[HN Gopher] I quit Google to work for myself (2018)
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       I quit Google to work for myself (2018)
        
       Author : alexzeitler
       Score  : 330 points
       Date   : 2024-11-08 20:59 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (mtlynch.io)
 (TXT) w3m dump (mtlynch.io)
        
       | goalonetwo wrote:
       | Ah, another one of those infamous 2018 blog posts on "why I quit
       | Google".
       | 
       | And those blog posts absolutely always start by telling you that
       | the engineers at Google are the smartest in the world. Oh boy are
       | those people indoctrinated.
        
         | neilv wrote:
         | What sounded like the usual Google-internal-self-
         | congratulatory-echo-chamber nonsense grated on me, too, but I
         | kept reading, and was glad I did, because the article didn't go
         | like the usual.
        
         | nostrademons wrote:
         | They were in 2008. It's largely just people's mental models
         | changing slowly, as well as selection bias of people who
         | _still_ believe Google has world-class engineering being
         | overrepresented among people who still work at Google.
        
           | SamvitJ wrote:
           | What companies would you say have world-class engineering now
           | (2024)?
        
       | davidfiala wrote:
       | > Your manager doesn't promote you?       > No, managers at
       | Google can't promote their direct reports.        They don't even
       | get a vote.       > Instead, promotion decisions come from small
       | committees of upper-level software engineers and managers who
       | have never heard of you until the day they decide on your
       | promotion.
       | 
       | AIUI, nowadays in 2022+ the manager gets the only vote.
        
         | antognini wrote:
         | It used to be that you would put together your promo packet,
         | which was sent to the promo committee. These days it is your
         | manager who puts together your promo packet. But it is still
         | the promo committee (which doesn't include your manager) that
         | decides whether or not you get promoted.
        
           | goldfish3 wrote:
           | Technically yes, but "promo committee" has also changed to be
           | your immediate org instead of being independent. Which makes
           | your promo more dependent on your manager's influence.
        
         | gopher2000 wrote:
         | Most large tech companies require the manager to write some
         | sort of a promo packet to be reviewed by a relevant committee.
         | But it's not a mystery and ultimately it falls on the manager
         | to put together a strong packet that makes it clear why the
         | candidate should be promoted. The promotion attempt itself is
         | the manager's vote. Beyond that it comes down to how strongly
         | they champion for the candidate's promotion. It's the only way
         | to ensure some consistency between promotions, IMO.
        
         | 1024core wrote:
         | What I found neat (when I heard about it) was that one could
         | nominate yourself for promo, without your manager's assent.
         | This is quite rare and a neat feature.
        
           | aix1 wrote:
           | In theory, yes. In practice, it would take some pretty
           | extraordinary circumstances for one to get promoted without
           | their manager's support.
           | 
           | For starters, even if it is the candidate themselves who
           | self-nominate, it is still the manager who writes the promo
           | readiness assessment that forms the main body of the packet.
           | It is also the manager's job to solicit peer feedback and
           | represent it to the committee.
           | 
           | One could imagine a scenario where the manager's opinion
           | diverges sharply from the assessment of the session lead and
           | other senior folks sitting on the committee (who decide
           | collectively) but again, those would be some pretty
           | exceptional circumstances...
           | 
           | Layered on top of this are promo quotas, which already mean
           | that some folks who do tick all the boxes aren't getting
           | promoted as soon as they would be otherwise (or at all). That
           | is to say that there are lots of headwinds even if the
           | manager _is_ supportive, let alone when they aren 't.
        
         | jeffbee wrote:
         | At all levels?
         | 
         | I know it changes every year so I don't let my own personal
         | experience color my perception of Google 2024, but some years
         | when I was there my manager barely even knew where my desk was.
         | My promo packets for L5 and L6 were judged by peer committees
         | and I am not sure they even saw my manager evaluations. When I
         | sat on an L5 promo committee we did not weigh manager
         | assessments. This made sense at that time because of how hands-
         | off managers were in the realm of the reasons a person could
         | get promoted to L5.
        
           | aix1 wrote:
           | These days it's the manager who writes the next-level
           | assessment (NLA) and it's the NLA that forms the main body of
           | the packet that the promo committee looks at. They're also
           | the one soliciting and summarizing peer feedback etc.
        
             | jeffbee wrote:
             | That's wildly incompatible with my experience there in the
             | previous decade. I hope the current managers are up to the
             | job! Most of my managers didn't have even the slightest
             | inkling of how to evaluate what I was doing on the job. One
             | of them was mainly occupied with running the "mindfulness"
             | office.
        
               | aix1 wrote:
               | > That's wildly incompatible with my experience there in
               | the previous decade
               | 
               | Yes, there have been some very signficant changes over
               | the last few years. Promos are decided in-org. Managers
               | play a much more important role. There are promo quotas
               | along with associated pressures (felt more acutely in
               | some orgs compared to others).
               | 
               | But, putting that asides, a manager who doesn't have any
               | idea of what or how their reports are doing is clearly
               | failing at their job under _any_ of those systems.
        
         | alarge wrote:
         | No, your manager doesn't decide your promotion. The difference
         | between before and now is that before, your manager was
         | expected to make the case for your promotion. Now, the manager
         | is expected _not_ to be an advocate, but to provide their
         | balanced input (ready now, ready soon, not yet ready).
         | 
         | The promotion still goes to a promo committee - although now
         | they try to locate it close enough to your org that they _have_
         | heard of you, and can have a high-context reviewer (not your
         | manager) at the table.
         | 
         | The carryover from the previous system (and the thing that
         | these sorts of posts seem to miss) is that every level has
         | explicit expectations about the sort of activities that a
         | person at that level can be trusted to independently conduct. A
         | decision on promotion is a decision on whether or not a person
         | has adequately demonstrated that they can do the work of the
         | next level. It isn't some sort of award for doing their current
         | job well. When someone languishes for a long time at a level,
         | it is usually because they aren't demonstrating those next-
         | level signals.
         | 
         | The system can feel unfair - like a team that lacks adequate
         | opportunities for someone to demonstrate next-level signals, or
         | the insistence that work doesn't count until its production
         | impact can be assessed (which may take years for some
         | projects). But it is rarely as capricious as may sound.
        
           | indigoabstract wrote:
           | Will Google turn into a university next?
           | 
           | Because this sounds to me a bit like how things work in
           | academia. I think the push there is to publish, but the
           | essence is that, for every decision, committees rule.
        
             | ahoka wrote:
             | Google works like academia because that's all the founders
             | knew.
        
             | disgruntledphd2 wrote:
             | I mean, it's always seemed pretty academic to me, due to
             | the founders.
        
       | shoo wrote:
       | the same author has also published an interesting series of
       | "annual review" blog posts summarising his progress trying to get
       | different software businesses off the ground -- including being
       | quite open about the finances. If you're interested in
       | boostrapping a software business, and haven't seen them, they're
       | well worth reading:
       | 
       | https://mtlynch.io/tags/annual-review/
       | 
       | https://mtlynch.io/i-sold-tinypilot/
        
         | Etheryte wrote:
         | A good highlight of what quitting your job can look like:
         | 
         | > Six years ago, I quit my job as a developer at Google to
         | create my own bootstrapped software company. For the first few
         | years, all of my businesses flopped. The best of them earned a
         | few hundred dollars per month in revenue, but none were
         | profitable.
         | 
         | We often hear about the successes, and it is easy to be loud
         | with success, but it's important to keep in mind the ground
         | truth: most companies fail.
         | 
         | It's nice to see that for this author, three years in he did
         | manage to find something that made money, but realistically
         | most people don't have that much runway to keep at it without
         | generating income.
        
           | nostrademons wrote:
           | It's an interesting reality check that in 2023, six years
           | into his journey as a bootstrapped founder, Tiny Pilot made
           | $225K in profit on ~$1M on revenue. For 2021 and 2022, it
           | made roughly a $5K profit; the rest was all losses. He quit
           | Google because he couldn't get a promotion presumably from L4
           | to L5, but $225K is less than what an L4 makes.
           | 
           | This might also be a microcosm of why the working class is
           | pissed off in America, because looking at this experience,
           | the optimal strategy for revenue is to blow smoke up the ass
           | of a wealthy corporation until they give you a fat stock
           | grant, then claim credit for the work of others so that they
           | give you more.
        
             | rvnx wrote:
             | A big factor for early employees (not N. 1 or 2, but the
             | first XXXX) is purely being lucky to be in the right place
             | at the right time.
             | 
             | https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/stroke-
             | of-...
             | 
             | This was 2007. Now worth 15 times more.
             | 
             | The Chef as well:
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Ayers
             | 
             | paid 26M USD in 2009. Now worth 15 times more.
             | 
             | So half a billion USD for this.
             | 
             | (same for Nvidia or OpenAI employees just riding the wave)
        
               | away271828 wrote:
               | I did "reasonably" well for a couple decades and then I
               | did, if not spectacularly, well for a decade+ that
               | certainly set me up for retirement. And I might have even
               | retired earlier absent COVIVD. Not spectacular sums but
               | certainly reasonable amounts given owning a house and
               | modest travel sums.
        
             | teaearlgraycold wrote:
             | You really shouldn't quit Google if your plan is to get
             | rich. You should quit if you don't care too much about
             | money and want more interesting work than being a cog in a
             | lucrative machine.
        
               | matwood wrote:
               | Yeah. Google or any of the big techs are the lowest risk
               | paths to economic stability and independence. Anyone with
               | the ability to work on one should absolutely take it.
        
