[HN Gopher] The Shroud of Turin: History and Legends
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       The Shroud of Turin: History and Legends
        
       Author : royalroad
       Score  : 36 points
       Date   : 2024-10-17 17:00 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (michaelshermer.substack.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (michaelshermer.substack.com)
        
       | FrustratedMonky wrote:
       | I don't get why it couldn't just be anybody's shroud. Didn't
       | everyone at that time get a shroud.
        
         | fsckboy wrote:
         | your family has been passing down a family bible for many
         | years. your father gives it to you and says, "this was your
         | great-great-great-great grandfather's, he brought it from the
         | old country, and it has the names of all the babies born into
         | the family back then.
         | 
         | you say "eh, it could be anybody's, everybody had a bible and
         | lots of kids back then" and you throw it away.
         | 
         | you're right, no way to prove it was his and you can live your
         | life unencumbered by the past, no point in looking for meaning.
        
           | FrustratedMonky wrote:
           | "no point in looking for meaning."
           | 
           | You say it I think sarcastically. I'm not sure.
           | 
           | But not spending a life going down rabbit holes that are most
           | likely false, is not giving up on searching for meaning.
           | 
           | It is just switching to more fruitful avenues to spend the
           | limited time we have on looking for meaning.
        
             | hluska wrote:
             | Why do these conversations inevitably move into insults? As
             | soon as humans get into the subject of belief, someone
             | always says something like "it's just switching to more
             | fruitful avenues."
             | 
             | If something works for you, that's great. But why do people
             | automatically say that their way is better? Does being
             | right really matter?
             | 
             | We could have a really great world if we'd just let people
             | believe in whatever works for them.
        
               | card_zero wrote:
               | That's not an insult, it's a criticism. The criticism is:
               | your thing is not very good. What you're requesting here
               | is that you should never be told that your thing is not
               | very good. I know the feeling, you're not alone, I, too,
               | hate it when people piss on my strawberries, and
               | _sometimes_ I feel like I have a right to request that
               | they be less negative and more supportive. This is why we
               | have privacy instead of everybody being overbearing and
               | constantly back-seat driving and interfering in other
               | people 's business. We need room to breathe, including
               | believing in stuff.
               | 
               | However. It would _not_ be a really great world without
               | criticism. It would be a world _even more_ full of
               | conspiracy theories and wacky viral social media posts
               | about the government engineering hurricanes or
               | archeologists digging up giants. Being right matters
               | because indulgently anti-reason people _don 't_ limit it
               | to what "works" for them, they go around _pressuring
               | other people_ to be similarly stupid. By the way, what
               | does  "works" really mean here? It's something like a
               | need to have non-critical thought processes. That's fine,
               | I think, even vital, but only _in private._ Bring those
               | weird-ass thought processes out into the light, and then
               | they _should_ be criticized, otherwise we 're heading
               | toward folie a deux territory.
        
               | FrustratedMonky wrote:
               | Go back and read the parent .
               | 
               | What I was responding to was the sentiment of doubling
               | down on mysticism. "My parents beliefs are my beliefs,
               | and that is correct, and so that's what I'm going to
               | believe, and then teach my kids". No opportunity to grow.
               | 
               | Was pointing out that, a lot of people really spend a lot
               | of years going in weird directions, so why not pause,
               | look around, and figure out a better way forward.
               | 
               | Really, this seems to be the kind of response I get when
               | others want the "freedom means free as long as they agree
               | with me". But suggest thinking differently, and boom,
               | can't have that kind of stuff happening, "not that kind
               | of freedom".
               | 
               | Like if someone was a Satan worshiper. And I suggested
               | reading the bible. Then that is good, people should be
               | free to suggest that, and to change.
               | 
               | But if someone is evangelical. And I suggest that Satan
               | might have made some good points, or the Bible actually
               | allows for abortion. Then boom, that isn't freedom, you
               | are corrupting people, we have to stop that.
        
           | atombender wrote:
           | This is of course a false analogy. We don't have a record of
           | ownership at all; there is no such list.
           | 
           | The shroud showed up in France in the 1300s or 1400s; it's
           | unclear exactly when, because it seems several shrouds were
           | circulating at the same time. When written sources start
           | talking about the current one, they don't say where it came
           | crom. Nothing like "here's this shroud, taken by A from B,
           | who had it after C, who found it raiding Byzantium, who got
           | it from...". It just appears suddenly.
        
