[HN Gopher] Learning to Learn
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Learning to Learn
        
       Author : jklm
       Score  : 262 points
       Date   : 2024-10-22 00:01 UTC (23 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (kevin.the.li)
 (TXT) w3m dump (kevin.the.li)
        
       | dartharva wrote:
       | This is something I have personally struggled with, so I wish the
       | author elaborated more. If you are a novice, how do you quickly
       | identify what the foundational knowledge is? How do you know what
       | makes you an expert and not an "expert beginner" as the author
       | says to the extent that you can build a personal curriculum about
       | it?
        
         | ahmadtbk wrote:
         | This is something that can be tricky for sure. Depending on the
         | subject you might not need to start diving deep into every
         | topic. Sometimes you'll have to first ask some high level
         | questions like how do I get this data from this table and
         | convert it to this format. Once you identify what problem
         | you're trying to solve go and learn what's needed to solve it.
         | 
         | You won't always have an optimal solution but that's okay. The
         | most important is to try and use the thing you're learning in
         | some real way or with practice.
        
           | mmooss wrote:
           | > The most important is to try and use the thing you're
           | learning in some real way or with practice.
           | 
           | In my experience, that's a necessary first step to learning.
           | I need to get my hands dirty, get a feel for what I'm working
           | with. An experience is worth a thousand pictures, which are
           | worth a thousand words - you can't gain that basic
           | understanding and instinct by reading, only by having all the
           | sensory inputs of doing it.
           | 
           | Then it's time to read. Now you must find an expert to guide
           | you. First, you'll have too many blind spots - you can't
           | possibly find all that's current, you can't find the best
           | sources efficiently, and much won't be in books yet. And
           | without expertise yourself, you can't distinguish the worn-
           | out theories from the evergreen standards from the unproven
           | innovations; the promising from the unlikely from the absurd;
           | you won't know the consensus from the fringe; the guy
           | advocating their personal theory - maybe even a credible one
           | - from the balanced survey of established ideas. You won't
           | recognize when you're reading just a side of a well-known
           | debate.
        
         | Tier3r wrote:
         | I'm also wondering this. Two possibilities. One, find the first
         | principles/root node/glue that holds many disparate concepts
         | together in some causative way. Two, the specific
         | procedure/step/concept that you keep reusing across multiple
         | problems.
        
         | xandrius wrote:
         | I tried to think about this and came to a personal realisation
         | that perhaps there is no strict "foundational knowledge" for
         | most topics.
         | 
         | Pick programming, is knowing binary operations foundational? Is
         | knowing compilers? Is it knowing bubble sort? Or perhaps
         | knowing data structures?
         | 
         | I believe that if you have been using/working in a field,
         | whatever you touch for your own goals that's enough.
         | 
         | And perhaps the difference between being an expert beginner and
         | an expert is whether you still care about such a distinction?
         | If you can achieve your current and future goals and can
         | eventually learn new concepts then you're good.
         | 
         | I'd say a beginner might be someone who wouldn't even know
         | where to begin.
         | 
         | Let's pick chemistry for myself: sure, I could follow some
         | video but without the video I wouldn't even conceive how to get
         | started with anything.
         | 
         | While, say woodworking, I wouldn't call myself an expert but I
         | would be able to imagine starting a random project from scratch
         | and eventually figure out all the parts.
         | 
         | So, maybe: - beginner: can't complete a project without
         | help/support - mid: can complete but is unsure whether that's
         | the best way - expert: has completed it before somehow
        
           | rustcleaner wrote:
           | I'd argue the principles Turing and Wolfram lay out in
           | regards to universal computation and computational
           | equivalence are the most foundational, and then various
           | systems or architectures (flow vs stack, etc), etc, are
           | important as there needs to be concrete examples implementing
           | the fundamentals. If you really want to get esoteric,
           | programming goes all the way back with society and religion.
           | Just like how a machine can compute so too can a group of
           | people through their actions, if they adhere as religiously
           | to their tasks as the fablic of reality seems to adhere to
           | its laws in governing the motions of matter. Programming is
           | the building abstract structures which, when represented with
           | matter in the right ways that can take advantage of the
           | moment-by-moment Gets Things Done(tm) nature of the fabric of
           | reality itself, produces useful transformations of its
           | initial states. Very complex behavior arises from the
           | simplest of mechanistic rulesets, and it's found universally
           | in biology and in places all over reality. Computation is so
           | foundationally fundamental to this place and your (dear
           | reader) existence here, it is shameful it's not in standard
           | middle/high schools' curricula right next to the fundamental
           | theorems of arithmetic and algebra!
        
         | j45 wrote:
         | I'm surprised the course by the name of this post isn't here.
         | 
         | The post covers a great mindset, but the math really is one
         | thing, and learning how you learn and how you can learn is
         | invaluable.
         | 
         | This is a great course to start learning about your learning.
         | 
         | https://www.coursera.org/learn/learning-how-to-learn
         | 
         | After/with this, there is a slew of adult learning knowledge
         | that will likely make you feel better.
         | 
         | One key is learning to understand something, before learning to
         | memorize it.
         | 
         | Another is creating your own mind map of how the concepts you
         | are learning fits together.
         | 
         | Farnham street has some great books on mental models as well
         | that was recommended to me as helping
         | 
         | An expert is someone who can often explain complex things in
         | very simple ways. being an innocent beginner is one of the best
         | mindsets to cultivate - you learn what you do and don't know
         | pretty quick, and also a sense of known vs unknown, and size
         | and number of unknowns.
        
           | dartharva wrote:
           | I checked these out but couldn't find the answer to the
           | questions I am asking. It tells you how to maximize
           | efficiency while learning, but doesn't tell you how to
           | identify _what_ you should be learning in the first place and
           | what the sequence of your focus should be when you start.
        
             | j45 wrote:
             | https://www.coursera.org/learn/learning-how-to-learn
        
             | eacapeisfutuile wrote:
             | What do you specifically want to learn? What you need to
             | learn will generally make itself known, if you have some
             | general goal? Just starting at all is the best way to
             | start.
        
               | dartharva wrote:
               | Say I want to learn web scraping. Now if I try to start,
               | I see there are several layers of fundamentals and
               | several potential paths, all of which seem equally
               | important. Where do I start? What platform should I use?
               | Should I start from the DOM and HTML parsing and go ahead
               | from there, or should I start from learning Python
               | libraries built for it as so many books and tutorials
               | advise? Going one layer deeper, do I need to learn data
               | structures before anything else? JavaScript and APIs? The
               | fundamentals of TCP networking? Regex?
               | 
               | It's all too overwhelming at times.
        
               | eacapeisfutuile wrote:
               | Yeah, start from any point A. A suggestion is where you
               | can progress in some way. Don't make too many decisions.
               | There's so many viable ways to learn that, just start
               | where it is natural for you. You don't have to figure
               | everything out or have answers to everything.
        
         | eacapeisfutuile wrote:
         | You don't. That is what you will build as you learn a topic, it
         | makes no sense to "identify" it first.
         | 
         | Do the thing you want to learn.
        
           | dartharva wrote:
           | I learnt data analytics and SQL for MIS/BI purposes on-the-
           | job as a sales manager. Got pretty good at it too, built
           | several dashboards and long-standing capabilities for my
           | team.
           | 
           | Now, if I say I want to get into this scene for good, I am
           | immediately daunted with a mountain of diverging learning
           | paths to take. Should I take to Python and its massive
           | library ecosystem, or should focus on database fundamentals?
           | In every choice taken there are seemingly infinite branches,
           | and it is rather hard to focus if you aren't even sure you're
           | on the right track.
           | 
           | Last time I sat in an analytics/consulting interview they
           | grilled me on highly specific technical questions on data
           | pipelines and warehousing and testing and other topics that
           | I've never had to worry about before at work. In another
           | assessment, I was grilled on some AWS/Redshift-specific
           | things. In yet another I was expected to know deep learning.
           | It is all too hard for someone not originally with an
           | engineering (or adjacent) background.
        
