[HN Gopher] The Gervais Principle, or the Office According to "T...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       The Gervais Principle, or the Office According to "The Office"
       (2009)
        
       Author : taubek
       Score  : 233 points
       Date   : 2024-08-11 05:35 UTC (17 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.ribbonfarm.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.ribbonfarm.com)
        
       | H8crilA wrote:
       | Keep in mind that in practice this classification is not perfect,
       | as in you cannot just bucketize people into three categories and
       | declare perfect understanding. You should treat the roles
       | described in the article as archetypes of human behavior.
        
         | crngefest wrote:
         | This is true for every statement about people.
        
           | H8crilA wrote:
           | And yet it is not obvious to everyone.
        
             | DaiPlusPlus wrote:
             | I still maintain there are only 10 types of people in the
             | world.
             | 
             | Those who know base-2 numerals and those who don't.
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | True, but do you _really_ know them? Dan you do long
               | division in base 2?
        
         | DaiPlusPlus wrote:
         | > Keep in mind that in practice this classification is not
         | perfect, as in you cannot just bucketize people into
         | 
         | Gosh that's such an INFJ thing to say!
         | 
         | /s[ubtle]
        
           | nkrisc wrote:
           | "INFJ", that's from that workplace astrology, right?
        
             | sdwolfz wrote:
             | You would be surprised, but companies actually pay hard
             | money to consultants to do these astrology readings and
             | present them to shareholders as a "measure of workforce
             | compatibility".
        
               | nkrisc wrote:
               | I had to do something like that once at work. I picked
               | random answers for all the questions.
        
               | sdwolfz wrote:
               | That's the easy part. Did you also have to do a 1 hour
               | interview with the consultant after the questionnaire?
               | 
               | EDIT: also an hour long group meeting after the
               | interviews to be presented your collective results?
        
               | osigurdson wrote:
               | Most people know how to game these now. Want to be a
               | "leader"? Choose extroverted type answers. Get the red
               | patch.
        
               | jhbadger wrote:
               | I think it was more popular before that book ("The
               | Personality Brokers: The Strange History of Myers-Briggs
               | and the Birth of Personality Testing") came out. Not that
               | I ever believed it before that, but I assumed it was
               | created by actual social scientists rather than two
               | untrained amateurs as is the case.
        
             | UniverseHacker wrote:
             | Meyers briggs is not "astrology" - it doesn't claim to
             | predict anything. It categorizes how people already
             | consciously see themselves with Carl Jungs archetypes. The
             | main point of the archetype concept is to then explore the
             | part of you that is different from how you see yourself-
             | your "shadow" for the purpose of personal development.
             | 
             | It's not mysterious, mystical, or claiming to be science-
             | it's just a very simple set of arbitrary categories to give
             | you a different perspective on yourself, and point you in a
             | direction of dealing with things you would otherwise avoid
             | because it's uncomfortable to think about. For example if
             | you see yourself as "rational" and reject "emotional"
             | thinking, it can be helpful to actually explore your
             | emotional side rather than push it away.
             | 
             | The concept itself is a useful and simple thing, but is
             | mostly misunderstood and misused... I don't see how an
             | employer testing employees would be useful.
             | 
             | As someone who has read Carl Jungs books, but has not
             | encountered it in the workplace, it annoys me to see people
             | talking derisively about it from a place of
             | misunderstanding.
        
               | chongli wrote:
               | It's astrology because it takes unimodal distributions
               | and splits them into two groups above and below the mean.
               | This is a cardinal sin in statistics because it implies
               | the existence of distinct populations that don't really
               | exist and so any predictions you try to make are no
               | better than a coinflip.
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | They just said MBTI doesn't predict anything. It's a
               | measurement tool, with limitations, and you should use it
               | understanding those.
               | 
               | Much like an IQ test, or a having or not a PhD, it
               | doesn't hold much predictive power.
        
               | Joker_vD wrote:
               | If you can't make any useful predictions with it then
               | whatever MBTI measures (or it believes it measures) is...
               | also useless?
        
               | UniverseHacker wrote:
               | I attempted to explain what it is useful for above, but
               | will elaborate.
               | 
               | The valuable result is the extreme opposite of your
               | result- it is a therapy or personal development tool that
               | directs you to explore and understand parts of yourself
               | you reject or disapprove of (your "shadow").
               | 
               | It simply quantifies something obvious that you already
               | know: how you consciously see yourself- in a way that
               | guides you to explore aspects of yourself that you
               | otherwise would choose to avoid because it's difficult
               | and possibly even painful to do so.
               | 
               | What it measures is actually pretty banal and obvious if
               | you are familiar with Jungian archetypes- one can easily
               | guess the result for yourself and other people without
               | using the test.
        
               | UniverseHacker wrote:
               | It actually does not do that- each dimension which
               | represents two opposite archetypes (e.g. introvert vs
               | extrovert) is a continuum, and the output of the test
               | isn't actually a single category but a point on that line
               | for each dimension. The full output is actually a 4
               | dimensional vector. Importantly- everyone has both
               | traits, it is only telling you which you more consciously
               | identify with. Many people will be near the middle and
               | not strongly on one end of a dimension.
               | 
               | Again, astrology claims to predict the future based on
               | nonsense. MTBI makes no such claims, it predicts nothing,
               | and it's chosen dimensions are very transparently
               | arbitrary value judgements, among limitless possible
               | archetypes that one could choose.
        
               | chongli wrote:
               | I think you may have missed my point so I'll give an
               | example:
               | 
               | Suppose you take a random sample of adult humans and sort
               | them by height. What you'll see is a bimodal distribution
               | which reflects the fact that there are actually two
               | distinct populations represented in the sample: men and
               | women. The sexes can be considered types and you will get
               | reasonably accurate results for predicting height from
               | sex and vice versa.
               | 
               | However, if you instead take a sample of only men and
               | sort them by height you will see a unimodal distribution.
               | If you then try to split this sample into two types above
               | and below the mean, you will find that it doesn't tell
               | you anything!
               | 
               | This is what I mean when I say MBTI astrology. The
               | archetypes are meaningless! Someone who is at 51% on the
               | extroversion scale will get labeled an Extrovert and
               | someone at 49% will get labeled an Introvert, but in
               | practice these two are virtually indistinguishable and
               | fall squarely within the margin of error. Since the
               | distribution is unimodal the majority of the population
               | clusters around the means, exactly what you would expect
               | to find with the hypothesis that personality archetypes
               | do not exist.
        