             | ted_dunning wrote:
             | Furthermore, there are records that the pope of the time
             | required that the shroud be labelled as a replication, not
             | an authentic artifact.
        
           | Maken wrote:
           | Well, to make that metaphor work with the Shroud, you have to
           | add a couple of extra details:
           | 
           | 1. Your father got it from your granpa, who really liked to
           | boast about family treasures and often made up stories about
           | his parents and grandparents.
           | 
           | 2. The bible clearly says "Printed in 1956" in the back
           | matter.
           | 
           | But of course, you are free to believe whatever you want.
        
         | mrkstu wrote:
         | Unconnected to whom it actually is, the mystery of how the
         | image was generated is enough of a mystery to keep digging for
         | answers.
        
         | lisper wrote:
         | There was never a time in which "everyone" got a shroud. Even
         | in Jesus's time, burying someone in a shroud was a distinctly
         | Jewish custom, and using linen did not become fashionable until
         | after Jesus's death [1] [2]. Furthermore, for a crucifixion
         | victim to be buried at all, let alone in a shroud, would be
         | extremely unusual. It was generally part of the punishment for
         | the body to be left on the cross after death to be displayed
         | and consumed by scavengers. When the remains were finally
         | removed they were generally disposed of in mass graves. [3]
         | 
         | [1]
         | https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/5282847/jewis...
         | 
         | [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel
         | 
         | [3] https://www.mercaba.org/FICHAS/upsa/crucifixion.htm
        
           | FrustratedMonky wrote:
           | Sure. Not everyone globally, just everyone in the "distinctly
           | Jewish" culture
        
             | lisper wrote:
             | OK, for that definition of "everyone" then yes, it's
             | probably mostly true under normal circumstances. (Poor Jews
             | may have been buried without shrouds, I don't know.) But 1)
             | being crucified was not a "normal circumstance" and 2)
             | linen did not become common as a material for burial
             | shrouds until many years after Jesus died.
        
         | tsimionescu wrote:
         | First of all, the thing is not a shroud, it's essentially a
         | 14th century painting, created as one of a myriad fake relics
         | for money and fame.
         | 
         | Second of all, if you believed it were a real ancient shroud,
         | you would have to explain how the image on it was produced.
         | Corpses don't leave images on shrouds, and even if it were true
         | that everyone in ancient Israel were wrapped in a linen shroud
         | when they died, people certainly didn't paint those shrouds.
        
           | appguy wrote:
           | Scientists have recently used a new x-ray imaging technique
           | to date The Shroud to the 1st century. https://www.dailymail.
           | co.uk/sciencetech/article-13758359/amp...
        
             | tsimionescu wrote:
             | That study [0] is published in a non-peer-reviewed journal
             | with a very low impact factor, Heritage. Additionally,
             | their findings suggests the shroud was kept within a very
             | narrow range of temperatures to support the 1st century
             | hypothesis, which makes it even more suspect.
             | 
             | Additionally, their findings contradict a very well
             | established C14 dating technique, in an extremely well
             | documented and thought out study, using 8 different world
             | class laboratories, for which their only explanation is
             | "contamination" (ignoring the fact that the sample is
             | pristine by comparison with many artifacts routinely dated
             | using C14).
             | 
             | Also, if you want to cite a study, maybe find the link to
             | the study, not a Daily Mail article.
             | 
             | [0] https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/5/2/47
        
               | wrzuteczka wrote:
               | These 8 laboratories shared the same sample collected
               | from a corner of the shroud. The priests handling the
               | shroud would always hold it by its corners. So the
               | explanation is not as weak as it may sound.
        
               | tsimionescu wrote:
               | The priests handling the shroud didn't stop handling it
               | in the 14th century. The fire it survived by dousing with
               | water was from the 16th century. There is no reason
               | whatsoever that all 8 laboratories happened to find the
               | same contaminants from the same century.
        
               | atombender wrote:
               | The Carbon 14 dating process is not sensitive to
               | pollution from, say, the sweat or sebum on the hands of
               | people handling it. What's more, the sample was
               | vigorously cleaned before analysis.
               | 
               | The article (the one that this thread is about, not the
               | study) addresses exactly this. The author makes the point
               | is C14 dating is widely misunderstood by non-experts who
               | still decide it's within their expertise to find fault
               | with the it.
        