             | eacapeisfutuile wrote:
             | Yeah learning to actually use in practice is different from
             | preparing for interviews. I would say continue where you
             | already built some knowledge and branch out when you
             | realize you have to, and then work on learning one branch
             | as you go.
             | 
             | For interviews you may need to lookup what type of
             | questions to expect and memorize details on that,
             | unfortunately. That is not useful in practice but can be
             | necessary for interviews.
        
         | quantum_state wrote:
         | It is an iterative process. One would move forward with a
         | baseline foundation and pay attention to the difficulties and
         | inefficiencies in the learning process to triangulate the
         | additional foundation needed.
        
         | johnnyanmac wrote:
         | >If you are a novice, how do you quickly identify what the
         | foundational knowledge is?
         | 
         | You probably can't. You need to rely on knowledge of others to
         | identify good resources. And then lean that against how you
         | learn in order to pick the best resource for you.Same for
         | verifying being an "expert beginner". Never be the smartest
         | person in the room if your goal is to grow.
         | 
         | In a crude way: google it. You'll probably get a generic (maybe
         | even horrible AI slop) on top. But you're not looking for a
         | perfect guide on first Google (not unless you have a very
         | popular topic). Look for _terms_ used and start googling those
         | to narrow down to a more specific place. Maybe a forum post
         | full of (hopefully) competent+ people answering your question.
         | Maybe you find a quality guide to follow. Maybe you find you
         | 're on a completely wrong rabbit hole and figure out better
         | terms to Google.
         | 
         | That's basically half my learning while on the job. Usually
         | works pretty well in my personal time too.
        
       | Tier3r wrote:
       | The initial cram is an interesting concept. If you insert new
       | things to learn at a constant rate, the repetition burden grows
       | logarithmically. Assuming you have some fixed amount of time you
       | can devote everyday optimally your repetition burden should be
       | constant. So the solution is making new things to learn not
       | constant, but front loading a lot of it.
        
       | dinobones wrote:
       | I've been wanting to try this approach for learning a language.
       | 
       | In English for example, learning the 800 most common words, you
       | can understand 75% of the language:
       | https://www.bbc.com/news/world-44569277.
       | 
       | I'd love to start fresh on a new language, take 800 new words,
       | try to learn 10 a day, and see where I get after 3 months. Can I
       | really understand 75% of text if I have perfect recall of those
       | 800 words?
        
         | Tomte wrote:
         | No. Apart from grammar etc. you're missing, you might
         | understand nothing while knowing 80% of the words.
        
         | mc3301 wrote:
         | Give learning Japanese a try. It's a meta-learning adventure!
         | There are 3 distinct classes of characters (two syllabaries
         | that each have a perfect matching pair with the other, 46 each
         | plus some compounds) and the third are (mostly) chinese Kanji
         | characters. Fun stuff!
        
           | supriyo-biswas wrote:
           | I wonder if there is a similar "Pareto priciple"-esque
           | approach that one could use to learn Japanese.
        
             | opan wrote:
             | There are the "radicals" which can help you to interpret a
             | new kanji, since they're the kanji building blocks.
        
               | drivers99 wrote:
               | I highly recommend this site for that.
               | https://kanji.koohii.com/ which goes along with the book
               | "Remembering the Kanji" by James Heisig (strictly
               | speaking, you don't need the book, but I think it will
               | help understand the idea behind the process). But the
               | stories (mnemonics) on the website are better than the
               | ones in the book, but also let you put in your own
               | stories. You can also vote and choose existing stories,
               | so there are crowd sourced mnemonics that other people
               | have said work for them. One interesting side effect of
               | that is a lot of people decided to use Spider Man
               | whenever there is a "thread" radical, for more memorable
               | stories. I did it around 15 years ago and learned how to
               | write all the 2000+ commonly used kanji in a few months
               | (9 months for me; 2-3 months for a more diligent person).
               | It uses a spaced repetition system (Lietner box method).
        
             | joshdavham wrote:
             | Kinda!
             | 
             | The frequency of words in every human language follows the
             | Zipf distribution, which is a power law, like the pareto
             | distribution.
             | 
             | Some learners create what are called frequency lists, which
             | are lists of the most common words, and learn those words
             | first. In general, you get (disproportionately) more bang
             | for your buck from learning the most common words than the
             | rarer words when it comes to understanding.
             | 
             | However, due to the very long tail of word frequency
             | distributions, you eventually need to just start learning
             | words as they come and stop trying to over-optimize with a
             | frequency list.
        
         | raincole wrote:
         | Depending on your definition of "understanding".
         | 
         | If it means you can at least take an educated guess on what a
         | sentence means, then yes.
         | 
         | If it means to understand a sentence like a native speaker does
         | (just slower), then no.
        
         | joshdavham wrote:
         | > Can I really understand 75% of text if I have perfect recall
         | of those 800 words?
         | 
         | This thing you're talking about is called 'word coverage'. It's
         | the percentage of words you know in a given text. I've created
         | lots of word coverage graphs in the past, and, as research has
         | shown, you won't really be understanding much until you reach
         | the high 90s in terms of word coverage. The famous number for
         | being able to read English texts extensively requires a word
         | coverage of around 98%. And while it depends on the text, in
         | order to reach 98%, you generally need to know around the top
         | 5k words in a language.
         | 
         | Funny enough, when you understand 75% of the words in a text,
         | you subjectively feel like you're understanding like 10% of
         | what's going on.
        
           | jamager wrote:
           | This is exactly correct.
           | 
           | With graded readers, thou, you can have good reading
           | experiences with around 3k words (ofc depending on language,
           | book, etc).
        
           | creamyhorror wrote:
           | Yep, 75% coverage is too low for significant comprehension.
           | You normally need 95% for decent comprehension and 98% for
           | comfortable reading.
           | 
           | The coverage required in Japanese (my target language) seems
           | something like the most frequent 15,000 words (depending on
           | the definition of word) are required for 98% coverage. At
           | 12,000 words it becomes viable to read with some
           | comprehension and semi-frequent dictionary lookups.
           | 
           | Also, interestingly, you need about 2x the number of words in
           | Japanese as English to reach 87% coverage:
           | 
           | "It has been reported that 2,000 high-frequent English words
           | cover 87% of tokens (Nation, 1990). In case of Japanese,
           | 4,024 SUWs are required to cover 87% of tokens." (Text
           | Readability and Word Distribution in Japanese, Satoshi Sato)
        
         | autumnstwilight wrote:
         | In my experience, the words that carry the most information in
         | a sentence are the less common ones. Here's what understanding
         | 80% of a sentence is like:
         | 
         | "I went to the sdjfkdsh and got a new ghjsakgfh."
         | 
         | The missing words could be "dealership" and "truck" or
         | "embassy" and "passport" or quite a lot of other pairs that
         | change the topic entirely, so reading or listening to something
         | with 80% understanding generally requires a dictionary in one
         | hand to get you up to a reasonable level of comprehension. That
         | said, I personally think language learning is enjoyable and
         | rewarding, and tackling the most common word list is a good
         | first step.
        
         | mchaver wrote:
         | This post will give you a sense of what understanding 80% of
         | the text looks likes
         | https://www.sinosplice.com/life/archives/2016/08/25/what-80-...
        
