[HN Gopher] In the beginning, there was computation
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       In the beginning, there was computation
        
       Author : yarapavan
       Score  : 33 points
       Date   : 2024-09-02 16:23 UTC (6 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (nautil.us)
 (TXT) w3m dump (nautil.us)
        
       | kitd wrote:
       | I was astounded when I read Matt Ridley's book "Genome" at just
       | how _mechanical_ cellular life is. The nucleus, loaded with DNA,
       | is functioning like a ready-programmed CNC machine, or robot, or
       | other programmable piece of hardware that interacts with the
       | physical or chemical world.
        
         | roywiggins wrote:
         | I know it's lame to link to video, but I saw this pair of
         | videos recently which I thought made an interesting
         | counterargument to the cell-as-machine idea:
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpIqQ0pGs1E
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPhvic-eqbc
         | 
         | Referenced paper: https://philpapers.org/archive/NICITC.pdf
         | 
         | The author's notes on genetics:
         | https://www.subanima.org/mendel/
        
           | quonn wrote:
           | It's an evolved machine, meaning that the parts are not
           | designed to be easily understandable or maintainable or to
           | develop or even necessarily particularly easy to evolve.
           | 
           | But the videos are good, thank you.
        
             | roywiggins wrote:
             | the thing about cells is that even labeling bits of them as
             | discrete "parts" seems like it might be misleading, eg this
             | from the linked paper:
             | 
             | > recent research on the cellular architecture demands that
             | we look more carefully at what we have previously assumed
             | were well-defined structures and reconsider them as
             | stabilized processes. Because processes are temporally
             | extended, it follows that they can only be understood by
             | giving time due consideration... The structure of a
             | machine, after all, can be grasped in abstraction from time
             | (as it is not constantly changing), whereas the structure
             | of, say, a whirlpool or a stream cannot. This explains why,
             | when we have started using techniques that allow us to
             | examine the cellular architecture in real time, we have
             | found that many of the cell's compartments and organelles
             | are not fixed machineries at all, but stable macromolecular
             | fluxes.
        
               | quonn wrote:
               | Okay, ,,parts" for me was just a word to refer to the
               | machine, it is also okay if it is only a single part. It
               | still remains a machine in the sense that it performs a
               | task it should perform and does so using the same
               | approach across all instances.
               | 
               | That the ,,parts" do not only perform a specific function
               | is not really surprising, because the machine does not
               | need to be comprehensible or understandable. I would
               | expect single-purpose parts only if that helps the
               | function or if it helps evolvability (in the sense of not
               | creating dead ends).
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | The paper covers this also. Cells _don 't_ behave
               | predictably:
               | 
               | > The variable flickering of transcriptional activity in
               | different cells is one of the major causes of
               | heterogeneity in isogenic populations. But where exactly
               | does this cell-to-cell variability in transcriptional
               | activity come from? The answer becomes apparent when we
               | remember that gene expression is a molecular process, and
               | like all molecular processes, it is inherently
               | stochastic, given that it takes place in an environment
               | that is subject to the chaotic dynamics of Brownian
               | motion. Each step in the process relies on fortuitous
               | encounters between molecules that are randomly moving
               | about as a consequence of thermal agitation. Evidently,
               | these molecules must be at the right place and at the
               | right time--not to mention in the right vibrational state
               | --for them to be able to participate in the appropriate
               | reactions. The unpredictability of the whole process is
               | further amplified by the fact that the participating
               | molecules in each step are present in the cell in very
               | low copy-numbers, as this decreases the chances of
               | successful interactions between them...
               | 
               | > as research into the non-genetic heterogeneity of cells
               | continues, evidence for the biological importance of this
               | phenomenon is mounting ever-rapidly. We now know that
               | non-genetic heterogeneity plays key roles in both
               | microbial and eukaryotic cells, in embryonic development,
               | and in evolution. For one thing, it is a crucial
               | generator of phenotypic diversity, which enables cell
               | populations to adapt rapidly to changing environmental
               | conditions. It does so by permitting the implementation
               | of probabilistic diversification strategies within a
               | population, such as bet-hedging and divisions of labour,
               | which can confer considerable fitness advantages...
               | 
               | > One very important theoretical implication of the
               | probabilistic nature of cellular behaviour and the
               | observed heterogeneity of cell populations is that, quite
               | literally, every cell (in an organism and elsewhere) is a
               | unique entity. No two cells are identical, given that no
               | two cells respond to a stimulus in the exact same way--
               | even if they are genetically the same.
        