               | nsxwolf wrote:
               | It's susceptible to contamination from millennia-newer
               | cloth fibers though!
        
               | atombender wrote:
               | Did nobody here read the article? The author covered
               | this:
               | 
               | > ... to distort the result by 13 centuries the threads
               | employed in the mending would have had to have been more
               | numerous than the threads of the part to be mended
               | 
               | Furthermore, the samples were examined by two textile
               | experts, and later by a lab that looked for trace fabrics
               | that could have affected the radiocarbon dating, and they
               | all confirmed that the sample was the original fabric.
        
               | dpratt71 wrote:
               | Believe it or not, it gets worse. The authors of this
               | paper are the same folks who came up with this particular
               | dating technique. And I can't find any evidence the
               | technique has been independently validated. Not that that
               | should count for much from this layman.
        
               | kergonath wrote:
               | > That study [0] is published in a non-peer-reviewed
               | journal with a very low impact factor, Heritage.
               | 
               | Haha, MDPI. lol. It's worse than low impact factor.
        
           | mock-possum wrote:
           | > you would have to explain how
           | 
           | No, you're making this too complicated.
           | 
           | It happened _miraculously_ because god is all-powerful and
           | can do whatever, whenever. Boom. Solved. Easy.
        
             | graemep wrote:
             | I assume you are being sarcastic, but nonetheless worth
             | pointing out that almost all miracles attributed to Jesus
             | have some point and/or symbolic importance (e.g. to relive
             | suffering, as an illustration of who he was, etc.).
             | 
             | A miraculous shroud just seems showy.
        
               | BobaFloutist wrote:
               | The symbolic importance of striking barren a fig tree
               | that had the audacity to not be bearing fruit out of
               | season.
        
               | prewett wrote:
               | The usual interpretations are that the fig tree
               | represents the people of Israel, the religious leaders of
               | Israel, and/or the Temple-system. In Mark, Jesus curses
               | the fig tree because it is not bearing fruit, then cleans
               | out the Temple from being a exploitative financial
               | business instead of a house of worship, then immediately
               | afterwards the disciples observe that the fig tree
               | withered. The implication is that the Temple-system is
               | judged, which fits in with several other statements Jesus
               | makes elsewhere (such as not one stone of the Temple
               | being left in place, in Matthew, if I remember
               | correctly).
               | 
               | I've also heard that fig trees had sort of a pre-fruit,
               | so it wasn't unreasonable to expect something, but I
               | don't know if that's actually true or not. At any rate,
               | the symbolic interpretation is still valid. (And, having
               | been conquered by Rome, perhaps Israel was not in a
               | season of fruit, either, strengthening the symbolic
               | connection.)
        
               | codingdave wrote:
               | Honestly, how would we know what all the miracles were?
               | For arguments sake, whether or not you are Christian, let
               | us say that Jesus did wander around performing miracles.
               | The Bible is certainly not an audit trail of everything
               | he did. It is the stories that survived. There would
               | certainly be a bias in which stories those were.
               | 
               | It seems reasonable to assume other miracles would have
               | occurred that were not recorded, in particular
               | considering that one of his teachings was to do good for
               | its own sake, not to have the good be noticed by others.
        
           | kcplate wrote:
           | > Second of all, if you believed it were a real ancient
           | shroud, you would have to explain how the image on it was
           | produced. Corpses don't leave images on shrouds
           | 
           | Well, they _have_ haven't they? I think you need to put
           | yourself in the shoes of a believing Christian /catholic.
           | There is really no need for them to try and explain
           | scientifically what is explained miraculously. From the
           | miraculous POV the act of resurrection itself may have
           | created the image and since man cannot replicate that
           | process, it's impossible to explain it scientifically. But
           | what we do know is that certain energetic particles applied
           | to certain mediums do leave traces and can leave negative
           | images. So even science helps to lend credence to their
           | theory of a miracle
           | 
           | So _if_ it is an ancient piece of cloth and there isn't a
           | scientific explanation yet that adequately explains how the
           | image could be produced and since you cannot prove that a God
           | does or doesn't exist...a believing Christian can easily rely
           | on faith that it is what it is purported to be.
           | 
           | So it's up to you to prove them wrong, not up to them to
           | prove that they are right.
        
             | patrickmay wrote:
             | You've got the burden of proof backwards there. It is
             | absolutely up to those who claim the shroud is that of
             | Jesus to prove it.
        
