[HN Gopher] Robot dentist performs first human procedure
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       Robot dentist performs first human procedure
        
       Author : voxadam
       Score  : 185 points
       Date   : 2024-07-31 14:44 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (newatlas.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (newatlas.com)
        
       | Mistletoe wrote:
       | I'm simply too old and seen too many BSOD to ever allow this to
       | be done on me. Also I just watched the Fallout episode with the
       | Mr. Handy in it. The picture in the article of the robot hand
       | moving a drill into his mouth fills me with intense dread. Maybe
       | the younger generation would feel differently. I didn't let my
       | Tesla drive either.
        
         | bluGill wrote:
         | > I didn't let my Tesla drive either.
         | 
         | I know how bad humans are at driving. I don't have a Tesla, so
         | I don't know if I'd let one drive, but they only need to be
         | better than humans not perfect. I just wish there was some
         | unbiased source of data as to how good they are - the only
         | numbers I can find come from those who have reason to lie
         | (mostly Tesla, but other self driving car companies as well).
         | 
         | There are rules around how medical software is developed and so
         | if this is property approved by the FDA or equivalent I'm not
         | worried - it may not be perfect, but human dentists are not
         | either.
        
           | infamouscow wrote:
           | You must not have any experience working with medical
           | software.
           | 
           | This is lawyers checking boxes, nothing more. The people that
           | actually wrote the software likely are outside the
           | jurisdiction of the FDA and have zero incentive to treat the
           | software any different than any other hastily organized
           | project. After all, why would any of these people care beyond
           | their paycheck -- it's extremely foolish to assume others
           | hold the same priorities and values as you do.
        
           | galangalalgol wrote:
           | My experience with the recent tesla supervised-but-still-full
           | self drive beta was largely positive. I have a cameras only Y
           | with hw4. I think John Carmack will win his bet. I do think
           | they need regional model modifications though. The way you
           | drive in different places is different. In some places you
           | can't signal that you want to change lanes or people close
           | ranks. In others people make room. It did two stops at each
           | stop sign in places that had no crosswalks, picking some
           | arbitrary distance before the intersection to watch for
           | pedestrians, then it pulled up to look for road traffic.
           | Perhaps not a horrible idea, but humans around here don't do
           | that so it confuses other drivers and pedestrians both.
        
         | HeatrayEnjoyer wrote:
         | It only has to screw up and inflict harm at a lower rate than a
         | human. Human dentists injure patients every day.
        
           | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
           | I don't think "lower" is enough. Human psychology requires
           | "much much lower".
           | 
           | It's not rational, but that's us.
        
         | whynotmaybe wrote:
         | But you're letting your device auto update even though you
         | might come from a period where you had to voluntarily and
         | manually install a service pack or start manually your internet
         | session by dialing up your provider... Like I did.
         | 
         | I even remember manually mowing my parent's lawn when I was a
         | teenager while there are now many mowing robots that wander
         | around with several spinning blades.
         | 
         | And what about having 2 tons Waymo's car wandering around
         | without a driver?
         | 
         | Are we getting too old for this shit?
        
         | wrs wrote:
         | At least this is actual CNC software using math and geometry
         | that somebody can find the bugs in. What terrifies me is
         | "software" that is really just black boxes filled with floating
         | point numbers and no one knows how it works, or when it won't.
        
           | inglor_cz wrote:
           | IDK. Logically you are right, but humans are emotional.
           | 
           | Just a day or so ago, here on HN, full of IT guys, there was
           | a discussion about some Tesla autopilot crash. People were
           | absolutely livid and demanded the impossible. Now - generic
           | Musk hate might have something to do with it, but I suspect
           | that it is not just Musk. We really react very unfavorably to
           | _machines_ wreaking havoc, while our tolerance for humans
           | fessing up is somewhat higher.
        
             | Sohcahtoa82 wrote:
             | > We really react very unfavorably to machines wreaking
             | havoc, while our tolerance for humans fessing up is
             | somewhat higher.
             | 
             | Yup.
             | 
             | Over 100 people die in car crashes in the USA every day.
             | When a fatal car crash happens, it MIGHT make it to the
             | local news. But a single car crashes while driving
             | autonomously and it's national news for MONTHS.
             | 
             | Now, I'll acknowledge that there will be statistical bias
             | here. There percentage of cars driving autonomously at any
             | given moment is likely less than 1%. But autonomous cars
             | make different kinds of mistakes. They'll fail to identify
             | the lines in the road correctly, or fail to recognize an
             | obstacle. Meanwhile, humans will drive drunk, drive
             | distracted, or have massive egos and drive dangerously
             | because they think they own the road and everyone else is
             | just in their way, or just simply be bad drivers that don't
             | even look around themselves before changing lanes.
        
             | Rinzler89 wrote:
             | Because we feel better when those humans can go to jail as
             | a form of Justice since now that person gets to suffer in
             | exchange for the suffering caused.
             | 
             | Meanwhile we don't feel anything if the robot that killed
             | someone gets decommissioned because machines Don't suffer.
        
       | whimsicalism wrote:
       | It's going to become increasingly apparent in the US over time
       | the degree to which doctors & the regulatory state are blocking
       | us from getting cheap new care.
       | 
       | Already ML algos are more accurate at diagnosing melanomas from
       | an image than dermatologists - but we will never get that tech
       | because doctors are fiercely protective of their salaries and
       | have captured the arm of the state to help them do so.
        
         | marinmania wrote:
         | And the lowest hanging fruit doesn't even necessarily have to
         | do with AI or robotic tech.
         | 
         | In the US you need a prescription within the last year to buy
         | contact lenses. European countries do not require this. Not
         | only does this mean contacts are more expensive and come from
         | fewer suppliers, but demand for appointments with eye doctors
         | would never go down, even though a test of vision could easily
         | be done now by an automated machine where you choose a series
         | of A/B options.
        
           | bluGill wrote:
           | The vison test is to ensure your eyes are checked for things
           | other than what correcion you need. Though machines do most
           | of that.
        
             | tredre3 wrote:
             | For healthy adults a yearly eye exam isn't necessary.
             | 
             | Forcing people to do it just to get a contact prescription
             | is indeed a cash grab.
             | 
             | But yes, they will sell it to you as being for your own
             | good.
        
         | deegles wrote:
         | The issue is liability, just like self driving cars. Even if ML
         | is more accurate, when it does get it wrong the buck has to
         | stop somewhere. Those questions need to be answered first.
        
           | whimsicalism wrote:
           | If ML is more accurate than doctors at the task, seems like
           | the liability insurance should be lower.
           | 
           | But yes, I agree that the US needs major tort reform
           | regardless. I just don't think tort is the major barrier
           | compared to occupational licensing & the FDA though.
        
             | bluGill wrote:
             | Sure, but who pays for that insurance? It probably isn't
             | someone currently buying it and that makes ubfront costs
             | higher.
        
         | fred_is_fred wrote:
         | For radiologists places in the US are already sending the
         | images to India and other countries for analysis
         | electronically. Is similar done with dermatology or do you need
         | to be physically located there rather than sending an image?
        
         | BenFranklin100 wrote:
         | The medical establishment also artificially limits the number
         | of doctors in order to keep salaries high. I live in Boston,
         | arguably the top city for medical care in the US, and it is not
         | uncommon to have a six month waiting list to see a specialist.
         | People talk about prescription drugs being the cause of high
         | medical costs in the US, but it's really the hospitals and
         | doctors that are driving the majority of the costs.
        
           | rscho wrote:
           | Maybe I'm mistaken, but I don't think places like Boston are
           | where docs earn the most ?
        
           | analyte123 wrote:
           | Doctors don't seem to be driving the majority of the costs.
           | After adjusting for inflation, doctors don't make much more
           | than they did in 1984, yet the percentage of GDP spent on
           | healthcare has almost doubled since then (and the real GDP
           | has also doubled in that time).
           | 
           | For example, see [1] where a general surgeon made an average
           | of $118,689 in 1984 and a family practitioner $84,256. This
           | would be $358k and $254k in 2024 dollars. Today in 2024 they
           | make on average $423k and $272k respectively [2].
           | 
           | [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4192917/ [2]
           | https://www.whitecoatinvestor.com/how-much-do-doctors-make/
        
             | BenFranklin100 wrote:
             | Thanks for the datapoint about physician inflation adjusted
             | salaries, but I said 'hospitals and doctors are driving the
             | majority of the costs'. In 2023, hospitals and physician
             | and clinical services made up just over half of costs:
             | 
             | https://www.ama-assn.org/about/research/trends-health-
             | care-s...
             | 
             | Nursing care added another 4.3%, and other personal health
             | care expenditures (dental, medical equipment, and other
             | professional services) added another 16.5%, or about 2/3 of
             | total costs when all taken together.
             | 
             | By the way, an average salary of $423K is pretty good, and
             | a six month wait to see a specialist amounts to denial of
             | medical care. Serious reform is needed.
        