         | kebsup wrote:
         | 800 is definitely too little. I'm building a language learning
         | app based around this exact strategy. Right now, I've around
         | 7000 German lemmas tracked in the app and still regularly
         | encounter sentences which I don't understand, because I lack
         | the vocabulary.
        
         | mrccc wrote:
         | While the answer to your question is "no", there is still
         | something you'll be able to do: to express yourself and to
         | understand spoken language.
         | 
         | Like other people said here, understanding will probably still
         | be limited, esp. in writing. But expressing even complex things
         | becomes easier.
         | 
         | E.g. instead of saying "Do you have medication against
         | migraine" at a pharmacy you could say "Do you have something
         | for pain here" while pointing at your head.
         | 
         | This is what we call fluency, and starting at 800 words I would
         | argue you have basic fluency in the language. And also
         | regarding understanding spoken language - those words might be
         | enough to express that you haven't understood something and ask
         | people to simplify.
         | 
         | Words are not enough, though - pronunciation and grammar also
         | play their part.
        
       | keeptrying wrote:
       | A big hole in this article is that you need to find the very best
       | learning resource there is. This is a must.
       | 
       | Eg: For RL it would be Barto&Sutton book.
       | 
       | Sometimes the best source is not intuitive. Eg: The best way to
       | become a safe driver is to go to performance drivign school - its
       | a bit expensive but they tell you how to sit and stay alert in a
       | car which I have never seen outside of these schools.
       | 
       | One of my most common things nowadays is to ask ChatGPT is to ask
       | to build a curriculum. Creating and understanding what a great
       | curriculum looks like is 20% of the work of understanding a
       | field.
       | 
       | You can LEARN ANYTHING now if you have the time and inclination
       | and elbow grease. Truly nothing is beyond your grasp - NOTHING.
       | Its a magical time.
       | 
       | I'm actually building a tool that will do all this for you and
       | get you started down the learning path faster than what we have
       | now.
       | 
       | And for the curious - the best way to learn medicine is not a
       | textbook. There are solutions out there like Skethcy which work
       | much better for anatomy.
       | 
       | My own learning project - learn Medicine "on the side". It seems
       | ludcirous that we give up the keys to our health to doctors just
       | so we don't have to learn 2 years of courses. Am going to fix
       | that!
        
         | cbracketdash wrote:
         | Would love to hear more about your thoughts on learning
         | medicine! Why would you recommend an online program over
         | textbooks?
        
           | server_man3000 wrote:
           | When I've gotten deep into a topic I've actually almost
           | ALWAYS learned that textbooks are the best way to learn
           | things.
           | 
           | The internet is full of information. Sometimes it's too much,
           | unstructured or tangential to the goal at hand. Textbooks, in
           | my experience, are truly written by the experts. It's been
           | vetted, rigorously reviewed and fact checked. It's not
           | inspired by influencers or clickbait.
           | 
           | Obviously YMMV, but when you find a top recommended textbook,
           | it's usually miles beyond a YouTube video or medium blog for
           | deeper level content. It usually flows better and makes more
           | sense as you study consistently.
        
           | keeptrying wrote:
           | U=I bought more or less every book on this.
           | 
           | https://meded.ucsf.edu/sites/meded.ucsf.edu/files/inline-
           | fil...
           | 
           | Start with Anatomy.
           | 
           | Start with a problem you HAve personally. And understand the
           | anatomy and physiology. Use that to learn every abstraction
           | you bump into. Example you'll definitely need to learn about
           | the skin for example
           | 
           | Also go to uptodate.com for your condition. Thats basically
           | what a doc uses anyways.
           | 
           | For inspiration go to r/medicalschool .
           | 
           | Constantly use
        
           | keeptrying wrote:
           | Realize I didn't answer your qeustion.
           | 
           | Online courses aren't really holistic enough and not
           | fundamental enough. They are usually dertivatives which are a
           | translation of sorts from source documents.
           | 
           | For medicine you want the source documents which you can
           | really trust.
           | 
           | Meidicine isn't static - it'll keep changing but its
           | important to know source mateiral and tracking how outlooks
           | and fixes for diseases change from there.
           | 
           | UptoDate.com has the best deciison science -newest knowlege.
           | Thye are about 18 months old from cutting edge research.
           | (Which is a good thing).
        
         | owobeid wrote:
         | > One of my most common things nowadays is to ask ChatGPT is to
         | ask to build a curriculum.
         | 
         | I've been trying to do this for some rabbit hole I decided to
         | go through. It's great for generating a list of topics but good
         | luck getting actual existing books or papers. In some instances
         | it would generate a paper title and link it to some other paper
         | that might be slightly relevant.
        
         | sam29681749 wrote:
         | It's not foolproof, but some universities publish their course
         | textbook lists online (and in some cases recommended readings
         | too). As a bonus, textbooks often have recommendations for
         | further readings.
        
           | keeptrying wrote:
           | Yep ... UCSF does this.
           | 
           | Weidly its the only good one I Found.
        
         | johnnyanmac wrote:
         | >you need to find the very best learning resource there is.
         | This is a must.
         | 
         | I think there's a line around "good enough", unless your goal
         | of course is to be on the road to "become the very best". I
         | think the better metric is making sure you have a accurate
         | resource over a quality one. The 15-20 hour "sprint hard"
         | methodology isn't stopping after that first sprint, just
         | slowing down.
         | 
         | So if you find/can now access a better resource later, just
         | start the sprint again on that. I know from experience (in real
         | time, unfortunately) how easily "find the best resource" can
         | end up becoming "spend weeks collecting resources but not
         | consuming them".
        
           | Arisaka1 wrote:
           | The other problem is: How do you recognize what is "good
           | enough" if you lack the skills/competence required to be able
           | to say "this is good enough"?
           | 
           | For example, I'm a frontend developer who wants to learn
           | backend. And let's say that I chose C# and .NET for this. I
           | can either do tutorials in Microsoft docs and then reach out
           | to Reddit or some other community for resources, to receive
           | the commonsense advice "just build something", and we're back
           | to zero because now the goal is to build something for
           | learning's sake therefore what is "good enough project" to
           | build to maximize gains?
        
             | chrisvalleybay wrote:
             | ^ This is exactly it. It's Dunning-Kruger.
        