               | NateEag wrote:
               | He's describing the average Christian's perspective, not
               | saying what he himself thinks.
        
               | recursive wrote:
               | The nature of faith rejects the validity of such burdens
               | of proof.
        
           | d_theorist wrote:
           | Whatever else you might want to say about the shroud, one
           | thing we know for sure is that it is _not_ a painting.
           | Analysis shows that the image is extremely superficial, only
           | penetrating about 200nm into the fibres of the cloth. This is
           | inconsistent with a painted image.
        
             | ted_dunning wrote:
             | Could easily have been sprayed on.
             | 
             | This is a common technique done with a mouth tube in older
             | times, a bulb sprayer later and an air brush most recently.
        
               | svieira wrote:
               | There is nothing on the fibers that is visible under a
               | high powered microscope. Paint (even spray-paint) is
               | quite visibly distinct from the fiber it covers.
        
           | pkphilip wrote:
           | 1. There is no known painting technique - even now, for
           | getting this image onto the shroud. There were no pigments or
           | dyes in sufficient quantity to explain the image on the
           | shroud.
           | 
           | 2. About the second point - it remains a mystery but that in
           | no way makes the shroud itself a fake.
        
             | kergonath wrote:
             | > 1. There is no known painting technique - even now, for
             | getting this image onto the shroud. There were no pigments
             | or dyes in sufficient quantity to explain the image on the
             | shroud.
             | 
             | It still does not mean that it has anything to do with
             | Jesus. There are plenty of things we don't know how to make
             | anymore.
        
             | kjkjadksj wrote:
             | Uv damage perhaps? Maybe make the imagery with selective
             | application of sand and leaving it in sunlight?
        
           | svieira wrote:
           | > you would have to explain how the image on it was produced
           | 
           | It was produced by Jesus Christ at His resurrection. He left
           | it for us to see and ensured that its being set aside was
           | recorded in Scripture (not with the others but rolled up in a
           | separate place - https://biblehub.com/john/20-7.htm).
           | 
           | If you mean "how did Jesus create the image"? Well, I don't
           | know, we can look at the image (as some have) and come up
           | with some theories. My favorite one is the one that says it
           | was in the moment that the angel rolled the stone away from
           | the tomb Jesus briefly shone with light, imprinting on the
           | shroud the image of His suffering. That's certainly not the
           | only way it could have happened, of course, but I think it's
           | a very fitting image.
        
             | jl6 wrote:
             | He smartly ensured that the shroud was exactly consistent
             | with a forgery so that He could sort those with true faith
             | from those whose belief depends on earthly evidence.
        
         | appguy wrote:
         | The wounds on the man on The Shroud match those of Jesus Christ
         | in the Bible. The crown of thorns, scourging, crucifixion,
         | piercing on the side.
        
           | hulitu wrote:
           | Do you have a bible with photos ? I only have one with text.
           | /s
        
             | graemep wrote:
             | A text that mentions scourging, a crown of thorns and a
             | spear thrust in the side of the body.
             | 
             | It does not prove anything either way with regard to it
             | being genuine or not, as a later forger/artist would have
             | followed that, but if it is shown to be a genuine shroud
             | with genuine marks then it makes it probable it was
             | Jesus's.
        
           | atombender wrote:
           | Whoever manufactured the shroud was following the story in
           | the Bible and made sure the image adhered the description of
           | the crucifixion.
        
       | AStonesThrow wrote:
       | Whether it is 14th century or an authentic relic, I still believe
       | it's simply amazing to behold. We can explain what it's made of
       | and guess at how old it is, and we can guess at its provenance
       | and history, but there's simply no good explanation of how it was
       | imprinted. The photo-negative imprint is nothing short of
       | miraculous to me. Perhaps it's a miraculous forgery--doesn't
       | matter anymore.
       | 
       | The crucifix in a local parish was commissioned just a few years
       | ago, and the artisan who sculpted it in Mexico used the Shroud as
       | a guide for the imagery. The painful stripes of scourging, the
       | dripping of blood, the skinned knees, the pathetic expression on
       | this man's face: they are all quite realistic and they perfectly
       | evoke Christ's suffering for me, and for hundreds of other
       | parishioners, especially the donors who contributed to beautify
       | the sanctuary.
       | 
       | There are plenty of truly authenticated relics -- actual body
       | parts of saints -- and I've come into contact with some of them.
       | It's really amazing to have this connection to holiness. And you
       | need to really understand the relationship of Christians with
       | relics. The relic has no power in itself. The relic is not a
       | miraculous talisman. The relic is simply a physical manifestation
       | of a saint, who is very much alive to us. Though we cannot
       | embrace such a saint, or hear them speak to us, they are present
       | to us through the relic, and we invoke their intercession while
       | touching the relic, because body and soul are one, and will be
       | reunited.
       | 
       | My faith would not be shaken if this were proved fake. I simply
       | don't rely on archaeology to prove my faith. Nobody should. I
       | believe that archaeology and 99% of today's Scripture scholarship
       | is an exercise in futility and misdirection. Live the life or
       | don't live it. Be an atheist if you want. But don't tell us what
       | to believe.
        