             | SkyPuncher wrote:
             | I can't remember the exact cost, but physician's
             | salary/costs are less than 10% of healthcare spending.
             | 
             | Cutting their salaries in half would have almost no
             | perceivable impact on the cost of care.
        
         | lovethevoid wrote:
         | If only you guys had universal healthcare and therefore the
         | state would prioritize cheap new care to minimize those costs.
        
           | apwell23 wrote:
           | Don't doctors have unions in those systems also.
        
             | lovethevoid wrote:
             | Yes they do! Unions though aren't the reason for the lack
             | of cheap care, after all each party involved in a private
             | system is incentivized to gouge as much as possible due to
             | a lack of collective safety nets.
        
               | apwell23 wrote:
               | > collective safety nets.
               | 
               | as in losing jobs to ML algorithms ? What would the point
               | of a union then :)
        
               | lovethevoid wrote:
               | Is this the hypothetical future where every job is
               | replaced by a ML algorithm? In such case, you better hope
               | there is some form of collective safety net for you ;)
        
               | apwell23 wrote:
               | > Is this the hypothetical future where every job is
               | replaced by a ML algorithm?
               | 
               | No. we are talking about doctors in specific.
               | 
               | Your original point won't stand if everyone in the world
               | is replaced by AI.
               | 
               | > If only you guys had universal healthcare
               | 
               | There would be no private insurance through their
               | employers if no one has a job in first place.
        
         | 15155 wrote:
         | > doctors are fiercely protective of their salaries
         | 
         | A freshly-minted dermatologist isn't making that much, though
         | they will be in the long term. As a whole, physicians aren't
         | very organized to deal with these types of technological
         | "invaders." The AMA and similar organizations' core
         | competencies have traditionally been limiting supply and
         | creating personnel exclusivity (limiting residency slots,
         | limiting the usefulness of foreign-obtained credentials, etc.)
         | 
         | I promise you can find an endless supply of freshly-minted
         | dermatologists who will sign off on these ML-identified
         | melanomas, bypassing the old guard with their rubber stamp.
         | Once the tech is proven, that rubber stamp is worth nothing and
         | may be removed. It's just too easy to chip away at these types
         | of schemes where "assistance" can be rendered to a licensed
         | professional and eventually completely relied upon.
        
           | rscho wrote:
           | So, why hasn't it been done yet ?? (I'm a doc, BTW)
        
             | 15155 wrote:
             | Every piece of breakthrough technology you use has followed
             | this process to some degree, it takes time. As with any
             | field, folks are resistant to new ideas and methods.
             | 
             | Despite being poorly-organized, the medical field is
             | collectively quite conservative and moves slowly - "first
             | do no harm" is kind of the name of the game.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | > Despite being poorly-organized, the medical field is
               | collectively quite conservative and moves slowly - "first
               | do no harm" is kind of the name of the game.
               | 
               | The medical profession seems to hold on too dearly to the
               | action/omission distinction. Preventing life saving tech
               | from becoming prevalent, arguing against challenge
               | trials, advocating against NP responsibility expansion,
               | etc. etc. -- all of these things do tons of measurable
               | harm.
        
         | rscho wrote:
         | Being a doc, I can confidently tell you you are totally
         | incorrect as to why things happen the way they do in
         | healthcare. That won't surprise you, I guess. I long tried to
         | make outsiders, and especially tech people, understand what our
         | job is, but discussions always lead to the same stereotypes.
        
           | pegasus wrote:
           | I suspect you're right, and would be interested to hear more.
        
             | rscho wrote:
             | In a nutshell, no amount of lobbying will stop equivalent
             | service for 100x cheaper. Tech does not permeate healthcare
             | for 2 reasons: 1. mostly inapplicable. Everyone is focusing
             | on ML model performance, but really information retrieval
             | in healthcare is dismal and prevents the use of such new
             | tech altogether except in very niche cases. 2. no
             | integration in the workplace. Tech people and docs don't
             | understand each other _at all_ , so docs ask for impossible
             | things, and tech people deliver perfectly functional,
             | totally inapplicable tech.
        
               | robertlagrant wrote:
               | Me and my team made a piece of successful software for
               | patients and clinicians. It is really difficult, mostly
               | for the reasons you state, but it is possible. It's used
               | in about half the NHS, and I personally know three people
               | who've used our app to successfully manage their
               | pregnancy complication, which is great.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | There is less political capture of this process in the
               | UK.
        
               | robertlagrant wrote:
               | My company/team is an unusual exception. The UK has a
               | much bigger problem with creating tech than the US does.
               | That's why almost all NHS trusts in the UK use US-created
               | EHR systems: Cerner and Epic, mostly.
               | 
               | The UK is bad at creating a pro-business/pro-investment
               | environment, so we have to buy in stuff from elsewhere,
               | even though it's not well-suited to our needs. Or best
               | case we find US-based investment for our companies.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | If there are algos out there (and there are) that can
               | accurately provide a strong heuristic on melanoma from a
               | photo and this is being blocked by the state - that seems
               | like an obvious instance of regulatory apparatus stopping
               | an equivalent 100x+ cheaper service.
               | 
               | I've discussed with a number of people who work directly
               | on DL for imaging at a major hospital system in Boston.
               | They say that (outside of the doctors they work directly
               | with) fear over competition and losing out on the pricier
               | billings are one of the largest barriers to getting their
               | (very accurate) tech deployed more widely.
        
               | rscho wrote:
               | Yes, so as usual it's so superior but it's never used.
               | And the people building it say it's stellar, promise!
               | Here's a clue: instead of building a tool, and try
               | teaching people already practicing how and why they
               | should use it, maybe we could actually go see what
               | practitioners are doing and try to integrate into that
               | without requiring 30 additional mouse clicks and the use
               | of a new soft that nobody understands ?
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | You can find the studies on the recent melanoma
               | classifiers. There are tons showing in various settings
               | that they pretty clearly outperform physicians.
               | 
               | If 'additional mouse clicks' is a major barrier to
               | physicians using a tool that leads to _far better_
               | diagnosis outcomes of a fast-progressing and deadly
               | disease, I 'm not sure why that is an argument for why
               | things should continue to be as physician-gated as they
               | are.
               | 
               | I will happily perform the 30 extra clicks myself if it
               | is my potential melanoma. But if I were to offer it as a
               | self-serve app ($2 for melanoma diagnoses too cheap to
               | meter), I would be thrown in jail.
        
               | rscho wrote:
               | Yes, we have so many models that completely outclass
               | docs. It's really strange, they're not more widely
               | available don't you think ? Providing so much value, one
               | would think there would be a black market for those, at
               | this point. Or maybe, just maybe, the setting necessary
               | to make things work in large-scale realistic practice is
               | more difficult than what the paper authors would have you
               | believe? No, they would never do that...
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | I'm being very specific about melanoma because this is
               | one of the cases with very compelling evidence. You can
               | broaden the discussion if you want - but that is not what
               | I'm discussing. Here's a study of this technology with
               | 67k real-life practitioners showing obvious increases in
               | accuracy. [0]
               | 
               | Apologies if the link to that article is one mouse click
               | too many for you.
               | 
               | [0]: https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2024/04/ai-
               | skin-diagn...
        
               | rscho wrote:
               | I never denied the performance. Now make it usable to the
               | average doc. That's where we disagree. You believe it's
               | usable, but you've never seen clinicians handle computer
               | stuff.
        
           | ProllyInfamous wrote:
           | Myself a med-school-dropout, I've found myself several times
           | telling doctors how I really feel: "You aren't paid enough
           | for the sacrifices you made _just to be able to help people
           | that probably aren 't going to listen to your advice,
           | anyways_."
           | 
           | Thank you for your sacrifices, including to the oncoming ML
           | "clinicians."
        
             | pnut wrote:
             | Come on, doctors are some of the most highly compensated
             | wage earners.
             | 
             | Every working stiff at all income levels sacrifices
             | disproportionately to their income, and if I were a high
             | school teacher, I'd belly laugh at this doctor pity party.
        
               | eppp wrote:
               | Some doctors*
               | 
               | The front line primary care doctors and nurse
               | practitioners dont make as much as IT people quite often.
        