               | UniverseHacker wrote:
               | I don't think I missed your point but you missed mine. If
               | someone is 51% or 49% it is misleading to classify- which
               | is why the test actually outputs a vector.
               | 
               | Archetypes are fairly arbitrary concepts that isolate
               | individual aspects among thousands that could potentially
               | explain personality traits- they don't claim to exist in
               | real people.
               | 
               | It is critical to realize that in the dimensions on MBTI
               | everyone is actually both, but some people strongly
               | identify with one and reject or despise the part of
               | themselves that represents the other.
        
               | UniverseHacker wrote:
               | To follow on: why does the MBTI focus on 8 specific
               | archetypes when there are limitless others?
               | 
               | It is indeed a totally arbitrary choice, and a value
               | judgement. These are ones that Carl Jung thought
               | particularly important based on his philosophy of
               | personal development, and experience as a clinical
               | psychologist. Of the ones Jung talked about MBTI further
               | selected an even more limited set.
               | 
               | Personally, I think it is more useful to skip the MTBI
               | and just use Jungs original text.
        
               | wnolens wrote:
               | Thanks, this has given me a new perspective.
               | 
               | I went through mbti at a workplace and it was used to
               | give us an understanding of our co-workers.
               | 
               | Your point that it's a self assessment and thus only "how
               | you see yourself" and not.. y'know, how you actually
               | behave, is in retrospect "no shit" but I missed this
               | crucial point.
               | 
               | It kind of changes every conversation with anyone I've
               | ever had about our result.
        
               | UniverseHacker wrote:
               | It sounds like it is being misused and misunderstood in a
               | way that is actually BS.
               | 
               | The way it relates to others is more subtle than that:
               | 
               | Say someone is strongly extroverted and sees introversion
               | as a negative thing... and dislikes and disapproves of
               | their more introverted co-workers. If they come to
               | explore, understand, and accept their own introverted
               | aspects it will also take the steam out of their dislike
               | for others who show those traits.
        
         | anal_reactor wrote:
         | This is true for any kind of generalization. Having said that,
         | I can really see this at my company.
         | 
         | At the beginning I was a high-perfoming loser. Then I realized
         | how things work, and since then I do bare minimum. I wish I
         | could be a sociopath, but I don't have the brains nor the lack
         | of morals to do so. I passionately hate the clueless ones
         | because they stand against everything I believe in. My dream is
         | to save enough money not to have to take part in this circus
         | anymore.
        
           | rbanffy wrote:
           | > lack of morals
           | 
           | You don't really need to be a clinical sociopath for that -
           | you need to know enough to employ the characteristics in
           | order to reach your own goal, which might not be a selfish
           | one at all.
           | 
           | It's a fun sport if you think about it that way.
        
           | H8crilA wrote:
           | High performing is the clueless, not the loser. Bare minimum
           | is the loser. Those names are not chosen well, especially the
           | "loser".
        
       | heresie-dabord wrote:
       | From TFA... "The Gervais Principle is this:
       | 
       | Sociopaths, in their own best interests, knowingly promote over-
       | performing losers into middle-management, groom under-performing
       | losers into sociopaths, and leave the average bare-minimum-effort
       | losers to fend for themselves."
        
         | Mistletoe wrote:
         | Thank you, I was wondering what the Gervais principle was
         | exactly.
        
       | tropicalfruit wrote:
       | "The more you work, the less you earn."
       | 
       | You can't really grow in business without exploitation.
       | 
       | Whether that's using "contractors" to deliver your packages,
       | using monopoly to slurp people's data, sourcing minerals from
       | african blood mines or using asian sweatshops to build your
       | phones and clothes.
       | 
       | To me, corporate life has always been a race to see who gets
       | exploited the most and who the least.
       | 
       | Sociopaths don't care about exploiting others. I would say the
       | same for most people. We can usually rationalize the worst kind
       | of things to ourselves when it suits us.
        
         | bboygravity wrote:
         | There's quite a difference between deliberately exploiting
         | people you interact with in the real world all day every day
         | for your own benefit and what you're mentioning.
         | 
         | Buying an iPhone, not knowing that it was built using Chinese
         | (semi-)slave labour is not quite the same as a manager who
         | promotes easily exploitable (loser) over-achievers and uses
         | "devide and conquer" on the rest of his underlings to make
         | himself feel safe and comfy. All in the same office that
         | everybody goes to every day. For decades.
        
         | xyzzy4747 wrote:
         | It's not exploiting if they voluntarily do it.
         | 
         | The default state of humanity for thousands of years has been a
         | lot of people living in mud houses and working all day to do
         | subsistence farming and tending to livestock. Doesn't sound
         | like a great life, but they aren't being "exploited" there
         | either. It's just people versus Mother Nature. However, many
         | would gladly take 9-5 jobs in an air conditioned building
         | instead, and live in nicer homes with utilities. It's voluntary
         | labor.
        
       | Cockbrand wrote:
       | Previously:
       | 
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=881296 (63 comments)
       | 
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33298158 (149 comments)
       | 
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25486869 (90 comments)
       | 
       | And a lot more which were less popular:
       | https://hn.algolia.com/?query=gervais%20principle%20the%20of...
        
       | h0l0cube wrote:
       | I read this long ago, and it poses itself as dark knowledge. The
       | triage of 'sociopath', 'clueless', and 'losers', even if it bears
       | out this neatly in reality - it doesn't - isn't very actionable.
       | I did come away with one useful part of it, and that's 'The Curse
       | of Development'. Which basically states, that if you go out of
       | your comfort zone to try something new, you'll look foolish to
       | outsiders. And it's useful to know this, and then correct for it
       | when receiving judgement from people who haven't walked that
       | path.
       | 
       | https://www.ribbonfarm.com/2010/04/14/the-gervais-principle-...
        
       | mikhael28 wrote:
       | I've read this before, and while an entertaining thought
       | experiment, I'm not sure there is anything really actionable
       | here. Maybe just be mindful that people are trying to exploit
       | you.
        
         | t43562 wrote:
         | As you say, it's worth knowing what shit can happen but that
         | doesn't mean everyone in leadership is a sociopath or that it's
         | unwise or losing to accept a paycheck.
         | 
         | It can be unwise to start a business and lose all your money
         | which does happen to people.
        