         | Oarch wrote:
         | Agreed, there's so much here to be thankful for on its own
         | merits.
         | 
         | Both the fact that such fine and rare objects still exist, and
         | our incredible techniques for studying the ancient past.
        
         | tsimionescu wrote:
         | It's perfectly fine to consider it a beautiful and unique 14th
         | century icon, even though its creators were aiming to get
         | money/fame off a fake relic. In that sense, it might be the
         | most remarkable fake in history.
         | 
         | And I also agree that faith shouldn't be based on physical
         | proof or analysis of this kind, which is always subject to the
         | specter of fraud or misunderstanding.
         | 
         | The point of understanding the nature of the Shroud of Turin is
         | not to shake anyone's faith. It is simply to understand the
         | truth (an important concept to any Christian) of an item.
        
         | hulitu wrote:
         | > but there's simply no good explanation of how it was
         | imprinted.
         | 
         | I think i saw the word "paint" somewhere.
        
         | julianeon wrote:
         | There's a conflict in your paragraph I wanted to point out.
         | 
         | > but there's simply no good explanation of how it was
         | imprinted.
         | 
         | That's a strong claim! You are implying there is a miracle
         | here, something science can't explain.
         | 
         | I can contest that, as you surely know. Imagine I produce an
         | explanation here...
         | 
         | > But don't tell us what to believe.
         | 
         | The problem is that I can't produce an explanation without
         | implying you should believe it: that's what an explanation is.
        
       | encoderer wrote:
       | The clergy in the 14th century were absolutely unmoored.
       | Everything was for sale. You could pre-pay for absolution for
       | future sins. They sold relics of everything - Jesus hair, even
       | parts of the "burning bush" from the Old Testament. The first
       | crusade brought back real treasures and relics that made the
       | perfect pretense for a century of grifters.
       | 
       | That was all pretty much stopped later that century though by a
       | few bad things like the mini ice age, papal schism, 100 years
       | war, and the Black Death.
        
         | InDubioProRubio wrote:
         | Clergy back then basically was a hacker culture- as in you get
         | the suckers to buy some relic or immortality paperwork and have
         | a nice life extracting resources and giving nothing in return.
        
           | encoderer wrote:
           | They sold NFTs and shitcoins basically.
        
         | Maken wrote:
         | No, those were the restrained ones. They at least put some
         | effort in making their relics credible.
         | 
         | The clergy in the 16th century literally wrote "Get out of
         | Hell" cards and sell them for money. What made them stop was
         | Protestantism calling them on their bullshit.
        
       | DemocracyFTW2 wrote:
       | This cannot be a coincidence, just watched
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8XRpeXopHY _The Shroud of Turin
       | is still Fake_ by Rebecca Watson (Skepchick)
       | 
       | But that video is one month old, so--?
        
         | jfengel wrote:
         | It's not a coincidence. There was a "new" analysis of the
         | shroud that came out last month.
         | 
         | https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/jesus...
         | 
         | That's the least asinine article I could find. It's even dumber
         | than this article suggests.
        
       | appguy wrote:
       | Something that amazes me about The Shroud of Turin is that if it
       | was created in the 14th century, how did they create a
       | photographic negative 400 years before the first known
       | photographic negative was created in 1826 by Nicephore Niepce.
       | It's the most studied artifact in history and still no one knows
       | how The Shroud was created.
        
         | bediger4000 wrote:
         | There's a number of weird things that knowledge of their
         | manufacture has been lost. The lenses of Gotland, Greek Fire
         | and the Chinese Jade burial suits all come to mind.
         | 
         | I don't see that as a reason to Revere any item.
        