               | generalizations wrote:
               | It's just a very, very optimized & elegant design.
               | Reminds me of this:                    He had located the
               | data he was working on          near the top of memory
               | ---          the largest locations the instructions could
               | address ---          so, after the last datum was
               | handled,          incrementing the instruction address
               | would make it overflow.          The carry would add one
               | to the          operation code, changing it to the next
               | one in the instruction set:          a jump instruction.
               | Sure enough, the next program instruction was          in
               | address location zero,          and the program went
               | happily on its way.
               | 
               | And it's not like our own transistors aren't
               | probabalistic when you look closely enough.
        
               | JoeAltmaier wrote:
               | Anecdote: had an 8086 system-call jump table that fielded
               | up to 64K calls, but using a jump table of 4K. Address
               | mode was segment:offset where segment was 17 bits and
               | offset 16, but shifted by 4. The table consisted of the
               | same trap instruction throughout, which took 4 bytes. If
               | I remember it all right.
               | 
               | Anyway the system call trap examined the caller stack,
               | found the return address (to the trap table), picked out
               | the combination of segment and offset used to construct a
               | system-call index. Following so far?
               | 
               | We went paged. Changed syscall segment to indirect, 16
               | segment descriptors all mapped to the start of the jump
               | table. Started failing on one particular system call out
               | of thousands - it would page fault! Why?
               | 
               | The auto-increment and prefetch of the trap opcode in the
               | jump table would fault, for only one syscall, the one
               | that mapped to the last entry in the trap table where the
               | offset came out to 0FFC. Wrapped to 1000, which with that
               | particular segment meant next-page! Which was unmapped
               | (system trap table was in low memory, alone).
               | 
               | My solution: change the syscall index for that operation
               | to something else, and document in the syscall comments
               | to never use it.
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | If a computer running a probabilistic calculation got it
               | right 90% of the time, and the next one over running the
               | same calculation on identical hardware got it right 10%
               | of the time, there would be something wrong with the
               | computer. This is not true with cells.
        
               | generalizations wrote:
               | Your point only stands when the percentages are
               | exaggerated. What if it were 99.99 vs 99.999? Let's not
               | forget cosmic ray bitflips. Just because the two machines
               | operate at different levels of probabalistic exactitiude,
               | does not mean they are not both machines.
               | 
               | Do you really think modern computers are fully
               | deterministic at the lowest levels?
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | Cells behaving randomly is a fundamental part of their
               | ordinary operation. Computers are tractable because we've
               | done our best to engineer out the randomness and, when we
               | can't, layer on enough error correcting codes so we can
               | mostly not think about it.
               | 
               | But cells don't operate on such nicely bifurcated scales
               | (small and random vs large and mostly predictable). If
               | they did, the dream of cellular wiring diagrams allowing
               | cells to be understood would be a lot more achievable.
        
               | generalizations wrote:
               | Your example of randomness upthread was brownian motion:
               | I'm not surprised a transport mechanism relies on
               | stochastic behaviors. To me, that looks comparable to
               | electrons bouncing down a wire, or minimizing quantum
               | tunneling effects between transistor layers - random at a
               | very low level, but averages out to the behavior we need.
               | Put guardrails at the extremes, so the random behavior
               | stays within bounds, within a margin of error - that's
               | just good engineering.
               | 
               | Compare to loggers, floating trimmed trees down a river
               | to the sawmill: the logs bouncing down the river are
               | behaving in an entirely random manner, but it's within
               | bounds and doesn't matter, because they'll still make it
               | downstream where they get caught by another system. It's
               | a "machine" with random behaviors. Maybe this
               | (obligatory) xkcd illustrates my point:
               | https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/2916:_Machine
               | 
               | I get the impression that what this is coming down to is
               | massive complexity rendering the machine incomprehensible
               | - but again, that doesn't mean it isn't a machine.
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | If sending logs down a river is a machine, couldn't that
               | make almost anything a machine? The river itself, for
               | instance.
        