               | Sohcahtoa82 wrote:
               | From what I understand, the primary care physicians that
               | work for a large medical company don't make much, but
               | ones that run their own practice can make double or even
               | triple, but then they take on _enormous_ risk.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | Lets not lump in nurse practitioners. I'm absolutely in
               | favor of giving more responsibilities to NPs and paying
               | them more than they currently are.
               | 
               | Data on doctor salaries is very difficult to come by
               | publicly, however H1B salaries indicate the average pay
               | for H1B PCPs is $200k [0]. These are the lowest paid
               | physicians. If you look at the data, many many physicians
               | are making much more than that - with many specialities
               | averaging $300k+. Generally H1B workers make less than
               | comparable native-born (even though that's illegal) so we
               | should view this as a lower-bound.
               | 
               | That puts hourly pay for average PCPs lower than the top
               | SWEs, but comparing average with average or specialty
               | with average and you're already quickly outpacing large
               | majority of SWEs.
               | 
               | [0]: https://h1bdata.info/highestpaidjob.php
        
               | bornfreddy wrote:
               | Some IT people*
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | Doctors have such high social standing that you're
               | downvoted for saying the obvious
        
               | SkyPuncher wrote:
               | Sure, but it's extremely hard to overcome the hole that
               | medical school and residency puts you into. 4 years of
               | tuition, then 4 years of pitiful wages is a long time.
               | The top, most competitive fields have astronomical wages,
               | but most doctors salary is closer to that of an engineer.
               | 
               | Anecdotally, I'm a software engineer. My wife is a
               | physician. We'll be in our 50's before my wife's career
               | out earns mine. That financial hole of med school and
               | residency is so deep and the salaries on the other side
               | just aren't _that_ much better than other paths. I didn't
               | even pursue FAANG level salaries, either.
               | 
               | That being said, job security and availability is far,
               | far better for my wife. We can basically live anywhere we
               | want and she can find a job.
        
               | ben_w wrote:
               | > Come on, doctors are some of the most highly
               | compensated wage earners.
               | 
               | You mean it's _not us tech workers_? :P
               | 
               | Seriously though, I've seen the pay scales in some
               | countries, they're nice and all, but they come with many
               | extra years of training (expensive plus limited income
               | while you do that), plus shift work and overtime that is
               | bad for everyone (staff and patients) and which shouldn't
               | be necessary -- and wouldn't be necessary, if most
               | nations all hired about twice as many of them... but that
               | would require us to also _train_ twice as many and
               | politicians who do that get the budget shortfall today
               | while their successors (possibly in other countries) get
               | the reward for the benefit of their being more trained
               | doctors and nurses.
               | 
               | I'd pay them the same for less hours. Mandatory less
               | hours -- go home and sleep, let someone else tend to this
               | patient while you rest.
        
           | swayvil wrote:
           | Would you say that doctors are overworked?
        
             | rscho wrote:
             | Most docs are overworked for many, mostly bad reasons.
             | Clinical overload is one thing, but healthcare is more like
             | drowning in admin work, these days. So mostly yes, but the
             | true answer is more complex than I can write about in a
             | comment.
        
               | torginus wrote:
               | The US has 26.1 doctors per capita, while Germany has
               | 42.5, which is a middle-of-the-road number for the
               | developed West.
               | 
               | Do you accept the criticism that the US simply
               | artificially limits the supply of doctors, which leads to
               | overwork for physicians, and worse health outcomes for
               | patients?
               | 
               | Do you think most doctors would take less hours for a
               | somewhat lower salary if you it was possible?
        
               | slt2021 wrote:
               | the admin bloat comes from medical insurance industrial
               | complex. same as in education
        
               | rscho wrote:
               | All countries control rather strictly who can practice
               | medicine. Yes, there is some amount of protectionism, but
               | that happens almost everywhere. The reason is not only
               | money, but also cultural issues. So yes, I expect that to
               | be a valid criticism, but I don't think opening the
               | floodgates would have the result you expect either.
               | Access to care is a complex problem, and IMO not
               | primarily limited by doc counts in the US.
               | 
               | Young docs would absolutely work less for less if
               | possible, I think. Old docs wouldn't. IMO, that's
               | reflected in the rise of big network providers such as
               | Kaiser and friends.
               | 
               | In Europe, access to care is better IMO mainly because
               | both patients and docs are far less aggressive, and often
               | quite happy just doing nothing. Which is in fact the true
               | problem about US healthcare: the culture of absolutism.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | > All countries control rather strictly who can practice
               | medicine
               | 
               | To pretend that the restrictions in other countries like
               | Germany are at all comparable to the restrictions in the
               | US is laughable. Just look at the work involved for a
               | German doctor to legally practice in the US vs the
               | reverse if the controls are so similarly strict (they're
               | obviously not).
               | 
               | You are very clearly engaging in motivated reasoning in
               | this thread.
        
               | rscho wrote:
               | I agree the US is especially restrictive. But that's just
               | the US doing its usual thing: treating everywhere else as
               | a 3rd world country. Docs from developing countries also
               | have a hard time in Europe. You clearly have an axe to
               | grind with MDs.
        
               | Scoundreller wrote:
               | The comparisons between countries is hard because roles,
               | processes and existence of other practitioners will vary
               | a ton.
               | 
               | High doctor-per-capita could be a sign of inefficient use
               | of resources rather than being a good thing.
               | 
               | Examples: Do you need a prescription for stuff that's
               | otherwise over-the-counter elsewhere?
               | 
               | Is over-the-counter stuff paid by (state) insurance if
               | you get a prescription for people that don't value their
               | time?
               | 
               | Do people go to the doctor anyway for every possible
               | matter (e.g. cough/cold/flu in otherwise healthy people)?
               | 
               | Do you have to make a pointless appointment with your GP
               | every year to confirm you still have that incurable
               | disease in order to keep seeing your specialist? Or renew
               | that allergy med prescription every allergy season? Or go
               | once for a lab test, and then again in-person just to
               | find out the results, even if they're negative?
               | 
               | Who puts in most IV lines? In some places it's a doctor,
               | other places, nursing staff.
        
               | vkou wrote:
               | If we're going to talk about inefficient use of
               | resources, maybe we could start with the education
               | requirements. In the US and Canada, doctors spend years
               | getting useless degrees before they are allowed into
               | medical school.
               | 
               | In Europe, they somehow get through medical school
               | without them.
               | 
               | (Not that any of this would matter because the incentives
               | of the residency system are perfectly set up to make it
               | impossible to train any more doctors.)
        
               | Scoundreller wrote:
               | 100%. The US/Can approach also limits/compresses the
               | potential career length. Make it ~6 years and out,
               | straight from high school (if you so please). It kinda
               | works like this already in Quebec: you can enter medical
               | school straight out of CEGEP.
               | 
               | It's also a meritocratic matter: you have to take a lot
               | of risk to make a go for medical school, and the best
               | candidates may not be able to afford the risk of failing
               | to achieve their med school goal and ending up with a
               | degree with ??? value, so the best may not take that
               | path.
               | 
               | Or worse, taking an easier degree program (to beef up
               | their grades and have time for other application-
               | enhancing activities) and not getting themselves educated
               | to their full potential.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | Hm, guess who lobbies for those education requirements?
        
               | syedkarim wrote:
               | How is a 26.1 per capita calculated? Various unrelated
               | sources state that there are 1.1M physicians (MD and DO)
               | in the US. The US has a population of 360M?
        
               | ToValueFunfetti wrote:
               | It's per capita * 10,000. 26.1 doctors per citizen would
               | definitely be a surprising standard of care.
               | 
               | 26.1 / 10000 * 336M Americans = 876960 active physicians,
               | and the error is probably a measurement artifact (how do
               | you define 'active physician') and the fact that both the
               | population and number of doctors vary over time.
               | 
               | https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-
               | detai...
        
               | SkyPuncher wrote:
               | US supply is artificially limited. There's literally no
               | arguing this. There are essentially a fixed number of
               | residency spots and that's basically the only way to
               | become a physician.
               | 
               | > Do you think most doctors would take less hours for a
               | somewhat lower salary if you it was possible?
               | 
               | It is possible. Lots of doctors work fractionally. It's
               | one of the easiest fields to do it in. Given the
               | artificial shortage, hospitals essentially have to accept
               | it.
               | 
               | The reality is many doctors are simply driven people.
               | They don't really mind the hours, but they do mind the
               | type of work. A lot of it is just terribly unfun.
        