         | InsideOutSanta wrote:
         | People in the 14th century were no dumber than people living
         | today, and painters like Duccio di Buoninsegna had a great
         | understanding of shadows, and were capable of drawing amazing
         | portraits.
         | 
         | They were absolutely capable of painting a negative of a
         | portrait.
        
           | d_theorist wrote:
           | Of course they weren't dumb, but having a great understanding
           | of shadows is a far cry from being capable of creating a
           | photo negative. They didn't even have the _concept_ of a
           | photo negative. How would they even have _thought_ to achieve
           | such a thing? And for what purpose?
           | 
           | And, by the way, the image on the shroud is not made of
           | paint, so contemporary proficiency with painting techniques
           | hardly seems relevant.
        
             | codingdave wrote:
             | Why would they need the specific concept of a photo
             | negative? A negative is just a reversal of light/dark. They
             | knew of such things. They knew primary colors, too.
             | Painting and mixing colors is not exactly modern -- it has
             | been around for many centuries. Artists practice playing
             | with light and color as basic exercises, and have done so
             | for hundreds if not thousands of years. Switching light and
             | dark is a fairly basic concept to artists, not an
             | innovation that required photography to exist in order to
             | conceptualize it.
             | 
             | In the same vein, why would it have to be made of paint?
             | Paint is simply pigment inside a medium. Dyes are also
             | pigment, in different medium, made to soak into and bind
             | with cloth instead of being layered on top.
             | 
             | I'm not saying that is how it was created, but I highly
             | doubt that the skills to do so did not exist.
        
               | d_theorist wrote:
               | Why would they have done it?
        
               | codingdave wrote:
               | I have no idea, but that seems completely orthogonal to
               | what technique was used.
        
               | d_theorist wrote:
               | It's extremely relevant to the question, which is what
               | the negative nature of the image has to tell us about the
               | relative probabilities of the two hypotheses (miraculous
               | hypothesis vs fraud hypothesis).
               | 
               | In my view, it is a big problem for the fraud hypothesis
               | because you have to explain why and how it was done. At a
               | time when the idea of a photo negative was entirely
               | unknown, and when there are no other examples of negative
               | images, or even any mention of the idea of making such
               | images, why would the fraudsters seize on the idea of
               | making their fraudulent image a negative? There is no
               | record of anybody even recognising that it is a negative
               | until the 19th century. So, it's not at all what you
               | would expect given the fraud hypothesis. You would expect
               | a straightforward image.
        
               | margalabargala wrote:
               | > At a time when the idea of a photo negative was
               | entirely unknown
               | 
               | It was not called a negative until the 19th century when
               | photography came about, because before that a photo
               | negative wasn't a thing. Before that it was just a
               | "painting with light and dark reversed".
               | 
               | > when there are no other examples of negative images, or
               | even any mention of the idea of making such images
               | 
               | There are many examples. See woodcuts, for example. The
               | concept of creating the negative of an image was common.
               | 
               | > why would the fraudsters seize on the idea of making
               | their fraudulent image a negative?
               | 
               | Because they, and the intended consumers of their piece,
               | were not stupid and all were aware of the pattern that a
               | person would leave on a cloth. Presumably it was not more
               | difficult to drape a cloth over a body and observe the
               | staining pattern then than it is today.
               | 
               | > You would expect a straightforward image.
               | 
               | No, _you_ would expect a straightforward image, because
               | photographs weren 't invented until many centuries later,
               | apparently.
        
               | InsideOutSanta wrote:
               | They inverted the colors because they were creating a
               | painting of an impression of a face on a piece of cloth.
               | 
               | If you put a piece of cloth on your face, the parts of
               | the face that touch the cloth are the ones where color
               | would be transferred from your face to the cloth, and
               | which are therefore darker. The parts of the face that
               | are more recessed, like the areas around the eyeballs,
               | would not touch the cloth, and so less or no color would
               | be transferred from the face to the cloth in those areas.
               | 
               | In other words, the part of the face that would receive
               | more shadow in a normal image (and would be darker) would
               | receive less pigment in the painting (and would be
               | lighter).
        
               | briffid wrote:
               | A face impression would be very distorted when moving
               | from a 3D face to a 2D sheet. So it is not an impression.
        