               | generalizations wrote:
               | Yes, it is a mechanical system that invokes stochastic
               | processes within deterministic bounds to accomplish a
               | specific, complex outcome. Given sufficient knowledge, it
               | can be mapped and its functions defined.
               | 
               | I believe that summarizes transistors, cells, and forest-
               | to-sawmill machines.
        
               | fluoridation wrote:
               | Are you saying a, for example, muscle cell that produced
               | 10% of the contracting power of its neighbor for the same
               | sugar cost would be perfectly healthy?
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | It's not that cells can't go awry, it's that perfectly
               | healthy, otherwise identical, cells do not behave
               | predictably to identical stimuli, even on average. That's
               | their normal mode of existence. _Some_ of those behaviors
               | are pathological (eg cancer) but mostly they 're not.
               | 
               | Computers don't behave this way at all: you can be
               | reliably sure that if two computers produce different
               | results with the same input that one of them is wrong. If
               | it's a stochastic algorithm at least the averages should
               | be within a certain bound. You can't make the same
               | conclusion with cells.
        
               | quonn wrote:
               | Yes you can and the comment you responded to illustrated
               | this very well.
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | Which stochastic algorithms produce different
               | distributions of results on different identical machines
               | with the same inputs, but it's not considered a bug?
        
               | generalizations wrote:
               | > different identical machines with the same inputs
               | 
               | > No two cells are identical, given that no two cells
               | respond to a stimulus in the exact same way--even if they
               | are genetically the same.
               | 
               | That's just begging the question.
        
               | exe34 wrote:
               | > remember that gene expression is a molecular process,
               | and like all molecular processes, it is inherently
               | stochastic, given that it takes place in an environment
               | that is subject to the chaotic dynamics of Brownian
               | motion
               | 
               | Wait until you hear about quantum effects in
               | microprocessors!
               | 
               | I think when somebody says "machine", a lot of people
               | just think victorian steam engines. Machines can cover a
               | lot more. In fact in the future we will build devices
               | that do work similar to what's going on in the cells, and
               | these devices will have to obey the same laws of physics
               | - they too will wiggle and randomly do weird things, but
               | on average, they will do what we intend for them to do.
               | 
               | A machine can be arbitrarily complicated.
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | I read that bit of the paper is saying that genetically
               | identical cells sitting in identical environments don't
               | even behave the same as each other _on average_.
               | 
               | We designed computers to manage the quantum and thermal
               | noise "at the bottom" so we can mostly ignore it. We go
               | to incredible lengths to make the constituent parts of
               | our machines predictable, and when they aren't, we layer
               | error correction on top. Cells usually don't do that:
               | noise is inherently part of their behavior and isn't
               | suppressed nearly as much as was often assumed.
        
               | quonn wrote:
               | This is simply not true. If a cell would not behave as
               | intended on average it would stop being a cell.
               | 
               | The fact is that an amoeba cell behaves in a certain way
               | for all amoebas. It does not go around and behave like a
               | stone or like a drop of olive oil or even like a cell of
               | some random bacterium.
               | 
               | It has very clear and obvious functions and the
               | mechanisms inside the cell are the reason it consistently
               | shows amoeba behavior.
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | If all you need for something to be a machine is "it has
               | long-term stable behaviors and constituent parts that
               | cause that behavior" then it seems like that sweeps in a
               | lot of stuff that manifestly aren't machines, like
               | tornadoes and similar. My gently cooling coffee is
               | behaving like it does because of its constituent parts,
               | but it's not a machine either.
        
