[HN Gopher] Your Immune System Is Not a Muscle
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Your Immune System Is Not a Muscle
        
       Author : awendland
       Score  : 140 points
       Date   : 2024-08-27 16:06 UTC (6 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (rachel.fast.ai)
 (TXT) w3m dump (rachel.fast.ai)
        
       | sirspacey wrote:
       | Fascinating read and novel hypothesis on the increase in
       | allergies.
        
       | bhk wrote:
       | Interesting that in one of the cited studies the authors are not
       | afraid to claim that viral infections may cause autoimmune
       | diseases, despite the fact that the potential mechanisms they
       | list could also apply to vaccines.
       | 
       | "Current research suggests that several mechanisms, such as
       | molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, and bystander activation,
       | can cause viral-induced autoimmunity."
        
         | giantg2 wrote:
         | Autoimmune responses are well known with some vaccines and some
         | conditions, such as GBS. Most real experts know that vaccines
         | carry all sorts of risks. It's the general public that is
         | mostly unaware and would find this sort of thing surprising.
         | It's the whole "safe" vs "generally safe" thing.
        
           | krackers wrote:
           | >Most real experts know that vaccines carry all sorts of
           | risks
           | 
           | And that's why all the real experts made sure to properly
           | communicate the risks vs benefits of the Covid vaccine in an
           | age, sex, and dose-stratified fashion, right? Oh wait...
        
             | randomdata wrote:
             | The real experts in the fields I know well don't tend to
             | spend much time communicating with others about their
             | expertise, especially to the layman. Why would the real
             | experts in this particular field be any different?
        
             | XMPPwocky wrote:
             | Experts in _any_ field are generally not the ones
             | communicating with, and making recommendations to, the
             | public.
        
           | nielsbot wrote:
           | What is GBS? And the vaccine for it causes autoimmune
           | responses? Can I read more?
        
             | giantg2 wrote:
             | GBS is the autoimmune response to many vaccines. In a lot
             | of ways, it's similar to having a stroke in as far as
             | people have to relearn how to do many things, sometimes
             | down to relearning how to walk.
        
         | projektfu wrote:
         | Why would they be afraid? These are well-worn paths of
         | research. I doubt anyone would be censored for referring to the
         | vaccine-related injuries in 1976 and the proposed pathogenesis
         | mechanisms, including molecular mimicry.
        
         | pazimzadeh wrote:
         | When a virus replicates inside your cells, it sets off alarms
         | that as a result of sensing of viral nucleic acid signatures in
         | your cells (i.e. MAVS
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_antiviral-
         | signal...). A vaccine, unless it is a live attenuated vaccine
         | (these are rare) does not set off the same alarms since you
         | don't actually get viral nucleic acids in your cells.
        
       | Xcelerate wrote:
       | I don't know enough to comment on the Hygiene / Old Friends
       | hypothesis, but anecdotally it seems like almost everyone I know
       | now has an allergy or autoimmune disorder of some sort.
       | 
       | After giving birth, my sister suddenly developed something
       | similar to celiac disease (but not quite the same; I don't think
       | doctors ever figured out exactly what it is) to where she can't
       | eat grains and a few other types of food as well. I used to get
       | eczema occasionally, but now it seems to have morphed into a
       | permanent rash that continuously moves to different locations
       | over my body. And my wife had food allergy testing done a couple
       | of years ago due to constant stomach pain and has now eliminated
       | chocolate, seafood, peaches, and many other foods from her diet.
       | 
       | It's bizarre. We really need to figure out what's going on before
       | everyone has a diet prepared by their pharmacist alongside all of
       | the pills needed to cope with their autoimmune pain.
        
         | ransom1538 wrote:
         | IHMO An old myth, I believe: Your immune system needs something
         | to fight, otherwise, it starts finding problems that aren't.
        
           | moffkalast wrote:
           | Less of an old myth and more like well accepted scientific
           | fact: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0675-0
           | 
           | Excess calorie intake causes chronic inflammation, which
           | gradually causes a plethora of other problems. There's also
           | autoimmune conditions as a consequence of viral infections,
           | so many of that from covid in recent years.
        