           | rbanffy wrote:
           | The terminology on the three groups is used very loosely. The
           | "psychopaths" put their own interests on top, the "clueless"
           | put the company on top and the "losers" are the ones who opt
           | for a low-risk, low-reward strategy. Risk goes up as you move
           | up on the pyramid as well, but lots of current C-levels use
           | the company to buffer the downsides while keeping the upsides
           | for themselves. It's a bit sociopathic, but there are endless
           | layers of self-delusion happening on all levels.
           | 
           | This is also an "average" company set in a specific culture.
           | Outliers exist and different cultures will also reflect in
           | the power dynamics.
        
         | velcrovan wrote:
         | I would say the same of Rene Girard's writing. It's a lens to
         | try to make sense of the world, not a method.
        
         | alecco wrote:
         | Not all companies are like this. Some small companies have good
         | leaders. Cherish them if you find one.
        
         | NotYourLawyer wrote:
         | Part 2 gets into that.
         | 
         | https://www.ribbonfarm.com/2009/11/11/the-gervais-principle-...
        
         | y-c-o-m-b wrote:
         | Not true! This was actually a life-changing read for me. I
         | stopped being the rock-star developer and turned to quiet
         | quitting before quiet quitting became a thing thanks to this.
         | I'm not joking. No more over-time, far less stress, more time
         | with family, and no more burn out. I have no regrets.
        
       | trojanalert wrote:
       | To be read in conjunction with the Babbler hypothesis - The
       | amount of time some people spend talking gets them into
       | leadership positions. It doesn't matter what they say, just how
       | much they rant on. I read that, and realised how insanely true it
       | is
        
         | cen4 wrote:
         | Well these observations have nothing with to do with the main
         | conundrum -
         | 
         | How do you keep a group of chimps who all have different
         | interests, personalities, needs, beliefs, values, upbringings,
         | culture, religion, language, history etc etc in sync?
         | 
         | And these days groups grow quite large quite fast.
         | 
         | Historically, if you take rewards, bribery, force, domination
         | and manipulation out of the story, the babblers/non threatening
         | people can bridge differences as groups grow larger and larger
         | in size.
         | 
         | No solution is perfect, cause its quite an unnatural thing for
         | groups to form around anything. Given all the differences.
         | 
         | Just try to work with your entire extended family on a project,
         | and watch what kind of strange rituals, stories and behaviors
         | keep the group from breaking apart.
        
           | WJW wrote:
           | I think you missed the point of the GP: Venkatesh Rao has
           | written so much posts around this idea that he's now
           | positioned himself as an authority on the topic of workplace
           | power dynamics, regardless of if what he wrote is actually
           | accurate or not.
           | 
           | He is also quite fond of using poorly defined (in this
           | context) words like "dialectical" and "illegibility" that
           | makes the reader doubt whether he's actually full of shit or
           | that he is actually so brilliant that the reader simply
           | doesn't comprehend him.
        
             | mgblogg wrote:
             | I think the main point of his principle is roughly correct.
             | Classic companies are started by sociopaths and an initial
             | amount of losers. Then the clueless come in the middle of
             | the pyramid. The clueless section expands as the company
             | grows until the company implodes.
             | 
             | I do not agree with his idea of promotion of overachievers
             | into middle management and many other things. Some of his
             | points are self-contradictory.
             | 
             | There are many variations on the main principle like
             | Pournelle's Iron Law of Bureaucracy:
             | 
             | https://www.jerrypournelle.com/reports/jerryp/iron.html
             | 
             | (None of this applies applies to startups that are founded
             | by actual programmers.)
        
             | lupire wrote:
             | That's not what the GP said. That's your contributing
             | opinion.
        
             | swed420 wrote:
             | ctrl+f for "dialectical" yields no results in the OP. What
             | are you referring to?
        
           | mgblogg wrote:
           | > if you take rewards, bribery, force, domination and
           | manipulation ...
           | 
           | That is a big "if". It works on the family level, but in the
           | real world babbling is coupled with dominance, coercion,
           | blackmail, exploitation etc.
           | 
           | It is easy to see in any average company that no one believes
           | the babbler but is forced to listen to them and applaud.
        
             | sulandor wrote:
             | though the shared disdain for the babbler creates a "common
             | enemy" which is probably better than being forced to work
             | directly
        
           | verisimi wrote:
           | "the main conundrum" .. is not my conundrum.
        
           | 627467 wrote:
           | I feel like we forgot (or deprioritized - or maybe never
           | genuinely prioritized) how to NOT have to sync on everything
           | all the time.
           | 
           | not everyone needs to be in a group.
           | 
           | not everyone in a group needs to be in sync with interests
           | AND personalities AND needs AND beliefs AND...
           | 
           | but I see the paradox here: we need to believe the above is
           | true to live happier and more meaningfully
        
             | stavros wrote:
             | By "groups" we mean "working with people". How are you
             | going to do anything without working with people?
        
               | 627467 wrote:
               | no one needs to work with EVERY people. exit is an
               | option.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _not everyone needs to be in a group_
             | 
             | Not everyone is in a civilisation. Few people in a
             | civilisation would rather be in _e.g._ Sudan or Ethiopia.
        
               | 627467 wrote:
               | there's over 170mil people in those 2 countries. maybe a
               | majority wishes buy a one-way ticket to Disneyland but a
               | non-irrelevant numbers of people decides to live their
               | dreams and struggles with those nearby in that group.
               | again: not everyone needs to be ANY given group
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | Most people in those countries are part of small groups.
               | Humans are a social species. That doesn't _require_
               | anyone to be part of a group. But it's a bit ridiculous
               | to try and manage a society by assuming it away.
        
         | bloqs wrote:
         | This is because extraversion is partially composed of
         | assertiveness (big five), which directly indicates your
         | influence on your nearby human environment
        
         | bloqs wrote:
         | This is because extraversion is partially composed of
         | assertiveness (big five), which directly indicates your
         | influence on your nearby human environment
        
           | wizzwizz4 wrote:
           | "People get promoted because they influence others" is a
           | description of the problem, not a justification of it.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _" People get promoted because they influence others" is
             | a description of the problem_
             | 
             | What do you think a leader's job is?
        