               | saagarjha wrote:
               | Those who have the ability to take such a path often have
               | other paths available to them that they can take with
               | more risk-because the low risk path is _always_ available
               | to them as a fallback.
        
             | fullshark wrote:
             | Same as it ever was. The company man is hardly a new
             | phenomenon.
        
             | lotsofpulp wrote:
             | > This might also be a microcosm of why the working class
             | is pissed off in America, because looking at this
             | experience, the optimal strategy for revenue is to blow
             | smoke up the ass of a wealthy corporation until they give
             | you a fat stock grant, then claim credit for the work of
             | others so that they give you more.
             | 
             | That has always been the case. If anything, software
             | development opened up a brand new avenue for people to get
             | rich other than stuffy "elite" colleges that feed into
             | NYC/Chicago/Boston into finance/law/medicine.
        
             | pkaye wrote:
             | There is no guarantee of success. There is a lot of luck
             | involved.
             | 
             | Look at Robert Pera who founded Ubiquiti Networks. He was
             | working on an idea his bosses ignored on he own during
             | nights and weekend and then founded his company.
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pera
             | 
             | Jensen Huang said when they started Nvidia at one point
             | they were thirty days from going out of business.
             | 
             | Also compare the TinyPilot (at $399) to the open source
             | JetKVM ($69) which is supposed to come out soon.
             | 
             | https://jetkvm.com/
        
             | WalterBright wrote:
             | At one point Musk was within $100,000 of personal and
             | business bankruptcy when Tesla ran short of funds.
        
               | ouddv wrote:
               | I would bet a substantial sum that Tesla was insolvent
               | early in the m3. They suddenly were firing people all
               | over the place and not paying many vendors, and paying
               | others quite late. Additionally, the finance pros kept
               | quitting right then....
               | 
               | I think it went bk, but Musk bet that he could hype up
               | the stock enough to raise cash in the next offering and
               | then pretend it never happened...
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | If you're that interested, read the Musk biography I
               | linked to in this thread. It's a good read.
        
               | oblio wrote:
               | Based on which source? Musk?
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | The biography "Elon Musk" by Vance.
               | 
               | https://www.amazon.com/Elon-Musk-Billionaire-SpaceX-
               | Shaping/...
        
             | I_AM_A_SMURF wrote:
             | > This might also be a microcosm of why the working class
             | is pissed off in America, because looking at this
             | experience, the optimal strategy for revenue is to blow
             | smoke up the ass of a wealthy corporation until they give
             | you a fat stock grant, then claim credit for the work of
             | others so that they give you more.
             | 
             | I mean getting a job as a SWE at Google is hardly a good
             | strategy if you don't enjoy writing software. But yes once
             | you're there is very hard to justify doing anything else,
             | there's a reason why they call them "golden handcuffs".
        
             | sangnoir wrote:
             | > This might also be a microcosm of why the working class
             | is pissed off in America
             | 
             | I know it's topical, but I _really_ don 't think the
             | working class on America is pissed because they are
             | struggling to increase their annual income from $350,000 to
             | $500,000 at their Big Tech job. That's an elites-problem;
             | or whatever you choose to call anyone in the top 5% earning
             | bracket.
        
               | avereveard wrote:
               | Side of the same coin. Salaryman earning millions are
               | still salaryman. You're bounded to the whims of the
               | employer, and can lose it all from the ups and down of
               | the personal relationships that surround you. The
               | American dream is not the rich employee, is moving out to
               | that relationship and build something you own.
               | 
               | Building something that is bounded to the marked at large
               | and can weather the individual change of whims is
               | increasingly harder as megacorp are capturing more and
               | more value in every corner of the market.
               | 
               | The entire mechanism that elevated the working class to
               | entrepreneurship is broken and the effects do include a
               | working class increasingly repressed, at ever income
               | bracket.
        
               | amrocha wrote:
               | No they're not. A "salaryman" earning millions has
               | financial independence in 5 years maximum if they so
               | choose.
               | 
               | Most people are forced to work or starve. These are not
               | the same.
        
               | avereveard wrote:
               | > has financial independence
               | 
               | well yeah the dream is not the salaryman lifestile, but
               | the financial independence, thanks for agreeing with me
        
               | amrocha wrote:
               | The "salaryman lifestyle" necessitates low wages. It's a
               | "lifestyle" because you can't quit it. You make barely
               | enough money to sustain your family, so that you're
               | forced to keep working against your will.
               | 
               | If you're making millions of dollars, you're not a
               | salaryman. You're making a choice to sell your labor, but
               | you can always quit and the impact to your livelihood
               | will be minimal.
        
               | mcdeltat wrote:
               | I don't know about America, but keep in mind that having
               | an income which is a large number doesn't necessarily
               | mean you have tonnes of wealth (in most general sense of
               | the word), due to cost of living. In my country, you
               | could be in the top 5% of earners and still not be
               | automatically set or life or anything like that, because
               | tax and housing is so bloody expensive it's ridiculous.
               | Even on $200k+ you're still stuck at that job for a
               | decade or more to afford a low-to-mid tier
               | house/apartment, unless you have generational wealth. No,
               | you won't be homeless, which is a lot to be thankful for,
               | but you're still pretty locked in to being a wage minion.
               | In my country, I reckon the top 5% earning is more like
               | where the average should be, in order for the average
               | person to have a decent life.
        
               | saagarjha wrote:
               | That depends on how you live your life. Most of the
               | people who are making even the top 1% of the salaries in
               | the US are probably not set for life. They could be if
               | they quit immediately and moved to Vietnam maybe, but
               | otherwise their cash is probably locked up in a house or
               | spent on things like their car or school for their kids.
        
               | elegantlie wrote:
               | I worked in big tech in one of the coastal cities. Most
               | of my coworkers, although great people, were delusional
               | in terms of money. I was getting paid between 200k to
               | 400k during my tenure, and after working there a few
               | years, I was set for life.
               | 
               | Reality check: even in "high cost of living areas",
               | typical salaries are around 50k. Most of my coworkers
               | came from wealthy families and perceived buying condos in
               | Chelsea as middle class activities. I don't think they
               | saw themselves as rich. And to be fair, many probably
               | didn't actually save that much money, because they had
               | such expensive lifestyles.
        
               | amrocha wrote:
               | Being "stuck" at a job for a decade, living a life with
               | zero financial worries, does not compare to the average
               | worker who has to work for 40+ years, cannot afford to
               | purchase property, and has to rely on social security in
               | old age when they can't work anymore.
               | 
               | Claiming these are anywhere comparable is an incredibly
               | lack of perspective.
        
               | nostrademons wrote:
               | It's not the dollar values so much as the incentive
               | structure.
               | 
               | I think most Americans have a core value of "work hard,
               | get compensated for your work". There's a basic value of
               | _fairness_ and meritocracy, that you can take steps to
               | control your destiny and will be rewarded proportionally.
               | 
               | When you've been at Google for a few years these days,
               | you realize that this isn't really true. Nobody knows or
               | cares how good a programmer you are. Nobody really cares
               | how hard you work either. Your ability to get promoted is
               | basically dependent upon _how well your manager knows how
               | to work the system_ and then _whether you listen to your
               | manager_. I 'm an eng manager there; I am relatively good
               | at working the system, having gotten my reports 4
               | promotions in the last 2 years. My tech lead does all the
               | actual work, because he actually cares about product
               | quality, knows the code well, mentors the team
               | effectively, and is a nice guy to work with. My job is
               | just to get him promoted (which I've done, twice) and
               | ensure that he doesn't leave. The last promotion packet
               | hinged on work that took him maybe a couple months to do,
               | but that I managed to spin into a big complex project,
               | because it was stuff that folks at the Director/VP level
               | cared about deeply but had no idea how to do. All the
               | rest of the two years, the time spent fixing bugs and
               | improving code health and mentoring the team and
               | delivering small usability improvements, was basically
               | ignored (don't tell him or the rest of the team!) because
               | it fell below the radar screens of the decision-makers
               | who hold the purse strings.
               | 
               | When it comes to the working class, I suspect that most
               | of them would _like_ to be able to take pride in their
               | work and be rewarded for it. To make money because they
               | did a particularly clean plumbing job, and not because
               | they paid off Yelp to increase their rating to 4.5 stars
               | or happened to run the right Google AdWords. But that 's
               | not the world we live in, salesmanship and paying the
               | right taxes to the right overlords matters more than
               | actually doing the job well, and people are pissed about
               | it.
        
               | mixmastamyk wrote:
               | Eye opener I expected but still a bit jarring to have
               | confirmed. Am both sad and glad I'll never work in a
               | place like that.
        
               | safety1st wrote:
               | Maybe not when you put it that way, but small businesses
               | used to be a larger share of the economy and a more
               | viable "rags to riches" path than they are today. The
               | system is undoubtedly rigged to favor large businesses -
               | most people understand that intuitively but the anti-
               | trust cases the government is currently prosecuting and
               | in many cases winning are hard evidence of how the US
               | really punted on protecting the small businesses from the
               | big ones over the last few decades. You aren't going to
               | find many people in the working class who disagree with
               | the idea that big corporations should be cut down to size
               | and we should have an economic system that's friendlier
               | to people who want to be their own boss.
        
