[HN Gopher] Basic Mechanisms In Fire Control Computers (1953) [v...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Basic Mechanisms In Fire Control Computers (1953) [video]
        
       Author : teqsun
       Score  : 276 points
       Date   : 2024-08-20 12:02 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.youtube.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.youtube.com)
        
       | teqsun wrote:
       | Thought it was very interesting to see the precursors of modern
       | computers and how they achieved the various mathematical
       | functions mechanically
        
         | andrewstuart2 wrote:
         | And fascinating too that, unlike digital computers where
         | operations take clock cycles, calculations in an analog
         | computer are effectively instantaneous.
        
           | bluGill wrote:
           | Backlash means there is delay in analog computers that is
           | generally worse than in digital. However the calculations you
           | perform on analog computers are generally much simpler and so
           | you don't notice the lag.
           | 
           | edit: I should point out that some calculations that are
           | trivial on analog computers and difficult on digital and so
           | analog may have less lag on some specific calculations.
           | However in general it is safe to say digital is faster
           | overall even though in the real world you will find many
           | examples where analog is faster.
        
           | pragma_x wrote:
           | It's better than that. As an analog computer, both the inputs
           | and outputs are _continuous_. So it's possible to get down to
           | very small deltas that are only limited by the internal
           | precision of the system itself, and the precision of
           | measuring those inputs and outputs.
           | 
           | At the same time, precision is dictated by machining
           | tolerances for the instruments in the calculation chain, as
           | well as any mechanical forces in play at the time. Even the
           | temperature of parts can change the dimensions of parts which
           | can introduce error. And then there's the accumulation of
           | error across a deep enough mechanical "pipeline".
           | 
           | What really gets me is how there is this tradeoff between
           | analog and digital computers. Digital systems don't have
           | precision errors from miss-shaped parts, but instead opt for
           | errors in quantization (digitization) instead.
        
           | schiffern wrote:
           | The neat part is that it's _almost_ instantaneous, but not
           | quite.
           | 
           | How electricity flows through analog circuits and chooses the
           | right path is another fascinating subject. Seeing how it
           | actually works "in action" seems to glimpse some insights
           | into ultra-fast computing paradigms: not just computing
           | _with_ analog circuits, but also structuring computation
           | _like_ circuits.
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AXv49dDQJw
        
           | pjc50 wrote:
           | Not instantaneous on any scale a digital system would regard
           | as important. You can't turn a shaft very far in a
           | nanosecond, and you are in general limited by the inertia of
           | the mechanical system as well as quantities such as bearing
           | overheating, lubricant viscosity, the maximum force that can
           | be applied through any particular component, and so on.
        
         | shagie wrote:
         | The Thomson (also known as Lord Kelvin of degrees K fame) tide
         | predicting machine takes us back to the late 1800s.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide-predicting_machine
         | 
         | One implementation of it was a notable part of WWII:
         | 
         | > They came to be regarded as of military strategic importance
         | during World War I, and again during the Second World War, when
         | the US No.2 Tide Predicting Machine, described below, was
         | classified, along with the data that it produced, and used to
         | predict tides for the D-Day Normandy landings and all the
         | island landings in the Pacific War.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide-Predicting_Machine_No._2
         | 
         | From Veritasium : The Most Powerful Computers You've Never
         | Heard Of - the tide calculator plays a prominent part of the
         | video. https://youtu.be/IgF3OX8nT0w (the next video is also in
         | the same topic - Future Computers Will Be Radically Different
         | https://youtu.be/GVsUOuSjvcg and that gets into more modern
         | implementations and uses - https://the-analog-thing.org is the
         | device shown in the video).
        
         | relwin wrote:
         | What's amazing is some of these fire-control systems using up
         | to 15kW to keep all the motors and mechanicals moving!
        
       | kallistisoft wrote:
       | I absolutely adore this series of videos! Analog/mechanical
       | computing is a fascinating field that is often ignored.
       | 
       | Also the pedagogical style of these videos is fantastic, simple,
       | to the point, with no unnecessary distractions. It's hard to find
       | this level of quality in the current 'click and subscribe'
       | universe!
       | 
       | Happy to see this pop on HN :)
        
         | pvg wrote:
         | _the current 'click and subscribe' universe!_
         | 
         | The audience for this film was heavily advertised to, in order
         | to get them to subscribe:
         | 
         | https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Untitled_%282%29World_...
         | 
         | And if that didn't work, many were simply coerced into it by
         | the state. You don't need to pester a captive audience to smash
         | the like button.
        