           | mjburgess wrote:
           | shh, don't explain the correlation. this isn't about
           | understanding, its about pseudo-intellectual envy.
           | "obviously!" the more people speak, regardless of what they
           | say, the more those _Other_ dumb apes will elect them leader.
           | I mean, why, any old fool could read every word from the
           | dictionary and end up CEO!
           | 
           | The Dumb Ape Hypothesis: we are at our most dumb when
           | declaring others so.
        
         | AmericanChopper wrote:
         | I would say it's more because companies and other organisations
         | are social systems, and your ability to succeed in a social
         | system comes down largely to your social skills. I think people
         | with poor social skills don't understand the importance of
         | them, and therefor don't understand why the people with better
         | social skills are succeeding, and subsequently come up with
         | these post hoc rationalizations that allow them to explain
         | these outcomes without confronting any of their own issues.
        
           | lupire wrote:
           | You have to define "social skills" in a more specific but non
           | tautological way for this argument to carry weight.
        
             | heresie-dabord wrote:
             | I'm not the parent commenter but I like your point.
             | 
             | People who have a reason to form a group will
             | cooperate/collaborate best when they have some confidence
             | in one another. People share ideas, projects, and skills,
             | and "read" one another and form bonds. This is a _social
             | system_. It could be a brief association or have a long
             | duration. It could have a formal context, such as a
             | business or a governmental entity.
             | 
             | Social interactions build people's confidence and sense of
             | value in the group, in the individuals, and the work at
             | hand. The challenge grows exponentially as the population
             | of the group scales. _Communication is hard_.
             | 
             | An individual's discernment and _connectedness_ (a
             | confidence /value score) within the group will reflect
             | potential for success. _Communication matters_.
             | 
             | The human plot twist is that there can be dysfunctional
             | social systems as well as dysfunctional individuals.
             | 
             | For a very serious discussion, the great writer Primo Levi
             | published his reflections on his harrowing experiences.
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_Levi
             | 
             | This related article about social systems and connectedness
             | was also recently discussed on HN with much interest:
             | https://www.afterbabel.com/p/the-upstream-cause-of-the-
             | youth...
        
               | AmericanChopper wrote:
               | You're reading an awful lot into that person's question.
               | Social skills are a very basic concept, the wikipedia
               | page for them gives a decent overview. But I'm skeptical
               | that the parent commenter actually misunderstood what I
               | meant, and instead wanted to engage in some debate about
               | organisations valuing the wrong skills or something like
               | that. A debate about the causes of social maladaptation
               | is also not especially relevant to my initial point.
        
               | heresie-dabord wrote:
               | Cheers! Thanks for your comment.
               | 
               | Your initial point is the simplest explanation for how
               | groups of people self-organise... and meta-organise.
               | 
               | I realise that I went far in explaining and gave far more
               | than I will receive in this case.
               | 
               | But then again, you responded and that's a connection.
               | ^_^
        
         | the_duke wrote:
         | Correlation vs causation?
         | 
         | Management has to collect information, disseminate information,
         | coordinate, make decisions and propagate them.
         | 
         | All of that requires a lot of communication, aka talking.
        
           | lupire wrote:
           | It also requires a lot of listening and reading and thinking,
           | aka not talking.
        
         | pelagicAustral wrote:
         | Goes with my reply to OP [0]. I have a colleague that is a
         | total waste of space. Never finished a project, never wanted to
         | take on advice, always fought on really shady grounds, but he
         | fought everything, almost like it was either his idea of what
         | was on-point or nothing... But he was constantly talking, he
         | was always talking, he is always talking, most of the time
         | about things he doesn't have a clue about... and just a week
         | ago, he got bumped... I don't get it... I honestly do not get
         | what the fuck is wrong with this world.
         | 
         | [0] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41215788
        
           | jvanderbot wrote:
           | You can provide a lot of value to an organization (or a
           | leader) without finishing a single coding project. As an
           | engineer I hate it, but I have worked for good directors and
           | awful directors and usually the good directors do a ton of
           | talking and bitching and moaning. But they also are fortune
           | tellers and crystal balls and expert C-suite anthropologists
           | that make the work valuable rather than just busy.
        
             | pelagicAustral wrote:
             | Yeah, I mean, I get it... but, how the fuck is this the
             | normal state of affairs?
        
               | jvanderbot wrote:
               | It's not just normal, it's desirable. You do not want
               | your director / C-suite guy reviewing pull requests,
               | filing bugs, or being obsessed with code library choices.
               | That's what you get when you endlessly promote your
               | busy/productive code-loving IC types.
               | 
               | You _want_ someone who is a naturally fluent speaker,
               | strongly outspoken, who holds strong opinions, and wants
               | to focus on processes and long-term roadmaps and so on.
               | All the stuff a dilligent IC disdains.
        
               | andrewflnr wrote:
               | That's all worthless if they don't actually have good
               | ideas, though. And I don't believe someone who is all
               | talk actually has good ideas. You have to be rooted in
               | good practice.
        
               | jvanderbot wrote:
               | If you're free to define "all talk" as "not useful" then
               | yeah - you've created a tautology. All I'm saying is some
               | folks that are awful to work with side by side as
               | technologists are super useful to an org in other places.
               | 
               | One person's 'all talk' is another person's 'all walk'.
        
         | cjbgkagh wrote:
         | I think there is a different power play at work, if politics
         | are important in a workplace then it benefits you to promote
         | the less competent as they are both less threading at a peer
         | level and they owe their position to you so can be expected to
         | be loyal. A competent person might think they got there on
         | their own and may not be relied on as strongly to take your
         | side in office politics. Of course repeating this process many
         | times rapidly erodes management competence.
         | 
         | This simple process is from an emergent behavior of rational
         | actors acting in accordance to the incentives of the structure.
         | Unlike other theories it does not necessitate irrational
         | actors, morons, or sociopaths. Where you have people you have
         | politics so it almost always occurs just at different speeds,
         | hence the pervasiveness and the inevitability of the cycle of
         | collapse and rebirth. It appears to me that only a highly
         | competent king (someone whose position cannot be threatened by
         | a peer) can stop this process and maybe reverse it.
        
         | cainxinth wrote:
         | A related type is the Jargonist, who not only speaks endlessly
         | but in a stream of acronyms, buzz words, and insider coded
         | language.
        
           | stonethrowaway wrote:
           | Name drops?
        