               | shostack wrote:
               | Your attempt to sow a divide among people by labeling
               | them the derogatory "elites" in line with GOP talking
               | points isn't helpful here.
               | 
               | If you want to ground this conversation in facts, here's
               | a few for you to chew on:
               | 
               | 1. Someone earning $500k/year TC still has far more in
               | common with someone earning $80k or even $50k when you
               | compare them against people with hundreds of millions or
               | billions of dollars who control capital.
               | 
               | 2. Someone earning $500k in a vhcol area like the Bay
               | Area still likely cannot afford what historically was
               | considered a "nice" home in a "nice" neighborhood without
               | years of saving up when those homes cost $3M+.
               | 
               | 3. Someone earning that may not necessarily be wealthy
               | and be largely dependent on their ability to continue
               | receiving a paycheck compared to those with true wealth
               | who can take loans against like billionaires.
               | 
               | The reality is, someone earning that much is likely
               | financially comfortable where a major disaster likely
               | won't bankrupt them, and can likely afford reasonable
               | housing for a family, and retire one day. That is more
               | than most of America for sure right now and that sucks,
               | but it absolutely does not make them "elite" and it
               | speaks volumes of the efficacy of the GOP propaganda
               | machine that you and so many others think that.
               | 
               | That _used_ to simply be  "the American dream."
        
               | j7ake wrote:
               | If they graduated from Ivy or Stanford or Berkeley, they
               | are elite even if they are unemployed after graduating.
        
               | 500ktc wrote:
               | With all due respect, you're disconnected from reality.
               | 
               | - Earning 500k TC for 15 years equals financial
               | independence and retiring at age 45 if you're careful
               | (even if you lived in a HCOL)
               | 
               | - Earning 50k means working until you're 65 with a
               | meanger 401k and spend the rest of your life depending on
               | social security
               | 
               | Just because high earners aren't billionaires doesn't
               | mean they can relate in any way to someone earning 50k or
               | even 80k, that is absurd.
        
             | whack wrote:
             | > This might also be a microcosm of why the working class
             | is pissed off in America, because looking at this
             | experience, the optimal strategy for revenue is to blow
             | smoke up the ass of a wealthy corporation until they give
             | you a fat stock grant, then claim credit for the work of
             | others so that they give you more.
             | 
             | Here's an alternate take. A competitive free market has
             | squeezed corporate profits so much, that most would-be-
             | capitalists would be better off joining the working class
             | instead. Consider the alternative where anyone who doesn't
             | have the financial means to build their own company, is
             | relegated to a sub-par quality of life.
        
             | Narhem wrote:
             | Very rarely is working for yourself/contract type work
             | going to make more money than being a hired employee.
             | 
             | Someone quoting likely means they were hired edged out by
             | employees who were sucking the corporate companies dick.
             | 
             | But you need context, for instance due to the nature of
             | Google employees pushing other employees out is likely due
             | to external organization.
             | 
             | At this point either I'm going to be a part for the rest of
             | my life or I'm going to shoot people.
        
           | rvnx wrote:
           | (Not saying it for this person, as I don't know), but there
           | is a case also where you can be a very average performer,
           | just hiding in a large corporation (or retiring, as some
           | people even say), then you will be very well paid, and highly
           | considered. Then once you leave to create your own projects
           | or join a small start-up, reality hits.
        
             | rozap wrote:
             | Ain't this the truth. So many mediocre people hide in a
             | giant company, learn how to hit their kpis and think
             | they're crushing it, but get smacked in the face by reality
             | when they leave.
             | 
             | My experience at a small company is that I always feel
             | mediocre :)
        
               | disqard wrote:
               | I assure you that Imposter Syndrome is a daily reality
               | even for Senior Engineers at Google.
        
               | I_AM_A_SMURF wrote:
               | I thought once I reached Staff at Google it would go
               | away. It in fact made it even worse now that I have a
               | whole slate of incredible peers to compare myself to.
        
               | cmrdporcupine wrote:
               | The internal culture at Google outright fosters it.
               | Everything from the interview process on.
               | 
               | My mental health is 5x better since leaving.
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | It's a _lot_ harder to found a business successfully than
           | most people imagine.
        
             | cromagnum wrote:
             | Incorrect. In fact YC's (i.e. the website you're on) whole
             | thesis is that it's a lot _easier_ to found a business
             | successfully than most people imagine. Yeah, they've
             | drifted from their roots a little but I think it's been
             | proved out.
             | 
             | The irony is killing me.
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | 80% of businesses fail within 5 years.
        
               | cromagnum wrote:
               | Well, less than 1% of lifeforms are born as humans but
               | that doesn't seem to scare people into not having babies.
        
               | snicky wrote:
               | Interesting, but I don't get it. Are you saying people
               | aren't scared of having babies even though they can
               | randomly give birth to an ant or an elephant?
        
               | Swizec wrote:
               | It's incredibly easy to found/start a business.
               | 
               | It's incredibly hard to build that beginning into a
               | profitable money machine.
        
               | theptip wrote:
               | How many have you founded? Important data point for such
               | an opinion.
        
           | Simon_ORourke wrote:
           | > It's nice to see that for this author, three years in he
           | did manage to find something that made money, but
           | realistically most people don't have that much runway to keep
           | at it without generating income.
           | 
           | Precisely this, and while I completely support the original
           | author in their quest to find their own bootstrapped
           | business, I keep wondering what the "what if" would have
           | looked like had they stayed earning the big bucks in Google.
        
             | sgerenser wrote:
             | You don't really have to wonder, Google (really all big
             | tech) stocks mooned since 2018, so he'd likely be far
             | wealthier.
        
         | yard2010 wrote:
         | I love the part of the story in which a guy in a windbreaker
         | knocks on his door on Sunday morning and tells him that he has
         | to come with him since a sprinkler popped in his office.
         | 
         | I know really few people that can write such relatable and
         | honest content like this guy. I've been stalking him for years
         | now. Great inspiration source
        
       | belval wrote:
       | I'll play devils advocate because it's more fun but this:
       | 
       | > The pipeline didn't record many metrics. The ones it did have
       | made it look like things had gotten worse. My bug discoveries
       | caused the overall bug count to increase. The pipeline's failures
       | increased because I made it fail fast on anomalies instead of
       | silently passing along bad data.
       | 
       | I understand why the author might think this is better, but all
       | software have bugs and a lot of data is tainted by those bugs.
       | Was fixing the pipeline an actual priority? Was it critical? If
       | so, how were the downstream internal customers dealing with the
       | new exceptions? Why were they not raising a ruckus about it? Why
       | was the author allowed to move on to a different project if there
       | were so many bugs in that pipeline deserving of a promotion?
       | 
       | I have met more people in life that made a big deal out of
       | ultimately unimportant details than the opposite. Internal
       | pipelines usually have a lower bar and the downstream consumer
       | may not even care about 75% of features that are just there and
       | unused. Being a senior engineering is also knowing when to leave
       | good enough alone.
       | 
       | > My other work didn't look so good on paper either. On several
       | occasions, I put my projects on hold for weeks or even months at
       | a time to help a teammate whose launch was at risk. It was the
       | right decision for the team, but it looked unimpressive in a
       | promo packet. To the promotion committee, my teammate's project
       | was the big, important work that demanded coordination from
       | multiple developers. If they hornswoggled me into helping them,
       | it's evidence of their strong leadership qualities. I was just
       | the mindless peon whose work was so irrelevant that it could be
       | pre-empted at a moment's notice.
       | 
       | Is that conclusion really wrong? It's a bit uncharitable for sure
       | but that is indeed what happened not just how it appeared to have
       | happened. If your project was such a low priority that dropping
       | it for several months does not flash a red light in someone's
       | dashboard, then I am sorry but that does not seem promotion
       | worthy.
       | 
       | The little comic also has good examples that things that imo are
       | not "senior" work. Writing E2E tests for a product that is
       | already shipped is worthwhile, but unless it's something very
       | special it's not complex enough, does not require enough design
       | to be considered "senior work".
       | 
       | Again I don't know the guy, maybe he did get an unfair read on
       | his body of work, but reading the entire blog I mostly get the
       | vibes of "I worked 2 years at Google and then wanted to be a
       | senior so I rushed my promo packet without a cornerstone project"
       | and the committee refusing that is just the system working as
       | intended.
        
         | mtlynch wrote:
         | Hi, I'm "the guy." Thanks for reading!
         | 
         | I largely agree with you.
         | 
         | I didn't mean to argue that the work I was doing for the first
         | two years merited a promotion.
         | 
         | My point was more that I felt frustrated that I was doing what
         | my manager and team asked of me, told consistently that I did
         | the work well, and then later found out that it was all
         | worthless for career advancement.
         | 
         | I think there are competing interests at a large organization
         | that make this difficult. On the one hand, you have grungy work
         | that needs to get done but only requires the skill of a junior
         | developer (e.g., fixing bugs, writing tests). On the other
         | hand, everyone at Google wants to advance their career by doing
         | senior or above work, so how do you incentivize anyone to do
         | the grungy work if it essentially means a career pause? I don't
         | know how to solve that problem at scale.
         | 
         | I didn't and still don't harbor resentment toward Google or my
         | managers for how promotions worked. I think it's difficult to
         | align incentives for an organization with 100k people, and they
         | chose a reasonable strategy. But I felt like the things I was
         | good at didn't align well with career advancement at Google, so
         | that was why I left.
        
           | skulk wrote:
           | > My point was more that I felt frustrated that I was doing
           | what my manager and team asked of me, told consistently that
           | I did the work well, and then later found out that it was all
           | worthless for career advancement.
           | 
           | oh wow. Reading this made me realize why (in the context of a
           | big tech career) it's such a good idea to have a mentor whose
           | reasonably far away from your team. They could have probably
           | pointed this out to you early.
        