         | Aardwolf wrote:
         | A similarly interesting video in this pedagogical style is
         | 'Around The Corner - How Differential Steering Works (1937)':
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYAw79386WI
        
         | pfdietz wrote:
         | Another archaic technology is magnetic amplifiers. These were
         | more used in Germany (in the Kriegsmarine and also in the V-2),
         | but got some more play in the US immediately after the war,
         | before being largely supplanted by transistors.
         | 
         | The idea here was to use magnetic saturation to modulate the
         | behavior of a transformer, allowing a small control current to
         | modulate larger AC currents.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_amplifier
        
       | postepowanieadm wrote:
       | I highly recommend "Between Human and Machine Feedback, Control,
       | and Computing before Cybernetics" by David A. Mindell
        
       | thrdbndndn wrote:
       | I've seen a few of these old instructional videos.
       | 
       | In addition to the content itself, I'm always _very_ amazed by
       | the fact they can produce these videos without computers!
        
         | 082349872349872 wrote:
         | The difficulty of editing in the pre-computer days may have
         | helped, in that they probably went to a great deal of effort to
         | fully plan out the content instead of YOLO'ing "we'll fix it in
         | post".
        
         | mrandish wrote:
         | Having worked professionally through the evolution video
         | production from the early 80s to the present day, variously as
         | an editor, videographer director and producer, then switching
         | to making digital video production tools (both live and post)
         | as a programmer, product manager, etc it's hard for me to watch
         | anything and not think about how it was made along with
         | pondering the tooling and workflow.
         | 
         | So, like you, I watched the film (as it was certainly produced
         | on 16mm film) and was surprised by the quality of the graphics,
         | titles and animation. Even the shooting and editing was
         | remarkably good for what's obviously an industrial-grade
         | training film produced on an assembly line. I was especially
         | taken by the fidelity of the full screen title slides featuring
         | soft-edged drop shadows. When I started out in video, the first
         | place that hired me was a tiny hole-in-the-wall studio that
         | produced corporate and industrial sales, marketing and training
         | videos for mid-sized clients on 3/4 inch U-Matic tape. And they
         | still laid out titles by hand a line at a time with a manual
         | Letraset-type machine. The titles we did in the mid-80s didn't
         | look as nice as what these guys were doing in 1953!
        
       | zer00eyz wrote:
       | This is a great primer on one facet of the Navy and "technology".
       | 
       | So much of early computing has some tie back to the navy. It
       | isn't an accident that Grace Hopper was an admiral and not a
       | General. Much of Cray's early work is littered with "Navy"
       | (including his transfer from Europe to the Pacific).
       | 
       | It's a fascinating bit of WWII and Post war history that is worth
       | exploring.
        
         | _kb wrote:
         | That history extends back the other direction too with
         | mechanical tide prediction machines, or even early marine
         | chronometers for navigation - the OGps if you will.
        
         | jameshart wrote:
         | Navigation and gunnery have always been driving forces for
         | mathematical innovation so there are often naval connections to
         | important discoveries and inventions.
         | 
         | But don't sleep on the importance of land-based artillery and
         | military surveying and cartography as motivation too. Long
         | range naval gunnery with these kinds of mechanical computers to
         | take into account things like course, speed and rolling motion,
         | was all building on earlier static land-based gunnery methods
         | using tables and nomograms derived through complex calculations
         | - some of Babbage's difference engine work was calculating
         | gunnery tables.
        
           | teachrdan wrote:
           | This is the whole conceit behind Neil deGrasse Tyson's book
           | "Accessory to War":
           | 
           | "Accessory to War: The Unspoken Alliance Between Astrophysics
           | and the Military is the fifteenth book by American
           | astrophysicist and science communicator Neil deGrasse Tyson
           | which he co-wrote with researcher and writer Avis Lang. It
           | was released on September 11, 2018 by W. W. Norton & Company.
           | The book chronicles war and the use of space as a weapon
           | going as far back as before the Ancient Greeks, and includes
           | examples such as Christopher Columbus' use of his knowledge
           | of a lunar eclipse and the use of satellite intelligence by
           | the United States during the Gulf War. While speaking on the
           | book, Tyson told National Geographic that he regards the
           | collaboration between science and the military as a 'two-way
           | street.'"
           | 
           | FWIW Tyson is quite critical of the application of
           | astrophysics research to military ends.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_to_War
        