           | avgDev wrote:
           | So, what is your job?
           | 
           | I will be honest, I've had better luck with google than most
           | doctors. I've had doctors say things which were completely
           | incorrect. I've had doctors prescribe unnecessary and not
           | advised meds for what they diagnosed me with(incorrectly).
           | 
           | I have friends who are pharmacists and they agree with my
           | opinion, and they interact with doctors daily.
        
             | dj_gitmo wrote:
             | I have had the opposite experience. I have had
             | professionals find and treat problems in weeks after
             | wasting years using books and the internet. I am not saying
             | it is impossible, but find good info on the internet, but
             | it has its limits.
        
               | dietr1ch wrote:
               | There's gotta be errors on both sides, now the question
               | is if we are assessing their risks properly or not. Maybe
               | giving a shot to a low risk thing you read on the
               | internet is worth a try, and maybe booking a doctor visit
               | and getting examined will be worth the time and money.
               | 
               | It'd be nice to have this decision tree being built out
               | in the open, ultimately everyone needs it.
        
             | matwood wrote:
             | Doctors are people doing a job just like anyone else. The
             | old joke, 'what do you call someone who graduated last in
             | their med school class? Doctor.' Just like software, there
             | are good ones, bad ones, and average ones. By definition,
             | most are average.
             | 
             | I know a few surgeons who are nerds about surgery like many
             | on HN are about technology. But they are also the first
             | ones to tell you not all doctors are the same.
        
           | inglor_cz wrote:
           | "I can confidently tell you you are totally incorrect as to
           | why things happen the way they do in healthcare"
           | 
           | If you have enough time, read this 5-page article. Can this
           | be explained by anything else but naked greed?
           | 
           | https://digitalsmiledesign.com/files/Old-Website-
           | Assets/PDF/...
        
           | antisthenes wrote:
           | > That won't surprise you, I guess. I long tried to make
           | outsiders, and especially tech people, understand what our
           | job is, but discussions always lead to the same stereotypes.
           | 
           | You can explain all you want, but the US is the only country
           | that has exorbitant bills for healthcare culturally
           | normalized for some reason, despite outcomes being roughly
           | the same as other developed countries.
           | 
           | Unless your explanation sufficiently addresses that (which I
           | doubt, since you are not an economist), no one will care to
           | listen.
           | 
           | So maybe a little less confidence and a bit more humility and
           | empathy (for those that need healthcare and can't afford it).
        
             | rscho wrote:
             | So, if I tell you: 'I'd like help, but when I ask for it I
             | get something worse than what I had at the start', that's
             | me being a typical insufferable doctor, I guess ? We both
             | fit our stereotypes really well, then !
        
           | loandbehold wrote:
           | Can you explain why optometrist is necessary to buy glasses?
           | Eye exam is already automated to a large extend, and it
           | shouldn't be hard to make it 100% automated by having machine
           | ask questions instead of optometrist. Optometrist already
           | follows a well defined algorithm to come up with prescription
           | by putting a series of lens pairs in phoroptor and asking
           | patient which one is better.
        
             | SkyPuncher wrote:
             | It's not entirely required. You can go on Zenni (and other
             | online stores) and buy a pair of glasses with whatever
             | correction you want.
             | 
             | Though, I do largely agree that the actual assessment by an
             | optometrist is literally unnecessary. I've personally had
             | to adjust my prescriptions because the optometrist pushes
             | me to something that strains my eyes.
        
             | kube-system wrote:
             | An eye exam doesn't simply prescribe lenses. They also, for
             | example, evaluate for disease.
        
           | whimsicalism wrote:
           | I would like to see RCTs on whether the current approach of
           | care gatekept by doctors (ie. prescription for glasses, can't
           | use this melanoma diagnosis tool unless you visit and pay for
           | a derma) actually has any measurable impact on downstream
           | health.
           | 
           | It's interesting that we have all these RCTs for drug
           | interventions, but never conduct the RCTs on policy like
           | letting NPs do more procedures, etc.
        
             | rscho wrote:
             | Ah, RCTs! The final truth, the end all of all arguments.
             | I've been working for enough profs to know that the best
             | thing to do with 90%+ medical papers is to transfer them
             | directly to the wastebin, and that includes RCTs.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | Yeah, what is a randomized controlled trial when we have
               | your 'gut feel' to rely on. Great showing from the
               | physicians in the comments here, now I can clearly see
               | why we should have trust in your evidence-based practice.
        
               | rscho wrote:
               | I do clinical statistics. I _make_ such studies. Sorry
               | the sausage is not the way you dreamt it!
        
         | theGnuMe wrote:
         | State licensing weeds out the cranks. But these AIs could go
         | for FDA approval and direct to consumer. So I don't think
         | doctors are the limiting reagent here in your example. If these
         | AIs are good, they will reduce demand for dermatologists as
         | some enterprising doctor will offer it as a service that
         | scales.
         | 
         | While I think doctors are paid handsomely and there are
         | critical shortages, I don't think regulatory licensing
         | requirements per se limit access to new and cheaper care.
        
         | Zenzero wrote:
         | Doctor here. I know HN loves to hate on doctors, but your
         | framing is just ridiculous.
         | 
         | The medical world moves at a glacial pace compared to tech.
         | Complaining that ML algos haven't swept the industry ignores
         | all of the factors pushing it in that direction.
         | 
         | "Best medicine" operates on a consensus model of the most
         | prudent decision-making given present knowledge and evidence.
         | That takes time. Pushing boundaries as a doctor outside of a
         | research environment doesn't earn you brownie points. It
         | increases your chances of getting sued.
         | 
         | You also dramatically overestimate the amount of autonomy any
         | given doctor has over the tools they are able to use. The vast
         | majority are employees. It is like if you worked at Google as a
         | SWE, and I came on HN ranting that you don't want to use the
         | most recent release of Sonnet 3.5 to help you write features
         | faster for Gmail, because you're "fiercely protective of your
         | salary." You would laugh at how ignorant the complaint sounds.
        
           | whimsicalism wrote:
           | I'm blaming the regulatory apparatus more for that one. These
           | image based algos are ones that could be DTC but of course
           | the FDA (with a side of lobbying) would _never ever_ allow
           | that.
           | 
           | > You also dramatically overestimate the amount of autonomy
           | any given doctor has over the tools they are able to use.
           | 
           | I'm not saying that doctors are mostly choosing not to use
           | these tools - but that lobbying organizations involving
           | collectives of doctors would lobby against it if it ever
           | tried to do a DTC approach or something like that. Please,
           | steelman what I'm saying - I am very aware that doctors who
           | don't own their practice (vast majority of them) cannot
           | simply choose their tools and even those with their own
           | practice are often limited by what they can bill. I know lots
           | of doctors personally.
        
         | blackeyeblitzar wrote:
         | Their professional organizations have prevented us from having
         | lower cost healthcare independent of technology. For example
         | limited supply (from schools) of various specialties,
         | resistance and FUD about less qualified care (like dental
         | therapists), etc. Their lobbying and influence is all over the
         | system.
        
         | jorblumesea wrote:
         | There's very few, if any doctors, that are saying we shouldn't
         | use ML or algos to diagnose cancer. This is a wild accusation
         | and hilariously conspiratorial. What most are saying is we
         | should evaluate all of this new tech, but be careful of the
         | rollout because medical practices shouldn't operate like a hot
         | startup where we pivot every 6 months.
         | 
         | Healthcare, similar to government, shouldn't be a move fast
         | break things situation. If your service breaks, you just roll
         | back. False or incorrect cancer diagnoses...that's a huge deal.
         | 
         | Imagine your tumor getting missed because of a bug in software,
         | one which a human might have caught. Peoples' lives are on the
         | line here. It's not a game.
        
         | HanClinto wrote:
         | For another example of this, see the tooth decay vaccine (that
         | is currently only available in Honduras):
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39819248
        
         | ChumpGPT wrote:
         | I know very little about the regulatory system but, what is
         | stopping an app to scan your skin via mobile camera to try and
         | determine melanoma. As long as there is a disclaimer to see
         | your physician and this is not medical advice. It would be the
         | same as taking your blood pressure or blood sugar test at home.
        
           | whimsicalism wrote:
           | The FDA would absolutely not permit that, you cannot just
           | 'disclaimer this is not medical advice' for an actual
           | diagnosis service.
        