             | mtlynch wrote:
             | Yeah, I found a mentor at the beginning of year 4, and they
             | were very helpful. There were a lot of things happening on
             | my team that I didn't understand, and my mentor was able to
             | recognize them as political patterns that were somewhat
             | common.
             | 
             | I realize I maybe came across as naive thinking that I
             | could get promoted without thinking much about career
             | strategy or politics, but that's how the first few years of
             | my career had worked out.
             | 
             | After undergrad, I worked for Microsoft for three years,
             | and I got promoted twice without ever thinking about
             | career. I just did the projects my team needed, and did a
             | good job. Same thing when I worked for NCC group: promoted
             | after a year and was on track for more.
             | 
             | One of the big differences in other companies was that they
             | gave me opportunities to demonstrate aptitude in my day to
             | day work rather than needing to see me launch something big
             | and shiny. I invested a lot into peer reviews and building
             | repeatable processes, so managers at those companies were
             | able to see that impact my team even if it would be hard to
             | prove measurable results to an external promo committee.
        
       | mtlynch wrote:
       | Author here. Cool to see this pop up again!
       | 
       | Happy to answer any questions about this post.
        
         | emmanueloga_ wrote:
         | I saw your post about selling TinyPilot, congratulations! FWIW
         | I agree with all your points in your 2018 article, and I wish I
         | had left Google sooner too.
         | 
         | I was wondering if you could share if you are working on a new
         | project? I saw your posts about fuzzing a PDF parser but
         | there's no context if this is for a new project, or I missed it
         | :-).
         | 
         | Cheers!
         | 
         | --
         | 
         | 1: https://mtlynch.io/i-sold-tinypilot/
        
           | mtlynch wrote:
           | Thanks!
           | 
           | No, the fuzz testing is just for fun and probably not
           | anything serious, although it would be fun to find a fuzzing
           | target that has a good bug bounty program.
           | 
           | My wife and I just had our first child, so I'm mainly
           | focusing on family time for now and slowly easing back into
           | work over the next few months. My main priority is to finish
           | the book I've been promising to write for the past four
           | years.[0]
           | 
           | [0] https://refactoringenglish.com/
        
             | emmanueloga_ wrote:
             | Very cool, I just subscribed for updates!
        
             | buzzert wrote:
             | Love the book title!
        
         | ushakov wrote:
         | Happy to have met you in Berlin at the merge :)
        
           | mtlynch wrote:
           | Hi Mish! Great meeting you as well and cool to run into you
           | again here!
        
         | satvikpendem wrote:
         | I've been following your story for the past several years since
         | you wrote this post and it helped me understand the realities
         | of indie hacking and startups more than most articles, so
         | thanks for writing in public and documenting your journey, I'm
         | sure I'm not the only one you helped. By the way, whenever I
         | see your username, I always seem to read it as Mount Lynch,
         | haha.
        
           | mtlynch wrote:
           | Haha, maybe if one of my companies does _really_ well, I 'll
           | be able to buy a mountain and name it after me.
           | 
           | Thanks so much! That's really nice to hear.
        
         | steelframe wrote:
         | Forgive me if I seem presumptuous in my advice here. You've
         | done things in your career that I can only dream of doing. What
         | I can say is that I've somehow managed to survive a quarter-
         | century in a string of Big Tech companies without dropping out
         | (yet).
         | 
         | It sounds like you may have been looking at the currents and
         | picking the one that seemed best one to swim in. I found
         | there's often -- but not always -- another option: build a dam.
         | In other words, change it up. Alter the landscape. Seek to
         | change the business in a way that nobody's been willing/able to
         | do before. Looking back at my career I found I was happiest and
         | most successful when I was able to tell my boss what I was
         | doing vs. waiting for my boss to tell me to do something
         | interesting/impactful/etc.
         | 
         | When that option doesn't seem to be presenting itself, it's
         | probably time to move on. But I've found it's often worth
         | giving it a try first.
         | 
         | A couple of times I needed to earn the right to create my own
         | destiny by pushing through some grunge work, but once I
         | established a degree of trust with my management chain, that
         | was capital I could "cash in on" by proposing something big,
         | new, and interesting. It never ceases to amaze me to see how
         | boldness often gets rewarded. I just saw a co-worker of mine
         | draw blood from a stone (funding-wise) by proposing something
         | ambitious and controversial last week. Suddenly they're a TL of
         | a new team this week. They've built a reputation for "just
         | getting it done," so management has confidence in their ability
         | to execute and drive results.
         | 
         | Whenever I'm starting to feel stuck in a rut, that's when I
         | open a blank document and start hammering out a design for
         | something new. I'm not even thinking about promotion when I do
         | that. But somehow, somewhere down the road, either a promotion
         | or a bigger opportunity with another company has always come of
         | it.
        
           | cromagnum wrote:
           | Can you explain how this doesn't amount to saying "You seem
           | like you're brave. There's another option: be a coward."
           | 
           | You don't seem to be proposing an alternative strategy with
           | equivalent risk/reward dynamics, rather, it seems like what
           | amounts to anathema to entrepreneurship.
        
             | skulk wrote:
             | some people would rather be well paid, secure cowards than
             | scrappy risk-taking heroes.
        
               | cromagnum wrote:
               | But GP is specifically talking to someone who isn't in
               | that bucket?
        
           | mtlynch wrote:
           | Context for others: steelframe and I were teammates at
           | Microsoft in the late 2000s.[0]
           | 
           | Hey steelframe! Good to see you here again!
           | 
           | This is good advice and something I wish I'd recognized
           | earlier at Google. For the first few years there, I was under
           | a manager who had 20+ direct reports, so he probably didn't
           | have time to think of the best projects for me.
           | 
           | I probably would have been better off figuring out my own
           | high-impact project rather than focusing on fighting short-
           | term fires that kept popping up for my team.
           | 
           | In certain ways, I solved this with the founder route because
           | I get to skip the "earning the right to create my own
           | destiny" phase, but in other ways, there's inescapable grunge
           | work like legal compliance, taxes, vendor issues, etc.
           | 
           | [0] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41011696
        
         | AureliusMA wrote:
         | Nice to see you on HN :-) Too bad we couldn't reach a deal on
         | your Keto site, but hopefully the new owner takes care of it
         | well. Can't wait to see what you will do next! Cheers!
        
         | sjs7007 wrote:
         | I don't have anything useful to add but just want to say, like
         | many others have said, I really appreciate the way you have
         | continued to document your journey from start to today and not
         | shied away from sharing details. Thank you for that!
        
         | dom96 wrote:
         | How old were you when you decided to quit Google? How much
         | savings did you have at that point?
        
       | cdrini wrote:
       | I'm not sure I agree with this. The breaking projects before
       | completion is very annoying, but also the author seems like they
       | were only there for a promotion? I mean a promotion is nice, but
       | it was never really explained why that was such a dealbreaker. If
       | the only thing keeping you at your job is the prospect of a
       | better title, that's probably a bad sign. They then made a
       | lifetime's worth of money at Google in four years, and then used
       | that financial stability to do something high risk which most
       | people can't afford to do. Regardless, I'm glad they've found
       | work that resonates with them! Hopefully they can use that
       | financial stability to build something useful and impactful :)
        
         | strken wrote:
         | I would be very discouraged if the people who set tech strategy
         | at my company were the ones who had passed me on the promo
         | ladder by not writing any tests and refusing to go to
         | interviews or help their team fix bugs.
        
         | asdfman123 wrote:
         | Will you work for me as a software engineer? I'll pay you $20
         | an hour, which is vastly more than nearly all of your ancestors
         | throughout history have made. Why is it a dealbreaker? Don't
         | you enjoy software engineering?
         | 
         | My point is that human psychology doesn't work that way. You
         | compete with people around you. If they're getting promoted
         | while you're being left behind, you're not going to be very
         | happy about it.
        
           | shadowgovt wrote:
           | Actually, that varies from person to person. I've been fine
           | not being promoted (less time doing the self-reporting
           | monkey-dance leaves more time to work on projects), and I
           | make enough to satisfy my material needs and desires. And at
           | most startups, there's nowhere to be promoted _to_ when you
           | 're a double-digit hire. There's just the work and the chance
           | of a cash-out (or of changing the world, whatever gets you up
           | in the morning).
           | 
           | Very different from the BigCo rat race.
        
             | taneq wrote:
             | > And at most startups, there's nowhere to be promoted to
             | when you're a double-digit hire.
             | 
             | This is something I'd assumed every engineer-type person
             | faces sooner or later. Unless you're in a massive corp with
             | hundreds of engineers, there's only maybe two or three
             | tiers of engineering roles. That's two promotions, ever,
             | unless you want to be promoted out of engineering and into
             | management. So if you want to stay technical, instead of
             | chasing higher status job titles, you have to chase higher
             | status projects.
        
           | cdrini wrote:
           | It's less about comparing to your ancestors, more your peers
           | in other industries. If you're getting payed say $40/h,
           | that's muuuuch more than most other jobs, and can give you a
           | comfortable living for quite a while.
           | 
           | I agree human psychology is part of it and can help explain
           | someone's mentality, but I don't think human psychology can
           | fully justify someone's behaviour, since humans aren't
           | automatons beholden to their psychology.
        
             | klipt wrote:
             | Not if you live in a very high cost of living area. Which
             | is where the biggest Google offices are.
        