           | DontchaKnowit wrote:
           | I had an allergist tell me about a study that supported this
           | idea recently : Introduction of pig whipworm eggs into the
           | digestive tract of IBS patients reduced symptoms for a some
           | patients. Pretty fascinating actually.
           | 
           | I was seeing the allergist for my eczema and he asked me if I
           | experienced symptom relief when traveling abroad, which I did
           | in Honduras. He thought I may have been exposed to a parasite
           | there that diverted my overactive immune response. go figure.
           | 
           | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149054/
           | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856386/
        
         | legohead wrote:
         | I became allergic to Yellow 6 randomly. I would get extreme
         | abdominal pain, even went to the ER a couple times and got a CT
         | scan once due to the severity of the pain. I broke out in
         | hives, tongue would swell, etc. I eventually figured it out
         | after having a reaction to Cheese Doritos but not Cool Ranch
         | (the only ingredient difference was Yellow 6). I tested it on
         | some other foods with Yellow 6 and confirmed it.
         | 
         | So I stayed away from it for a couple years, then decided to
         | cautiously try some Doritos again, and no reaction. Today, I'm
         | not allergic to yellow 6 at all.
        
           | ifyoubuildit wrote:
           | I have a hypothesis based on my own experiences that this can
           | happen from accumulating something in the body faster than it
           | can be cleared. Could you have been continuously ingesting
           | yellow 6 for a while, to the point that it crossed some
           | threshold?
        
             | newaccount74 wrote:
             | Allergies seem to come and go. My partner developed
             | allergies against many local fruits in her early twenties,
             | to the point where she could barely eat any fresh fruits
             | without her lips and throat swelling up; but most of them
             | subsided in her 30ies and she can now eat almost all fruits
             | again with only minor irritations for some.
        
               | iLoveOncall wrote:
               | Fruit allergies can actually be pollen allergies because
               | the pollen contaminates the fruit. If your partner moved
               | to a different areas which has trees she's not allergic
               | to, or just eats fruits produced from somewhere else than
               | she used to, that may simply be the reason.
        
               | legohead wrote:
               | You ever get that itch in the roof of your mouth, and you
               | use your tongue to kind of scrape/scratch the roof of
               | your mouth? After I started paying attention to food
               | allergies from this Yellow 6 thing, I noticed I would get
               | this mouth-itch from certain fruits and nuts. Watermelon,
               | almonds, and oranges. Super minor in the grand scheme of
               | things, but never knew this itch was due to an allergy --
               | just thought it happened randomly. That is one thing that
               | has yet to go away, but I can live with it at least.
        
             | legohead wrote:
             | I wasn't ingesting it any more than a regular person -- but
             | I was surprised to find out how many foods use Yellow 6.
             | It's more orange than yellow. It's also banned in several
             | countries. It used to be in Kraft Mac and Cheese but they
             | replaced their artificial colors with natural ones, which
             | is nice.
             | 
             | One thing I wondered while being allergic to it, was how
             | much could I take before triggering the reaction. It ended
             | up being extremely little. A single dorito chip would set
             | it off. After that, I just cut it out of my diet
             | completely.
             | 
             | Another weird thing is the reaction would last about 45
             | minutes exactly every time. I'd be sitting on the toilet
             | bent over in agony, watching the clock.
        
           | SkyPuncher wrote:
           | I'm dealing with a similar thing with poultry right now. If I
           | eat it too frequently, it gives me ridiculous, flu and
           | allergy-like symptoms. However, now that I've basically
           | eliminated it from my diet, I can eat it on occasion without
           | much issue.
           | 
           | It took me forever to figure out because poultry is often a
           | filler meat.
        
         | jasonvorhe wrote:
         | Most people aren't actually interested in knowing what's going
         | on. But one can find out. Even if one isn't conspiracy minded,
         | it's quite obvious that oligarchs, their multinational
         | companies and governments couldn't give a single fuck about
         | normal people.
         | 
         | PFAS and microplastics everywhere, rises in autoimmune diseases
         | as well as allergies and Alzheimer's. Addictive amounts of
         | sugar in a lot of food. GMOs everywhere unless you can pay
         | extra for organic.
         | 
         | None of these people actually care about us. If we don't get an
         | understanding of what's healthy and how to get rid of all of
         | this artificial poison we're probably going to end up in the
         | Idiocracy timeline.
        
