there
               | are certain deadlines, see https://wien.arbeiterkammer.at
               | /beratung/Wohnen/altbaumietenc....
        
               | rettetdemdativ wrote:
               | That is true, but it only affects buildings built before
               | 1953/1945. I just didn't want to give people a wrong
               | impression of why rents in Vienna are relatively low
               | compared to other European cities of a similar size. It's
               | not a "Mietpreisbremse" of hard cap on all rents.
        
             | whilenot-dev wrote:
             | Rents of _Type III_ [0] are capped[1].
             | 
             | [0]: https://wien.arbeiterkammer.at/beratung/Wohnen/miete/A
             | nwendu...
             | 
             | [1]: https://wien.arbeiterkammer.at/mietzinsobergrenzen
        
               | rettetdemdativ wrote:
               | As I commented further down, that's true. Although
               | category III is about buildings built before 1953/1945. I
               | just didn't want to give people the impression that
               | Vienna has relatively affordable rents because it has a
               | hard cap on all rents. Newer buildings (not as old as
               | 1953 seems to count as new) with index-bound rents have
               | raised rents quite a bit in the past 5 years and have
               | made Altbau very sought-after.
        
               | whilenot-dev wrote:
               | Fair point.
               | 
               | It's not only buildings built before 1953/1945 though,
               | social housings ( _Wohnungen in gefordert errichteten
               | Mietwohnungshausern mit mehr als 2 Mietgegenstanden_ )
               | are capped as well.
        
               | rettetdemdativ wrote:
               | This I didn't know. TIL. Also, thanks for the sources.
        
               | em-bee wrote:
               | add to that that in any new building 2/3rd of the
               | apartments must be social housing.
        
         | Rinzler89 wrote:
         | _> The city somehow managed to find an identity on its own that
         | somehow makes it work._
         | 
         | It's not "somehow" by magic. The explanation is that as a
         | neutral country between NATO and the former Iron Curtain, it
         | was a middle-man for business, politics and trade between the
         | two blocks in the cold war era, profiting from both parties
         | without having to pay obligations to any of them. Basically it
         | won the geopolitical lottery, similar to a Switzerland Light.
         | Today with the Iron Curtain gone and the EU-Schengen borders
         | extended east beyond Austria, it's a lot less relevant than it
         | used to be and therefore a lot less profitable.
        
           | jahnu wrote:
           | > it's a lot less relevant than it used to be and therefore a
           | lot less profitable
           | 
           | which metrics are you using for this assertion?
        
             | Rinzler89 wrote:
             | My 2 cents.
        
           | holri wrote:
           | Since the end of the Iron Curtain Vienna population grew
           | dramatically by the size of the second largest city in
           | Austria (Graz). During the time of the Iron Curtain Vienna
           | was the only big city in Europe that lost population. It was
           | a grey, old, slowly dying city. The city and the quality of
           | live evolved dramatically since then. I would call it a
           | completely different and in my opinion in almost any regard
           | much better, lively, young, modern city. But it managed to
           | keep its very distinguished identity.
        
           | namaria wrote:
           | Austrian legislation largely encourages clandestine ops and
           | this brings a lot of offices, officials, fancy equipment and
           | money to Vienna to this day.
        
         | jahnu wrote:
         | One big reason why it's large is because it was once the
         | capital of an empire.
         | 
         | Why it grew back from being small due to WW2 up to the 90s is,
         | my educated guess, the geography combined with the standard of
         | living. Right up against the poorer east and rich west. Easy
         | for young people to move from the poorer neighbours, for a
         | short while or even stay. Abundant labour and low corruption
         | [ignoring political ;)] then trades easily with its richer
         | western neighbours.
        
           | kingkawn wrote:
           | Vienna was also the primary neutral ground meeting point
           | during the Cold War between soviet and western interests
        
             | dewey wrote:
             | It still is considered the "city of spies" because of some
             | special cases in Austrian law:
             | https://apnews.com/article/austria-spying-government-
             | legisla...
        
         | shadowtree wrote:
         | It sits on a major European waterway, the Danube, which after
         | Vienna exists into the plain lands - Hungary, Romania.
         | 
         | Started as a Roman settlement, Vindobona, it has been
         | strategically important for a _very_ long time.
         | 
         | Paris without the Seine would equally be irrelevant. London
         | too.
        