               | cdrini wrote:
               | That's a good point, but I don't believe it scales at the
               | same rate -- meaning I believe the salaries are much
               | higher than the living costs.
               | 
               | Eg average us salary is probably somewhere around 60k.
               | Let's say single bedroom apartment not in SF is maybe
               | like 1.5k/mo, that leaves like 42k left over.
               | 
               | Google salary I would guess is closer to 150k (low end
               | probably); SF single bedroom is probably closer to 4k/mo,
               | that leaves 102k. Big difference, and note the ratio here
               | isn't as important as the absolute value. You live a very
               | different life with 102k than with 42k.
               | 
               | And also note wealth doesn't really increase linearly
               | with how much money you have, it tends to be more than
               | linear, because people with lots of money are more
               | comfortable investing large chunks of it, which further
               | increases their wealth.
        
               | Karrot_Kream wrote:
               | Internally most larger tech companies index their salary
               | bands based on the CoL of the employee. The downturn over
               | the last couple years has had many companies move reqs
               | from high CoL areas to low CoL areas to save money.
        
               | mattlondon wrote:
               | IME of Big Cos, it is _never_ cost of living that is
               | taken into account, but what  "the competition" in the
               | local market are paying, and then some percentile of
               | that.
               | 
               | Who "the competition" are specifically is 99.9% of the
               | time entirely black-box, as is the percentile that the
               | company is targeting. So they claim it is open and
               | transparent ("we benchmark against local employers in
               | tech") but the actual details are hidden - are the other
               | employers they are using FAANG or someone else? Are they
               | targeting 50% or 95%? Etc etc ("oh that is confidential
               | sorry")
               | 
               | This is how you end up with situations like London, which
               | is obscenely expensive cost of living, yet gets lower
               | salaries than SF and Zurich which in my experience are a
               | bit cheaper than London for day to day costs (e.g.
               | transport, food etc).
               | 
               | London is a physically & metaphorically huge cultural
               | World Capital and attracts loads of people from across
               | the world so there is more competition for tech/high-
               | skilled roles because so many people move to London after
               | they graduate, and stay for good. So salaries are lower
               | but everything else is more expensive due to population
               | density and resulting demand. No one wants to live in
               | Zurich so there are less people competing for each job,
               | so salaries need to be higher to attract and retain staff
               | in such a dull and boring place that people naturally and
               | understandably plan to leave after a few years.
        
           | raincole wrote:
           | > Why is it a dealbreaker?
           | 
           | Because they can find a job that pays way more than $20 an
           | hour. That's it.
        
           | r0m4n0 wrote:
           | Agree and not only that, Google attracts a certain type of
           | person that I feel like is more competitive and slightly
           | obsessed with self image (senior role titles for example)
        
         | shadowgovt wrote:
         | It's a little more than that. At the level this engineer was
         | at, they are expected to seek and attain promotion. Sitting at
         | a level below staff becomes a negative and can lead to you
         | being put on a PIP because you aren't meeting the declared
         | expectations when you aren't being promoted.
         | 
         | Google eventually removed that language because they learned
         | that in a 100,000-person company, there's simply not enough
         | room in the pyramid and they'll lose the people who are doing
         | the keeping-the-lights-on work who don't self-promote. They
         | didn't know that yet in 2018 if memory serves.
        
           | rockemsockem wrote:
           | It was senior (L5) that you were expected to reach, not
           | staff. It was revised down to L4. For reference almost all
           | SWE hires start at L3.
        
             | skirmish wrote:
             | > For reference almost all SWE hires start at L3.
             | 
             | Straight out of school, yes. With a few years of outside
             | experience and an advanced degree, it is easy to join at
             | L5. Which I think is ideal, no promotion headaches, just
             | focus on interesting work (L6 already starts to be
             | management heavy, so not that attractive).
        
               | rockemsockem wrote:
               | Yes, good point I should have clarified that.
        
               | klipt wrote:
               | Yes switching jobs is often a path to "sideways
               | promotion". You have to interview well, but that's
               | something that's learnable - and more under your control
               | in a way, than getting good promotable projects at your
               | current employer.
        
         | r0ze-at-hn wrote:
         | > author seems like they were only there for a promotion
         | 
         | It is more the other way around. Internally google
         | taught/teaches engineers that their only goal is promotion. All
         | parts of this used to be very very public. There are whole
         | presentations, decks, docs, and more. What level you are and
         | what level the person you are talking to ~mattered~. The goal
         | isn't to be a good engineer, to make good products, or anything
         | liek that, but to ONLY do what a nameless committee might want
         | to make that magical number go higher. So while they might not
         | have joined Google for that reason eventually they learned what
         | was wanted. There is a whole generation of software engineers
         | that learned this lesson unfortunately.
        
           | rockemsockem wrote:
           | This is not true. Google is so large that I'm definitely
           | willing to believe that there are parts where people are like
           | this, but I found that people generally did not care about my
           | level and while there are many docs/slides about how to get
           | promoted it was largely oriented towards helping people
           | advocate effectively for themselves and was not "thou shall
           | be promoted".
           | 
           | There was/is the expectation that eventually everyone can
           | reach a certain level within a certain (very generous) amount
           | of time, but I don't see that as the same thing at all.
        
             | nicoburns wrote:
             | > There was/is the expectation that eventually everyone can
             | reach a certain level within a certain (very generous)
             | amount of time, but I don't see that as the same thing at
             | all.
             | 
             | The fact that you are expected to reach a certain level in
             | a certain time period, and going up levels involves a
             | largely arbitrary process that is disconnected from your
             | actual work performance seems pretty problematic to me.
             | Seems like it'd be hard to focus on actually doing useful
             | work in such an environment.
        
               | rockemsockem wrote:
               | No, it really isn't.
               | 
               | The amount of time is very long, I don't even actually
               | know what it was, and I personally am not aware of anyone
               | this happened to and have never heard of anyone this
               | happened to. In the past you were expected to hit L5, 2
               | promotions from hire, and now the expectation is L4, so
               | only 1.
               | 
               | An L5 engineer at Google is someone who is expected to be
               | able to handle any medium-large difficulty task with some
               | amount of cross-team coordination and get it done without
               | much oversight. IMO every software engineer should be
               | able to get to that point in their career eventually
               | otherwise it indicates a pretty big problem.
        
               | spwa4 wrote:
               | > The amount of time is very long
               | 
               | It is now, it used to be a lot shorter. "Up or out" has
               | effectively been sacrificed to cost savings, which is
               | perhaps a good thing in some ways.
        
               | rockemsockem wrote:
               | What did it used to be?
        
               | cmrdporcupine wrote:
               | When I started in 2011 I was told "up or out" of L4 by 4
               | years.
               | 
               | That was dropped around 2015 or 2016.
               | 
               | I stayed for 10 years at L4 then left on my own. I had no
               | interest in the perf game and never attempted promotion.
               | L4 money was good enough.
        
               | cmrdporcupine wrote:
               | I don't think it was a case of it "happening to" people,
               | as in HR took them out back and put a bullet in their
               | head... just social pressure. Internal elitism, perf
               | comments, slowly chipping away at you, maybe even toss
               | you on a PIP. Until you throw up your hands and leave.
               | After all, other employers would be more than happy to
               | have you.
               | 
               | But yes, it was officially dropped. I stayed as L4 for 10
               | years. But when I transferred teams I occasionally got
               | ... attitude.
               | 
               | Thing is, if you go from L4->L5 (or L5->L6) based on
               | performance you're expected to stay or improve on that
               | performance once you're at L5, and if you don't, you'll
               | get up with Needs Improvement, and there's no going back
               | to L4.
        
               | jebarker wrote:
               | What happens once you hit L5? You just need to perform
               | satisfactorily each year?
        
               | dmazzoni wrote:
               | Yes. There are far fewer people at each higher level.
        
               | fuzzfactor wrote:
               | There's different kinds of customers for different kinds
               | of bureaucracies though.
               | 
               | However, it looks like the people working at L4 for
               | Google are being handled no differently by HR than
               | assembly-line workers at other top Wall Street companies.
               | Better pay for more people than most of the old guard,
               | but why can't they do this part of it with some
               | ingenuity.
               | 
               | >The fact that you are expected to reach a certain level
               | in a certain time period
               | 
               | At least factory workers know this is not going to happen
               | from the get-go. This is even more non-congruous for the
               | kind of HR involved. Probably why factory workers have as
               | much of their productivity leveraged as they do. Most of
               | those companies are so far from bonanzaville, if they
               | didn't do it right, they would have failed a long time
               | ago.
               | 
               | You would think Google was built from a different
               | foundation well enough to avoid this, or would have been
               | able to migrate further away from useless bureaucracy
               | than some of the hundred-year-old companies. It's almost
               | like they didn't know any better.
               | 
               | Well, when you do the math it seems like for quite some
               | time that everything truly worthwhile going on at Google
               | has been, to a very large extent, the conserved portion
               | of the output of people who never got promoted.
               | 
               | Financially, if you were going to invest in _people_ ,
               | that would make them the better investment than those who
               | did get promoted :\
               | 
               | It might be difficult to put some exact numbers on it,
               | but you could probably tell how high-performance the
               | unsung heroes are, by whether or not Google is making any
               | money or not any more, and how much.
               | 
               | Now what about the people who could never get hired at
               | Google or places like that to begin with?
               | 
               | If you could invest in somebody like that, woo hoo the
               | sky's the limit !
               | 
               | You'd be raking in the bucks way more on a hard-working
               | non-corporate scrapper than Google makes from a highly
               | credentialed true genius who is the least bit decent at
               | corporate climbing :)
        
             | tdeck wrote:
             | I will second what the parent poster says, people
             | definitely cared about levels in the teams I was on
             | (2016-2021). Sometimes people would talk about other
             | engineers using only their level. E.g. "some L3 keeps
             | sending me these crappy CLs" or my manager introducing new
             | teammates by saying "we have a new L5 joining the team".
             | This seemed normal to a lot of people at Google, but since
             | I have worked at other places where someone's level almost
             | never comes up in any conversation I always found it a
             | little concerning.
        