               | teolandon wrote:
               | I don't see why the miraculous hypothesis gets to get
               | away with not explaining why and how the miracle was
               | done. Why should we reject it being a fraud just because
               | we don't know how it was done, while accepting a miracle
               | which we also don't know how was done?
        
               | exe34 wrote:
               | you can ask this for any non- photorealistic art.
        
               | svieira wrote:
               | It was not dyed - the fibers that are discolored are
               | discolored only on one side.
        
             | nonameiguess wrote:
             | A negative is just an inversion of the intensity of visible
             | signal. It even has a manifestation in common experience.
             | Stare at something for a long time, then look away. A
             | negative will superimpose on whatever you're now looking at
             | it. I can't think of a good reason humans of the past
             | should not have been able to reproduce this kind of effect
             | artistically.
        
             | Tagbert wrote:
             | They were very familiar with rubbings where you place paper
             | or canvas on a sculpture or incised surface and rub
             | charcoal on it to capture the image. The result is very
             | much like a negative.
        
             | InsideOutSanta wrote:
             | "being capable of creating a photo negative"
             | 
             | You're calling it a photo negative. It's not a photo
             | negative. It's a painting that has shadows and lights
             | inverted.
             | 
             | "the image on the shroud is not made of paint"
             | 
             | It's made of red paint.
        
               | Fidelix wrote:
               | Not true at all. No red paint in it.
               | 
               | This has been conclusively, scientifically debunked
               | multiple times.
        
               | InsideOutSanta wrote:
               | Please provide sources.
        
               | svieira wrote:
               | Red paint that isn't visible under an electron microscope
               | is some pretty advanced paint.
        
               | InsideOutSanta wrote:
               | It's red ochre.
        
             | tristramb wrote:
             | It could be survivorship bias. All the fake shrouds with
             | botched images were recognised as fakes and thrown out long
             | ago. Only this one which happens to look vaguely realistic
             | has been kept.
        
               | briffid wrote:
               | Plus what must have been lost in 500 years, all
               | photonegative pictures, fragments, descriptions, recipes,
               | any references for such imagery etc. It is very strange
               | that this is the only image that remained. And an image
               | of a nude Jesus from the back. For which no other
               | instance is known anywhere.
        
         | brentpen wrote:
         | Recent research has discovered the "stroboscopic effect" in the
         | image. The hands and feet are moving when the image was
         | imprinted on the shroud.
         | 
         | Strobe lights didn't exist in the 14th century either.
        
           | card_zero wrote:
           | Which priest or other religious zealot with a vested interest
           | found this out?
           | 
           | Also, is the implication that undead Jesus was twitching
           | rapidly and flashing on and off? That _is_ kind of cool,
           | perhaps I should get religion.
        
         | card_zero wrote:
         | It's sort of semi-3D. Reasonably good imitations have been made
         | by molding linen to a shallow sculpture (aka a bas-relief) and
         | dusting it with pigment, which thus picks up peaks and troughs.
        
         | observationist wrote:
         | Bas relief and the play of light and shadow have been used
         | since humans have tried their hand at carving. Seeing the
         | impression a wet face left on dry cloth would be sufficient to
         | tickle artistic inspiration, but actual artists, who spend
         | their time thinking about how things appear and how to capture
         | them in their respective media would have all sorts of
         | opportunities for capturing the negative of an image, even if
         | they wouldn't have thought of it in those terms.
         | 
         | There are plenty of examples of engravings, carvings, intaglia,
         | and so on that used what we consider to be a "negative."
         | There's nothing particularly special about flipping an image,
         | transposing light and dark, inverting the 3d characteristics,
         | or otherwise reversing different aspects.
         | 
         | Specifically, the inverse image might be carved for a wax seal
         | ring or imprint, or it might be carved for a decoration stamp
         | used in cement, or a mold for jewelry or ceramics. There are
         | plenty of examples of things all throughout history that
         | provide opportunity to inspire an inverted or "negative" image;
         | it's simply our context of photography that is novel.
        
         | svieira wrote:
         | Not only a photographic negative, a photographic negative with
         | proper depth that was painted on individual sides of the fibers
         | of the shroud by something (likely heat). The fibers that are
         | colored on this shroud are colored only on one side and they
         | themselves are colored. There is no chemical deposition upon
         | them, at least none visible to an electron microscope.
        