           | fwip wrote:
           | Most GMOs are safe, with the possible exception of those that
           | produce their own insecticide, and overspraying of herbicides
           | on crops GMO'd to be more herbicide-resistant.
        
             | jasonvorhe wrote:
             | I don't trust any of the GMO vendors.
        
               | randomdata wrote:
               | So you grow your own food from identity preserved seeds
               | sourced from a vendor that has no association with GMOs?
               | 
               | If you buy commercial products, the non-GMO seeds are
               | unquestionably being sourced from the very same GMO
               | vendors, and thus can't be trusted either.
        
           | randomdata wrote:
           | _> Addictive amounts of sugar in a lot of food._
           | 
           | Realistically, this and seed oils are the only place you are
           | going to really encounter GMOs. If you are avoiding such
           | processed food anyway...
           | 
           |  _> GMOs everywhere unless you can pay extra for organic._
           | 
           | If you really must binge on the junk food and are concerned
           | about any GMO content, why are you paying extra for organic?
           | Why not just buy non-GMO products?
        
             | lukan wrote:
             | "Why not just buy non-GMO products?"
             | 
             | I think that is hard, since non-GMO can still contain GMO.
             | Organic is a bit stricter, but I think also not 100% GMO
             | free.
             | 
             | (Personally, I don't care about GMO, but organic)
        
               | randomdata wrote:
               | The US does not appear define a specific threshold - best
               | effort only, but I believe the EU allows 0.9%
               | contamination in organic crops. The identity preserved
               | program only allows 0.5%, so that's theoretically a
               | better bet than organic, if you had some reason to care.
        
           | Root_Denied wrote:
           | > Most people aren't actually interested in knowing what's
           | going on.
           | 
           | I don't necessarily think this is the case, at least the US.
           | It's time consuming and expensive to get testing done without
           | an actual diagnosis, even with healthcare. Taking the time
           | off or spending the money on allergy testing just isn't going
           | to take command of the budget over necessities or more
           | serious healthcare needs.
           | 
           | You're right about the rest of it though, but IMO the
           | systemic issues with money in politics prevents anything from
           | being done about it at the moment, and I don't know what it
           | would take to push the working class into a general strike or
           | revolt.
        
         | lkrubner wrote:
         | Sad to say, the fecal-oral cycle of infection remains common in
         | the USA, with the most common areas of spread being restaurants
         | although hospitals were sadly guilty of this until recently.
         | And for any gastrointestinal illness in the USA, the single
         | most common cause is Helicobacter pylori. Back in the 1980s and
         | 1990s researchers mostly associated Helicobacter pylori with
         | ulcers, but since then the research has expanded to show it
         | produces a wide range of symptoms. It is a serious illness,
         | even if you never develop an ulcer. And it so contagious that
         | you can get it simply by kissing someone. And it is shockingly
         | prevalent, with more than 20% of the public having it. It is
         | always the first thing that should be checked when someone has
         | weird gastrointestinal issues. The good news is that it is easy
         | to cure: 14 days of antibiotics cures the disease in 96% of
         | patients.
        
           | klysm wrote:
           | Unfortunately, antibiotics can fuck up your gut in other
           | ways.
        
             | hollerith wrote:
             | Most people can take 14 days of an oral antibiotic without
             | significant long-term adverse consequences.
             | 
             | As of 15 years ago, according to my doctor, while on the
             | antibiotic, sacchromyces boulardi is the best probiotic to
             | take to try to minimize the risk of adverse consequences.
        
               | cjbgkagh wrote:
               | Both can be true, antibiotics can cause substantial side
               | effects in some people and most people will be fine.
               | Still sucks if you are not one of those most people.
        
               | hollerith wrote:
               | Yes, it still sucks, but so do uncontrolled chronic
               | bacterial infections.
        
             | radicaldreamer wrote:
             | Antibiotics seem to be underused for GI issues, anecdotally
             | I've experienced a dramatic reduction (even elimination) of
             | some GI issues when using antibiotics (Z-pack) for
             | unrelated infections (a course followed by quality
             | probiotics like Visibiome).
             | 
             | The positive changes seem sticky!
        