             | neonsunset wrote:
             | I understand the struggle but may not be able to offer an
             | exact solution. People usually expect you to just throw
             | something together without structure, but if you don't have
             | preliminary experience with doing _anything_ similar at
             | all, you are stuck with a blank piece of paper and no
             | ideas, and it _feels_ absolutely terrible.
             | 
             | I don't know what works for you, but what worked for me was
             | finding open-source projects in a domain I'm looking to
             | write an application or a library in and using them as a
             | reference. With time, you become able to determine which
             | ones are of high quality and are a good example, and which
             | ones are not. You could also ask Claude/ChatGPT for
             | references to starting point.
             | 
             | On C# specifically, I can recommend looking at
             | https://github.com/bitwarden/server which is more
             | "traditional" style but does not have much nonsense/bloat
             | you would usually see in an enterprise codebase. That's
             | what I always reference as a style and project layout guide
             | for newcomers that don't already know how they want the
             | project to look. And then as you go through the code, you
             | can always dump the snippets into a chatbot and then cross-
             | reference the replies with documentation if needed.
             | Chatbots also great at quickly sketching up project
             | structure - it can be a terrible one but it's easier to do
             | "hey, I don't like this, let's change it to X" than trying
             | to come up with everything from the scratch.
             | 
             | If you already have experience with writing TS-based
             | applications with e.g. React components, base router, etc.,
             | you can more or less translate this onto structuring an
             | ASP.NET Core application with controller/api handlers,
             | model classes, services, ORM layer and similar. There
             | really is no true right or wrong singular way of doing it,
             | and people who claim there is are dogmatics from a cargo
             | cult.
             | 
             | In general, a lot of C# code out there that you will
             | encounter will take more steps to solve its task than
             | strictly necessary, as the generational trauma of ungodly
             | horrors of 666-layer "Clean" architecture DDD-done-badly
             | monoliths still haunts many, manifesting in a milder form
             | of "write a small three file microservice as a 40-file
             | three-project solution". It is highly useful to approach
             | new patterns and anything that _seems_ ceremoneous with
             | "is this abstraction strictly required or can this piece be
             | removed and done in a few lines of code or maybe a
             | method?".
             | 
             | On tooling - can strongly recommend using .NET CLI which
             | will be very familiar after using NPM and co.:
             | 
             | Create new projects/solutions with 'dotnet new {template
             | name}' (e.g. console, classlib, sln, gitignore).
             | 
             | Add/remove projects to/from a solution with dotnet sln
             | add/remove
             | 
             | Add dependencies with 'dotnet add package PackageName' or
             | 'dotnet add reference path/to/project' if you want to
             | combine multiple projects.
             | 
             | Run projects with 'dotnet run' (-C release). Hot-reload for
             | most scenarios is possible with 'dotnet watch'. Publish
             | into a final complete application with 'dotnet publish -o
             | {path}'. There are many ways to do the last one, but for
             | simple back-ends doing the default output and then copying
             | it to a "runtime" image in a dockerfile will suffice.
        
             | tokinonagare wrote:
             | I'm giving a C# class at a university-like institute (for
             | the first time in my life) and I'm glad I had the time to
             | learn the language while it evolved over the last 15 years.
             | Learning nowadays is daunting because of the size of the
             | language and the N ways to do even simple things. You also
             | need to understand the programming landscape before C#
             | (mostly C and Java) to understand some decisions made by
             | language designers.
             | 
             | As much as I like learning by myself, sometimes I have to
             | admit that taking (and paying) for a class is the good
             | solution. The way I organize notions for my students would
             | take them months/years to understand by themselves, if at
             | all.
        
             | johnnyanmac wrote:
             | >then reach out to Reddit or some other community for
             | resources, to receive the commonsense advice "just build
             | something"
             | 
             | An expert giving bad advice isn't going to help with your
             | curriculum. To give a charitable interpretaion, forums like
             | Reddit are very used to getting mostly Novices coming to
             | ask questions. To the point where even if an advanced
             | novice is asking about how to reach "Competent" level they
             | will still give novice advice. And the best way to climb
             | from novice to advance beginner is to "just build stuff".
             | 
             | There's definitely an open secret that there's plenty of
             | novice material, and plenty of expert material. But the
             | road to competent and proficient is basically a dead man's
             | land for many subjects. I argue the curve to competent is
             | harder than Proficient and Expert[0]. Such a hard point
             | that you often won't find "best resources" without either
             | education, consulting an expert, or simply work a job in
             | that topic.
             | 
             | I don't have much better advice if you are seeking
             | resources. But the next step up if you get stumped is to
             | put more effort into finding other experts who will help
             | out. try to email those potentially open to give advice on
             | what to find or what's good/bad. Join communities similar
             | to what domains you want to explore and form relationships.
             | If you are getting to that point, offer to help contribute
             | to projects others are working on.
             | 
             | [0]: Expert is steeper, but by that point you have a good
             | sense of judgement to figure out what is a good or bad
             | resource to study from. So it's "easier" to learn how to
             | learn by this point.
        
             | internet101010 wrote:
             | I ran into this issue when diving into the world of Rust.
             | What ended up getting me to move forward was asking
             | Claude/4o to design a curriculum that would teach me the
             | basics in a way would lead to completion of a project I had
             | in mind.
             | 
             | I ended up dropping 4o and going exclusively with Claude.
             | Claude is amazing at teaching.
        
             | keeptrying wrote:
             | Get in front of an expert and ask them what they should
             | have read first.
             | 
             | In most fields the best will know. And the process of
             | getting inf ront of the best will also teach you about the
             | field.
        
           | keeptrying wrote:
           | By the very fact that the resource is "good enough" implies
           | that it won't have the holistic and beginner-tolerance
           | required of a good instruction set.
           | 
           | A great text will get you upto beinngin in 2 weeks - month. A
           | "good enough" will mean a year if it isn't your primary
           | focus.
           | 
           | Try learning RL from any other text than Barto-Sutton.
        
             | johnnyanmac wrote:
             | Well yeah. Time and budget can be limited. The "best" way
             | to learn a language is to travel to a country native to it
             | and immerse yourself, constantly attempting to speak to
             | others. But that may not be accessible in time nor costs to
             | travel and live. The "best way" to learn many topics is to
             | immerse in a community that's a mix of learners or experts.
             | ie. A classroom setting. A place to constantly iterate and
             | quickly correct mistakes. But education is only getting
             | more expensive, and not all communities are equal.
             | 
             | If there's a great beginner textbook out there, that can
             | definitely help. But not every field has its Bart-Sutton
             | easily accessible. But the time it takes doesn't
             | necessarily matter as much as the mastery itself.
        
         | kashunstva wrote:
         | > My own learning project - learn Medicine "on the side". It
         | seems ludcirous that we give up the keys to our health to
         | doctors just so we don't have to learn 2 years of courses. Am
         | going to fix that!
         | 
         | While I admire the drive to become knowledgeable in the field
         | of medicine outside of a professional curriculum in the
         | disciplines, I'm not aware of any curriculum that proposes
         | competency as a medical doctor in two years. Though I haven't
         | practiced medicine in many years, I do have a degree in
         | medicine and went through internship, residency and fellowship.
         | Trust me, it was far more than two years. Further, I don't see
         | how you would be able to (legally) gain experience in any of a
         | range of procedures without following the consensus training
         | path.
        
           | apwell23 wrote:
           | Can you tell me why doctors are totally useless in diagnosing
           | extremely common issues like acid reflux. Why do GI
           | specialists have no freaking clue what is causing acid
           | reflux. Why do they not know what how exactly my a1c is
           | relevant to heart disease instead of just prescribing me a
           | statin.
           | 
           | I personally know couple of doctors who themselves are
           | clueless in fixing their own chronic conditions. Let alone
           | helping someone else.
           | 
           | Sure go to the doctor if you broke your arm but they are
           | totally out of their depths if you have any chronic
           | conditions. Not sure what exactly they study for like a
           | decade if they don't have answers to almost anything.
        
             | wordpad25 wrote:
             | Asking a doctor to diagnose and treat a chronic condition
             | from a list of symptoms is like asking a detective to solve
             | a crime from a list of evidence.
             | 
             | There is A LOT of additional legwork and investigation
             | required to get to the truth even if you're brilliant
             | Sherlock Holmes (and most won't be).
             | 
             | The best they can practically do in the 10 minutes they
             | spend on your case, is try to treat symptoms.
        
               | keeptrying wrote:
               | And this is why you need to study Medicine!
               | 
               | https://meded.ucsf.edu/sites/meded.ucsf.edu/files/inline-
               | fil...
        
               | apwell23 wrote:
               | > There is A LOT of additional legwork and investigation
               | required to get to the truth even if you're brilliant
               | Sherlock Holmes (and most won't be).
               | 
               | I got all the additonal tests though. I got upper
               | endoscopy, a appointment with ent who put some sort of
               | scope down my throat, bloodwork, esophagram, barium
               | swallow test. He said he got nothing else and i am on my
               | own and admitted that almost 90% of time they don't find
               | anything.
               | 
               | Mind you this is one of most common conditions not some
               | rare disease that needs sherlock holmes .
        