               | exe34 wrote:
               | parent was pointing out that cells don't just behave like
               | an improbability drive, they do actually follow certain
               | rules on average, in contrast to grand parent who
               | asserted incorrectly that they don't. if they didn't,
               | they wouldn't be a cell, they would be a soup.
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | That's kind of the thesis of the paper, that they're much
               | more like highly organized soup than wiggly machines.
        
               | exe34 wrote:
               | > we layer error correction on top. Cells usually don't
               | do that:
               | 
               | I'd hate to break it to DNA correction machinery.
        
               | quonn wrote:
               | The paper does not cover this.
               | 
               | I didn't say every single molecule in the cell acts
               | predictably. I said that the cell ,,performs a task it
               | should perform and does so using the same approach across
               | all instances."
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | It's saying that genetically identical cells can react
               | differently to exactly the same inputs. Some cells are
               | more reactive to particular stimuli than others, even
               | though they have the same environment and same DNA.
               | 
               | That doesn't seem like they're "using the same approach
               | over all instances" to me.
        
           | wvbdmp wrote:
           | I fully believe the biological details presented in the
           | videos, sure, but there's a certain clickbaitiness about them
           | that leaves a bad taste.
           | 
           | The one about genetics seems to force conclusions that are
           | palatable to modern sensibilities. How does Mendel
           | accidentally fudging his results _using eugenics_ prohibit
           | "talk of good genes and bad genes"? There clearly are good
           | and bad genes, this is obvious to anyone. It's practically
           | the whole point of the olympics to showcase people who have
           | the best genetic prerequisites for their discipline. None of
           | the technical minutiae of inheritance prevent us from
           | breeding better sprinters. In fact we've done it with several
           | animals. Whether or not any of this is ethical is not the
           | field of biology's concern.
           | 
           | The video about cells has a similar problem, where it acts
           | like it wants to invalidate higher levels of abstraction
           | because reality is more complicated. Of course biology
           | doesn't operate like a designed and manufactured apparatus,
           | but omitting complexities irrelevant to the question at hand
           | is the entire point of making diagrams. Does the thing turn
           | methane into methanol? Yes, it does. There is no problem
           | here. These could be great educational videos if they weren't
           | strawmanning so hard. This is especially obvious in his
           | carefully designed definition of a machine.
           | 
           | Biology is just stupidly stochastic, but this stuff is akin
           | to "nooooo, systems don't >>prefer<< low energy states,
           | they're not conscious qq". Like, okay, use a different verb
           | if that makes you happy??
        
           | FrustratedMonky wrote:
           | Had to stop watching those videos after so many errors.
           | 
           | Saying Gene's aren't machines, because Machines are rigid
           | bodies?? That is wrong, that seems to be the crux of his
           | arguments, that gene's flex, and can become different shapes.
           | Hello, machines do this.
        
             | roywiggins wrote:
             | Do you know any machines where single constituent parts can
             | have hundreds of functions and will switch between them at
             | random?
        
               | FrustratedMonky wrote:
               | Do you know any Proteins that do that? The examples given
               | were for a 'few' modalities. Not thousands.
               | 
               | My fishing rod is flexible. And I can cast over hand, or
               | underhand, or side arm it under some trees.
        
               | roywiggins wrote:
               | I mean, the video says that inherently disordered
               | proteins make up a _quarter_ of mammalian proteins, they
               | don 't even have a small set of conformations that they
               | switch between. They're just flopping around all the
               | time.
        
               | FrustratedMonky wrote:
               | Sure. But to say something is floppy, and serves multiple
               | functions, means it is not a machine, is a stretch. They
               | made the argument multiple times about machines not
               | flexing, and that is just no where in the definition of a
               | machine.
        
               | kleene_op wrote:
               | Transistors.
               | 
               | Where's my medal?
        
         | api wrote:
         | These are all very rough analogies though. Everything interacts
         | with everything. Proteins go back and 'flag' DNA with
         | epigenetic flags, control how DNA is transcribed, control how
         | other proteins are folded, etc. Sometimes cells even edit their
         | own DNA, and not just during sexual reproduction. Then there's
         | viruses, virus-like patterns within genomes, etc.
         | 
         | Computational or mechanical analogies are not totally wrong but
         | they're dangerously over-reductive.
        