         | BobaFloutist wrote:
         | If that's the case, given how much I talk I should be president
         | by now.
        
         | faeriechangling wrote:
         | Must be why I keep getting promoted.
         | 
         | You might be inverting cause and effect.
        
       | tankenmate wrote:
       | "Traded freedom for a paycheck in short." or to quote Pink Floyd,
       | "Did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead role in a
       | cage?" -- Wish You Were Here.
        
       | fch42 wrote:
       | A lot of these "organisational models" treat organisational
       | behaviour as a kind of game; you can get ahead by exploiting game
       | masters' mistakes, by cheating, or possibly by knowing and
       | playing the rules really well. And just like poker, there's
       | always a supply of those who believe in luck and just go all-in
       | with no plan.
       | 
       | While I get that "as such", and therefore can follow a
       | classification sociopath/clueless/loser, what is always missing
       | in such models are the people who don't care to play. Those who
       | go to the casino for free food and drinks in order to watch the
       | show, but not to take a stake of their own. Are they "losers"
       | because if you don't bet you can't win ? All of those who play,
       | though, actually want these spectators - after all, winning if
       | there's noone looking, is that a win?
       | 
       | Personally, I think you have this "fourth column" in all
       | organisations. They take their paycheck and deliver something of
       | what's asked for, but else don't care; what they see as "success"
       | is not related to organisational structure or behaviour at all.
       | With all the focus on "success" and "promotion" (or, opposite,
       | "losers"), I wonder how much the theorists are missing. The non-
       | voters can be the majority, you know ...
        
         | the_gipsy wrote:
         | That's the "losers", they are precisely described.
        
         | nkrisc wrote:
         | > The Losers like to feel good about their lives. They are the
         | happiness seekers, rather than will-to-power players, and enter
         | and exit reactively, in response to the meta-Darwinian trends
         | in the economy. But they have no more loyalty to the firm than
         | the Sociopaths. They do have a loyalty to individual people,
         | and a commitment to finding fulfillment through work when they
         | can, and coasting when they cannot.
        
           | lupire wrote:
           | This is the main annoyance I had that turned me off this
           | theory. Not playing a game may be technically "losing" the
           | game, but empathizing that part gives the game undue
           | importance in the big picture, instead of looking for what
           | actually is important.
        
             | fch42 wrote:
             | Not only that; but also, by virtue of the "promo pool"
             | being the "losers" in this theory, it subclasses them
             | without saying so (into at least three types - losers that
             | will avoid promotion at almost all cost, losers that seek
             | promotion through "hard work" and loosers that trick their
             | promotion through sociopathic scheming). This is basically
             | what I meant ... at the very very minimum, the "unafflicted
             | losers" that don't care about the game are missing.
             | 
             | (agree - looks like reality is more complex)
        
       | sage76 wrote:
       | This writing explained nearly everything I saw in the corporate
       | world.
       | 
       | One thing I do disagree with is the promotion of enlightened
       | underperformers. Those guys seemed to always end up leaving and
       | starting their own companies.
        
         | sulandor wrote:
         | not necessarily a bad thing, since a well-connected and
         | specialized startup may bring a lot more value to the company
         | and the economy in gerneral
        
         | rbanffy wrote:
         | > Those guys seemed to always end up leaving and starting their
         | own companies
         | 
         | The "enlightened underperformer" path is high-risk/high-reward.
         | Only a minority will be promoted up, and most will end up
         | either doing a lateral move to another company or being
         | promoted out.
        
       | mksreddy wrote:
       | "Sometimes I'll start a sentence, and I don't even know where
       | it's going. I just hope I find it along the way."
       | 
       | -- Michael Scott, the first LLM.
        
         | vasco wrote:
         | Most of my good thinking is done like this. Walking around the
         | house talking out loud to myself about a topic without knowing
         | where it's going. Over the years I've trained myself to try and
         | speak more and more in this mode and I find it has good
         | outcomes. It's not how it works but to myself I call it
         | "putting my brain in analog mode". I also try to write like
         | this for all my first passes. I also found it works for
         | drawing, I will start drawing a random line and see where the
         | hand takes me. I believe there's a term for art done in this
         | way but I can't recall it now. I think Michael Scott was on to
         | something.
        
           | szundi wrote:
           | Stephen King does this with whole trilogies haha
        
             | rbanffy wrote:
             | This is actually a very practical way of creating stories -
             | set up the stage and see what the characters go about
             | doing. The writer needs to be aware of the larger stage in
             | order to keep the reader interested in understanding what's
             | actually going on and why.
        
               | Lyngbakr wrote:
               | I remember Stephen King writing in his book _On Writing_
               | that he once deviated from this approach (Maximum
               | Overdrive, perhaps?) and it really didn 't go well. At
               | the time, I thought creating characters, a scenario, and
               | setting and then seeing what happened was nuts, but it's
               | essentially how D&D works (albeit in a group setting) and
               | that's always fun.
        
           | asimovfan wrote:
           | Cant do it in German.
        
             | A4ET8a8uTh0 wrote:
             | You are getting -- I think -- reflexively downvoted, but I
             | genuinely think you are onto something. German grammar has
             | strict word order rules as opposed to say Polish, where
             | syntax is much more permissive ( for that one aspect of it
             | ). I wonder to what extent native language changes how
             | brain functions over the course of one's life.
        
               | eru wrote:
               | Nah, spoken German can handle that just fine. Spoken
               | German has different rules from written German (and, of
               | course, people have quite a bit more tolerance for minor
               | breaks of grammatical rules in ad-hoc spoken language
               | anyway.)
               | 
               | To give an example: a bog standard German sentence puts
               | the verb in second place. Everything else is fairly
               | flexible, eg you can either put object or subject first
               | (unlike in written English, where the place of the
               | subject is much more constrained).
               | 
               | Now, when you have a subordinate clause, written German
               | puts the finite at the end. Like "Barbara besuchte das
               | Restaurant, weil sie Hunger hatte."
               | 
               | In spoken German, you can get away with "Barbara besucht
               | das Restaurant, weil.. sie hatte ja Hunger." Especially
               | if you pause to think at the place marked by the two
               | dots.
        