             | zelphirkalt wrote:
             | Studied long time ago / studied once and then forgotten /
             | no interest in getting updated / no proper channels for
             | getting updated / ...
             | 
             | Any of those could be a reason.
        
             | timacles wrote:
             | Because there are 12 different "causes" that are all very
             | subtle and are highly influenced by your diet and behavior
             | etc.
             | 
             | Doctors also never want to admit they dont know the answer
             | to something
        
               | BlackjackCF wrote:
               | Yikes. No. If you have doctors who aren't honest with you
               | or honest about when they need to do more research to
               | understand more, get the hell away and find someone else.
               | I know not everyone has that choice, but if you do...
               | please find a doctor who will level with you and you can
               | trust. You do not want to get Dr. Deathed.
        
           | keeptrying wrote:
           | The first two years are the scientific part of a medical
           | course.
           | 
           | The next two are more about interacting with a live patient
           | in a variety of settings. Obviously this si useful.
           | 
           | But most of the harm created by the medical system and skewed
           | doctor incentives (only 15 minutes to see you) can be averted
           | by those 2 years. For example: knowing to e able to read a
           | examination report means abiliy to ask questions immediately.
        
         | firejake308 wrote:
         | As a medical student, perhaps I can give some recommendations
         | on the best free resources to learn medicine. If you like
         | YouTube videos, Ninja Nerd has a great channel for learning the
         | foundations. If you like textbooks, I used Guyton for
         | physiology and Harrison's is probably the standard for clinical
         | medicine. If you just want to look up how to treat a specific
         | condition, look up "<condition> clinical guidelines". You'll
         | always be missing the additional knowledge that comes from
         | years of experience, but there's no harm in increasing your
         | knowledge as long as you maintain the humility to remember that
         | your knowledge is incomplete.
         | 
         | It's similar to how I learned software development as a
         | hobbyist, so I understand a little about headlines like OpenAI
         | switching from Next to Remix, but at a deeper level, I don't
         | _really_ understand what it 's like running Next.js at the
         | scale of MAUs. But it's still worth learning so that I have a
         | little more understanding about the world around me.
        
           | keeptrying wrote:
           | Thanks for the reply.
           | 
           | Yep I'm ware of Guyton and Nnja.
           | 
           | The marginal information that a doctor has from real life is
           | useful but with so many medical errors, for 80% of people
           | they aren't relevant.
           | 
           | I've caught surgeons literally mentioning the wrong type of
           | incisions right before the surgery.
        
         | keeptrying wrote:
         | Since this struck a note - you can find UCSFs list of textbooks
         | here: https://meded.ucsf.edu/sites/meded.ucsf.edu/files/inline-
         | fil...
         | 
         | Start with Anatomy. And the basic anatomical form.
         | 
         | Start with a problem you personally have. (Go to a doc if its
         | serious!)
         | 
         | Figure out your concentric anaotmy of hte issue, the pathology.
         | Everytime you read a textbook it will push you to a new
         | subject.
         | 
         | Do this for at least 5 hours and you'll be able to relate to
         | your doctor much better.
         | 
         | If you want to know what a dcotor looks at for decision support
         | - you can go to uptodate.com - I think they have a free trial
         | for 3 days or something.
         | 
         | The most essential idea is that a doctor is someone whose model
         | of hte human body is much more realistic than yours.
         | 
         | Thus as you learn medicine keep improving the model you have of
         | your own body and how someone elses would be different from
         | yours - for all major body systems - lymph, respiratory,
         | nervous, endocrine , muscular, digestive, integumentary,
         | urinay, excretory, circulatory etc.
        
       | deafpolygon wrote:
       | The biggest challenge in learning is identifying gaps in your
       | knowledge. Dunning-Kruger is a real thing and you want to avoid
       | that.
       | 
       | Part of learning to learn, is learning how to identify the things
       | you don't know. Then learning how to structure your 'personal
       | curriculum' them in a rational way - you don't _need_ to know
       | everything up front to be effective.
        
       | zfnmxt wrote:
       | Posts like this that talk about learning "efficiency" always come
       | off as soulless and dystopian to me. I think learning should be
       | fun and that fun learning is the most effective---that's the only
       | thing I optimize for and I certainly don't think about efficiency
       | percentages. What a drag that would be.
        
         | celurian92 wrote:
         | I so much agree with you. I understand and remember the things
         | I learn more when I am having fun or it piqued my curiosity.
         | But I guess shortness of time needs us to focus on the
         | efficiency aspect of it too.
        
         | sam29681749 wrote:
         | I somewhat disagree. Although having fun is important, I also
         | want to make the most of my time. further, I think some aspects
         | of learning can be a real slog, but when you get through it you
         | find it rewarding.
        
         | esperent wrote:
         | I studied mathematics and I think this subject illustrates my
         | feelings on this perfectly. Coding, just as well.
         | 
         | When it comes to learning maths, or a new programming language,
         | there's all this tedious boilerplate you need to know. The
         | rules, or syntax, the names of everything, how it all fits
         | together.
         | 
         | There's ways to make learning this stuff more fun, but
         | ultimately, not _that_ much more fun. And anyway, the learning
         | part is not the good part, it 's the things you can do once you
         | reach a certain knowledge level that are incredible, beautiful,
         | even sublime.
         | 
         | On the other hand, take something like learning to paint, or
         | taking dancing lessons. Unless you're hoping to become a member
         | of an international ballet company, _learning_ to dance is the
         | fun part.
         | 
         | As another point, if you're a knowledge worker and you're
         | likely to have situations in your life where someone basically
         | says to you " _right mate, you 've got the job, here's a huge
         | body of deep technical knowledge to learn, get up to speed, see
         | you Monday_" then a certain amount of skill in knowing how to
         | absorb that quickly is a good thing.
        
           | marginalia_nu wrote:
           | > Unless you're hoping to become a member of an international
           | ballet company, learning to dance is the fun part.
           | 
           | I think this really depends on the dance.
           | 
           | With most relatively technical partner dances, such as
           | argentine tango and west coast swing, being a beginner sucks
           | and it's especially rough if you're a lead.
           | 
           | There's this fairly long period when you're not going to be
           | very fun to dance with, and you're not going to have fun
           | dancing because too much of it is still in your head and not
           | in your body. At the same time you need to dance with lots of
           | people in order to improve, and people will throw you a bone
           | once in a while for the sake of letting you practice, but at
           | the same time they're not really having fun.
           | 
           | It's only if you stick with it for a year or two and get
           | through this rough patch, it becomes very fun and rewarding.
        
         | blackoil wrote:
         | I would say "fun" is overrated. We have become so focused on
         | everything being fun that everything including fun itself has
         | become tepid and mediocre. It is important to slog through the
         | hard parts to cross the barrier of expert beginner. We are over
         | downplaying the value of hard work and grit.
        
           | zfnmxt wrote:
           | In many ways I agree with your opening sentence---maybe I
           | shouldn't have written "fun". I think I was trying to get at
           | something more like that the experience of learning itself is
           | itself a good thing (even if it's not fun, even if it's
           | suffering, even if it's hard) and I think mechanical and
           | stoic recipes to optimize the process fail to adequately
           | appreciate that fact.
           | 
           | The best part of learning piano isn't getting good at piano
           | ---it's learning piano. And sure there are some things we
           | have to learn that we aren't that interested in learning, but
           | I think even those things have the capacity to be worthwhile
           | experiences if properly framed.
           | 
           | I think applying the word "efficient" to this area is
           | suggestive of urgency and greater purpose---I don't buy into
           | either.
        