             | Aurornis wrote:
             | On the other hand, we're discovering that certain
             | antibiotics can be very useful in treating specific GI
             | conditions.
             | 
             | Rifaximin, and antibiotic designed to stay in your gut, has
             | been approved for treating specific types of IBS. When it
             | works it can induce remission for months or longer.
        
           | renegade-otter wrote:
           | The one thing that shocked me after moving to the States was
           | how no one washed their hands before meals. It's just not a
           | thing.
        
             | tomlue wrote:
             | weird, I've lived in the US most of my life and I think
             | pretty much everyone washes their hands?
        
           | fancyswimtime wrote:
           | Have a family member being treated for Helicobacter pylori
           | right now! He was very worried it was cancer as the symptoms
           | seemed to align. Interestingly he is allergic to penicillin
           | which is complicating the treatment.
        
           | idunnoman1222 wrote:
           | What's to stop you from Just getting it again two days later?
        
         | autokad wrote:
         | I use to get the flu 1 or 2 times a year. I started going out
         | in more crowded areas, going to pub, etc, and I haven't had a
         | cold or flu in 4 years.
         | 
         | I don't know the article knows as much as they think they do
         | about health, because using muscles also damages them. I been
         | nursing a bicep injury for the last 4 months.
         | 
         | I get its not a prefect analogy, but nothing is, else it would
         | be the same thing
         | 
         | I don't think people should go licking railings, but total
         | avoidance of germs is quite harmful. that's a fact.
        
           | TexanFeller wrote:
           | I did this for covid. The second my vaccine kicked in I
           | dropped all precautions and started staying indoors with as
           | many people as possible for as long as possible. I've tested
           | for it a number of times and a university study tested my
           | antibodies periodically for a year and I've never had a
           | detectable case. Continuous exposure to small amounts of the
           | virus seems to have kept me more free from infection than
           | those that took significant precautions.
        
         | istultus wrote:
         | Exactly, anecdotes, with a healthy portion of the Availability
         | and Confirmation Heuristics.
         | 
         | We already know that women are more susceptible to auto-immune
         | responses and that pregnancy is one of the reasons for that
         | disparity between the sexes (carrying a foreign invader for 9
         | months plays with the expression of immunity genes in a manner
         | that occasionally - rarely, at a population level - backfires.)
         | And we know that the risk for an autoimmune "malfunction" rises
         | with age. Thus there will obviously be random clusters of
         | people, with more women who've given birth and and average age
         | that skews older than, say, 30 - to which you unfortunately
         | seem to belong - where there are more autoimmune responses than
         | the average population.
         | 
         | What's funny is that in response to this post there are
         | multiple posts each suggesting their own conspiracy. I wonder
         | if _this_ actually points to something, or it too is a just
         | random noise.
        
         | aszantu wrote:
         | https://github.com/cutestuff/FoodDepressionConundrum
         | 
         | Been collecting for a while. Latest success was supplementing
         | with a probiotic specifically for oxolates. Prepare the gut
         | with l-glutamine and silicea if you go that route
        
       | evrydayhustling wrote:
       | I'm confused about some of the implications regarding crowd
       | infections.
       | 
       | Certainly for some of these -- say, Chicken Pox -- we know that
       | early and controlled exposure is preferable to a first case later
       | in life. And that the cycle of herd immunity in survivors leads
       | to endemicity and less deadly strains.
       | 
       | It seems like both things can be true: it's best not to get
       | infections at all, but if you live in a world where you will get
       | infected, doing so early and outside a correlated epidemic can be
       | advantageous. And, while our immune system evolved for a
       | different social density, it still plays a critical role in
       | mitigating the long-term collective impact of crowd infections.
        
         | abracadaniel wrote:
         | Chicken pox also returns as shingles in adulthood if you got
         | the actual virus instead of the vaccine.
        