         | mindcrime wrote:
         | On that note: if you read a lot of technology books and/or
         | research papers and you pay attention to the "acknowledgements"
         | section, you'll likely observe that it's _quite_ frequent to
         | find something to this effect in there:
         | 
         | "This research funded in part by a grant from the Naval
         | Research Laboratory, grant number XXX-YYY-ZZZZZZZZZZ".
         | 
         | This aside from similar notices mentioning DARPA, NSF, and
         | other funding bodies.
        
       | AlexDragusin wrote:
       | Love the DHARMA Initiative feel of it!
       | 
       | Excellent, particularly the differential computing aspect. Thanks
       | for posting this.
        
       | snakeyjake wrote:
       | The US Navy's old training materials are fantastic for learning
       | about various technologies.
       | 
       | I think their masterpiece is "Basic Hand Tools" a handbook
       | written in plain English that describes the use of practically
       | every hand tool ever invented.
       | 
       | "Basic Hand Tools" on the hammer:
       | 
       | >Whoever conceived the idea of cracking a nut with a rock
       | unknowingly invented a tool. When a later genius tied a stick to
       | the rock, he invented the first hammer. There have been a lot of
       | improvements since that humble beginning.
       | 
       | The modern version "Tools and Their Uses" also covers machine
       | tools but is less fun.
        
         | smlavine wrote:
         | Do you happen to have a link to the "Basic Hand Tools" version?
        
           | parf02 wrote:
           | https://archive.org/details/UseOfTools1945/mode/2up
        
             | mrandish wrote:
             | Thanks for posting the link. What a great book.
        
         | _kb wrote:
         | NEETS is another to add to the list. A quite literal full stack
         | guide to electronics from the basis of matter up.
        
           | bloopernova wrote:
           | "Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series"
        
           | copperx wrote:
           | I found the "textbook", but is there a video series
           | associated with it?
        
         | mdorazio wrote:
         | Not just military training videos, older ones in general are
         | often superior to what gets made today. My favorite is probably
         | this one on vehicle differentials:
         | 
         | https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yYAw79386WI
        
           | ethbr1 wrote:
           | Periscope Films uploads a lot of public domain US government
           | material, and has it decently organized. The asbestos series
           | is also interesting, hindsight being 20-20.
           | 
           | See https://m.youtube.com/@PeriscopeFilm/playlists
        
           | _trampeltier wrote:
           | I like this even more.
           | 
           | AT&T Archives: Similiarities of Wave Behavior
           | 
           | https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DovunOxlY1k&pp=ygUOYmVsbCBsYWJ.
           | ..
        
           | halfnormalform wrote:
           | Jam Handy films were amazing. You could show this to an
           | audience who was morally opposed to learning about
           | differentials and they'd still learn about differentials.
        
           | mrandish wrote:
           | I've never been a car guy. While I've heard of differentials,
           | I never understood what it was. Thanks to you posting this
           | video, I now understand what a differential does and how it
           | does it.
           | 
           | (I found playing it at 120% speed to be a good balance
           | between comprehension and engagement)
        
         | limit499karma wrote:
         | I just downloaded (thanks to other commenter below) and would
         | question the "use" part. What is the "peen" end used for?
         | Having read the section on hammers I still don't know. (Just
         | re-skimmed the section and I still don't know.)
        
           | dcminter wrote:
           | Hitting things ;)
           | 
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peening
           | 
           | I dimly recall making an ashtray (hmmm, not sure that would
           | fly these days) in high school metalwork class by beating out
           | a piece of copper sheet with the peen until it was suitably
           | concave.
        
           | billfor wrote:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-peen_hammer
        
         | hypertexthero wrote:
         | Is the original this one?
         | 
         | https://archive.org/details/HandTools1944/page/n87/mode/2up
        
         | zerohm wrote:
         | I will never pass up an opportunity to use this joke:
         | 
         | Everything is a hammer, unless it's a screwdriver. Then, it's a
         | chisel.
        