           | exe34 wrote:
           | > but they're dangerously over-reductive
           | 
           | I never used to understand this position, until I saw right
           | wing snowflakes getting triggered over a woman looking too
           | manly at the Olympics. They confidently explained XX and XY
           | to whomever would read their little meltdowns, and even rode
           | back on their usual line that genitals determine gender -
           | suddenly they care about hormone levels.
           | 
           | So I'm having to come around to the idea that over-reductive
           | can be a real thing. Although I'm not sure that the sort of
           | dumdum that dive off the deep end with these things would do
           | any better.
        
             | api wrote:
             | It's particularly dangerous with biology.
             | 
             | A biology professor of mine put it this way: pretend you
             | are reverse engineering alien technology. The stuff you are
             | trying to understand was not designed by human minds. It
             | was designed by evolution over billions of years, literally
             | an alien intelligence that doesn't "think" anything like
             | you do.
             | 
             | A big difference between biology and human engineering is
             | that humans like one-part-one-function and linear chains of
             | cause and effect. Biology isn't like that at all. It's an
             | analog causal matrix where everything affects everything
             | else to varying degrees and most parts have multiple
             | simultaneous functions.
        
         | bitwize wrote:
         | I was explaining mRNA vaccines to my dad, and I found myself
         | describing the cell's ribosomes as reading RNA and 3D-printing
         | proteins based on the instructions in the RNA. Not the best
         | analogy, but I figure not a terrible one either.
        
       | empath75 wrote:
       | https://latecomermag.com/article/a-holistic-view-of-the-cell...
       | 
       | There are isolated aspects of cells that are analogous to
       | computation, but it would be extremely misleading to try and
       | think of the cell as a computer or life as a computer, it is far
       | messier than that, and in particular, the analogy implies some
       | teleology or purpose that just isn't there.
        
         | swayvil wrote:
         | Society's technological obsession of the hour invariably
         | dominates philosophical discourse. The metaphors are clearly
         | visible and within easy reach, so it makes perfect sense.
         | 
         | Hunting, fishing, agriculture, clockwork, steam, electronics,
         | software... such rich sources.
         | 
         | (And then the metaphors are invariably taken literally,
         | hilarity ensues...)
        
       | swayvil wrote:
       | According to ChatGPT, computation is the foundation of reality. I
       | think he's being serious here. No irony.
        
       | roywiggins wrote:
       | I have to say I'm immediately skeptical when someone with a
       | background in computation confidently declares that X (for any
       | value of X) is fundamentally computation.
        
         | fsckboy wrote:
         | > _someone with a background in computation confidently
         | declares that X (for any value of X) is fundamentally
         | computation._
         | 
         | I have to say I'm skeptical when anybody with a background
         | solely in the monasteries of the "materialist interpretation"
         | of the Matrix declares that even energy is a form of matter.
         | There's even a guy in the Matrix who says that so many Matrices
         | have been built within the Matrix experimentally, that with all
         | probability he lives in one of those.
         | 
         | (I'm not just making a formulaic joke; I believe the
         | informational/computational universe is a much better
         | explanation of everything we see. I'm not saying digital
         | computers, or quantum computers, not trying to shoehorn
         | anything; the computer has the nature of our universe. But you
         | know how when we shake hands, at a particle level we have to
         | reinterpret to where our hands don't actually touch, our
         | electrons repel each other, and perhaps some jump the gap? that
         | is more informational than it is material; there is no need for
         | the imagining of material quantum-bollards interacting; we do
         | physics with math (abstract) not billiard balls (physical).
         | Mind-body problem? there is no mind-body problem if the body is
         | as abstract as the mind. Or rather, there still are some mind-
         | body questions, but they doesn't seem as intractable.)
        