           | idunnoman1222 wrote:
           | No lol if you got the vaccine, you can still get shingles
        
       | pbhjpbhj wrote:
       | >We can see that not all obstacles make you stronger. Destroy the
       | cartilage in your knee, and it may never fully recover, since
       | cartilage doesn't grow back. //
       | 
       | I'm not a medic but I recall this being disproven or shown to be
       | at least partially a myth a few years ago -
       | https://physicians.dukehealth.org/articles/humans-have-salam...
       | from 2020, for example. Researchers showed that ankle cartilage
       | is younger than knee- and younger still than hip cartilage.
       | Indicating that it grows back in ankles relatively quickly.
       | 
       | As the article says, analogies can mislead us, but this didn't
       | inspire confidence.
       | 
       | I could probably dismiss it if the article weren't about being
       | scientifically precise and dispelling myths relating to human
       | biology.
       | 
       | Good piece, but the title is misleading too as the conclusion
       | appears to be "it's complicated; yes and no".
        
         | Mistletoe wrote:
         | Also runners have great knee cartilage compared to sedentary
         | people, despite the myth.
         | 
         | >Using motion capture and sophisticated computer modeling, the
         | study confirms that running pummels knees more than walking
         | does. But in the process, the authors conclude, running likely
         | also fortifies and bulks up the cartilage, the rubbery tissue
         | that cushions the ends of bones.
         | 
         | https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/21/well/move/why-running-won...
        
           | HappMacDonald wrote:
           | Is that causative though? Or do people with great cartilage
           | simply enjoy running more because it isn't as painful?
        
             | TeaBrain wrote:
             | Why this way of looking at cartilage is a misconception is
             | explained in the study cited by the top level comment.
             | Cartilage in different parts of the body has been shown to
             | be different ages, indicating that it rejuvenates and that
             | there there isn't just a single set of good or bad
             | cartilage.
        
           | viraptor wrote:
           | That's mixing up repeated increased stress from running and
           | "destroyed" from the parent comment. Those are different
           | things.
           | 
           | Same situation with resistance training lightly damaging and
           | rebuilding muscles over time and actually tearing a large
           | part of a muscle which leaves lasting damage.
        
         | DebtDeflation wrote:
         | It's long been believed that an ACL rupture requires surgery as
         | the ligament does not have sufficient blood flow to repair on
         | its own. But then a recent study showed that in a significant
         | percentage of people who suffer ACL ruptures and elect not to
         | have surgery the ligament eventually repairs itself on its own.
        
           | nielsbot wrote:
           | Curious about the ACL study... do you have a link handy?
        
       | hyperpape wrote:
       | I'm (genuinely--I don't know enough to pretend this is a knock-
       | down argument) curious how this characterization of "crowd"
       | illnesses fits with reports that Covid was extensively
       | circulating in deer (not known for congregating in indoor spaces
       | with poor ventilation).
       | https://www.unmc.edu/healthsecurity/transmission/2023/08/29/...
        
         | yieldcrv wrote:
         | If its surviving in deer longer than it would in a human, then
         | all calculus about the virus is different either way. There
         | wouldn't be a need to conform that data to this observation.
        
         | Terretta wrote:
         | No idea either -- but humans tend to exchange less blood than
         | deer (via thickets of ticks).
        
       | iwontberude wrote:
       | > may never fully recover, since cartilage doesn't grow back
       | 
       | Doesn't this categorically mean cartilage injuries never fully
       | recover because the cartilage doesn't grow back?
        
       | kens wrote:
       | My "unpopular opinion" is that in 100 years, people will consider
       | it very strange that most of the population was permanently
       | infected with a bunch of viruses like EBV/HSV/CMV/HPV and nobody
       | cared or did anything about it.
        
         | whythre wrote:
         | Probably an accurate prediction. Kind of like how large
         | populations in the American south were once infected with
         | hookworm.
        
           | from-nibly wrote:
           | Also now we don't have enough hookworm. Cause apparently that
           | has caused a lot of auto immune disorders.
        
         | darby_nine wrote:
         | No governments cared or did anything about it, you mean.
        
           | Terretta wrote:
           | Governments _were_ doing something about it until all the
           | fifth dentists* got amplified by "journalists" in the "media"
           | we now recognize are mostly just wannabe influencers playing
           | pundit drumming up clicks.
           | 
           | * _" 4 out of 5 dentists agree" except it's more like the
           | 50th dentist, given research consensus_
        
         | glitchcrab wrote:
         | Almost certainly, but you're forgetting one thing - hindsight.
         | We can look back a hundred years from today and say that
         | treatments back then were very misguided (and possibly even
         | barbaric). Knowledge and science advance with time.
        