         | pmcf wrote:
         | "The Navy is a master plan designed by geniuses for execution
         | by idiots."
         | 
         | - Herman Wouk, The Caine Mutiny
         | 
         | This is completely true. 18-20-year-old kids launch and arrest
         | aircraft on a carrier while simultaneously performing an
         | underway replenishment, and it's just another day.
        
       | cynicalpeace wrote:
       | This made me think of engines as computers- the crank shaft
       | connected to the timing belt goes up to the camshafts to
       | instantly calculate the positions of the valves.
        
         | thesuitonym wrote:
         | Likewise, an automatic transmission is a hydraulic computer.
        
           | bluGill wrote:
           | 50 years ago that was true. Sometime ago though (I don't know
           | when, but I'd guess starting in the 1990s) they changed to
           | electronic computers. Using electronics makes some things
           | simpler and puts the complex parts in standard hardware (a
           | CPU is much more complex but it isn't custom designed for
           | you), or software (easy to change if you get it wrong.
        
             | SoftTalker wrote:
             | For the fuel injection and ignition (spark) timing yes, but
             | the camshafts to open and close the valves are still driven
             | by a gear, belt or chain. Even variable valve timing is
             | mostly controled by mechanical or hydraulic means, though
             | I'm guessing some electronics may be involved.
        
               | xeonmc wrote:
               | FreeValve
        
               | bluGill wrote:
               | This is about transmissions.
        
               | SoftTalker wrote:
               | Upthread mentioned camshafts and valves, guess my reply
               | is mostly to that.
        
             | mywittyname wrote:
             | Yeah, but the electronic control in 4 speeds was basically
             | replicating the mechanical control of the previous
             | generation. So it was more of an incremental improvement
             | over old tech.
             | 
             | Whereas modern 6+ speed transmissions are very different in
             | design and control.
        
           | mywittyname wrote:
           | This is part of the reason why four speed autos stayed in use
           | for so damn long. You can automatically shift a four speed
           | transmission with a pair of solenoids that turn on/off based
           | on the input values from a couple of basic sensors.
           | 
           | The solenoids control which pair of clutches in the
           | transmission engage, which in turn, determines the gear the
           | transmission is in.
           | 
           | Driveability wise, they were awful, and their overall
           | efficiency was pretty bad. But the fact that it could
           | automatically select the correct gear out of three or four
           | with just one user input (throttle) is still marvelous.
           | 
           | They could also handle insane amounts of power for the era.
           | The GM 3L series came out in 1964 and was the transmission
           | people would reach for when they were putting WWII era plane
           | engines into crazy automobiles.
        
         | a3n wrote:
         | The speedometer on most cars is a kilometers - miles -
         | kilometers calculator.
        
       | neurobashing wrote:
       | my head canon is that in the Dune universe, their response to the
       | Butlerian Jihad was to develop better and better mechanical
       | computers; specifically, via miniaturization, down to the
       | nanometer level. It doesn't quite work for everything (Holtzmann
       | shields are entirely analog?) but it works well enough to map
       | most objects to a viable analog controller made of nanometer-
       | scale analog computers.
        
         | avar wrote:
         | The ban on thinking machines in Dune has nothing to do with the
         | mechanics by which those machines work.
         | 
         | For all we know (I'm ignoring Brian Herbert's fanfiction here)
         | the predominant type of computing at the time was mechanical.
         | In any case, it wouldn't have mattered.
        
       | pmcf wrote:
       | In 1989 I was a data systems tech on a Destroyer going through
       | some overhaul at the shipyard in Pascagoula Mississippi. Moored
       | right next to us was the battleship Wisconsin. Huge relic from
       | WW2 but still going through modernization. A bunch of us that
       | worked on combat systems got invited for a tour of their fire
       | control systems.
       | 
       | Wow. Just wow. All mechanical computers calculating fire control
       | solutions for the big 16 inch guns. The guys giving the tour were
       | well beyond the age for regular military retirement. Come to find
       | out, they were all reactivated because practical knowledge of the
       | mechanical computers had since left the navy. That was a very
       | cool day.
        
         | flavius29663 wrote:
         | I remember seeing one of those computers on Wisconsin, but I
         | only saw it after decommission, as a museum piece. Those
         | computers are truly mind boggling, if you're reading this and
         | you're close to Norfolk you should visit battleship Wisconsin.
        