               | rockemsockem wrote:
               | So like I said, I definitely believe that it happened,
               | but I didn't see it and I have a hard time believing it
               | was the norm. I was there 2016-2022. Also the "some L3
               | keeps sending me these crappy CLs" person sounds like a
               | bit of a dick.
        
           | azemetre wrote:
           | How long would you say Google has been like this? Around the
           | time when they realized they had an unstoppable monopoly?
           | IPO? Early years? Always?
        
           | SamvitJ wrote:
           | This is just not true, sorry, even now. Google is one of the
           | tech companies known for deemphasizing level visibility and
           | titles. Case in point: almost three years in, and I don't
           | know the levels of many of my colleagues. Though sometimes
           | one can guess.
        
         | nvarsj wrote:
         | Fairly sure Google has/had a cliff for engineers to reach
         | senior by a certain time frame. That puts immense pressure to
         | get promoted, or you get laid off.
        
           | rockemsockem wrote:
           | It's no longer senior, it's only L4 (new hires are usually
           | L3). Also I never knew the time length for the cliff, but I
           | think it was really, really long.
        
             | joshuamorton wrote:
             | It also wasn't, as far as I know, every strictly enforced.
             | There were folks when I joined (which was when the L5
             | requirement still existed, but it was in its way out) who
             | had been L4 for like a decade.
        
               | aix1 wrote:
               | Right, while there was a "growth" expectation for L4s
               | written into the SWE job ladder, there were no fixed
               | timelines. Enforcement varied from org to org: at least
               | one of my previous orgs periodically conducted talent
               | reviews, specifically looking at cases like long-tenured
               | L4s to decide whether to intervene.
               | 
               | That was before the layoffs started. One of my by then
               | ex-reports, who was a very talented and knowledgeable but
               | not at all career-focused long-time L4s got laid off in
               | one of the rounds. :(
        
           | izacus wrote:
           | Not just Google - I haven't seen many companies which would
           | tolerate people being stuck on junior level for many years.
           | They'd be slowly managed out (unless the company is
           | government or really big).
        
         | herval wrote:
         | > the author seems like they were only there for a promotion?
         | 
         | Based on Blind and personal experience, the vast majority of
         | people in big tech are literally doing that. It's probably the
         | most used carrot used by management in those companies too, so
         | hard to blame them
        
         | yodsanklai wrote:
         | > they were only there for a promotion?
         | 
         | My experience: initially, I learned a lot of new things, I was
         | excited to work for a big famous company. But eventually, it
         | started to be less fun and more stressful. There's an endless
         | push for impact or to improve some questionable metrics, while
         | technical debt is building up. Also there's always uncertainty
         | about reorgs and layoffs. Lots of anxiety related to the next
         | evaluation cycle.
         | 
         | After a few years, I can say money is probably my main driver.
         | Although, I don't want to get promoted because I certainly
         | don't want more stress. I want to stay in this company as long
         | as possible because I will be very hard to earn more money
         | elsewhere.
        
         | iLoveOncall wrote:
         | > the author seems like they were only there for a promotion?
         | 
         | Well, yes obviously? People get jobs to get money, and a
         | promotion gives you more money.
         | 
         | The ones not aiming for a promotion are the strange ones, not
         | the ones who are.
        
           | aix1 wrote:
           | I'd say that's a rather narrow way to look at it.
           | 
           | I know more than a handful of folks who are very happy with
           | their level of responsibility and comp, and don't want higher
           | expectations and more stress even if it would bring in
           | significantly more cash. I personally think that's a pretty
           | healthy way to look at it. Not everything in life is about
           | money.
        
       | asdfman123 wrote:
       | This is also why I'm thinking about leaving Google. I have little
       | to sit through meetings, try to pawn necessary work off to
       | others, and play the game while there's a hundred small tasks
       | that my project desperately needs me to get done.
       | 
       | I can jump ship and make $50-100k/yr more because the next place
       | I work will actually value my experience, even though it's
       | technically much more useful to Google.
        
         | shadowgovt wrote:
         | I did this. Google (at least, the chain of managers I had)
         | didn't know how to manage people like me and I wish I'd
         | realized it sooner.
         | 
         | I make more money now doing more effective work faster at a
         | smaller company with a focused project, not a 100,000-person
         | everything company.
        
         | throwaway_5753 wrote:
         | Where will you go that will be a 50k-100k bump over google
         | comp?
        
           | shadowgovt wrote:
           | Lots of places, for two reasons
           | 
           | 1) companies usually hire ex-Googlers up-level because
           | they're perceived as being more valuable (Google titles tend
           | to under-represent engineer capabilities; an L4 Googler is an
           | SSE elsewhere).
           | 
           | 2) Google was one of the FAANGs that fixed wages via
           | unofficial non-competes. Their compensation ladders still
           | reflect that.
        
             | sickblastoise wrote:
             | Dealing with some ex googlers at my current (non tech
             | company) now, Jesus Christ they are culture killers at
             | regular companies.
        
               | mtnGoat wrote:
               | I know at my last job I closed any resumes that had
               | Google on them. They generally didn't do well at startups
               | in my opinion, the scope and responsibilities are too
               | broad and there is no where to hide. And the ones I did
               | hire tended to want to make everything look the way it
               | did at Google.
        
               | cdrini wrote:
               | That seems a little much; Google has had such a huge
               | number of software employees, that it seems unwise to
               | draw assumptions about everyone based on what I imagine
               | has been a much smaller sample size than the total that
               | you've personally worked with.
        
               | goalonetwo wrote:
               | exactly this. Working with a couple ex-google and ex-
               | facebook. Without failing every meeting we hear at least
               | once "At Google/Facebook we used to ..." for something
               | that is completely not applicable here.
        
               | arghnoname wrote:
               | I work at one of the big companies and some people do
               | that even here. People just talk about their experience
               | or other systems that they know. It always feels
               | conservative to me, as often it's said to suggest
               | emulating what some other group or company did to solve
               | an often superficially similar problem, but with entirely
               | different constraints. I think some people with certain
               | kinds of thought patterns just pattern match and try to
               | apply past experience a bit too broadly.
        
           | shitlord wrote:
           | Google doesn't exactly pay top of market.
        
             | throwaway_5753 wrote:
             | who does these days?
        
               | throwaway215234 wrote:
               | Lots of high-paying companies, if you work on hard
               | engineering problems. Probably not many for CRUD or
               | frontend.
        
               | izacus wrote:
               | Let's hear some examples :)
        
           | asdfman123 wrote:
           | Google would be a $50-100k bump over Google if they promoted
           | me to the level commensurate with my experience
        
           | throwaway215234 wrote:
           | Google comp is known to be low. Top candidates with in-demand
           | skills can easily ask for 2x TC of google and get a stream of
           | offers pouring in.
        
             | laweijfmvo wrote:
             | ask where?
        
           | runeblaze wrote:
           | Smaller companies need to outbid Google for talent,
           | especially if they carry less stability. I imagine there are
           | quite many who went like: leaves Google for great cash
           | package at smaller company/start up -> smaller company goes
           | belly up -> go back to FAANG
        
       | misstercool wrote:
       | Quote the author "To continue advancing my career, I'd need
       | projects that were even larger in scope and involved
       | collaboration with more partner teams. But that just meant the
       | project could fail due to even more factors outside my control,
       | wasting months or years of my life."
       | 
       | I am sure if he looks back and reflects again, he will admit that
       | the success of a startup relay on 100+ other factors that out of
       | your control. It is never a wasting time in your life. You
       | learned how the world works!
        
         | joshdavham wrote:
         | > the success of a startup relay on 100+ other factors that out
         | of your control
         | 
         | Very true. You do at least have more control in a startup
         | however (at least that's how feels).
        
         | mtlynch wrote:
         | Author here!
         | 
         | > _I am sure if he looks back and reflects again, he will admit
         | that the success of a startup relay on 100+ other factors that
         | out of your control. It is never a wasting time in your life.
         | You learned how the world works!_
         | 
         | After six years of running bootstrapped businesses, I actually
         | more strongly believe the opposite.
         | 
         | It might be true at a high-growth VC-backed startup that you
         | need many stars to align to succeed.
         | 
         | In bootstrapped businesses, you basically just need one thing
         | to succeed: product market fit. If you create a product that
         | people want, you'll probably succeed even if you make a lot of
         | other mistakes.
         | 
         | With TinyPilot, I didn't know anything about hardware or
         | selling a physical product at the beginning, so I did a million
         | things wrong. But I landed on a product people were willing to
         | pay for, and I found a good way of getting it in front of
         | customers, so the company worked. I did some things right, but
         | for the first year, I mostly felt like revenue was growing on
         | its own and I was trying to keep up.
         | 
         | You still need luck to find product market fit because lots of
         | reasonable-sounding ideas end up flopping, but you really just
         | need to get lucky once rather than wait for a whole set of
         | things to get lucky at the same time.
        