         | Nasrudith wrote:
         | Accurate, especially with a hindsight bias. I suspect in the
         | hundred years they would have largely forgotten that they
         | couldn't really do much about it beyond say, shingles
         | vaccinations. Sort of like how we'd facepalm at pre-germ theory
         | medicine and all of the things "obviously" done wrong.
        
         | Terr_ wrote:
         | A modern example that is easy to visualize (unlike internal
         | parasites) might be head-lice: There's a reason powdered wigs
         | were very popular a few hundred years ago.
        
         | idunnoman1222 wrote:
         | Once a (DNA) virus incorporates itself inside your DNA and that
         | cell divides you are never getting rid of the virus bud
        
       | modeless wrote:
       | This is an excellent article. Too many people believe that kids
       | getting colds will help their immune system get stronger. In
       | reality, getting sick is almost never beneficial.
       | 
       | The information about the hygiene hypothesis and how it is really
       | more about "old friends" is also very important and not widely
       | understood. Many don't know about the hygiene hypothesis at all
       | and those who do usually interpret it incorrectly.
        
       | Nasrudith wrote:
       | Similar to the "old friends" theory, I personally thought the
       | issue with allergies and parasites suppressing allergies as a
       | "calibration issue". Where evolution effectively set the dominant
       | immune-systems to what would be hypersensitive in an environment
       | without parasites order to compensate for parasites immuno-
       | suppressing to protect themselves. Sort of like how sickle cell
       | anemia genes were selected for its malaria resistance, in spite
       | of how bad it is to be born with two copies of the gene.
        
       | SoftTalker wrote:
       | > Comparing the immune system to a muscle that gets stronger with
       | use is overly simplistic and, in many cases, inaccurate.
       | 
       | But a vaccine does something analogous: it "exercises" the immune
       | system (hopefully harmlessly) to strengthen it for when real
       | pathogens are encountered.
       | 
       | So between vaccines, and natural immunities developed by exposure
       | to and recovering from a disease, the "getting stronger with use"
       | comparison is generally correct.
        
       | alecst wrote:
       | I guess I'm cool coming out and saying it. Out of curiosity I
       | bought some helminths online and infected myself. I was inspired
       | to do it after reading a book called An Epidemic of Absence.
       | 
       | I can't say a whole lot -- positive or negative -- came from it,
       | but it was easy to do and inexpensive. So even though the article
       | says you shouldn't try it at home, I did. I consider it safe. I'm
       | not a doctor, I just read a lot of PubMed, so take that for what
       | it's worth.
        
       | BlueTemplar wrote:
       | Why would this co-evolution history with parasites have only
       | started with Homo Sapiens ?
        
       | pazimzadeh wrote:
       | The Old Friends hypothesis doesn't make a ton of sense to me.
       | Viruses did not come around much later than bacteria and
       | parasites, and definitely before the adaptive immune system.
       | 
       | Bacterial viruses may have been involved in the evolution of
       | nuclei
       | https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j....
       | 
       | The adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates itself probably
       | wouldn't be around if a virus hadn't infected the gametes of our
       | fishy ancestors https://www.nature.com/articles/29457
       | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686171/
       | 
       | More likely is that there is a critical time window during the
       | development of the immune system when it is trained not to react
       | to most bacteria (which are passed on from the mother's vaginal
       | microbiota and harmed by cesarian sections and early antibiotic
       | use). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6904599/
       | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4464665/
       | 
       | There's more and more evidence that one person's commensal
       | bacteria can be someone else's pathogen, and that we should
       | really think about it as a "lock and key" with your immune system
       | rather than categorizing bacteria as inherently good or bad.
       | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300855/
       | 
       | Another rarely mentioned complication though is that the
       | successful immune response itself likely selects for more
       | pathogenic microbes. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15539148/
       | 
       | Removing selective pressure from pathogens can actually lead to
       | less virulent strains. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30100182/
       | 
       | That may be why the body spends considerable resources feeding
       | the microbiota at a slow pace using by secreting mucus which
       | contains a large amount of sugars, but which are attached using
       | an extreme amount of diverse linkages so that one bacteria cannot
       | sweep the field and take over.
       | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1134114/
       | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41522-023-00468-3
       | 
       | You cannot really withhold food from bacteria, they will just eat
       | you. But if you give them a slow trickle of sugar, you remove
       | their reason to invade you (which is is at a risk to themselves).
       | I personally think this concept can be applied to wars and
       | immigration, but anyway..
       | 
       | Why are viruses more likely to cause autoimmune diseases than
       | parasites? Probably because viruses go inside us and set of (Th1)
       | intracellular responses , whereas parasites set of extracellular
       | responses (Th2). You're probably more likely to be tricked into
       | attacking yourself when you are fighting off something inside
       | yourself than something outside your cells.
        