           | ricktdotorg wrote:
           | same goes for being in SoCal and going to visit the USS Iowa
           | in San Pedro. it also has similar mechanical computers, it's
           | a fantastic day spent clambering around the ship. sometimes
           | they do "stay overnight in the bunks" nights, I can highly
           | recommend it!
        
             | teqsun wrote:
             | For anyone along the Northeastern corridor, the USS New
             | Jersey in Camden is another well-preserved Iowa class
             | museum ship.
        
               | mrguyorama wrote:
               | The Battleship New Jersey has a good youtube channel
               | where the head curator walks you through some things.
               | 
               | https://www.youtube.com/@BattleshipNewJersey
               | 
               | They also sell broken parts of the ship that they fix up
               | as souvenirs, like the entire deck's worth of wooden
               | planking, and for $1000 you can take a tour where the
               | mildly charismatic head curator takes you into the
               | smallest and hardest to reach parts of the ship!
               | 
               | Or fire a 5 inch gun, you know, if that's more your
               | speed.
        
               | jabl wrote:
               | > Or fire a 5 inch gun, you know, if that's more your
               | speed.
               | 
               | Depends on what the target is.
        
               | teqsun wrote:
               | For $1k it's just a blank round.
               | 
               | But if you donate $1M, you're allowed to shoot the USS
               | New Jersey's curator Jordan with an HE shell from the 16"
               | guns.
        
               | LgWoodenBadger wrote:
               | If you watch the channel you'd know it was HC - high
               | capacity.
        
         | Loughla wrote:
         | My uncle was on the Wisconsin and operated the big guns during
         | the first Gulf war.
         | 
         | I never really had context as a kid for how large that ship is,
         | and was just astounded by the distances they would shell.
        
           | pmcf wrote:
           | This was right before the gulf war so I may have met him!
           | Assuming he was a gunners mate, that crew had a lot of
           | moments of touching history. Besides mechanical computers,
           | it's a really dangerous place since they had to handle
           | massive bags of flash powder.
           | 
           | My ship was near the USS Iowa when turret two went up. A
           | sobering experience when you think how much risk the turret
           | crews are in just by doing their jobs.
        
             | teachrdan wrote:
             | For those like me who didn't get this reference:
             | 
             | "On 19 April 1989, an explosion occurred within the Number
             | Two 16-inch gun turret of the United States Navy battleship
             | USS Iowa (BB-61) during a fleet exercise in the Caribbean
             | Sea near Puerto Rico.[1] The explosion in the center gun
             | room killed 47 of the turret's crewmen and severely damaged
             | the gun turret itself."
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_turret_explosion
        
         | cwillu wrote:
         | Apropos: https://www.navalgazing.net/Fire-Control-Part-1
        
         | retrac wrote:
         | By the end of WW II American torpedoes were automatically
         | programmed (direction, speed, fusing) before firing. The heavy
         | calculations would be done by the shipboard firing computer
         | while the parameters set would be used by the simple computer
         | on the torpedo (which had inertial guidance). I struggle to
         | imagine how people managed to design such things with just
         | pencils and slide rules.
        
           | nradov wrote:
           | WW II American torpedoes didn't have inertial guidance. They
           | used gyros for directional control and just ran in a straight
           | line after making a single turn onto the set course.
           | Occasionally the torpedo would get stuck in that turn and run
           | in a circle. Towards the end of the war the Navy also started
           | introducing homing torpedoes, but those didn't use inertial
           | guidance either.
        
             | pocketstar wrote:
             | A gyro by definition IS inertial guidance.
        
               | nradov wrote:
               | Not really. By definition an inertial guidance or
               | navigation system has to do some sort of integration of
               | inputs over time. Gyroscopes are typically used as part
               | of inertial guidance systems, but connecting a gyro
               | output directly to a rudder input wouldn't by itself be
               | considered as inertial guidance. The device wasn't doing
               | anything to calculate absolute position based on inertia.
        
             | ploxiln wrote:
             | > Occasionally the torpedo would get stuck in that turn and
             | run in a circle.
             | 
             | Well that's not a great failure mode, if it can come right
             | back at vessel which launched it ... imagine trying to
             | implement a self-destruct failsafe with that tech back then
             | ...
        
               | nradov wrote:
               | At least two US Navy submarines were sunk by their own
               | torpedoes making circular runs. The main failsafe
               | mechanism disabled the detonators until the weapon had
               | run out a certain minimum distance but obviously that
               | wasn't effective in circular runs.
               | 
               | https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-
               | magazine/2011/j...
        