         | SkyPuncher wrote:
         | Physician salaries are less than 10% the cost of healthcare.
         | You could eliminate their salary entirely and it'd have no
         | meaningful difference on the cost of healthcare. There is
         | _absolutely_ an artificial supply limitation, but that's
         | increasingly being worked around by the use of PA and NP
         | providers. Doctors essentially become managers for PA and NPs.
         | 
         | My wife is a physician. Actual, scientific diagnosis is a
         | ridiculously small part of her job.
         | 
         | Most of her time is taken up on "soft problems". Writing notes
         | for continuity/quality of care. Justifying medical decisions
         | for billing purposes. Advocating with insurance and healthcare
         | administrators. Discussing treatment plans and options with
         | patients. More notes. Well, really, most of her time is taken
         | up with notes. It's really the only way for her to capture all
         | of the soft variables.
         | 
         | Writing notes is a bit like coding. LLM/AI can help solve the
         | problem, but ultimately you still need to go through them
         | piece-by-piece to ensure they're correct.
        
           | whimsicalism wrote:
           | Unlike the other comment defending current medical practice,
           | this one I absolutely agree with. I do not think that
           | physician salaries are the major drivers of healthcare cost.
           | I do think that occupational licensing reform would help
           | bring down cost, but agree it is only a relatively small
           | factor.
           | 
           |  _However_ I do think that in the process of engaging in wage
           | protectionism (and there is absolutely no question that
           | doctors do this) there is a ton of consumer surplus that is
           | being lost and not captured by either patient or provider.
           | For instance, in the case of the melanoma AI, that is a
           | casualty of the wage protectionism (+ medical conservatism +
           | FDA failure) - the value there isn 't being captured by
           | doctors, it is just disappearing into thin air and tons more
           | people will just have undiagnosed melanomas.
        
         | cogman10 wrote:
         | Part of the problem is quackery. Remove the regulatory state
         | and all the sudden you have people claiming bleach enemas as a
         | cure all (We have that with the regulatory state, but those
         | people get prosecuted).
         | 
         | I don't think that some regulations ensuring the tooth drilling
         | robot isn't going to explode teeth is unwarranted even though
         | that drives up cost of development.
        
       | whatever1 wrote:
       | Does not even need AI. Simple algo: default: filling If too much
       | filling: crown If crown failed: pull
       | 
       | For each step don't forget to collect the cash.
       | 
       | There I saved you 200k worth of training.
        
         | SteveSmith16384 wrote:
         | If (world_pace == false) solve_world_peace();
         | 
         | easy!
        
           | inglor_cz wrote:
           | Undefined variable world_pace.
        
       | xaellison wrote:
       | 1. I want a human drilling because I want empathy in my care 2.
       | 90% detection rate on cavities isn't great
        
         | whimsicalism wrote:
         | 2 - based on?
        
           | xaellison wrote:
           | the article says that
        
             | whimsicalism wrote:
             | does the article say that 90% is 'not great'? i am curious
             | what the human baseline is.
        
         | jonhohle wrote:
         | Have you switched dentists recently? I have little trust in the
         | profession (though I like my current dentist).
         | 
         | Around 2008 every time I went in to the dentist she found
         | cavities. I moved states between a bad diagnosis and getting
         | any fillings and when I went to a new dentist I came out with a
         | clean bill of health.
         | 
         | I moved back and had a dentist that I trusted, she sold the
         | practice and the new dentist started finding cavities every
         | single visit. I switched dentists and magically those cavities
         | were gone.
         | 
         | Not only did I likely get drilled and filled superfluously, the
         | first dentists fillings fell out or broke and needed to be
         | replaced after a few years.
         | 
         | If a machine was doing the work, economies of scale also create
         | a large enough class that if the treatment is not effective the
         | class can sue. Against a one-off terrible dentist with a small
         | sample size, the chance of compensation for terrible work is
         | almost non-existent.
        
           | avgDev wrote:
           | In the end dentist offices are businesses, and often dentists
           | have small practices.
           | 
           | I've recently listened to a podcast of a dentist turning
           | consultant to increase numbers. Dude literally applied a lot
           | of marketing tricks, tested them and analyzed the results. He
           | did things like naming teeth cleaning, a "clinical teeth
           | cleaning" or something along those lines. This resulted in an
           | increase in cleanings. I guess he could be lying as he is now
           | selling his services but the whole podcast felt disgusting.
        
           | emchammer wrote:
           | Last time I went to see my US dentist, he said I needed
           | another filling. I wasn't feeling it for some reason, I told
           | him not now, and he looked at it again, and said "I agree".
           | Now I sort of regret getting my other "small" fillings.
           | 
           | I've had a dentist in Europe who laughed and said there's no
           | need to come here every year, that's an American thing.
        
       | rurban wrote:
       | Dental repair is really nothing. Automatic welders are very
       | common e.g.
       | 
       | I've worked on automatic brain surgery robots, which really needs
       | to be automatic. because 3d, tricky, and the doctor outside sees
       | much less than the tiny sensors inside. but you can interfere and
       | even invite remote specialists on remote duty to observe or
       | handle the pedals.
        
         | rscho wrote:
         | That's interesting! Up to now, I've never seen automated
         | surgical robots. They're just big swiss knives with stereo
         | vision, usually. Are there automated robots on the market ?
        
         | onemoresoop wrote:
         | > I've worked on automatic brain surgery robots, which really
         | needs to be automatic. because 3d, tricky, and the doctor
         | outside sees much less than the tiny sensors inside. but you
         | can interfere and even invite remote specialists on remote duty
         | to observe or handle the pedals.
         | 
         | Just curious.. Are these fully automatic/autonomous? I assume
         | human supervision is required but are there steps that humans
         | have to choose/decide such that the robot could not possibly
         | work without any human supervision?
        
       | spacecity1971 wrote:
       | Fantastic development (I'm in the dental field) As a side note; a
       | Chinese team already performed an implant surgery with a "fully
       | automatic" robotic system in 2017.
       | 
       | https://time.com/4952886/china-world-first-dental-surgery-ro...
        
       | nerdjon wrote:
       | Its cool tech, don't get me wrong.
       | 
       | But maybe, before we remove any amount of comfort with another
       | human being we look at wether all of the dental practices are
       | actually backed by science (which there is some scruitiny over).
       | 
       | But also going to the dentist already isn't exactly pleasant, the
       | pokes, scrapes, drill noises, etc. Maybe we improve that first
       | before sticking it in a robot?
       | 
       | People already have a ton of anxiety about going to the dentist.
       | Removing humans will make that worse.
       | 
       | I realize this is early, but still. I feel like we skipped some
       | things.
        
         | sameoldtune wrote:
         | I read the headline to my partner and they said "AI is here to
         | make the dentist scary again"
        
           | dashtiarian wrote:
           | Haha, as a 3rd worlder; I'd much rather take my chances with
           | a robot dentist than a dentist who's father has ties with the
           | ruling class, who's father has bought their university sit,
           | or who's father (allegedly) being a veteran of a war that was
           | finished 34 years ago has gotten them a university sit.
        
           | nerdjon wrote:
           | Honestly... yeah.
           | 
           | As someone who 5 or 6 years ago was not going to the dentist
           | since the very idea of it gave me anxiety after having a
           | particularly bad and damaging dentist experience as a kid.
           | When I would to to the dentist I would have a fight or flight
           | moment just sitting in the chair. (TLDR, I was told they were
           | going to do one thing as a kid, but they purposefully lied to
           | me and did something else thinking I would be less anxious
           | about it happening... yeah that went swimmingly)
           | 
           | The only way I got over that was being able to talk to the
           | Dentist that I was working with, having them explain step by
           | step what they are doing, they check in regularly, etc etc. I
           | finally feel mostly comfortable going, to this specific
           | dentist. The idea of switching has me anxious.
           | 
           | The idea of a robot, while great maybe it could have less
           | human error and all that. No... just, no.
        
         | BobaFloutist wrote:
         | >But also going to the dentist already isn't exactly pleasant,
         | the pokes, scrapes, drill noises, etc. Maybe we improve that
         | first before sticking it in a robot?
         | 
         | Dentists are definitely trying. The drills have gotten smaller
         | and gentler, my dentist (and many others) offers a headset so
         | you can listen to music/podcasts while getting your cleaning,
         | and overall they make an effort to be less scoldy and more
         | encouragey.
         | 
         | The process itself is still kind of naturally unpleasant, and
         | the billing sucks, but the people seem to have taken
         | traditional criticisms to heart and made some moves to make it
         | suck less.
        