               | aleph_minus_one wrote:
               | > In spoken German, you can get away with "Barbara
               | besucht das Restaurant, weil.. sie hatte ja Hunger."
               | Especially if you pause to think at the place marked by
               | the two dots.
               | 
               | Native German speaker: When I hear such a wrong placing
               | of the finite verb in a subclause, I immediately think
               | that the respective speaker is either uneducated (when
               | the person is a native speaker) or (if the person is a
               | foreign speaker) had a really bad German teacher who did
               | not correct this mistake.
               | 
               | Thus: _No, don 't do this._ Speak the sentence as you
               | would write it.
        
               | lowdownbutter wrote:
               | You've reminded me of this -
               | 
               | > The Brits often assume that Germans have no sense of
               | humour. In truth, writes comedian Stewart Lee, it's a
               | language problem. The peculiarities of German sentence
               | construction simply rule out the lazy set-ups that
               | British comics rely on ...
               | 
               | https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/23/germany.fea
               | tur...
        
             | tomsmeding wrote:
             | My native language is Dutch, not German, but the word order
             | restrictions are similar. But note that these word orders
             | apply to subsentences: units of subject, object and verb,
             | with additional stuff like prepositional phrases around it.
             | Nothing at all is strict about how you combine these
             | subsentences together into an argument: if this, then that,
             | but maybe such, and perhaps so, thus something else -- at
             | least in informal speech.
        
             | jancsika wrote:
             | Rank speculation-- similar type of improv is quantized to
             | the level of a full sentence.
             | 
             | Even ranker-- doesn't German have the same kinds of
             | filibuster phrases as English? Stuff like this:
             | 
             | "Look,"
             | 
             | "The point is this--"
             | 
             | "I think what the average American wants is..."
             | 
             | "If I've said it once I've said it a thousands times--"
             | 
             | There's a character Fred Armisen did on SNL news that eats
             | the entire segment with these phrases. I'm sure the same
             | can be done in German.
        
           | trainyperson wrote:
           | The term (I think) is "automatism", popularized by
           | Surrealists.
           | 
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealist_automatism
        
       | The_Colonel wrote:
       | This just reeks of bitterness. Sounds like someone trying to get
       | to the top, failed somewhere along the way and constructed this
       | model to funnel frustration and sorta explain away their failure.
       | 
       | The judgment permeates the model, apparently the only desirable
       | position js at the top (but then you're a sociopath), second best
       | is a checked-out loser.
       | 
       | To me, being a "clueless" or "over-performing loser" is
       | preferable to a "checked-out loser" (I've been all of those at
       | times), at minimum because the former like their job. Micheal,
       | Andy and Dwight enjoy their job and even find some fulfillment
       | there. Meanwhile for e. g. Stanley the work seems to be only
       | necessary suffering. I'd rather make my work enjoyable than
       | having to suffer 8 hours a day.
        
         | rkachowski wrote:
         | we must imagine Sisyphus happy
        
         | usrnm wrote:
         | > I'd rather make my work enjoyable than having to suffer 8
         | hours a day.
         | 
         | And you're making an irrational decision because it makes you
         | feel better. Nothing wrong with that, but it doesn't really
         | contradict the essence of the article. If you look at work from
         | the economic point of view, it's just an economic transaction,
         | we are selling our time for money. Selling more of my time for
         | more money or selling less of it for the same money are both
         | rational things to do, selling more time and effort for the
         | same money is not very rational.
        
           | zahllos wrote:
           | I agree with the parent poster, the author sounds very
           | bitter. Might not be true, they might be trying at humour and
           | I haven't got it.
           | 
           | But I think doing the minimum you can get away with is
           | playing with fire.
           | 
           | Your colleagues will resent you. You're also sending a signal
           | to everyone that will be remembered. Maybe a colleague will
           | start a business or move to another place one day. Are they
           | going to employ the minimum effort person they used to work
           | with? No.
        
             | wnolens wrote:
             | Even just viewing a job purely as an economic transaction
             | is short-sighted. You are at least making social
             | transactions, and likely also meaning transactions.
             | 
             | Hell, even a commute to work where you're spending time,
             | gas, and risk on the road can serve as a quiet time to
             | process and integrate life's experiences.
        
             | usrnm wrote:
             | > Your colleagues will resent you
             | 
             | Why would they? We're all adults and all more or less
             | understand the rules of the game. And in rare cases in my
             | career when the company culture was all about working long
             | hours and living at work, I just tend not to stick in such
             | places for long
        
         | epolanski wrote:
         | > The Losers are not social losers (as in the opposite of
         | "cool"), but people who have struck bad bargains economically -
         | giving up capitalist striving for steady paychecks.
         | 
         | Both Michael and Dwight are excellent salesmen, but both struck
         | bad (financial) deals for a steady paycheck.
         | 
         | If you've been a loser in previous jobs you gave up much better
         | money for the benefit of executive and shareholders.
        
       | fancyfredbot wrote:
       | The key ingredients of successful memetic corporate
       | organizational theory are cynicism, detachment and disparagement.
       | By describing executives as sociopaths and the middle management
       | as losers this article allows the reader to feel superior to
       | those alongside, above, and below them in the org chart, while
       | the generally cynical tone allows the reader to feel aloof and
       | acts to enhance the already established sense of superiority.
       | Finally the article is written from the point of view of an
       | external observer allowing the reader to imagine themselves as
       | separate and somehow external to the organisation rather than a
       | part of it. This explains why people love to post it to hacker
       | news.
        
         | A4ET8a8uTh0 wrote:
         | To an extent, sure, there is definitely an element of that. It
         | certainly is interesting that it ends up on HN as often as it
         | does though tbh until now I assumed it had more to do with the
         | theory of office that managed to capture a plausible
         | explanation why "The Office" felt as close to the real thing
         | than most of us felt comfortable with.
         | 
         | edit: Just the explanation of 'stakes' made me realize that
         | ribbonfarm was onto something there.
        
           | rbanffy wrote:
           | The Office is triggering to me. Not as much the UK version,
           | but the American one (a lot of Brazilian companies cargo-cult
           | American ones) rings too many bells.
           | 
           | Also, Silicon Valley has triggering moments.
        
       | dlkf wrote:
       | The article is rife with references to a mediocre tv show, but it
       | doesn't contain a single example of the principle as applied to a
       | firm. The author is an expert in something, but it isn't
       | business.
        
         | stavros wrote:
         | If the Office is a mediocre comedy TV show, what's a great
         | comedy TV show?
        