             | jackphilson wrote:
             | I think 'fun' is a prerequisite for optimal learning, you
             | can definitely have both.
             | 
             | And I think greater purpose is definitely a thing if you
             | subscribe to a utilitarian moral framework
        
           | pfortuny wrote:
           | This is exactly why drills exist: to make reasoning mechanic.
           | The same as in the military... You can only decide (know) if
           | you have the basics memorized to the core, and this
           | requires... boredom in most of us.
           | 
           | I graduated in mathematics. Proving that Projective Space is
           | a noetherian scheme is not exactly a thrilling challenge. But
           | you have to go through the motions if you want to be able to
           | "think" about algebraic varieties.
           | 
           | Same in any other field of "knowledge".
        
           | gr4vityWall wrote:
           | > We are over downplaying the value of hard work and grit.
           | 
           | Who is doing that?
        
           | shmel wrote:
           | There is a big difference between learning something to
           | become a skilled professional versus just a hobby. A lot of
           | things I learned are for myself. I want them to be fun. There
           | is no end goal. I don't want to compete with anyone, I don't
           | want to prove anyone I am very good at this. I am learning
           | new skills for fun and I intend to get enjoyment from
           | practicing them. Throwing at a hobbyist "now repeat this 1000
           | times to get it perfect" is how you kill motivation.
        
         | johnnyanmac wrote:
         | The steps here are fairly generic and can fit into whatever
         | regimen you have. It simply comes down to "find your learning
         | path and grind hard in the beginning. Then you can slow down
         | and relax after that first burst".
         | 
         | Seems like decent enough advice if you ever have trouble
         | getting started. It's actually not unlike cramming for a test,
         | except you keep study afterwards and don't dump that knowledge
         | the day after. "fun learning" or not, just make sure to really
         | dive in in the beginning.
        
         | jvans wrote:
         | If I'm not having fun learning something I can't stick with it.
         | Efficiency without tenacity/grit is useless. It's kind of a
         | tautology that "more efficient is better", but I agree it's
         | pointless without fun. Being less "efficient" but having fun
         | will yield better results imo
        
         | gr4vityWall wrote:
         | > Posts like this that talk about learning "efficiency" always
         | come off as soulless and dystopian to me. I think learning
         | should be fun and that fun learning is the most effective
         | 
         | I don't disagree, but maybe the author is making do with what
         | they have. Maybe they only have 30 minutes ~ 1 hour of free
         | time per day (which is dystopian on its own), and need to think
         | about efficiency if they want to achieve a certain degree of
         | proficiency in whatever they're learning.
         | 
         | Another interpretation is that they are only trying to optimize
         | their learning process if it's work related, because they need
         | to. Or maybe they have an engineer mindset, and make the
         | process more efficient is a fun thing to do by itself.
        
         | adamc wrote:
         | Yeah, I agree. Also, I don't think there is an ideal way to
         | learn something. Different people absorb lessons best in
         | different ways.
         | 
         | The people I've thought were most successful were not grinding
         | their way through learning but enjoying it, letting new
         | questions arise and pursuing them. Is that efficient? It might
         | not seem so. But the learning tends to be more transformative;
         | they grok the lessons more deeply.
         | 
         | A work colleague once told me that it's like reading textbooks
         | in graduate school -- you read it once just to get a general
         | sense of the vocabulary. They you start over, concentrating on
         | the meaning. New ideas take a lot of study to learn well.
         | "Efficient" learning strikes me as a compromise where you get a
         | superficial understanding for the sake of speed.
        
       | FL33TW00D wrote:
       | Neel Nanda did it better:
       | https://www.neelnanda.io/blog/34-learning
        
       | DeathArrow wrote:
       | Identifying what the foundational knowledge is isn't easy for an
       | absolute begginer.
       | 
       | Building an efficient path to expertise is hard for a beginner.
       | 
       | I think the fastest way to learn is asking an expert to build a
       | learning path for you, starting from what you know and what you
       | don't know.
        
       | james-revisoai wrote:
       | Learning depends on the environment and whether it is pursued in
       | an auto-didactic sense (Even for a job, say) or whether you are
       | learning for an exam/part of a cohort.
       | 
       | It's not wrong to say Curriculum does not matter. But the level
       | of curriculum is also something that needs to adjust to your
       | current level and related fields you have knowledge within, to
       | prevent you becoming overwhelmed.
       | 
       | Most people stop learning being motivation dries up as Test
       | Anxiety rises to the point where they are at a "low-performance"
       | place in the eustress curve. A few days there and people pause
       | until it becomes urgent. A lot of this is a lack of momentum, but
       | also not dedicating or having access to judgements of learning
       | about your own progress.
       | 
       | In other words, if you judge your learning at all, it helps you
       | manage.
       | 
       | There is a natural tradeoff between the flow-state of "just one
       | flashcard with one information principle at a time, endlessly"
       | and the longer term state influencing your time in flow-state of
       | "am I progressing, what don't I know, how do I feel about my
       | learning and mistakes?"
       | 
       | Think about learning databases, or CSS. When did you really
       | takeoff? Probably A) Practically copying others examples
       | (existing queries ran in PhpMyAdmin, or codepen code) And then
       | later B) Once you overcame a big mistake and saw progress -
       | suddenly what "Display" did clicked for you, and you saw how
       | useful it could be to use the "fixed" option, it unlocked your
       | understanding of the items in A and confirmed or disconfirmed
       | your understanding of how it works.
       | 
       | Again it all depends. Self-motivated learning, even for a job, is
       | easier to work with than compulsory learning. Because there, you
       | don't even have the motivation to gaze up to the horizon and
       | gather any excitement or understanding for what the learning
       | might later lead to. It doesn't feel like a path, it feels like a
       | brick wall. In this regard, a list of subjects is somewhat skin
       | to someone stacking bricks, rather than elucidating a path.
       | Overwhelming anxiety while learning is a real thing. The context
       | really matters as to whether this approach is always the wisest.
        
       | vonnik wrote:
       | For me, there's always an early social element to learning:
       | trying to figure out who the experts are; getting them to point
       | you toward the best resources; and if you're lucky, bouncing your
       | mental models off them to be corrected. A good LLM can take you
       | part of the way on many subjects, which removes some of the
       | initial friction.
       | 
       | Not every field is like that though.
       | 
       | Some problems are wicked and new, lots of knowledge is basically
       | enacted more than known, and the solutions one seeks often
       | require several disciplines.
        
       | sumosudo wrote:
       | Piano piano si va lontano
        
       | jamager wrote:
       | IMO, how to learn depends greatly on why to learn and what
       | constraints do you have.
       | 
       | If you need to pass an exam, obtain a certificate, etc. you will
       | need a different approach than if you are just curious about a
       | subject and explore what it is about.
       | 
       | There are commonalities, however. Much of the advice on
       | deliberate practice (From the book Peak Performance) is valid
       | even if you don't try to be a top expert.
        
       | timwaagh wrote:
       | I dont think it's going to be that important. Different people
       | have different learning styles but also vastly different
       | capacities making this really difficult to research accurately.
       | People claim to find the secret sauce from time to time. They're
       | most likely wrong.
        
       | paldepind2 wrote:
       | I agree with the blog post that learning how to learn is an
       | important skill. But the post offers very little beyond a few
       | tips on how to actually achieve that. For people interested in
       | actually learning how to learn I'd recommend the book "Make It
       | Stick: The Science of Successful Learning", which offers a lot of
       | details on this topic based on actual scientific research.
        