           | flohofwoe wrote:
           | Not exclusive to the US though, check out the
           | "Torpedovorhalterechner" ;)
           | 
           | http://www.tvre.org/en/torpedo-fire-control-system-on-
           | german...
           | 
           | Scrolling down there's a nice photo with removed cover.
        
           | grumpyprole wrote:
           | Yes, in fact even a Harrier Jump Jet was designed with
           | pencils and a slide rule!
        
             | nine_k wrote:
             | I.suspect they used tabulators and other such mechanical
             | calculation devices, with a higher precision and faster
             | speed than a slide rule.
        
         | zerohm wrote:
         | I had a co-worker at the Navy Yard that said he was an Anti-
         | Aircraft tech during the Korean War. When he said they used
         | 'mechanical computers' I had to stair up into space for a
         | minute to figure out what that meant.
        
         | UncleOxidant wrote:
         | In 1981 I was just out of high school and had a summer job at
         | NUWES - Navel Undersea Warfare and Engineering Station in
         | Keyport, WA. I was in a group that was refurb'ing fire control
         | computers from submarines. They kind of looked like those stand
         | up video game consoles that became popular in arcades soon
         | after - except these cabinets were made of solid aluminum. They
         | were full of gears and resolvers - analog computers. The
         | "display" was all analog. And they were all being replaced with
         | new gears and resolvers. I recall that there was another group
         | nearby that was experimenting with microcomputers - they had
         | some S-100 boxes like IMSAI 8080s.
        
       | PKop wrote:
       | "Obviously, computer accuracy depends on the quality of the
       | information it receives".
       | 
       | So true.
        
         | ape4 wrote:
         | Low quality received, poor accuracy out.
        
           | gausswho wrote:
           | Made me look up the origin of 'garbage in garbage out.
           | Interesting that GIGO descends from LIFO and FIFO.
        
             | gausswho wrote:
             | More info: https://wordhistories.net/2022/12/05/garbage-in-
             | garbage-out/
        
               | renox wrote:
               | https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/you-what-eat-gigo-gastao-
               | de-f...
        
         | lukan wrote:
         | Why not do some math to fix it?
         | 
         | https://xkcd.com/2494/
        
         | Mordisquitos wrote:
         | That made me think of a quote from Charles Babbage, arguably
         | the inventor of the mechanical computer. I wonder if it was
         | added intentionally as a reference:
         | 
         | > _On two occasions I have been asked, -- "Pray, Mr. Babbage,
         | if you put into the machine wrong figures, will the right
         | answers come out?" In one case a member of the Upper, and in
         | the other a member of the Lower, House put this question. I am
         | not able rightly to apprehend the kind of confusion of ideas
         | that could provoke such a question._
         | 
         | - Charles Babbage in _Passages from the Life of a Philosopher_
         | (1864)
        
       | andrei-akopian wrote:
       | Modern educational videos/films feel lower quality (in terms of
       | content) even with all the modern tech at their disposal.
       | 
       | Better technology doesn't seem to improve education. The quality
       | of the content is 99% the skill of the teacher.
        
         | meroes wrote:
         | Sometimes I feel like if we had a video like this for every
         | concept we'd be in Star Trek utopia by now.
        
         | g8oz wrote:
         | Domain experts and instructional designers working together, in
         | close proximity, in both time and space, produce the best
         | educational content in my opinion. Without iteration and
         | feedback loops between these groups we end up with the shallow
         | content that is so prevalent in the e-learning industry.
        
           | mncharity wrote:
           | > Domain experts and instructional designers working
           | together, in close proximity
           | 
           | I dream of an online community encompassing science
           | researchers, instructional designers and education
           | researchers, software developers, and teachers. So "my
           | students are struggling with" -> "the underlying idea is" ->
           | "maybe represent that as" -> "here's a strawman web
           | interactive" -> "tried it this afternoon, mostly worked,
           | except for" in tight iterative churns.
        
         | hnpolicestate wrote:
         | Agreed. Check out all the popular historical war documentaries
         | on YouTube. They are labeled "simplified, learn in 10 minutes
         | etc", also use childlike cartoons. Never any interviews with
         | real world experts.
         | 
         | It's almost like the concept of making technology easy enough
         | for a child to use has spread to other areas.
        