         | throwup238 wrote:
         | _> The Old Friends hypothesis doesn 't make a ton of sense to
         | me. Viruses did not come around much later than bacteria and
         | parasites, and definitely before the adaptive immune system, so
         | why aren't there "commensal viruses" which fight off parasites
         | for us?_
         | 
         | Viruses are even harder to study than bacteria, which are
         | already very difficult because most of them can't be cultured
         | in a lab [1], so we just haven't studied them that much. It's a
         | lot easier to study viruses that cause a disease because we
         | know what to look for. The gut virome [2] alone is likely to
         | contain a lot of commensal viruses that help us fight off
         | parasites but our understanding is in its infancy.
         | 
         | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter
         | 
         | [2]
         | https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-39...
        
           | pazimzadeh wrote:
           | Sorry I edited my comment before I saw your response. I agree
           | in general, and we may find commensal viruses. It's not
           | crucial to the argument though so I removed it.
        
         | modeless wrote:
         | The "old friends" hypothesis is not that parasites evolved to
         | be beneficial to us. They're not literally our friends, that's
         | why "old friends" is in scare quotes. It's that the immune
         | system evolved in an environment where parasites were
         | omnipresent, and it malfunctions in an environment where they
         | are entirely absent.
         | 
         | For example, the IgE protein present in peanut allergy is part
         | of the parasite-fighting machinery of the immune system. It's
         | not supposed to be reacting to food. But when there are no
         | parasites to fight, it doesn't just become dormant as we would
         | like.
        
           | pazimzadeh wrote:
           | I don't disagree with that.
           | 
           | However the original article talks about 'peaceful'
           | commensals and links to this post
           | (https://rachel.fast.ai/posts/2024-04-25-microbiome-1/), with
           | the example that "friendly" microbes may not trigger your
           | immune system if they leak into your bloodstream because they
           | 'look similar' to your pancreatic cells.
           | 
           | While critical during the development of the immune system,
           | this idea that there are certain actually 'friendly' or
           | peaceful bacteria is less and less supported by the
           | literature, and overstated to the point of probably being
           | harmful. Even probiotic strains can be harmful if your immune
           | system is overloaded or incapacitated.
           | 
           | Strong immune avoidance or induction of tolerance outside of
           | the critical window is a strategy often used by pathogens to
           | escape host defenses.
        
       | cjbgkagh wrote:
       | Very much disagree with the implication that helminths will help
       | very much for these conditions. While not a commonly known
       | treatment in the 'medical sphere' it's is very commonly known in
       | the 'patient community spheres' and from the patient run studies
       | it does not appear to have a particularly strong effect. It does
       | appear to help some people so it's hard to rule it out but that
       | could easily be noise. Those who did report a benefit were most
       | often in the less impaired category and those same people tend to
       | benefit from a wide variety of treatments that are generally
       | ineffective on those of use who are more impaired.
       | 
       | This post reads like someone who has just discovered the world of
       | ME/CFS/LongCovid (post viral)
       | /ToxicMold/POTs/SIBO/IBS/Lymes/hEDS/Graves/Hashimotos/MS/Lupus
       | etc. etc. As a lifer I have seen many people enter the space and
       | go through this exact same early stage of discovery.
       | 
       | What I really think it is; it's genetic, various types of
       | generalized anxiety disorders with their associated auto-immune
       | conditions with the most common being Hypermobile Ehlers Danlos.
       | These genetic predispositions are made worse by diet and
       | lifestyles and triggered by all manner of stressors.
       | 
       | On how to treat it, Low Dose Naltrexone is a good step one, then
       | meds for dysautonomia, TUDCA, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), and
       | then finally I think Low Dose Semaglutide < 0.1mg per week is
       | going to be huge for auto-immune. It's early stages but few
       | things have appeared more promising in the patient community. It
       | worked wonders for me and a few other people I know. Everyone is
       | different but those are in my opinion a good place to for someone
       | starting.
       | 
       | Helminths did not work for me the several times I tried it and
       | have not worked for anyone that I have personally known that has
       | tried it which to date is around ~10pp. But I do believe the
       | people who do say it has worked for them but I don't count them
       | unless I knew them prior due to the issue of selection criteria
       | biases.
        