           | misstercool wrote:
           | Well, to be honest, I have never heard any of many FAANG
           | turned startup founder friends told me that the want to build
           | a life style business from the beginning. Every one wants to
           | build a vc-backed startup with a home run idea. Many of them
           | ended up building life style business because the markets of
           | their ideas were actually much smaller.
           | 
           | If you do the math, climbing the corporate ladder at FAANG
           | might have better ROI than running life style business. Of
           | course, money is not the only consideration in life.
        
             | mtlynch wrote:
             | Yeah, I agree financial ROI is definitely higher in a
             | FAANG, especially the last five years.
             | 
             | I'm still glad that I left when I did, as I value autonomy
             | a lot, so being able to choose what to do every day is
             | worth a lot to me.
        
       | joshdavham wrote:
       | The author also has an update for 6 years later:
       | https://mtlynch.io/solo-developer-year-6/
        
       | phyzix5761 wrote:
       | I think you learned the most important lesson of any career: the
       | customer is not your customer. The person/people who control your
       | raise, bonus, and promotion are your real customers.
       | 
       | Think about it like this. A customer is the entity that exchanges
       | money for something they value; like a good or service. That's
       | usually your manager. Or in the case of OP the promotion
       | committee. (Many times it's both your manager and the promotion
       | committee). They are the ones who directly control your money
       | (raise, bonus, promotion, etc).
       | 
       | With that perspective in mind it makes sense to manage your
       | career as a business where you're doing things to increase the
       | rate at which you deliver value to the entity which can trade
       | money for that value.
       | 
       | Many of the setbacks you faced are very common when trying to run
       | your own business. The customer changes their mind, the market
       | shifts the goal posts, you realize you're focusing on the wrong
       | things. Like a business you have to constantly change your
       | strategy and adapt to the customer; not the other way around.
       | Why? Because the customer can very easily get their goods or
       | services from someone else if you can't deliver what they want.
        
         | ljm wrote:
         | What you are describing is contracting, self-employment,
         | consultancy, and those are orthogonal to having a career.
        
           | manmal wrote:
           | Why are you adding this distinction? Having done both, I
           | can't say I disagree with GP. Maybe I've overlooked
           | something.
        
             | lazide wrote:
             | They probably prefer to _believe_ they don't have to do
             | those things.
        
         | hinkley wrote:
         | And the user may also not be the customer. Which is why UX and
         | DevEx are so much more difficult. If you're a person making a
         | piece on commission, what the buyer wants and needs can be
         | different and you can get to the end and they are still
         | unhappy.
         | 
         | But if you're working for a boss, they can get in the way. It's
         | not enough that you do what the customer wants, you have to do
         | it my way, even if that prevents the customer from getting what
         | they want.
         | 
         | And if the "customer" is buying the item for someone else, that
         | indirection can result in failure as well. Which often happens
         | when you make custom software for businesses. Their boss wants
         | what he wants, and that's not what his employees want.
        
           | WWLink wrote:
           | > And the user may also not be the customer. Which is why UX
           | and DevEx are so much more difficult. If you're a person
           | making a piece on commission, what the buyer wants and needs
           | can be different and you can get to the end and they are
           | still unhappy.
           | 
           | This is exactly we end up with MS Products like Teams and
           | Windows Phone 7/8 lol. A lot of MS stuff is built to sell to
           | the companies not the employees.
        
             | antupis wrote:
             | And it is working generally very well if you compare GCP
             | and Azure. DX is much better at GCP but Azure does stuff
             | that companies care much better and is 2x bigger.
        
             | hinkley wrote:
             | MS offers bundle deals to managers who eat that up like a
             | 1980's TV wife bragging about how she "saved" the family
             | $300 by buying $1000 of shit they didn't need.
             | 
             | It's been their schtick practically from the beginning.
        
         | heresie-dabord wrote:
         | > the most important lesson of any career: The person/people
         | who control your raise, bonus, and promotion are your real
         | customers.
         | 
         | Such is a "career" in a large hierarchy, where actual
         | acquaintance with people hardly exists and is replaced by
         | "process".
         | 
         | In short, your _real customers_ are not even people anymore,
         | they are a _process_.
         | 
         | Having enthusiasm for pursuing great ideas that help _people_
         | is the sweet spot in both career and society.
         | 
         | From the Fine Article:
         | 
         | "Of course my fate should be in the hands of a mysterious
         | committee who's never met me. They wouldn't be tainted by any
         | sort of favoritism or politics. They'd see past all that and
         | recognize me for my high-quality code and shrewd engineering
         | decisions."
        
         | LightBug1 wrote:
         | Sounds like hell.
        
         | DeathArrow wrote:
         | >I think you learned the most important lesson of any career:
         | the customer is not your customer. The person/people who
         | control your raise, bonus, and promotion are your real
         | customers.
         | 
         | Yes and maximizing the value of your business means optimizing
         | for promotion. Students should be teached these things in
         | universities so they don't waste years from their lives after
         | they graduate.
        
           | noduerme wrote:
           | Optimizing for promotion is a terrible solution to life's
           | problems. Promotions often, if not always, come with much
           | larger workloads for only marginal pay increases.
           | 
           | Whether the a corporate hierarchy is your "customer" or you
           | deal with actual end-consumers, the goal is to _minimize_
           | your workload while _maximizing_ your paycheck, and a
           | promotion in a corporate setting simply does not do that
           | anywhere short of the C-suite.
           | 
           | So what should one optimize for, if not promotion? _Being the
           | indispensable guru in your domain_. People get promoted and
           | people get laid off. No one has as much power as the person
           | you cannot, must not, ever fire. In such a situation, the
           | optimal strategy is to terrify one 's superiors who don't
           | understand the domain, and _refuse_ promotion (but do accept
           | a raise).
           | 
           | See that webmonkey in the corner next to the rain pipe,
           | making double what the manager makes? If they fired him the
           | whole company would be screwed because he's the only one who
           | has a complete picture of XYZ client's network
           | infrastructure.
        
             | naveen99 wrote:
             | Ideally promotions are for people who can handle increased
             | responsibility with ease.
             | 
             | Think of lifting more weight every week when you begin a
             | strength training program. You get promoted until you
             | plateau.
        
             | esprehn wrote:
             | > Promotions often, if not always, come with much larger
             | workloads for only marginal pay increases.
             | 
             | While this might be true in other industries, in big tech
             | companies like TFA is talking about SWE promotions come
             | with rather large increases in pay.
             | 
             | https://www.levels.fyi/?compare=Amazon,Facebook,Google&trac
             | k...
             | 
             | The author was trying to go from L4 to L5. Promotions are
             | also backwards facing, which means at the point you get
             | promoted you're already doing the larger workload.
        
           | epolanski wrote:
           | I find it super sad that we should teach kids how to climb
           | corporate ladders rather than taking control of their life,
           | starting businesses, making the world a better place or
           | chasing a career of fulfilment rather than maximizing money
           | return.
        
             | godzillabrennus wrote:
             | Agreed. Every kid their senior year of high school should
             | be forming an LLC, starting a company around their idea,
             | learning the basic skills to operate one, if they want to
             | graduate.
        
               | ryandrake wrote:
               | I sometimes can't even detect sarcasm on HN anymore. What
               | 16-18 year old kid (or their parents) has the capital and
               | time to start and run their own business? Even when
               | they're adults, they likely will not have access to
               | business ownership. Depending on the source you use,
               | somewhere between 5 and 10% of Americans own their own
               | business. I'm not saying basic business skills aren't
               | valuable--they are, but the vast, vast majority of people
               | will work for someone else throughout their careers.
               | Shouldn't we be optimizing education for the 90% case?
        
               | dfee wrote:
               | You and I have a fundamentally different view about how
               | to optimize education. Your view is probably great to
               | cover the base case of people "checking out" of their
               | children's education, but my individualized view doesn't
               | care about the 90% but the child in front of me.
               | 
               | I'd also posit that this approach to education reduces
               | overall attainment by dulling the edge of what the margin
               | is capable of.
        
               | egypturnash wrote:
               | I don't know if this is sarcasm or not but:
               | 
               | You could make it work if this "everyone forms an LLC in
               | school" initiative comes with "everyone gets a chunk of
               | cash to invest into this business". I assume the time
               | would come from restructuring curriculums so that half of
               | your senior year is spent on this project. Maybe add
               | another year onto high school instead that is the
               | Business Year.
               | 
               | This would also require a massive increase in the amount
               | of money going into schools so it's pretty much a non-
               | starter in the US.
               | 
               | As to "optimizing for the 90%", I feel like there's
               | probably a lot of interesting differences in a world
               | where every high school graduate has been in a boss'
               | shoes. Possibly bosses would be able to get away with a
               | lot less shady shit. This probably doesn't help the
               | chances of setting it up either.
        
               | epolanski wrote:
               | I would legit support a law that gives every 18 years old
               | 50k to decide what to do in their life. And to adjust it
               | with life.
               | 
               | As a society we would be making a better long term
               | investment in the economy.
               | 
               | And give them good education, but most importantly
               | examples we can.
        