       | duxup wrote:
       | There used to be a real art to make informational videos like
       | this.
       | 
       | Here is one on punchard machines:
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etu-cH-nkIA
       | 
       | Now a days we just deploy tech all YOLO style.
        
       | poikroequ wrote:
       | Great video! I love the simple straightforward presentation, it
       | explains the concepts so well. The many applications of cams
       | continue to impresses me.
       | 
       | The fundamentals of mechanical computers go back much further,
       | well into the 1800s and possibly even earlier. Much of it has its
       | roots in clockwork.
        
         | mrandish wrote:
         | > it explains the concepts so well.
         | 
         | Indeed. Watching the video I found the practical and visual
         | illustration of math concepts when implemented in mechanical
         | gears to feel intuitive in a way I never felt from chalkboard
         | math instruction. As a person who's always struggled with
         | traditional algebra and up math education, seeing it presented
         | in this physical way really felt fundamentally more accessible
         | to me. Like I strangely felt far more 'connected' to concepts
         | in a way I never have before. Has anyone ever tried to teach
         | algebra and higher level math concepts this way?
         | 
         | I suspect if back in high school and college, math classes had
         | geared machines I could touch and turn a crank on to see the
         | "math work", maybe my life would have been different. I
         | basically dropped out of college due to falling behind in high
         | school on algebra fundamentals and never being able to catch up
         | in college. When I found I loved computers in the college's
         | BASIC 101 class, yet found any access to computers beyond that
         | class requiring a transfer to the math dept (this being the
         | early 80s), and not being able to pass the prereq classes for
         | that transfer, I dropped out. Strangely, I immediately bought
         | an 8-bit computer with 4K of RAM and became an entirely self-
         | taught programmer (which ended up working out very well for me
         | in the end), but what might have been...
        
       | tingletech wrote:
       | When my great grandfather was drafted in WWI from the chemistry
       | department at Berkeley to Annapolis, they put him on a ship as an
       | ensign doing targeting.
        
       | varenc wrote:
       | Can anyone find parts 2-4? This seems to just be part of 1!
        
       | flohofwoe wrote:
       | To get a direct feel of how it is working with such a 'computer':
       | the UBOAT game on Steam (spiritual successor to the Silent Hunter
       | games) has somewhat recently added a Torpedo Data Computer as
       | used on German Type VII submarines:
       | 
       | https://store.steampowered.com/news/app/494840/view/37127138...
       | 
       | The user interface is surprisingly intuitive even by today's UX
       | standards.
        
       | foofoo4u wrote:
       | I wish I grew up with educational videos like these. Simple, to
       | the point, foundational videos that teach complicated topics from
       | building blocks. I love the practical demonstrations. If I saw
       | these as a child, I would have certainly considered majoring in
       | engineering.
        
       | johnohara wrote:
       | Can't have a military training film or newsreel without march
       | cadence intro music. It inherently tells you to "sit still, pay
       | attention, and listen." This means you!
       | 
       | Bagpipes are the same thing. Nowadays, nothing seems official
       | unless it starts or ends with bagpipes.
        
       | maxglute wrote:
       | The videos on WW2 bomber gun system and bombing computer are also
       | very fun.
       | 
       | Too lazy to find specific videos, but this entire channel is A+
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/@WWIIUSBombers/search?query=computer
        
       | dang wrote:
       | Related:
       | 
       |  _Mechanical Computer - Basic Mechanisms in Fire Control
       | Computers (1953) [video]_ -
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=29471331 - Dec 2021 (12
       | comments)
       | 
       |  _Basic Mechanisms In Fire Control Computers (1953) [video]_ -
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7831923 - June 2014 (6
       | comments)
        
       | turtledragonfly wrote:
       | I especially like the section on differential gears,
       | demonstrating their use as computing units: (timestamped link)
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwf5mAlI7Ug&t=771s
        
       | geogod42 wrote:
       | someone should build a very precise "lut" with mems and this
       | tech. would be pretty hard tho
        
       | mftrhu wrote:
       | People might also be interested in this 1944's Bureau of
       | Ordnance's 433-pages pamphlet: _Basic Fire Control Mechanisms_
       | <https://maritime.org/doc/op1140/index.php> (PDF).
        
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