         | jph00 wrote:
         | But the article isn't implying that. In fact it explicitly says
         | that helminths can be dangerous.
        
         | pazimzadeh wrote:
         | The Th1 program in a T-helper cell suppresses the Th2 response,
         | and vice versa.
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell#Th1/Th2_model
         | 
         | Although it's way more complicated than that and there are
         | exceptions, but it's still a real phenomenon.
         | 
         | Community deworming increases Th1 cytokines
         | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5098677/
         | 
         | When you administer helminths to yourself there is no guarantee
         | that they are going to the right spot in your body, etc. which
         | explains why everyone responds differently.
        
       | Terr_ wrote:
       | To recycle a recent comment, activating the adaptive immune
       | system is like unleashing unleashing Skynet to stop a feared
       | zombie apocalypse.
       | 
       | Even if that army always wins, a few cities become glowing
       | craters and you're rolling the dice hoping that _only a few_ of
       | the murder-bots go rogue.
       | 
       | Some evidence for this is how we keep finding additional safety-
       | interlocks, presumably evolved because the creatures without them
       | tore themselves apart too often.
        
       | pella wrote:
       | I prefer the antifragile metaphor.
       | 
       |  _" The immune system is an example of antifragility in the
       | natural world since an effective response is only produced in the
       | presence of an antigen threat, but the response leaves the body
       | better able to respond in future. The presence of an antigen
       | activates the immune response, which not only deals with the
       | immediate challenge through the innate immune system in the short
       | term and long term through the adaptive immune system but also
       | provides ongoing protection against this and similar future
       | threats through the immunological memory of B cells. In other
       | words, exposure to an invading antigen leaves the body stronger
       | than before, so the stressor has created a benefit that was
       | neither present nor possible before it occurred."_
       | 
       | read more: "Beyond resilience: towards antifragility?"
       | https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=13108278257209181...
       | 
       | ------
       | 
       | And see the -> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation
       | 
       |  _" Variolation was the method of inoculation first used to
       | immunize individuals against smallpox (Variola) with material
       | taken from a patient or a recently variolated individual, in the
       | hope that a mild, but protective, infection would result. Only
       | 1-2% of those variolated died from the intentional infection
       | compared to 30% who contracted smallpox naturally. Variolation is
       | no longer used today. It was replaced by the smallpox vaccine, a
       | safer alternative. This in turn led to the development of the
       | many vaccines now available against other diseases."_
        
       | highfrequency wrote:
       | Wow - meningitis lowers IQ by 5 points
        
         | incanus77 wrote:
         | Bacterial does, viral does not appear to. I am a survivor of
         | bacterial meningitis and sepsis at eight months and fortunately
         | do not experience any known side effects. However, the IQ
         | effect is sobering.
        
       | HarHarVeryFunny wrote:
       | So, drop food on kitchen floor - pick it up and eat it (without
       | washing) good or bad?
        
       | prologist11 wrote:
       | It's actually a lot more interesting than what the article
       | explains here. The immune system essentially goes through a
       | process of hypermutation and can be compared to a hashmap which
       | is populated during the first few years of one's life. After that
       | the hashmap is essentially frozen. This is why early immunization
       | is very important because being exposed to mild pathogens when
       | young helps one's immune system recognize and deal with similar
       | pathogens later in life. The immune system only gets worse over
       | time which is why eventually most viral infections overwhelm the
       | immune system and either cause death or cancer.
        
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