       | HenryBemis wrote:
       | Dilbert!
       | 
       | (I know that Scott Adams got chastised for some
       | views/tweets/whatever and I don't care)
       | 
       | Now, to the cartoons. I was introduced to them back in 2000 or
       | 2001 by a colleague. We both loved the Monty Pythons, so we had
       | that in common to begin with. Once I read the first few strips, I
       | got hooked. I starting 'seeing' these chars to my colleagues (and
       | to myself).
       | 
       | Dilbert has taught me A LOT about psychology and operating in
       | large corporations. My all-time favorite cartoon is (and will
       | most likely forever be): https://dilbert-
       | viewer.herokuapp.com/1998-04-10
        
         | cushychicken wrote:
         | Late stage Scott Adams has some pretty icky views, but that
         | doesn't change the fact that he had some spot on insights about
         | modern office culture. "Spot on" may not be a strong enough
         | term - "timeless" may be a more appropriate one.
        
           | rbanffy wrote:
           | My wife, a trained clinical psychologist, rebooted her career
           | into corporate consulting. After her first assignment, she
           | came back and all she had to say was "I didn't know. I
           | thought it was a joke. It's all true. Dilbert is true".
        
           | wizzwizz4 wrote:
           | As much as I love Dilbert, I'd have preferred if it had ended
           | around 2016-ish. The later Dilberts may have been "timeless"
           | (in the sense that the belief system where minorities are out
           | to get you and kindness is a sin is over a hundred years
           | old), but they certainly weren't "spot on".
           | 
           | Some of them had valid points about how corporate
           | "inclusivity" is often nothing of the sort - a trend dating
           | back to the US civil rights era (see: _Letter from Birmingham
           | Jail_ ), which I expect to continue for a hundred years yet -
           | but surrounded by panels and panels of the characters
           | smirking at each other about woke liberal madness as
           | fantastical caricatures play out in front of them, that
           | insight was... somewhat obscured.
           | 
           | Earlier Dilbert, though? Many of the stories were sent in by
           | readers and fans, but _wow_ did Scott Adams adapt them well
           | to the comic medium. It 's a real shame how he ended up, and
           | I hope he gets better soon.
        
       | pelagicAustral wrote:
       | I love The Office (UK version). It is one of my all time
       | favorites, and crudely enough, after so many years of being a
       | fan, I got a taste of what having David Brent as a boss is
       | like... My Boss is so much like Gervais' character, that it is
       | almost like God is taking a piss on me.
       | 
       | I absolutely hate my current work environment, and it is all
       | fueled by the archetype of boss caricatured in The Office. It is
       | real, then again, where else would they find so much comedy gold?
       | it had to come from real life...
        
         | throwaway7ahgb wrote:
         | Why haven't you been able to get an offer somewhere else?
        
           | Arisaka1 wrote:
           | Not the person you asked but I can give you my reasons:
           | 
           | 1. Job market being overly picky makes it hard to jump ship,
           | especially if you're early-mid level 2. There's a general
           | notion that "everywhere's the same deal" so people just learn
           | to cope with it 3. "Golden handcuffs" - compensation so good
           | you're willing to tolerate the downsides.
        
             | stavros wrote:
             | For not reading the sibling's response, you really nailed
             | the reasons.
        
               | pelagicAustral wrote:
               | my mother always said i need to learn to just shut up
        
           | pelagicAustral wrote:
           | Market is WILD! I had a super good interview just 2 days ago,
           | just to get a "sorry, maybe we'll call you later". I guess my
           | stack is too crap. No one seems to, really, be hiring. ----
           | edit Also, I am making good money, and I can do my job with
           | my hands tied behind my back...
        
             | robertlagrant wrote:
             | > Also, I am making good money, and I can do my job with my
             | hands tied behind my back...
             | 
             | Some unsolicited advice from the internet: take some time
             | to learn a skill or decorate your house or something. If
             | you have slack in your schedule and can't see a way to
             | utilise it at work towards a promotion, then maybe
             | investing in things outside of work might be fun?
        
       | adhambadr wrote:
       | this was an insanely entertaining and informative read that gave
       | me (a corporate outsider) a massive learning on the psychology of
       | these orgs. It felt like I m reading a very informative
       | management book but using pop culture analogies I can follow,
       | thank you so much for the time to put it and looking forward to
       | pt2 about Jim.
       | 
       | Also on another note, are startup founders then in that realm
       | sociopaths or the clueless (with the vcs then being the
       | sopciopaths, employees the ls etc.)? asking for a friend.
        
       | FrustratedMonky wrote:
       | I read this a decade ago, and really didn't want to believe it.
       | Surely this is just a joke, riffing on the office. But no, a lot
       | of CEO's are psychopaths, and this has held up with test of time.
        
       | d_burfoot wrote:
       | > Today, any time an organization grows too brittle, bureaucratic
       | and disconnected from reality, it is simply killed, torn apart
       | and cannibalized, rather than reformed.
       | 
       | I actually think the overall argument of the essay makes more
       | sense when you realize the above comment actually _isn 't_ true
       | for the large majority of organizations. Universities, government
       | agencies, big tech monopolies, public sector unions, complacent
       | companies in industries that haven't changed in 50 years, etc.
       | Most sectors of the economy just don't experience that much
       | competitive pressure, and that's why there are so many zombie
       | institutions, whose activities resemble a kind of mindless
       | shambling rather than any kind of rational constructive motion.
        
         | sangnoir wrote:
         | Can you give examples of zombie institutions?
        
           | Mathnerd314 wrote:
           | He did: > Universities, government agencies, big tech
           | monopolies, public sector unions, complacent companies in
           | industries that haven't changed in 50 years
           | 
           | so: Harvard, FDA, Google, American Postal Workers Union,
           | State Farm. Also banks, I would say.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _Also banks, I would say_
             | 
             | Banks get "torn apart and cannibalized" more frequently
             | than industrials.
        
               | InsideOutSanta wrote:
               | That often doesn't seem to be a result of competitive
               | pressure, but of hubris. I think in many of those cases,
               | in the framework set out by the article, the sociopaths
               | would still be in charge of the company.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _often doesn 't seem to be a result of competitive
               | pressure, but of hubris_
               | 
               | Column A / Column B. If hubris is the root, the less
               | hubristic competitor takes it over on failure. If
               | competition causes excessive risk taking, the better-
               | managed bank wins. The system really only loses when
               | competitive pressure causes everyone to lower their
               | guard, which happens, which is why banking has to be
               | tightly regulated. (And this is true with or without
               | fractional reserves.)
        