           | nerdjon wrote:
           | > and overall they make an effort to be less scoldy and more
           | encouragey.
           | 
           | Oh, 100%. Yeah there has for sure been progress. I do also
           | recognize that my anxiety is not just "oh I don't like the
           | dentist", I was lied too. That breaks that trust.
           | 
           | I remember before I found my current dentist, I was having a
           | ton of pain and I tried to find someone. I called them,
           | explained the situation, explained the anxiety and where it
           | was coming from. They reassured me, we have someone who knows
           | how to help with that.
           | 
           | I went there, the dentist came in, I again explained the
           | anxiety and where it came from. This was meant to be a, get
           | comfortable thing. It wasn't a cleaning, just talking. He
           | decides the entire time that he was feeling around my mouth
           | with his fingers, he would hold the scraping tool inches from
           | my face. And then, right at the end to purposefully do a
           | quick little scrape as if, its not big deal see its not that
           | bad.
           | 
           | I just got through telling you I was lied too, that is not
           | the time to do something without telling me that you said you
           | were not going to do to try to convince me that "its not that
           | bad". And then he was like, yeah so we have time if you want
           | to get a cleaning. I have not wanted to get up and leave as
           | quick as I had in that situation in my life, never went
           | back...
           | 
           | That is a rant, sorry about that. But that moment is burned
           | into my brain.
           | 
           | I was so thankful to find my current dentist. When I told
           | them, the dentist called me while I was at home to talk to me
           | in my space that I am comfortable in. Then when I got there I
           | just sat in the chair for a while talking, not laying back,
           | my feet were at the side.
        
           | lovethevoid wrote:
           | There are a lot of fields like this, where they have mostly
           | been reduced to refinements but ultimately are still very
           | barbaric procedures. All we've done is upgrade the stick (in
           | this case, a nice shiny pick), but the procedure hasn't
           | changed much at all.
           | 
           | Too much of dentistry is still stuck on instant fix
           | solutions. Take hard metal, scrape teeth. Something wrong on
           | inside, just drill into it scrape it out and fill it. Dental
           | implants were the last major invention and that was what, in
           | the 60s? There really needs to be far more money and research
           | in the field, because there is ample opportunity for major
           | improvements here as it's lagging so far behind other health
           | fields.
        
             | munificent wrote:
             | _> ultimately are still very barbaric procedures._
             | 
             | At some point, you bottom out on the reality that we are
             | all just big bags of meat and bones. No amount of
             | technology or AI will change the fact that we are material
             | objects who sometimes have problems with that composition
             | and structure of that material.
        
               | lovethevoid wrote:
               | That hasn't stopped other fields. You can get skin
               | patches that utilize micro-needles to inject serum into
               | your pimple, reducing the need to wait for pimples to
               | "naturally" disappear. This was previously thought to be
               | wildly unaffordable. Didn't we just get a new
               | breakthrough for hair regeneration earlier this year
               | using similar techniques?
               | 
               | Fact of the matter is, dentristry has lagged so far
               | behind other fields because there's a lack of care for
               | it. Dental is often not even considered "healthcare",
               | despite how important oral health is to general health.
               | It's also the easiest to hide, who cares about actual
               | rotting teeth just sharpen them down and replace them
               | with plastic. Whereas things like skincare and hair get
               | far more priority due to being visible. Of course there's
               | also the severity, people don't care if their teeth
               | disintigrate, but a broken leg is a broken leg and gets
               | handled appropriately.
        
               | munificent wrote:
               | Maybe it's because dermatology is much less risky since
               | you're talking about a surface level treatment for a very
               | small part of a very large organ. With dentistry, you're
               | going into an orifice that humans must use to survive and
               | directly interacting with the only place in the human
               | body where bone is exposed to the outside environment.
               | The risks are huge. You can die of heart failure if
               | bacteria gets into your gums.
               | 
               |  _> a broken leg is a broken leg and gets handled
               | appropriately._
               | 
               | Funny that you say that because I'm currently stuck on my
               | couch with a broken ankle, unable to walk for the past
               | two months. I'm very grateful for the quality of care
               | I've gotten, but seeing the X-rays with three metal
               | plates and 18 screws going into my bones sure as heck
               | does look barbaric. But when chunks of bone snapped off
               | and need to be put back in the right place and forcibly
               | held there, maybe that's the best you can do.
        
             | supportengineer wrote:
             | If you avoid sugar and floss religiously, and have a decent
             | calcium intake, that takes care of most of the potential
             | problems.
        
           | MiddleEndian wrote:
           | >the billing sucks
           | 
           | This has not been the case in my experience. Dentists have
           | always told me exactly how much I owe them, and the one time
           | I forgot a payment, they called me and texted me to let me
           | know and I resolved it in a matter of minutes.
           | 
           | Meanwhile a hospital visit sent me a bunch of bills in the
           | mail ranging from $50 to $100, they refused to tell me the
           | total sum even when I visited in person, and when I missed
           | one $50 payment I was sent to collections a year later.
        
           | golergka wrote:
           | I don't know about US and it's healthcare system, but in many
           | countries changing dentists is really easy because it's not
           | tied to your healthcare, just pay out of pocket kind of
           | situation. People discuss dentists, they give recommendations
           | to friends, so it's a pretty efficient market. And people pay
           | a lot of attention to how scary or not scary their procedure
           | was.
        
             | svachalek wrote:
             | In the US, dentists and optometrists are separate from our
             | health insurance system, and have their own insurance.
             | Dental insurance usually covers cleaning every six months,
             | and some percentage of the minimum possible correction for
             | things that need work. For example, they may cover 50% of
             | having the tooth pulled but 0% of putting in an implant,
             | because the implant is considered cosmetic and not
             | necessary work.
             | 
             | Anyway, it ends up being like you say, it's a largely out
             | of pocket service that people shop around for.
        
         | pessimizer wrote:
         | I'm not bothered by any of these concerns, none of them are
         | more important than cheap dental care because bad teeth and
         | gums are agony that may lead to heart disease or cancers. The
         | only thing I'm concerned about other than costs are failsafes.
         | If the thing (or rather the 20th generation of the thing) can
         | be absolutely guaranteed not to cause a disaster in someone's
         | mouth (it should panic on the most minor confusion), and is
         | cheaper than dentists (not hard) it should be made standard.
         | 
         | If somebody needs a dentist to hold their hand, they can go to
         | a fancy clinic that has some sort of doula. But normal people
         | used to get their dentistry done by the same guy who would cut
         | their hair.
        
           | nerdjon wrote:
           | > I'm not bothered by any of these concerns, none of them are
           | more important than cheap dental care.
           | 
           | Is there really any indication that this will make any change
           | to the cost of dental care? Is the dentists the problem or is
           | it the other parts? There still has to be someone there to
           | manage it.
           | 
           | Also this machine will not be cheap either, will require
           | maintenance, etc. From what I have seen most robot operated
           | medical things, are not to replace jobs but for precision
           | that humans just can't do. Or to reduce human error.
           | 
           | > But normal people used to get their dentistry done by the
           | same guy who would cut their hair.
           | 
           | I would strongly advise against saying "normal" when dental
           | anxiety is very much a thing for many people. I would likely
           | even say most people have some sort of dental anxiety.
           | 
           | There is a reason that a lot of people don't get their
           | regular cleanings, and I am sure cost is part of that but not
           | all of it.
        
           | mlyle wrote:
           | I mostly agree with you, but note that "absolutely
           | guaranteed" to not have a terrible outcome is not something
           | human practitioners provide. The standard should be
           | comparable.
        
         | crystalmeph wrote:
         | > But also going to the dentist already isn't exactly pleasant,
         | the pokes, scrapes, drill noises, etc. Maybe we improve that
         | first before sticking it in a robot?
         | 
         | From the article:
         | 
         | > The machine's first specialty: preparing a tooth for a dental
         | crown. Perceptive claims this is generally a two-hour procedure
         | that dentists will normally split into two visits. The robo-
         | dentist knocks it off in closer to 15 minutes.
         | 
         | So this robot is actually improving the dental experience for
         | the patient, which will hopefully reduce anxiety as well as
         | reducing costs.
        
       | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
       | _> There sure are some brave guinea pig types out there._
       | 
       | You can say that again.
        
         | smokel wrote:
         | Back in 2004, people had microchips inserted under their skin
         | to enter their discos more quickly.
         | 
         | https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn5022-clubbers-choose-...
        
       | jl6 wrote:
       | I hope this kind of "do a simple procedure in a complex
       | environment" robotics leads to automation of high-toil jobs like
       | fruit picking.
        
         | nottorp wrote:
         | Fruit won't cooperate though, so it may be harder than
         | dentistry.
        