           | roywiggins wrote:
           | I'm just saying, if someone works with hammers every day, and
           | publishes some writing about how everything is nail-shaped,
           | this might be more influenced by their experience with
           | hammers than you'd like
        
           | discreteevent wrote:
           | A naturalist account of the limited, and hence reasonable,
           | effectiveness of mathematics in physics. - Lee Smolin (he's a
           | physicist)
           | 
           | https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.03733
        
             | Animats wrote:
             | Although Smolin doesn't mention it, that may be part of his
             | reaction to string theory. String theory was a mathematical
             | edifice which purported to explain some major issues in
             | physics, and, for a while, dominated the field. But it
             | wasn't supported by experimental evidence.[1] Smolin argued
             | against string theory for a long time.[2] This seems
             | related.
             | 
             | The classic assumption of physics is that, at some level,
             | things are simple. For a long time, that worked. From F=ma
             | to Maxwell's equations, the basic rules were short, and
             | most results corresponded to those rules. Engineering is
             | based on those rules. Quantum mechanics had people upset
             | for decades, but it was eventually understood reasonably
             | well, and led to another generation of engineering that
             | worked.
             | 
             | But basic physics has been somewhat stuck for decades now.
             | There's still no unified field theory. Smolin is suggesting
             | that maybe there are no underlying simple rules.
             | 
             | [1] https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/01/requiem-for-a-
             | string...
             | 
             | [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Physics
        
           | swayvil wrote:
           | "intellectual" evolution seems composed of selecting a bias,
           | then selecting a bias within that bias, and so on.
           | 
           | It's a terribly reductive process. And the foundation of
           | biases is deep and invisible.
           | 
           | Moving in the opposite direction would reveal a lot.
        
         | bbor wrote:
         | Fair enough in this particular case because they're using it
         | ontologically, but in general, you kinda _gotta_ define terms
         | if you want to engage in scientific discourse. Computation (and
         | the corresponding synthesis, calculation) are slippery to be
         | sure, but I didn't even notice the definition it was so
         | uncontroversial. It's nothing like defining "person" or
         | "consciousness" or "ego" up top, which is just as necessary (if
         | you insist on using them) but about 100x more futile!
        
         | andoando wrote:
         | I still don't understand what is formally meant by
         | "computational". I assume it means "can be expressed
         | algorithmically (by a series of rules)". If there are natural
         | laws, then by definition isnt all of physics computational?
        
       | imvetri wrote:
       | Yaar apa ivan. In the beginning there was light. Don't change the
       | facts, untill you find the counter part of computation.
       | 
       | For example, when I say, in the beginning there was light,
       | Einstein law of light to matter and matter to light holds true.
       | 
       | Same way, how can or which other part can you relate computation
       | to?
        
       | hggh wrote:
       | https://web.archive.org/web/20240902180048/https://nautil.us...
        
       | the_panopticon wrote:
       | This is a good read. Dr. Blaise Aguera y Arcas was a keynote
       | speaker at https://attend.ieee.org/newera/program/ here in
       | Seattle a week ago but he didn't really get a chance to delve
       | deeply into his position. During his slot there ended up being a
       | lot of back-and-forth about whether AGI truly achieved or just
       | seeing ACI, etc, among the folks from MS, Meta, Google, UW, and
       | even https://www.dia.mil/ rep.
        
       | bbor wrote:
       | Oh my god that is maybe the most unexpected turn of all time. I
       | almost hesitate to spoil it... suffice to say that the author is
       | not who you think they are!
       | 
       | I was reading through to validate that it's all pretty basic
       | stuff without citations to any philosophers, which is true, but
       | it's great for what it is. No disagreements here. They even
       | summarized the Imitation Game correctly, which is quite rare!
       | (Most people frame it as "a computer is conscious when it can
       | fool a human", which is, somewhat impressively, missing the point
       | in two ways at once)
        
       | Animats wrote:
       | At the beginning, it looked like this was headed for Wolfram
       | land. Wolfram has the idea that, down at the bottom, the universe
       | is a cellular automaton, like the Life game. He's done a lot of
       | work on that, but hasn't reached any connection with the physical
       | universe.
       | 
       | But no. It's off into early Turing and von Neumann land, which is
       | more philosophical than useful.
        