         | insane_dreamer wrote:
         | > If you look at the geography, if you look at the political
         | climate, just at the fundamentals it's not clear why Vienna is
         | a large city
         | 
         | Sits on the Danube and was the capital of the Austrian Empire,
         | so very important all throughout the 1800s. I'd say
         | strategically located in Central Europe.
         | 
         | Then in the second half of the 20th C it was the gateway to the
         | "East Bloc", the place where east meets west in terms of
         | diplomacy, economic and cultural exchange, and of course
         | espionage.
         | 
         | It has played a neutral role similar to Switzerland, which is
         | why OPEC is headquartered there. It's also one of the UN's four
         | major sites worldwide (along with NY, Geneva, Nairobi).
         | 
         | I spent a couple of years there; nice place to live; would
         | happily return.
        
           | Loudergood wrote:
           | Austria avoiding being split like Germany after WWII is a
           | masterclass in geopolitics.
        
             | insane_dreamer wrote:
             | Casting itself as the victim of Germany was a smart move.
        
               | numewhodis wrote:
               | they are the control group "that doesn't 'have to' feel
               | guilty" ...
        
       | theanonymousone wrote:
       | There is an episode of Freakonomics podcast about the same(?)
       | topic: https://freakonomics.com/podcast/how-does-the-lost-world-
       | of-...
        
       | _DeadFred_ wrote:
       | I read The World of Yesterday: Memoirs of a European by Stefan
       | Zweig after a recommendation on HN. Gave an interesting if sad
       | view into the Vienna of the past.
        
         | cenamus wrote:
         | Can also recommend it highly, fascinating view into the
         | stagnation, bureaucracy and "general feel" of the time
        
         | leobg wrote:
         | It's excellent. For those the speak German, there is also a
         | fanatastic audio book read by an Austrian actor. It very much
         | sounds like Zweig speaking because of the accent.
        
           | hinnisdael wrote:
           | Yeah, the audiobook version really is quite special. It's
           | read by Peter Vilnai, if I remember correctly. One of the few
           | audiobooks I was able to completely be absorbed by while
           | listening.
        
         | keiferski wrote:
         | Also try The Man Without Qualities. Same time period and
         | location.
        
       | forbiddenvoid wrote:
       | Can we put the title of the book in quotes? The title currently
       | reads like this link points to a review of Vienna, the city. It
       | would be more clear if it read Review of "Vienna: How the City of
       | Ideas Created the Modern World".
        
         | UniverseHacker wrote:
         | This is one of the most misleading titles I've seen on HN
         | because it has a clear meaning that in this context is totally
         | wrong. Almost always with mistakes like this the unclear title
         | is simply unclear.
        
       | indiantinker wrote:
       | Vienna is fascinating! I wrote a bit about my love hate
       | relationship with Vienna over the years here :
       | https://indiantinker.bearblog.dev/love-letter-to-vienna/
        
         | bkfh wrote:
         | Really nice read
        
       | kylecazar wrote:
       | I'll order it. I became interested in 20th century Vienna
       | recently after reading that Hitler, Trotsky, Freud, Tito, Stalin
       | and Franz Ferdinand all lived in the same area of the city at the
       | same time (in 1913).
       | 
       | https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21859771
        
         | awiesenhofer wrote:
         | Well, calling it the same _area_ is a bit of a stretch by the
         | BBC, 2-4 km distance here in Vienna is quite a lot and more
         | like the other side of the city, definitly different districts.
         | "Lived in the same city" is probably more accurate.
         | 
         | Though Hitler, Stalin, Trotzki and Tito did have something in
         | common: they all visited the same coffee house, Cafe Central.
         | 
         | Which is still open today, unchanged, now more famous for its
         | delicious cakes and long lines of tourists though.
        
       | inglor_cz wrote:
       | We should also give fair share of the credit to Budapest and its
       | "Martians".
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martians_(scientists)
       | 
       | Most of the great thinkers of the former Austro-Hungarian empire
       | were Jewish, though. The Holocaust thoroughly devastated the
       | Central European intellectual circles and turned a previously
       | important region of the world into a somewhat mediocre place. Not
       | a complete backwater, but a shadow of its former self.
        
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