       | apwell23 wrote:
       | I am more impressed by the guy who signed up to the be the test
       | subject. get him on redbull youtube channel.
        
         | avgDev wrote:
         | I'm 100% positive that if you came up with something "first in
         | the world", but the risk of death was 50% during the procedure,
         | you would find people willing to do it.
        
           | inglor_cz wrote:
           | The first expeditions to the South Pole come to mind.
           | 
           | Not just dangerous, but arduous, long and in extreme cold.
        
       | josefritzishere wrote:
       | This is not what I wanted robots for. The future is not Startrek.
       | It's Blade Runner.
        
       | thih9 wrote:
       | > [OCT] cuts harmful X-Ray radiation out of the process,
       | 
       | This seems unrelated to the fact that a robot is performing the
       | procedure. Is there anything that prevents human dentists from
       | using OCT instead too?
       | 
       | Also, I guess X-Ray usually isn't part of the process in a
       | procedure like this - but IANAD.
        
       | d_burfoot wrote:
       | This is great news. Many people, even in developed countries,
       | suffer a lack of quality dental care because of the cost. Once
       | these devices become widespread, costs should start to drop
       | significantly.
        
         | smokel wrote:
         | Why do you think that? MRI scanners are still terribly
         | expensive machines, for example. And in most countries, the
         | hourly wage for a dentist need not be high.
         | 
         | It is more likely that some robot company is going to make a
         | fortune. Whether other people profit from that is an open
         | question.
        
           | ZeroGravitas wrote:
           | There is apparently about to be a revolution in MRI, making
           | them portable and cheap to run.
           | 
           | I've only read pop science articles on it but I think the
           | gist is to use software (AI!) to make up for a much weaker
           | magnet.
        
             | progbits wrote:
             | There are fundamental signal processing limitations. AI
             | will just hallucinate plausibly looking garbage and kill
             | people.
        
         | pkaye wrote:
         | Its not going to be cheaper than training more dentists in
         | those countries.
        
       | drewchew wrote:
       | Will robot dentists facilitate the option to lay face down for
       | procedures so that the debris and saliva falls out instead of
       | needing the suction tool?
        
         | settsu wrote:
         | On first blush, this is an interesting premise. And it would
         | seem to make sense once there is no need for human attendants,
         | nor any potential accommodation for them.
        
           | cogman10 wrote:
           | I imagine, particularly with V1, there's probably going to be
           | human attendants for a good portion of the procedure. You'd
           | want them for administering the numbing agent and positioning
           | the machine for the procedure.
        
           | robertlagrant wrote:
           | > And it would seem to make sense once there is no need for
           | human attendants, nor any potential accommodation for them.
           | 
           | Perhaps it could be combined with a back massage. Those
           | chairs that you stick your face in would be tailor-made for
           | this!
        
         | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
         | Wow that would be a game changer.
        
         | candiddevmike wrote:
         | What if I like the taste of burning tooth enamel? Can I flip
         | over still?
        
           | doubled112 wrote:
           | I can taste this comment, and I really don't like it.
           | 
           | You'll have to ask when the time comes and report back.
        
         | worstspotgain wrote:
         | This, and the fact that a sterilized robot is way less likely
         | to transmit airborne pathogens than a dentist and an assistant
         | wearing a surgical mask at best. Maybe not v.1.0b4, but I'd
         | sign up for v.1.2.
        
         | hanniabu wrote:
         | Probably not since you'd be drooling all over the robot "hand"
         | and arm making it more difficult to keep clean.
         | 
         | But it could probably moisten your drying out lips so they
         | don't crack
        
           | matt_heimer wrote:
           | All reusable dental tools have to go through a sterilization
           | procedure after every use so would it matter? And they could
           | have one-time use sleeves to put on the arms.
           | 
           | I think the main concern would be debris and drool getting on
           | the camera but that is probably a concern for any position.
        
       | nharada wrote:
       | Is there a tech version of "not in my backyard"? Like, "I support
       | the idea but I'm sure as hell not going first"?
        
       | racl101 wrote:
       | Imagine being the guy testing this.
        
       | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
       | Sometimes the drill is necessary, but imagine how infrequently
       | we'd need it if there were robots in our homes that could do an
       | immaculate job with the daily cleaning.
        
         | ben_w wrote:
         | I have good news: https://www.amazon.de/s?k=electric+toothbrush
         | 
         | ;)
        
           | agumonkey wrote:
           | They're indeed pretty incredible. That said I'm waiting for
           | microcurrent brushes now.
        
           | sva_ wrote:
           | Waiting for the toothbrush that brushes all teeth at once in
           | about 15 seconds
        
             | a_t48 wrote:
             | They also exist eg https://sonic-brush.net - but they
             | aren't very good yet.
        
               | tssge wrote:
               | That's a dropshipping site for AliExpress products
               | shipping from China. You'll save money if you buy the
               | product straight from AliExpress without a middleman in
               | between.
               | 
               | However as you said, the toothbrush doesn't actually
               | work.
        
               | a_t48 wrote:
               | Sorry, I just picked a representative example from
               | Google. It was definitely not an endorsement.
        
             | czottmann wrote:
             | https://www.kaercher.com/uk/home-garden/pressure-
             | washers.htm... maybe?
        
             | adrianmonk wrote:
             | I also want a laserwash shower that takes 60 seconds. It
             | would save time, and I'm pretty sure it would save water
             | too.
        
             | tzs wrote:
             | I've wondered if you could make something to floss multiple
             | teeth at once. Maybe something that fits over a span of
             | teeth such as all the top teeth and is custom fitted so
             | that it fits on the same way each time. It would have holes
             | that you can thread floss through so that when you put it
             | on the floss ends up between the teeth. Then you can pull
             | on the ends of the floss and it flosses between all the
             | teeth that the device is covering.
        
           | paxys wrote:
           | Even better news: https://www.amazon.de/s?k=dental+floss
        
           | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
           | I use one twice daily, but why do I still have to go to the
           | dentist for cleaning?
           | 
           | Wouldn't it be better to get a dentist-grade cleaning every
           | day in the the same amount of time?
        
       | krunck wrote:
       | There is no mention of a feedback mechanism for the patient to
       | express that the pain level is too high and something should be
       | changed in method and/or anesthetic. And what about soft tissues?
       | Does the robot image those so it knows there is a tongue in the
       | way?
        
         | cogman10 wrote:
         | From the pictures, it looks like the dentist is positioning the
         | machine so I'm guessing the administration of the anesthetic
         | and ensuring the area is clear will be on them.
        
       | photon_lines wrote:
       | Hopefully they also provide a pair of adult diapers for each test
       | subject :)
        
       | cogman10 wrote:
       | I think what's being overlooked here by some commenters is the
       | speed of this machine.
       | 
       | A normal cavity filling can take 20/30 minutes. Imagine if that
       | could be cut down to 1 minute with a perfect filling at the end?
       | Even if we are talking about the dentist messing up the pain
       | killing application it'll all be over pretty damn fast.
        
         | MOARDONGZPLZ wrote:
         | Pfft. That's nothing. Imagine if it was 30 seconds rather than
         | twice that time? Can't get better than that.
        
           | cogman10 wrote:
           | The actual drilling can be quiet fast. The limiting factor is
           | making sure it isn't so fast that it shatters the tooth. What
           | will take time is bonding the filling.
           | 
           | My assumption is that for a regular cavity fill, the drilling
           | will be a much smaller portion of the time than the filling
           | bonding. You can see that in the crown placement video in the
           | article, almost no time is spent removing the outside tooth.
           | The actual spent time is building up the crown.
        
         | doubled112 wrote:
         | Agreed.
         | 
         | The freezing doesn't always work for me. If I say "hey, I can
         | feel that" the second dose might work, and it might not.
         | 
         | What happens next is that they slow down, and while this sounds
         | like compassion, it also lengthens the time they're drilling
         | into my head while I can feel it.
         | 
         | Just building up a resistance to physical torture. Bring it on,
         | movie CIA guy.
         | 
         | I think a quick, very intense filling might be better than a
         | long, slow one.
        
           | cogman10 wrote:
           | I may be weird about this, but for me when I've been drilled
           | (or even cleaned) and experienced tooth pain the level is
           | 100%. I can't feel more pain.
           | 
           | I'm certainly not advocating that dentists don't do their
           | best to numb patients before drilling. What I'm saying is
           | it's fairly likely that by the time they can stop the machine
           | in the case of pain the procedure will be nearly complete and
           | the pain over.
        