         | wordpad25 wrote:
         | that book seems to be very inline with cutting edge research on
         | learning, thanks
         | 
         | book summary
         | 
         | "Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning" Summary:
         | 
         | Key Premise: Effective learning strategies differ from common
         | study methods like rereading and cramming, which provide an
         | illusion of mastery but lead to poor retention.
         | 
         | Main Learning Principles:
         | 
         | Retrieval Practice: Actively recalling information strengthens
         | memory and makes learning more durable. Self-quizzing is more
         | effective than passive review.
         | 
         | Spaced Repetition: Spacing out learning sessions over time
         | leads to better retention than cramming.
         | 
         | Interleaved Practice: Mixing different types of problems or
         | subjects during study sessions improves learning compared to
         | studying one topic in blocks.
         | 
         | Elaboration: Explaining ideas in your own words and connecting
         | them to existing knowledge improves understanding.
         | 
         | Generation: Attempting to solve a problem before being shown
         | the solution enhances learning.
         | 
         | Reflection: Reviewing what you've learned and considering how
         | it applies to your life strengthens learning.
         | 
         | Varied Learning: Learning in different contexts and
         | environments makes the knowledge more adaptable and versatile.
         | 
         | Key Takeaways:
         | 
         | Rethink study habits: Active learning techniques outperform
         | passive ones.
         | 
         | Learning is more effective when it's effortful--embrace
         | challenges.
         | 
         | Long-term retention relies on consistent, spaced, and active
         | engagement with material.
        
           | paldepind2 wrote:
           | That summary is pretty good based on what I remember from the
           | book. I think the second to last point, _effort_, deserves a
           | bit more of an emphasis though. It's actually a common theme
           | through all the effective learning methods that they require
           | more effort and that more effort generally implies more
           | effective learning. As an example, simply rereading a text
           | takes little effort compared to doing flash cards, and the
           | later is more effective.
        
       | nbzso wrote:
       | Crypto Data Live-Streamed. One article. Wisdom all around.
        
       | personjerry wrote:
       | > Very quickly identify what the foundational knowledge is.
       | 
       | This seems to be the most important part but also has the hidden
       | and problematic dependency of... already knowing (i.e. already
       | having learned) what the foundational stuff is?
        
       | lawls wrote:
       | It's true.
        
       | erganemic wrote:
       | Contra to a lot of what's being said in this thread, I think a
       | lot of smart people get stuck in the trap of overvaluing quality
       | of input relative to quantity of input. Put another way: the
       | bitter lesson applies to the AI inside your skull too.
        
         | bckr wrote:
         | Hmm. Given that Textbooks are all you need, I'm not sure this
         | holds.
         | 
         | Maybe "don't focus so much on organizing your inputs, instead
         | focus on many quality input reps"?
        
         | cloverich wrote:
         | Relatedly, it took me a while to appreciate that seeking out
         | and organizing the best knowledge on a topic is, for me, just a
         | form a procrastination. Its ok if I'm doing it for fun. But if
         | I want to learn, the key seems to be that every single day I
         | start the day learning or reinforcing something, and do no
         | other activity until that one is completed. A somewhat related
         | thing I learned in medical school, is that many people have an
         | internal cue for when you've really learned something. When you
         | have re-visited something for the nth time, and the feeling you
         | have is a deep level of annoyance that you are rehashing the
         | same thing again, that is usually the signal that it will
         | stick. May not work for all but worked well for me and the
         | folks I shared it with.
        
       | setgree wrote:
       | Something from Andrej Karpathy on learning that stuck with me
       | [0]:
       | 
       | > Learning is not supposed to be fun. It doesn't have to be
       | actively not fun either, but the primary feeling should be that
       | of effort. It should look a lot less like that "10 minute full
       | body" workout from your local digital media creator and a lot
       | more like a serious session at the gym. You want the mental
       | equivalent of sweating. It's not that the quickie doesn't do
       | anything, it's just that it is wildly suboptimal if you actually
       | care to learn.
       | 
       | [0] https://x.com/karpathy/status/1756380066580455557?lang=en
        
         | cynicalsecurity wrote:
         | Judging from his name, he has been struck with post-soviet
         | spirit of doom and gloom.
        
           | throw_pm23 wrote:
           | Doesn't make it less true though.
        
           | sofixa wrote:
           | He was born in '86 in Slovakia, so he probably doesn't
           | remember much of the late communist and early post-communist
           | times.
        
           | danielmarkbruce wrote:
           | He's also been struck with 10-100s of millions of dollars, an
           | insanely successful career, and a good nature.
        
         | cloverich wrote:
         | A counter point, or maybe complementary point (b/c I agree w/
         | the quote). I killed myself trying to do more than 8 pull ups
         | in a gym for ages; at times I'd be going to the gym 4x a week
         | doing full body workouts, always working hard, always sweating,
         | always gassed at the end; consistently doing pull ups to
         | exhaustion on multiple sets. Yet 8 was a kind of ceiling. At
         | some point I stopped working out, but got a pull up bar at
         | home. I stuck it in my office doorway. I would do occasional
         | pull ups -- never more than 2-3, usually only 1. But just
         | casually a few times a day, nearly every day, when I walked by
         | it. It was never hard, it never felt like work. It became more
         | of a way to briefly relax, an alternative to the cigarettes I
         | used to smoke. Well after a year of that when someone
         | challenged me to a friendly pull up competition, I was shocked
         | that I could do 15 in a row easily, I still had more in the
         | tank even. That always stuck with me because it taught me that
         | while hard work is important, consistency is _more_ important.
         | Working "hard" as such is often not only not required, but
         | perhaps often not actually the thing that will help.
        
           | cjbgkagh wrote:
           | That's a reasonably well known strategy to pull-ups. Start at
           | one regularly and slowly build up once it becomes easy enough
           | to do so.
           | 
           | I think learning is more like growing plants, you don't need
           | to get everything perfect, or even one thing perfect, but a
           | set of things to good enough.
           | 
           | There are a lot of things that interfere with learning so the
           | presence of those will inhibit learning regardless of effort.
        
           | systems wrote:
           | how much weight did you loose during that time?
           | 
           | you either lost significant weight, or added significant
           | muscle .. no other way .. the end result here is more
           | significant than how you reached it
           | 
           | for pull up, loosing weight is usually far more important
           | than adding muscle, so i am leaning toward you lost weight
        
             | cloverich wrote:
             | Oh, I'm pretty lightweight / lanky (hover around 165lb, BMI
             | around 20-21). I didn't see any significant weight change
             | at the time, perhaps I transferred muscle if that's a thing
             | since I was doing less general muscle building at that
             | point - just pushups and the casual pull up routine,
             | running (sprints) to blow off steam.
             | 
             | I can see weight loss being a significant factor for
             | heavier people, esp. those that are heavy and strong. I am
             | definitely neither (typical things like bench press / squat
             | etc I used pretty light weights).
        
             | marginalia_nu wrote:
             | Eh, you can also improve your lifts by just not being
             | exhausted every time you go to the gym. With lifting, more
             | is not always more. Fatigue and failure to properly recover
             | is a fairly common reason for plateaus, especially with
             | full body pulls.
        
           | nickburns wrote:
           | For anyone not familiar with this methodology, it's called
           | 'greasing the groove.'
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmOEgK5o2yg
        
         | zer0tonin wrote:
         | This is complete bs.
         | 
         | I've learned 2 languages to fluency by mostly watching movies.
         | I've learned the linux cli by setting up a minecraft server for
         | my friends in high school. I've learned programming by making
         | IRC (and later Discord) bots for communities I was part of.
         | 
         | All of this was fun, and it worked better than staring at a
         | textbook and hoping that my "effort" pays off.
        