         | tasty_freeze wrote:
         | If I had to choose between (a) an artist who decided to invert
         | the light/dark palette to achieve a dramatic effect or (b) it
         | actually wrapped God and the moment of His death it left
         | pigment on the cloth, I'm going with (a) every time.
         | 
         | If you want to get Bayesian on it, the base rate of confirmed
         | art forgeries and religious artifact forgeries is non-trivial,
         | but the base rate of confirmed creators of the universe
         | manifesting has human form is zero.
        
       | briffid wrote:
       | The 14th century theorem has long been debunked, as the Pray-
       | codex https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_Codex contains strong
       | evidence that the shroud was already known in the 12th century.
        
         | dpratt71 wrote:
         | I don't think you can "debunk" something merely with strong
         | evidence.
         | 
         | Besides that, I wasn't aware of this codex, so I'm glad you
         | shared it. Has anyone suggested that (assuming there is a
         | relationship) the arrow of causality might go the other way?
         | That perhaps this image was a reference for the shroud itself?
        
           | briffid wrote:
           | The C14 dating is one evidence, and there are plenty of
           | contradicting evidence for the 14th century dating. But my
           | main point is that there is at least doubt for the 14th date,
           | and any proper scientific approach should at least mention
           | the codex.
        
         | stryan wrote:
         | The 14th century radio carbon dating is still by far the most
         | accepted dating. Even the wikipedia article you linked
         | describes the Pray-cosex as not being definitive.
         | 
         | IMO a plausible theory here is that imagery of Jesus's death
         | with those "distinctive features" was already popular at the
         | time and both artifacts are representative of that imagery.
        
           | briffid wrote:
           | The best explanation to what the codex depicts, is the
           | shroud. Which could be a copy of an older shroud e.g., but
           | the C14 dating has its flaws (burnt material etc.).
        
             | agarren wrote:
             | The Pray codex is listed under "fringe theories" in the
             | Wikipedia Shroud entry. That certainly make it wrong, but
             | it does make it a little more suspect than the c14 dating
             | criticism. The c14 contamination arguments seem more than
             | adequately addressed in the entire last 3rd of the article.
        
               | briffid wrote:
               | Yes, the wikipedia article makes an argumentation error.
               | Even if the Pray Codex doesn't show the shroud, it
               | contains a very unique depiction of a nude Jesus. So the
               | painter of the codex with high probability have seen the
               | exact same picture as what is on the Shroud now. This
               | doesn't prove that the shroud is earlier than the Pray
               | codex, but this is something an unbiased scientist have
               | to try to answer. I find it very annoying that all these
               | very scientific-looking articles never try to explain how
               | the hell is it possible that the Pray codex contains a
               | depiction of the dead Jesus in a way, of which the first
               | known depiction is from a century later in a
               | photonegative form. Not to mention the other ridiculous
               | arguments, that the shroud is one from the enormous
               | amount of medieval forgeries. Where are all the other
               | photonegative shrouds and pictures. I personally don't
               | think that a supernatural creator omniscient etc god
               | would create a photo of his resurrecting son, but I am
               | really annoyed by all that bad science around the shroud.
               | Ok, the C14 is real, because they told so (yeah, science
               | never tries to find contradicting evidence, never
               | challenges previous knowledge or belief...) but then you
               | could still use Occam's razor to find simple explanations
               | for like the Pray Codex depiction. At least please try to
               | explain, why the drawing there is so different to all
               | other drawings of Jesus in that era.
        
       | aestetix wrote:
       | I would be curious what Michael Shermer and others think of some
       | of the more recent scientific investigations, as detailled by Fr.
       | Andrew Dalton on Pints with Aquinas:
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAbuG-oVq1Q
        
       | francisofascii wrote:
       | This reminds me of the Star Trek TNG episode "Rightful Heir",
       | where Kahless returned to unite the Klingon people. It turned out
       | he was a clone and not the "real" or original Kahless, but in the
       | end, it did not matter. Faith and spirituality transcends
       | historical authenticity.
        
         | LeoPanthera wrote:
         | That's a fun little plot that extends into Star Trek DS9, in
         | "The Sword of Kahless" they find the sword, but this time it
         | turns out that it actually is the original sword, but instead
         | of uniting over it, it threatens to divide the Klingon people,
         | and so they leave it drifting in space.
        
       | slowhadoken wrote:
       | The Shroud of Turin always brings out the Ancient Aliens crowd.
        
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