       | iandanforth wrote:
       | I would be more comfortable with this technology if it had saw-
       | stop like behavior. If I sneeze it has to be fast enough to safe
       | the dental tool before I impale myself on it.
        
         | gwbas1c wrote:
         | > Remarkably, the company claims the machine can take care of
         | business safely "even in the most movement-heavy conditions,"
         | and that dry run testing on moving humans has all been
         | successful. There sure are some brave guinea pig types out
         | there.
        
       | rtkwe wrote:
       | But will it carry on a conversation with me that consists
       | entirely of open mouthed vowel sounds? I'm not sure speech
       | recognition has gotten quite that far.
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4F7sWy4JQ18
        
         | ugh123 wrote:
         | There will most certainly be a dental assistant operating the
         | machine in various ways, and "managing the conversation" with
         | the patient.
        
         | hiddencost wrote:
         | https://sites.research.google/euphonia/about/
        
       | idunnoman1222 wrote:
       | Basically, they put the drill on a CNC machine. I'm not sure that
       | AI is more than a buzzword in this procedure
        
       | sierra1011 wrote:
       | SO is a dentist. They laughed and said 90% detection leaves a lot
       | to be desired, and there's rarely a good reason to not have an
       | X-ray.*
       | 
       | In addition, there's some things a human dentist does that I
       | doubt this does - early detection of oral or skin cancer on the
       | face being one of them. If you have the same dentist you'd be
       | amazed at what they remember about your face and what's different
       | from last time.
       | 
       | General vibe is that even if it can technically do a drill 'n'
       | fill, it has a long way to go before it can substitute for a
       | trained medical professional.
       | 
       | * Edit: I'm actually going to go further and say that calling an
       | X-ray "harmful" should constitute disinformation and therefore
       | wariness towards the attitude or motive of the author, since it's
       | patently not true. The fraction they use at the dentist's isn't
       | going to hurt anyone. The comparison point I've heard (and can't
       | personally verify) is 6 dental X-rays is equivalent to 1 trans-
       | Atlantic flight; alternatively 1 x-ray to a weekend in Cornwall.
        
         | robertlagrant wrote:
         | > there's some things a human dentist does that I doubt this
         | does - early detection of oral or skin cancer on the face being
         | one of them
         | 
         | I'm sure this can happen, but that's different to every dentist
         | doing it. And a dentist doing harder to automate stuff while
         | the 15 minutes go on instead of 2 hours means way more patients
         | treated in the same time period, which means costs can
         | hopefully come way down for some dentistry.
        
           | sierra1011 wrote:
           | It's definitely what I'd like to see for the future, in the
           | same way that calculators improved the capability and
           | throughput of professional mathematicians; as a tool that
           | assists to enhance and augment delivery of a service.
           | 
           | CNC milling already exists for crown prep. The drilling of
           | the tooth itself is not a long operation. The reason that a
           | crown is split into 2 sessions is (depending on your local
           | health board's practice guide) to ensure that the tooth is
           | still viable for a crown; bleeding to stop, inflammation to
           | go down.
           | 
           | This revolutionises nothing... But it is a step towards a
           | revolution. It can only be a good thing. However, in the same
           | way that there's technically a lab-grown hamburger out there,
           | it's not going to be commonplace for a while.
        
           | sierra1011 wrote:
           | I should add that my perspective is based in secondhand UK
           | dental experience; in a hospital setting this would be used
           | to improve care. In a private practice I have no doubt that
           | it wouldn't affect the price handed to the customer.
        
         | random3 wrote:
         | I keep seeing this template response/attitude but I think it's
         | generally flawed. Here's why.
         | 
         | You judge a prototype / instance of a technological field
         | that's otherwise in full swing, cranking on releasing next
         | version long before you see the current one
         | 
         | You assume this will be isolated from the rest of advancements,
         | but in reality once you have the mechanics to automate imagery
         | and drilling 100x more technologies can be composed. Memory in
         | particular is something tech has always surpassed humans.
         | 
         | The combination of these two, particularly in the context of AI
         | is much faster than most people can perceive.
         | 
         | So saying yes but x, is irrelevant for the most part.
        
           | m3kw9 wrote:
           | I'm optimistic about AI but if you know anything about dental
           | procedures and then look at what this does, it's the simplest
           | and done in extremely filtered patients. While in 100 years
           | there will be a robot that can do most cases but it is very
           | justified to write this off in the near future and in the
           | current form.
        
           | sierra1011 wrote:
           | A reasonable take, but one that I don't think lessens my
           | point.
           | 
           | I can't speak to the other responses from which you've
           | identified this yes-but-x template, and can speak really only
           | from the 2 bits of knowledge I have: IT/infrastructure stuff
           | is my primary knowledge, and my SO's dental training and
           | practice, which is not "my" knowledge, but from this I have
           | access to more knowledge than would the average person.
           | 
           | Now, the IT stuff. Automation has come a long way and
           | quickly, but if I break something, it's just a service. Worst
           | case scenario a customer can't buy something, or maybe a
           | couple thousand customers can't. Big deal, one a minute, etc.
           | I don't need to preach on this, I'm sure.
           | 
           | The medical field is significantly slower to adopt new
           | practices, with the reasoning that their customers' custom is
           | not an item in a cart, it's their health or life. New
           | technology comes in slowly, with trials for wide population
           | application taking decades in some cases. The stakes are so
           | much higher that safety demands caution.
           | 
           | This does not of course mean never. I've said this in another
           | reply also, but I think tooling like this augments service
           | delivery at the very least (provided it meets safety
           | standards) and could be the start of a boom of up-tooling
           | practitioners. And I will be surprised if I see one in the
           | flesh before 2050.
        
         | worstspotgain wrote:
         | > there's rarely a good reason to not have an X-ray
         | 
         | I'd much rather have a 90% detection rate without an X-ray than
         | 100% with. Destists are very trigger-happy with X-rays, in part
         | because of the extra billing, but mostly because it makes their
         | job easier and prevents mistakes.
         | 
         | The estimates of the hidden costs of radiation risk are
         | tentative at best. Some people have inherently higher risk and
         | many are not aware of it. Either way, it can take years or
         | decades before the effect plays out. By then, no one is going
         | to implicate the original providers who pushed for an elective
         | X-ray.
         | 
         | Also, note that not all ionizing radiation is alike. The exact
         | spectra are different and the exposure intervals are very
         | different, so the comparisons to environmental sources don't
         | necessarily hold.
        
           | sierra1011 wrote:
           | Absolutely correct, and my examples given are unsubstantiated
           | and anecdotal at best; I'm not in the medical physics field.
           | 
           | Honestly, I'd take both. If standard light imaging is 99%
           | efficient then it adds additional triage and diagnostic
           | capability.
           | 
           | As regards the billing situation, that may partially be a
           | locale issue rather than an all-dentists thing, but even
           | within the UK it's disappointingly nonstandard and subject to
           | manipulation by the dentist.
           | 
           | Despite all that, you say that X-rays are pushed because it
           | "prevents mistakes". And my response would be along the lines
           | of "well... yeah..." because a mistake turns a simple filling
           | into a more complex (and expensive) operation that could cost
           | a tooth and PSx,000.
           | 
           | Speaking from personal experience, if the dentist wasn't
           | concerned about anything on my teeth and I didn't ask for an
           | x-ray, I didn't get one.
        
         | insane_dreamer wrote:
         | The problem with your observation is this is what can be done
         | TODAY with a robot. Current dentists are indeed safe as you
         | point out.
         | 
         | But after 20 years of iteration it might be able to do most or
         | all of what you describe. This means that my 8 year old should
         | maybe not, when he grads from college in the future, decide to
         | go to dental school and rack up $200K of debt (actually that's
         | conservative) for a profession that won't disappear but will
         | likely face tremendous downward pressure (ability to perform
         | more operations==fewer dentists needed==greater competition
         | among dentists). And that is the problem.
        
         | why_at wrote:
         | For those who are worried about radiation from X-rays I always
         | recommend:
         | 
         | https://xkcd.com/radiation/
        
         | meroes wrote:
         | Ya my dentist checks for cancers not just by sight but by
         | touching neck/throat.
         | 
         | He also noticed I had a breathing issue.
         | 
         | Pass.
        
       | m3kw9 wrote:
       | Dental cases are deep and wide, I can see these robots doing the
       | simplest and less complicated case of a single procedure and
       | there are 100s of procedures
        
       | m3kw9 wrote:
       | At least 20 years before you get to see one in an office doing
       | very limited procedures. The dental association isn't gonna give
       | this an easy path to replace human dentists
        
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