               | Mathnerd314 wrote:
               | Well, big banks. Like Wells Fargo, still limping along.
               | And maybe Boeing is in the "complacent industry"
               | category, also recently in the news.
        
           | dilyevsky wrote:
           | Boeing? Id look at old school defense and enterprise b2b
           | corps. In a lot of cases they sell out of date products and
           | if they somehow lost all blueprints / source code they
           | probably wouldn't be able to even reproduce it because no one
           | there even knows how it works
        
         | AndrewKemendo wrote:
         | I foundationally disagree with your premise
         | 
         | If you look at the composition and charters of these old
         | "institutions" like governments, universities etc... the scope
         | and function, the amount of resources put towards them etc...
         | is very much not static.
         | 
         | In fact, they are exceptionally different than they were at
         | their founding, and this is specifically true for universities
         | with how they were funded at the beginning versus how they are
         | funded now as well as what their role in the social
         | organization of society is
         | 
         | So this concept that there are these big monolithic things - by
         | function of simply not changing names - haven't changed, is
         | silly at best
         | 
         | The Crimson even did a huge writeup of this:
         | 
         | https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/5/22/yir-college-adm...
         | 
         | Bottom line, all of these institutions have been captured by
         | moneyed interests and that's the cycle
         | 
         | Public goods get privatized by dominating financiers and used
         | to benefit the in group they serve while passing all
         | externalities to the out group
         | 
         | Aka "capitalism" - and yes, this applies to the Soviet Union
         | perfectly because the Bolshevik coopted all of the land in
         | Soviet territories on behalf of the bosheviks and had nothing
         | to do with individual labor power - so please save your
         | communist complaints for somebody who is promoting communism
         | because that's not me
        
       | motohagiography wrote:
       | are you a sociopath because the inner struggles of your food
       | delivery guy don't register to you, or have you just
       | instrumentalized someone to achieve an end and you just relate
       | with a transactional distance? no matter what you think you do,
       | to someone you work for, you are the food delivery guy
       | represented by a little dot whose progress to your destination
       | someone is watching on their screen. maybe they're even racing
       | you against another one, but it doesn't matter.
       | 
       | I don' think the gervais principle enlightens anymore. I remember
       | thinking it was amazing to see my suspicions laid out like this,
       | but with some time and distance I don't know that I would share
       | it with someone now. why demoralize them.
       | 
       | I can see how it's demeaning and feels like punishment to take
       | orders or show deference to someone who lacks heroic qualities,
       | and really we should make a better class of managers, but it is
       | the duty of all prisoners to escape, and they probably won't miss
       | you anyway. there's an aspect of humility that comes from simple
       | competence where all work is "we make a thing here so our
       | families can eat," and if you're on an existential quest for
       | belonging, you're probably not going to provide the value to
       | others that yields the rewards of the business.
       | 
       | Sure, money and power flows to some of the least interesting
       | people doing the dullest things, but the dinner party they're
       | boring at isn't the reconciliation or taking account of their
       | course through life either. they do the thing and then eat at
       | drive thrus and watch some tv. meaning for them comes from
       | somewhere else. articles raging against them are dumb and
       | misleading. trying to grind out meaning from every experience is
       | exhausting and ephemeral because meaning is beautiful, but it's
       | rarely shared and doesn't persist.
       | 
       | this life is only what we actually do, so do something different.
        
       | djhope99 wrote:
       | I think sales and consulting can be a bit of a cheat code here.
       | 
       | You spend most of your time with customers and so you just kind
       | of navigate their politics without actually involving yourself.
       | 
       | The money can be better so it's a better deal and you're mostly
       | shut out from the politics of the organisation you work for
       | anyway.
        
       | bhasi wrote:
       | This is incredibly insightful - I've never analyzed people in
       | organizations in this way, except "people who can do the work"
       | and "others who ride on their coattails".
        
       | renewiltord wrote:
       | This blog has been in continuous existence for almost two
       | decades. That's pretty impressive!
        
       | rich_sasha wrote:
       | I think there are some insightful gems in there, but it doesn't
       | add up to a grand unified theory of management.
       | 
       | One company I worked at was ran by a narcissist, who promoted
       | anyone who sucked up to him - the harder the suck, the higher the
       | office. Not because they were underachieving losers or whatnot.
       | And as a result most people he promoted were the Clueless, who
       | genuinely sucked up the nonsense he spewed. The company was,
       | somehow, very successful.
       | 
       | Anther company was all sociopath going at 100 mph flat out,
       | hoping to make enough dosh before it all explodes. No losers or
       | clueless on board beyond probation.
       | 
       | Another had a great guy at the top, who was seriously nice,
       | competent at the subject matter, and fair and concerned with the
       | well-being of his people, we're all in this together etc. If
       | anything, he was the Clueless. His lieutenants in turn were
       | incompetent sociopaths, busy with keeping him happy while
       | flailing their arms to appear like they are trying to control the
       | chaos, all the time sucking at the teat of the Really Nice CEO.
       | He didn't promote them because they were sociopath, but he
       | promoted them for some reason and didn't have the heart to fire
       | them.
       | 
       | As much as I love the cynicism, I think reality is more
       | complicated. But for sure, being a psycho and not actually caring
       | about the work or people is a great boost to a successful career.
       | 
       | "The Office" analogies are a bit convoluted to me as well. Jim's
       | climbing the greasy pole of company management isn't, to me,
       | embracing Sociopathy, but if anything, trying to make his Loser
       | life more comfortable. Swallow a few stupid company slogans, toe
       | a line, and in return have less work and more money. Not really
       | his opening up to screwing other people or relentlessly jumping
       | ship to a higher position with the competitors.
        
       | thayne wrote:
       | I think this is at best incomplete.
       | 
       | For example, there are people who work as value producers who
       | overperform not because they are "clueless" -- they are well
       | aware that the company is not loyal to them, and they got a "bad
       | deal" -- but because they enjoy the work they do, or they have an
       | internal drive to do a good job at whatever they do, or they
       | believe doing a good job makes a difference in the world, etc.
       | And at least some of such people are unlikely to accept a
       | "promotion" to a managerial position.
        
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