           | bityard wrote:
           | I think there is some conflation in this thread between
           | "learning" and "practice" which are fairly different things.
           | 
           | As an ADHD person, nothing shovels the dopamine into my
           | neural receptors quite like going from zero to "knows enough
           | to be dangerous" in a new hobby or field of knowledge. That's
           | the fun part. But climbing the experience curve much further
           | than that requires some amount of _deliberate_ study and
           | beyond that deliberate _practice_ and experience in order to
           | become something like an expert.
           | 
           | Chasing questions down rabbit-holes is fast and entertaining
           | but only takes you so far. Deliberate practice (studying) is
           | mostly less fun, even when that thing is your life-long
           | passion and/or career. But necessary if you want to be highly
           | skilled in that area.
        
             | epiccoleman wrote:
             | > nothing shovels the dopamine into my neural receptors
             | quite like going from zero to "knows enough to be
             | dangerous" in a new hobby or field of knowledge.
             | 
             | Man, this describes me to a T. I love that feeling of the
             | "first 75%" (or whatever percentage it is). Then I tend to
             | lose interest in the long tail.
        
             | smeej wrote:
             | I realized this about myself years ago, but I don't (think
             | I) have ADHD.
             | 
             | I have always been able to learn faster than most people.
             | No clear reason why. It appears I was just born this way.
             | 
             | But if the Pareto Principle holds, and I'm learning twice
             | as fast as average (estimating for the sake of easy math),
             | that means when I'm a beginner learning the 20% of the
             | skill that gives me 80% of the results, I'm learning like
             | 32 times faster than somebody learning at an average rate
             | who's in the 80% of work that produces 20% of the results,
             | even though they're better at what they're doing. I _look_
             | like an absolute rockstar out of the gate.
             | 
             | Problem is that my ego has been tied up in that since I was
             | little. Early life is all about learning high-leverage
             | things as quickly as possible, and since that's also when
             | you're forming your sense of who you are, it's a sticky
             | trap. I have really struggled to build the patience for the
             | rest of the grind, where even if I'm still learning twice
             | as fast as average at the harder level, any average newbie
             | is learning/improving twice as fast as me.
             | 
             | The end result is that I'm moderately proficient in dozens
             | and dozens of things, but I'm not an expert at anything
             | except obtaining moderate proficiency.
        
           | sksxihve wrote:
           | Agreed, consistency is more important than doing a marathon
           | session. Anyone who has learned a musical instrument can tell
           | you this, far better to practice 10 minutes a day everyday
           | than 1 hour once a week.
        
           | danielmarkbruce wrote:
           | Yeah, but Andrej is talking about learning much harder things
           | in much more depth. He's a world class research scientist and
           | engineer.
           | 
           | Practically everyone on planet earth learns a language as a
           | child. Learning how to use some commands in linux and and
           | programming a bot are literally child's play. I learned to
           | play soccer the way you speak of - i'm... ok at it. Messi did
           | a different thing.
        
           | auselen wrote:
           | Trying to provide a perspective..
           | 
           | Let's say because of your genetics, you can enjoy playing
           | basketball, and you do that, and you have fun doing that, you
           | get better at it... but that's that, it won't be that easy
           | for you with other subjects or even get to next level at
           | basketball. Then you need to submit to discipline... or are
           | you willing to wait for things to become fun?
           | 
           | > pays off
           | 
           | That's why it is important to chase things you are curious
           | about, then you don't need to wait for some return...
        
           | Arisaka1 wrote:
           | >I've learned the linux cli by setting up a minecraft server
           | for my friends in high school.
           | 
           | What you've learned was "enough to set up a minecraft
           | server", but definitely not as much as "learned the linux
           | cli", and that's without even touching the obvious question
           | "what does someone mean when they claim they learned the
           | linux cli"?
           | 
           | I fell for this trap too: I watched a tutorial by Nick
           | Chapsas, then made my own ASP.NET Core Web API for a personal
           | project, and thought "Wow I know ASP.NET MVC time to get a
           | junior developer job".
           | 
           | After a few resumes (there's .NET demand in my area) I landed
           | an interview with a startup. The interviewer (who happened to
           | be the cofounder and has 15 years of .NET experience, some
           | working directly in Microsoft) started hitting me with
           | questions like "what kind of objects can get constructed in a
           | using block?", "what's the difference between readonly and
           | const", "how can we identify that a payload comes from a
           | mobile client if the endpoints are shared?", etc.
           | 
           | That's when I realized that I knew enough to make me go
           | "woohoo I have a .NET Core web API" but not enough to get a
           | junior job. In fact, he was honest enough to tell me "you're
           | barely entry level, and this wasn't even the technical
           | interview it's just the screener".
           | 
           | Off-topic but related with the event: I obviously didn't get
           | the job, but he left me with an advice I'm actioning: "Stop
           | jumping around and stick to one language, I don't know if
           | that's gonna be C#, TypeScript, Go, Python, whatever. Deep
           | dive something well. You're only hurting yourself in the long
           | run".
        
       | kwar13 wrote:
       | I cannot recommend reading A Mathematician's Apology enough. It
       | was written by GH Hardy and I think it's one of the best non-math
       | texts out there to understand how a mathematician's brain works.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology
       | 
       | Fairly short and beautifully written.
        
         | will-burner wrote:
         | I also like mathematician's apology and would recommend it for
         | understanding now a mathematician's brain works and in
         | particular a mathematician's perspective and mindset on being a
         | mathematician.
         | 
         | But I'm curious what prompted you to bring that up in this
         | thread? I don't see how it's connected to the blog post.
        
           | kwar13 wrote:
           | Oops! Thought I was in this thread:
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41909564
           | 
           | Thank you friend!
        
       | mediumsmart wrote:
       | I think the best learning resource for something is being really
       | interested in it.
        
       | nwnwhwje wrote:
       | > "What's something you've learned that you believe gives you an
       | edge - something that you're almost surprised more people don't
       | know about?"
       | 
       | My response: Nice try.
        
       | will-burner wrote:
       | >What's something you've learned that you believe gives you an
       | edge - something that you're almost surprised more people don't
       | know about?
       | 
       | I don't know if it's just me but I would not be stoked to be
       | asked this question during an interview. During interviews you're
       | implicitly trying to differentiate yourself from others vying for
       | the position. You usually do this by talking about your
       | experience in different ways. I find it annoying when the
       | interviewer explicitly asks you to differentiate yourself from
       | others vying for the position. In part it annoys me because I
       | think that should be the job of the interviewer to determine
       | based on how I've answered their concrete questions about my
       | experience. But also explicit questions like this one give such
       | an opportunity for bs that I do not think they give a lot of
       | signal. I guess I could be wrong though and don't spend enough
       | time thinking about what makes me better than other people.
        
       | textread wrote:
       | I have a related question: Is learning interlinked with writing?
       | 
       | PG tweeted:-                   You can't replace reading with
       | other sources of information like videos,          because you
       | need to read in order to write well, and          you need to
       | write in order to think well.
        
       | jjice wrote:
       | Pareto distributions are everywhere, and most learning ends up
       | being one. Recently encountered this while getting into weight
       | training for hypertrophy. The core is good form, diet, and
       | progressive overload. Other than that, learning the basis of a
       | specific exercise is something you can pick up as you expand.
       | 
       | It's so similar to most of the things I've specifically sought to
       | learn as an adult. You get so much bang for your buck, time-wise,
       | when learning something new. The best part is when you don't even
       | need to dig deep past that foundational 80% and you can become
       | pretty knowledgeable about something in a very reasonable amount
       | of time.
        
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