           | jebarker wrote:
           | > maximizing the value of your business means optimizing for
           | promotion
           | 
           | Until the actual business you work for goes down the pan
           | because everyone is optimizing for promotion
        
           | JKCalhoun wrote:
           | I did not care for the performance review practices at Apple
           | (and it is probably similar in every other big corporation).
           | 
           | We'll give you a 1 to 3 rating in three categories (it's been
           | a while, something like: "Expertise", "Innovation",
           | "Teamwork"). A "1" means you did not meet expectations, a "2"
           | means you met expectations and a "3" means you exceeded
           | expectations.
           | 
           | If we give you a "1" in anything, you should probably start
           | to look for a job elsewhere.
           | 
           | We can't give you a "3" in two of the categories above
           | however. Well, we can but then we have to go up the
           | management chain -- perhaps even to the director -- because
           | giving someone a "3" in more than one category means we have
           | to raise your "grade". And moving up a grade is a Big Deal.
           | We can only have so many top-tier engineers.
           | 
           | Oh, and regardless of what your manager thinks of you, all
           | managers have to report to _their_ manager for what we call a
           | "leveling session". Here your manager needs to defend their
           | choices when compensating their direct reports in front of
           | all the other managers and of course their boss as well.
           | 
           | Something in particular we're looking to make sure of is that
           | your manager rewards _some_ of their direct-reports with
           | bonuses, a raise, etc. but  "punishes" others. Egalitarianism
           | is frowned upon.
        
         | cmrdporcupine wrote:
         | > the customer is not your customer. The person/people who
         | control your raise, bonus, and promotion are your real
         | customers
         | 
         | This is definitely the case in many/most companies, but it's
         | also a sign of a dysfunctional and declining internal company
         | culture, and a bad pattern that will lead to decline in quality
         | of product and deteriorating internal team dynamics.
         | 
         | It's better to seek out employers where this inevitable trend
         | is explicitly countered, or hasn't developed yet.
         | 
         | We all feel better when we're producing good quality and get
         | recognition for it.
        
           | julianeon wrote:
           | Above a certain company size however I think what he's
           | describing is not avoidable. In a less than 0.5k person
           | company you've very close to the company. In a > 10k person
           | company there's no way: there's a lot of layers to the
           | company and often can't "touch" the customer as an employee.
           | The nature of the job is mediating how the layers interact:
           | you can't reduce that complexity out of it.
        
       | robertclaus wrote:
       | I know this article is about Google's culture and the author is a
       | strong developer, but it reminds me of conversations with junior
       | developers at other companies. I've worked with a lot of junior
       | folks that think they should be a "senior" 2 years out of their
       | undergrad CS courses. After all, fixing some tests independently
       | fullfills the "leads complex projects" box on the leveling chart.
        
       | softwaredoug wrote:
       | > Metrics or it didn't happen
       | 
       | Sadly the chosen metric can be subject to politics. You'll find
       | stakeholders have their pet metric, claim another stakeholders
       | metric doesn't measure what's important, or a new, important
       | person thinks all the metrics are garbage and need to be changed.
       | 
       | I've had successful projects hit their metrics and those have
       | also gotten caught up in politics.
        
       | misonic wrote:
       | this is inspiring as people like me are also going this process,
       | don't know what would happen next but also no regret
        
       | rnts08 wrote:
       | Congratulations, OP learned about "we expect loyalty and effort
       | from you, but you won't get any from us", which is 99.5% of all
       | companies out there. I hope OP does well on their own and don't
       | have to work in this kind of disingenuous places in the future.
        
       | nikolayasdf123 wrote:
       | its kind of cool to see this guy getting his own product up. you
       | go friend!
        
       | nikolayasdf123 wrote:
       | +1. unless you own sizeable equity. you are not (your employer's)
       | company.
        
       | kachurovskiy wrote:
       | By now the author missed on approx. 2 million dollars of income.
        
         | bitfilped wrote:
         | There are more important things in life than money.
        
           | lazide wrote:
           | Said on a VC forum?
        
       | thdhhghgbhy wrote:
       | It's easy to get cynical about the review process. But just, for
       | crying out loud, put yourself in the organisation's shoes. Tech
       | is full of BS, and full of bullshitters. With the size of this
       | organisation they need some consistent metrics, however not great
       | these are, to assess and gauge performance versus other
       | employees. You can't have the decision to promote in your
       | manager's hands exclusively, they don't have the visibility of
       | the organisation. The author also sounds like he went 'off books'
       | a bit helping out on things they were interested in, rather than
       | what was on jira boards or whatever their sponsor cared about.
       | You'll get punished for this in a lot of places, it's just how it
       | is. Management need to see what you are doing.
        
         | f1shy wrote:
         | Let me try a short reply: if the manager needs to _see_ what
         | somebody is doing, he hast to _look_ at it. Not look KPIs and
         | metrics. KPI and easy metrics are for lazy bad managers.
        
           | thdhhghgbhy wrote:
           | I already mentioned above, direct managers don't have
           | organisational visibility and can't decide among the hundreds
           | who should be promoted and who shouldn't. The promotion
           | request needs to go some central forum with objective
           | criteria. This is not to say your manager can't represent you
           | vigorously to this forum.
        
       | corentin88 wrote:
       | That's the guy who created TinyPilot. Since then he wrote yearly
       | articles about it's IndieHacker journey. Some of them have been
       | shared on HN. Worth reading!
        
       | solatic wrote:
       | The conclusion I took away from this piece is just how heartless
       | it is to depend on a promotion committee. I know Google put them
       | in place because they wanted an Engineering-driven culture where
       | people could do great Engineering work and still be recognized,
       | even if their manager didn't. But it sure doesn't sound like
       | these promotion committees are recognizing great Engineering
       | work, especially when that work falls under difficult-to-quantify
       | cultural improvements.
       | 
       | Life is better when you find counterparts (customers, leaders,
       | etc.) who appreciate what you bring to the table and can
       | demonstrate that appreciation via promotion decisions. Faceless
       | committees relying on packets fundamentally, by design, cannot
       | develop the relationship that allows for genuine appreciation to
       | form. If you're in a company whose leadership doesn't appreciate
       | you, then why are you forcing yourself to stay? Go find somewhere
       | that does appreciate you. If Google doesn't learn that it's
       | simply not possible to avoid the loss of good talent to bad
       | management or process, then that's their loss. Take advantage of
       | the good-enough performance reviews and take your time planning
       | your exit. Life is too short to work in an organization that
       | actively dissuades forming genuine, supportive, professional
       | working relationships with colleagues.
        
         | adonovan wrote:
         | Exactly. There are non-monetary rewards to doing good work:
         | esprit de corps from a team of coworkers you like and respect,
         | satisfaction and pride in your craft, positive responses from
         | users, and so on.
         | 
         | For many, promotion is like winning a pie-eating contest only
         | to find that the prize is: more pies. It's fine to recognize
         | that your interests and your employer's are only loosely
         | aligned and to decline to play the game the way they want you
         | to.
        
       | hugodan wrote:
       | "I quit myself to work for Google" is the most common pattern but
       | not as much spoken about. We can see the side effects of it in
       | posts like these and countless others that come with forced
       | contraptions as ways to justify having quit Google.
        
       | consf wrote:
       | Loyalty to a company doesn't always translate to a long-term
       | payoff
        
       | DeathArrow wrote:
       | If you are that good that Google wants to hire you, it means you
       | don't need Google, you can do fine on your own or working
       | somewhere else.
        
       | jonathan_landy wrote:
       | When I worked as a post doc, I wasn't paid much but I got a
       | direct return on extra work: another paper etc. when I got my
       | first job as a data scientist, I was paid much more but there was
       | seemingly little response to extra work. It was distressing. But
       | later I learned that making a good impression on people would pay
       | off long term, through recommendations for new jobs etc.
        
       | hcarvalhoalves wrote:
       | Working with the promise of a future promotion is, effectively,
       | giving credit to your employer.
       | 
       | "In every country in which the capitalist mode of production
       | reigns, it is the custom not to pay for labour-power before it
       | has been exercised for the period fixed by the contract, as for
       | example, the end of each week. In all cases, therefore, the use-
       | value of the labour-power is advanced to the capitalist: the
       | labourer allows the buyer to consume it before he receives
       | payment of the price; he everywhere gives credit to the
       | capitalist."
       | 
       | - Karl Marx. Capital Volume One, Chapter Six: The Buying and
       | Selling of Labour-Power.
        
       | azangru wrote:
       | It was a rather depressing read. Sad that an organization
       | functions in a way that doesn't promote collaboration and creates
       | all sorts of perverse incentives. Sad that employees get
       | carelessly tossed from one project to another without any
       | consideration for what they want for themselves. Sad that "being
       | surrounded by the best engineers in the world, using the most
       | advanced development tools in the world, and eating the free-est
       | food in the world" (and probably being paid quite handsomely as
       | well) is not enough for happiness, unless there is also promotion
       | involved.
        
         | coding123 wrote:
         | We definitely do things wrong in this world.
        
       | grisBeik wrote:
       | Screw promotion. I just want a job that provides _intrinsic_
       | motivation (meaningful, inspiring work; Flow), and pays _enough_
       | for me to make ends meet and to save reasonably.
       | 
       | There are three problems:
       | 
       | - many companies pay like crap, so if (God forbid) you want to
       | save some money, a promotion is _required_ (the only way to
       | increase benefits is to get promoted);
       | 
       | - _meaningful_ work is a unicorn in its own right;
       | 
       | - most annoyingly, a worker that is in their comfort zone and has
       | been delivering consistently well in their role, will
       | _inevitably_ be forced to  "grow" and "develop their career", or
       | will be called a "straggler", at an American corporation.
       | 
       | Consistent excellence at a certain level is not "stagnation", it
       | may just as well be deliberate _stability_. Infinite growth (or
       | at least, infinite perturbation), in the personal context, is an
       | unfathomable _mania_ of American corporations.
        
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