       | bschmidt1 wrote:
       | > We are made out of functions
       | 
       | Not really true, our minds create approximate models of reality
       | and in doing so divides the world into discrete objects that we
       | can play with, but there's no reason to believe those discrete
       | objects actually exist "out there" independent of our senses.
       | 
       | In this regard, even something as seemingly fundamental as
       | arithmetic is just language. There's not really "two" "oranges".
       | 
       | I can write a function that explains what happens when a ball
       | bounces off concrete, but nothing about that function _is_ the
       | ball bouncing off the concrete - the bouncing ball is not _made
       | of_ the function, nor is the function even a part of it. It 's a
       | totally outside replica that isn't even fully 1:1. Any attempt to
       | completely model the ball or the concrete or the bouncing will
       | fall short - they'll always be reductions.
       | 
       | So we're not made of functions. We don't know what we are. We use
       | functions to model what's happening, but they're approximations
       | or reductions of what it really is.
        
         | hateful wrote:
         | I don't think the author was referring to thinking or
         | consciousness itself, but things like the processes within
         | cells and the replication of DNA.
        
         | kaashif wrote:
         | > Any attempt to completely model the ball or the concrete or
         | the bouncing will fall short - they'll always be reductions.
         | 
         | I don't like it when people assume perfect descriptions of
         | reality are possible, but I also don't like it when people
         | baselessly assume they're impossible.
         | 
         | Maybe one day we'll have a theory of everything and a solar
         | system sized computer capable of perfectly simulating a
         | bouncing ball at all levels, with no reduction.
         | 
         | Or maybe it's impossible.
         | 
         | We just don't know, and I don't know if it's possible to know
         | you have the full picture.
        
           | bschmidt1 wrote:
           | There are things that are simultaneously true/false depending
           | on how you look at it - and looking at something 1 way makes
           | the other incompatible.
           | 
           | Thought experiment:
           | 
           | I live on a planet near Star A and you live 6 trillion miles
           | away on a planet near Star B. Each of us can see each other's
           | host star as a bright star in our respective skies. Suddenly,
           | both of our host stars supernova and burn out at the exact
           | same time.
           | 
           | However, survivors on my planet observe that Star A
           | supernova'd, and then about 1 year later Star B supernova'd
           | (due to how long the light takes to reach Star A from Star
           | B). And survivors on your planet observe the opposite: That
           | Star B blew up first, and 1 year later Star A followed.
           | 
           | Only an observer precisely equidistant from both stars would
           | have observed the stars burn out simultaneously. But there's
           | nothing special about this vantage point - this vantage point
           | isn't "the truth" either.
           | 
           | This means that a concept like _the order of events_ is not
           | an absolute measurement. To come up with a new function that
           | explains what  "really happened" here, accounting for
           | relativity and lightspeed, would be to leave out at least
           | that detail. Each additional function that answers new
           | mysteries abstracts further and leaves out other details by
           | necessity.
           | 
           | I think of it like fine-tuning a model to increase accuracy,
           | it necessarily de-tunes it in other ways.
           | 
           | > simulating a bouncing ball at all levels, with no reduction
           | 
           | It wouldn't fully be the same thing (although could be a very
           | good approximation).
        
           | swayvil wrote:
           | It's like building a working human heart out of emojis. I
           | don't care how crafty you are, it ain't gonna work.
        
         | FrustratedMonky wrote:
         | "our minds create approximate models of reality and in doing so
         | divides the world into discrete objects"
         | 
         | Perhaps in our neural net, we are also approximating functions
         | that deal the approximated objects.
         | 
         | I think we know the brain doesn't just call an api. But it is
         | doing some 'function' like things.
        
       | toisanji wrote:
       | The human mind is an autonomous interlinked model building
       | database of the world https://blog.jtoy.net/the-human-mind-is-an-
       | autonomous-interl...
        
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